The Library of Work and Play: Guide and Index
Date: 2014-07-29T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Amusements; Handicraft; Handicraft -- Indexes; Amusements -- Indexes

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Title: The Library of Work and Play: Guide and Index

Author: Cheshire Lowton Boone

Release date: July 29, 2014 [eBook #46445]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY: GUIDE AND INDEX ***

Transcriber's Note: This book is a summary and index to a series of books that can also be found in the Project Gutenberg collection. Details of these books can be found in the notes at the end of this volume.

THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY
GUIDE AND INDEX

THE
LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY

Carpentry and Woodwork
By Edwin W. Foster
Electricity and Its Everyday Uses
By John F. Woodhull, Ph.D.
Gardening and Farming
By Ellen Eddy Shaw
Home Decoration
By Charles Franklin Warner, Sc.D.
Housekeeping
By Elizabeth Hale Gilman
Mechanics, Indoors and Out
By Fred T. Hodgson
Needlecraft
By Effie Archer Archer
Outdoor Sports, and Games
By Claude H. Miller, Ph.B.
Outdoor Work
By Mary Rogers Miller
Working in Metals
By Charles Conrad Sleffel

Wireless Station and Workroom of George Riches, Montclair, N. J. George made most of the Apparatus at Home or in the School Shop

The Library of Work and Play

GUIDE and INDEX

BY

CHESHIRE L. BOONE

Garden City     New York

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1912

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN

COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER | | PAGE
I. | Significance of the Crafts in the Life of a People | 3
II. | The Cultivation of Taste and Design | 16
III. | The Real Girl | 28
IV. | That Boy | 47
V. | A House and Lot—Especially the Lot | 67
VI. | Vacations, Athletics, Scouting, Camping, Photography | 78
Index | | 85

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Wireless station and workroom of George Riches | Frontispiece
| FACING PAGE
An example of furniture such as boys like | 4
Clay pots made for germination experiments | 5
The work of children between ten and eleven years of age | 5
Two examples of furniture grouping for the porch or outdoors | 18
The numerous photographs suggest disorder and dust | 19
An interesting curtain which might be duplicated by any girl | 20
Since flowers are so beautiful in themselves, is it not worth while to arrange them with judgment? | 21
A school garden in Jordan Harbour, Ontario, Can. | 28
Domestic science class | 29
The work of girls in the public schools | 30
A children's garden gives fresh air and sunshine | 31
All children love to play at being "grown up" | 32
Girls must sometime learn of the conventions and customs of domestic arrangement | 33
A boys' camp with Ernest Thompson Seton | 48
The play idea very soon grows toward the representation of primitive though adult customs and actions | 49
A typical boy's workroom and shop | 50
The kind of shop which one may have at home | 51
The kite fever is an annual disease | 52
Pump and waterwheel | 53
Boat made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather | 54
These are the forerunners of numerous other electrical constructions | 55
A real derrick in miniature | 56
Waterwheels and fan | 57
A self-recording telegraph receiver | 58
Wireless station and workroom of Donald Huxom | 59
An electrical soldering iron and glue-pot | 60
Waterwheel connected with model lathe | 61
Excellent examples of high school work | 62
A manual training shop | 63
The machine shop | 64
The study of aeroplane construction | 65
A successful machine | 64
Finished aeroplanes | 65
The boy who does not love to camp is unique | 68
This and other illustrations of homes, show such places as people make when they care about appearance | 69
Even the most beautiful house must have a background | 70
One should build a house as one builds a reputation | 71
Trees, shrubbery and lawn form the frame of the picture | 72
There was a time not long since, when people built houses according to style | 73
A school garden | 74
The Watchung School garden | 75
There is a fascination about raising animals whether for sale or as pets | 76
Two more illustrations which will suggest plans for the future | 77
Every child, and especially the boy, needs active outdoor exercise | 78
Organized play (woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton | 79
More woodcraft. Has the boy had a chance at this kind of experience? | 80
Even the technical process of photography has been reduced to popular terms | 81
In these days photography has become so simplified that every child can use a camera to advantage | 81

THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY GUIDE AND INDEX

CHAPTER I
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRAFTS IN THE LIFE OF A PEOPLE

There was never a time in the history of the world when each race, each nation, each community unit, each family almost, did not possess its craftsmen and artists. In every instance, these so-called gifted members were by no means the least important citizens; their names appeared again and again in the stream of tradition as wonder workers and idols of the people. This is still true in the very midst of a materialistic age, when money and mechanics work hand in hand to produce the most in the least time for economic reasons, and when the individual worships "hand-made things." They may even be poorly made or bizarre, but "handwork" satisfies the untutored. Now it is quite possible for the machine to produce a bit of jewelry, textile, or woodwork—even carving—quite as pleasing as any made by hand alone, and it is being done every day. But the machine-made article must be produced in large quantities (duplicates) for profit, whereas the work of hand alone is unique. There lies the reason for reverence of "handwork." It is always individual and characteristic of the workman in style or technique and has no duplicate; it is aristocratic. Among the primitives, the pot, necklace, or utensil was wrought by infinite labor, and, being valuable because unique, was embellished with all the wealth of current symbolism. It was preserved with care and became more valuable to succeeding generations as a tangible record of race culture and ideals. And so down to the present time, the handiwork of the craftsman and skilled artisan has always stood as the one imperishable record of racial development. The degree of finish, the intricacy of design and nicety of construction are evidences of skill and fine tools, well-organized processes, familiarity with material and careful apprenticeship: the pattern, color, ornament, and symbolism point to culture, learning, and standards of taste and beauty. A crude domestic economy, rude utensils, coarse, garish costume and of simple construction, are characteristic of an undeveloped social order. In fact, all the arts of both construction and expression exhibit at a given period the degree of civilization; art products are true historical documents. Since then through their arts and crafts it is possible for one to know a people, does it not follow that one entrance to sympathy with the ideals and taste of the present time is through practice in the arts? Of course a considerable mass of information about them can be conveyed in words, especially to adults who have passed the formative period in life and have not the same work-incentive as have children. But even the adult never really secretes much real knowledge of the arts unless he has worked in them. He acquires rather a veneer or artistic polish which readily loses its lustre in even a moderately critical atmosphere: he learns artistry and the laws pertaining thereto as he would learn the length of the Brooklyn Bridge or the population of El Paso. He merely learns to talk about art. But children learn primarily and solely by doing, and the foundations of taste and culture need to be put down early that they may build upon them the best possible superstructure which time and opportunity permit.

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

An Example of Furniture such as Boys Like and which They Can Make Under Direction

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

Clay Pots Made for Germination Experiments in Grade IV. of the Public School. The Boys of this Grade Built a Small Kiln in which these Pots were Fired

The Work of Children between Ten and Eleven Years of Age

The foregoing paragraphs will perhaps have opened the way for questions: "What kind of knowledge is of most worth? Why do children—practically all of them—try to make things, and what is their choice?" And when these queries have been answered so far as may be, do the answers possess immediate value?

At the outset it will be evident that no sort of knowledge will be of much avail until it is put in such form that the student can use it to advantage. Mere knowledge of any kind is inherently static—inert and often seemingly indigestible, like green fruit and raw meat. One too frequently meets college graduates, both men and women, equipped with so-called education, who are economic failures. These people are full of information, well up to date, but they seemingly cannot use it. Their assortment of knowledge is apparently in odd mental sizes which do not fit the machinery of practical thinking as applied to life: it is like gold on a desert isle. What the boy and girl need and desire is (1) a favorable introduction to the sources of information, and (2) the key to its use. They will have to be shown simple facts and truths, and have their mental relations and importance explained. By gradually introducing new knowledge as occasion offers, the field of study is sufficiently widened. Children profit little by books and tools alone: they crave encouragement and some direct constructive criticism. In such an atmosphere their endeavors become significant and profitable, and the accumulated learning will be applied to business or economic ideas which result in progressive thinking, which uses information as a tool, not an end in itself.

If then the arts of a people stand as monuments to its beliefs and ideals, an intimate understanding of some of the arts ought to be provided for in every scheme of education both at home and in school. The child is by nature interested in the attributes of things associated with his life and upbringing. He wants to know about them, how they are made, and learn their uses by means of experiment. The elements of science, mechanics and natural phenomena, business and household art, and finally play (which is often adult living in miniature)—these comprise a large portion of the subject matter which is of prime importance to children. It is just such material as this which bids fair to serve in the future as the basis for public school curricula, simply because of its strong appeal to youth and its potential worth in forming the adult.

The boy makes a kite, a telegraph outfit, or sled in order to give to his play a vestige of realism. He seeks to mold the physical world to personal desires, as men do. Incidentally he taps the general mass of scientific facts or data and extracts therefrom no small amount of very real, fruitful information. The result possesses marvelously suggestive and lasting qualities because it came through effort; because the boy wanted above all things to see his machine or toy work, move, or obey his guiding hand, he was willing to dig for the necessary understanding of the problem. His study brought about contact with numerous other lines of work which were not at the time, perhaps, germain to the subject, but were suggestive and opened various side lines of experiment to be considered later. Therein lies the lure of mechanics and craft work, gardening, outdoor projects, camping, etc.: the subject is never exhausted, the student can never "touch bottom." There is always an unexplored path to follow up. The intensity of interest in mechanical things and in nature is the one influence which can hold the boy in line. Turn him loose among mechanical things where nicety of fitting and accurate workmanship are essential and he appreciates construction immediately, because it is clear that workmanship and efficiency go hand in hand. It is very much the same with the girl: she may not enjoy the tedium of mere sewing, but when the sewing serves a personal end, when sewing is essential to her greatest needs, these conditions provide the only, inevitable, sure stimulus to ambition and effort.

The school of the past, and often that of the present, has sought to produce the adult by fertilizing the child with arithmetic, grammar, geography, and language. The process resulted in all kinds of crooked, stunted, oblique growth, the greatest assortment of "sports" (to use a horticultural term) the world has ever seen. It isn't intellectual food the child needs most (though some is very necessary); the real need is intensive cultivation. Within himself he possesses, like the young plant, great potential strength and virility, enough to produce a splendid being absolutely at one with his time and surroundings; he simply requires the chance to use the knowledge and opportunities which lie at hand. It is, then, the common subjects of every-day interest—science, business, nature and the like—which are the sources of knowledge which has greatest worth to children.[A] They are the valuable ones because they are of the type which first attracts and holds the child's attention; they are concrete. Through them one may learn language and expression, because one has something worth saying.

The second question, "Why do children like to make things and what is their choice?" in the light of what has been said practically answers itself. Children work primarily in response to that law of nature which urges the young to exercise their muscles, to become skilful and accurate in movement, for the sake of self-preservation and survival. It is another phase of the same law which makes one carry out in work, in concrete form, the ideas which come tumbling in from all conceivable sources. The child can only think and learn in terms of material things. Finally, the child's interests, the things he desires to make and do, are such as will minister to his individual or social needs, his play and imitation, and such as will satisfy his desire to produce articles of purpose. The need may be a temporary, minor one, but every child is stubborn on this one point, that everything he does must lead to utility of a sort; through such working with a purpose he in time rises to an appreciation of beauty and other abstract qualities.

Now this complex condition of child and school and society, in which there is seemingly so much waste—"lost motion"—has always existed; the facts are not new ones by any means. It is a condition where the child is always curious, inquisitive and ready to "hook a ride" on the march of business, science and learning, but the school sternly commands "learn these stated facts because they are fundamental" (philosophically), while society, represented by the parent, alternately abuses the school, which is collectively his own institution, or spoils the child by withholding the tools for learning easily. In the meantime the child, with the native adaptability and hardiness of true need, thrives in barren, untoward surroundings, and matures notwithstanding. In other words, the school and society have always tended toward misunderstanding—toward a lack of mutual interest. In this period of uncertainty, of educational groping, the child is found in his leisure hours pushing along the paths which connect most directly with life and action, shunning the beaten but roundabout highways of custom and conservatism.

The deductions are evident and clear-cut. If one accepts the foregoing statement of the case, and there is ample evidence in any community of size, it will be clear that certain definite opportunities should be opened to the boy or girl to make the most of native talent and enthusiasm. Encourage the young business adventurer or artisan to make the most of his chosen hobby (and to choose a hobby if he has not one already), to systematize it, develop it, make it financially profitable if that is the desire; but first, last and all the time to make it a study which is intensive enough to satisfy his or her productive ambitions. At this age (up to the high school period) the boy or girl may not have been able to decide upon a profession or business, but he is working toward decision, and he is the only one who can choose. Instead of trying to select an occupation for him, father and mother would do well to put the child at the mercy of his own resources for amusement, recreation and business, merely lending a hand now and then in their full development. It will preserve the freshness of youth beyond the ordinary time of its absorption by a blasé attitude toward the world, and lead toward a more healthy and critical kind of study than the haphazard lonesomeness, or the destructive gang spirit of the modern community.[B]

Perhaps it would not be amiss to indicate just how this unofficial study may be promoted, and to name the resources of the parent for the purpose. First of all, nine children out of ten will definitely choose a hobby or recreation or indicate some preference, as photography, animal pets, woodwork, electricity, drawing, sport, one or more of the domestic arts, collecting coins, stamps, etc.; there are as many tastes as children. The child may get his suggestion from the school or companions. Any legitimate taste should be actively encouraged and supplemented by books which really explain and by tools and materials with which to use the books. If it is a shop he wants, try to give him the use of some corner for the specific purpose so that the occupation may be dignified according to its juvenile worth. Second, endeavor to emphasize the economic and social significance of the work done and urge right along some definite aim. If a boy wants a shop, or pets, see that they are kept in condition, attended to, and if possible give some measure of tangible return on the outlay of money and energy. Third, connect the boy's or girl's chosen avocation with real living in every possible manner. Girls are rather fond of those decorative arts which contribute to artistic pleasure, and should they make experiments with stenciling, block-printing, and the like, have them use them also in embellishing their own rooms, the summer camp or club. Fourth, make the child feel that a given hobby is not to be satisfied for the mere asking. Put some limit on the money expenditure until it is clear that the interest is genuine and honest, and that the child is either producing results which are sincere, or acquiring real knowledge. Fifth and last, but perhaps most important of all, support the school in its effort to solve the problem of formal education, because the heavy burden rests there. It is quite essential that the home give the boy and girl every possible chance to develop along original and specific lines at their own pace, to experiment with the world's activities in miniature, and establish the probable trend of individual effort for the future. But this can only supplement and point the way for the formal training which the institution (school) gives. The school, being democratic and dependent upon the general public for existence, takes its cue therefrom, and creating ideals in consonance with public needs perfects the method of reaching them. When father and mother believe in a vigorous, efficient education, rooted deeply in the child's fundamental attitude toward the world and its affairs, then will the public approve and urge the proper kind of organized training. Even so, the school cannot really educate the child—he educates himself through the agents aforementioned—it simply organizes information and gives the pupil access to methods of using facts and ideas.

In closing this chapter there is one more word to be said concerning the main theme. The arts and crafts[C] of expression and construction fulfil that precise function in the child's preliminary training which they did in the early history of the race. They indicate just that degree of manual skill and constructive ability of which both the youthful individual and the young race are capable; they serve as indices and guides to the development of design, taste and constructive thinking. As the child matures he may elevate a given craft to an art or science, but the early familiarity, the simple processes, he should have, because they are essential to childhood. Hence, the large amount of handwork in the kindergarten and primary school; it is the necessary complement to academic work and balances the educational diet.

CHAPTER II

THE CULTIVATION OF TASTE AND DESIGN

It will be evident to the thinking man or woman that art or any phase of it is not to be taught successfully as a profession through books. The very most that one can expect from reading is a knowledge about art matters and acquaintance with the conventions and rules which obtain therein. But even this slight result may be the precursor of a fuller, more intimate familiarity with the principles of good taste and design.

One may be able to say "that is a beautiful room" or "a fine garden" or "a charming gown" and yet be unable to produce any such things. How is it possible then to know if one cannot do? The answer is that, potentially, every individual who really sees and appreciates beauty can produce it through some form of artistic expression; the power to execute and the power of invention are merely undeveloped. And as for the artist or craftsman who can make beautiful things, but who cannot explain how he does it—he is unique, like the mathematical genius; he just sees the answer; it is a gift. Though there are born in every generation a few with the divine spark of genius, the mass of men and women has always learned by effort. In other words, it has been possible to teach the subjects which were found necessary to culture and education; it is quite possible to present the ordinary phases of art to the lay mind in such a way, even through books, that one may have worthy ideals, and a healthy point of view. The present chapter will be devoted to showing how books such as these[D] for boys and girls can contribute to the development of taste.

Frankly, taste has much less to do with fine art than with the arrangement and choice of the ordinary externals of living. Of course fine art does in the last analysis pass judgment upon form, color and design in clothes, furnishings and architecture, but the common home variety of taste is derived directly from custom, comfort, and convention, not from art at all. Only in the later stages of refinement does the lay mind succumb to direct supervision by art. On the other hand, all conventions and ideals are the result or sum total of general experience, in which art has played its part, and has left some impress on the individual, giving rise to belief in a few principles so common as to be accepted by all. Principles of this kind are not always serviceable or effective, because they are not stated in precise language, and cannot therefore become standard. In truth, so far as design is concerned, there are very few absolute rules for guidance, and a book like "Home Decoration" cannot tell the child or parent how to make a beautiful, inspiring home. Its mission is to create the desire for fine surroundings, to suggest ways and means for studying design, especially those phases of decoration associated with the crafts, and above all such a book invites and helps to maintain a receptive attitude of mind toward artistic matters. In the effort to produce work of merit, one becomes critical, and seeks reasons and precedents for judgment. This is the beginning of design study: and the fact that one has real interest in taste is indicative of the desire of the cultured mind for ideals. If a child is allowed to grow up in the "I know what I like" atmosphere, without reasonable contact with choice things, and without the necessity for selection based upon reason, there is small chance that such a child will ever acquire any sense of fitness or taste in material surroundings.

Two Examples of Furniture Grouping for the Porch or Outdoors. These Few Pieces Suggest Comfort, Cleanliness and Moderate Expense

The Numerous Photographs in the Upper Illustration Suggest Disorder and Dust. They do not Decorate. Sometimes a lack of Small, Insignificant Objects like these is the Secret of Successful Decoration

The aims of all practical books for boys and girls may be summarized about as follows:

(a) To absorb the overflow of youthful energy and turn it into profitable channels.

(b) To develop organized thinking and accomplishment, and eliminate wasted, aimless, non-productive action. This is the complement to the routine of formal training in academic subjects, which are in themselves, normally un-useful.

(c) To explore the field of accomplishment in order to select intelligently a future occupation.

(d) To develop and foster standards and ideals of efficiency, comfort, enjoyment, beauty and social worth. This last purpose includes taste and is the one of concern here.

The peculiar æsthetic standards which interest young people are of the most practical kind. They apply every day and to everybody. And they are fundamental. The illustrations given below will indicate the common-sense way in which design should be approached:

Color. The tones of the color scale have not yet been systematized so well as those of music, but each year students of design and artists move a little toward agreement. Now, suppose one wishes to use two or more tones in a room, how may harmonious effect be secured? The very word "harmony" means agreement, and suggests similarity, likeness, relationship. Therefore the tones one would use in the embellishment of a room should possess some common quality for the harmonizing element. Each tone having that quality as characteristic is similar in that one respect to all other tones having the same quality. Hence they are related in a way. The relation may be made strong or weak by the manipulation of the bond which holds the tones together. For instance:

Red and green are not related at all. By mixing gray with each, red and green become related through gray. By mixing yellow, orange or blue, etc., with red and green, the relationship may be established in the same way.

Yellow and green have a common quality—yellow, and in so far tend toward harmony. But it may not be a pleasing one, and it will be necessary to bring them still closer together by introducing other bonds, as gray or a color. Yellow is very light and green is dark: they will work together better if brought nearer together in value.

An Interesting Curtain which might be Duplicated by almost any Girl—If She Wanted Curtains

Since Flowers are so Beautiful in Themselves, is it not Worth While to Arrange Them with Judgment?

It is by such simple means that all color combinations are brought into line and rendered satisfactory. No rule can be given for mixing or choosing the actual colors, but it is a safe rule to select those of a kind in some respect. The popular belief in low-toned (grayed) color schemes is a sound one, and the principle can be used very comfortably by the amateur decorator in furnishing a home. She can have any colors she wishes, and make them pleasing, if she will unite them by some harmonizing tone. Of course, all grays even are not rich and beautiful, but they are better than unadulterated color. Mr. Irwin in one of his breezy skits quotes the æsthete as saying: "Good taste should be like the policeman at parade; he should permit the assembled colors to make an orderly demonstration but not to start a riot." The moment the unskilled amateur tries to use white woodwork, red wallpaper, and gilt furniture in combination, he or she courts failure simply because the choice lacks the pervading tone which would modify the three. There are ways to secure harmony even under the most adverse conditions, but the technical details are not pertinent here.

Another characteristic which stands in the way of harmony is emphasis. The moment any one tone becomes greatly different from its neighbors in value or otherwise, it stands out, attracts attention, just as in material objects, unusual, curious shapes and sizes invite notice, often beyond their just dues. Hence a brilliant yellow house, a bright green gown, large figured wallpaper, are over-emphatic. Clothes, which by their color and style are loud in their clamor for inspection, are out of key and bear the same relation to surroundings which foreign, exotic manners and customs bear to domestic conventions. And ordinarily one does not seek such prominence.

This question of taste is a vital one to children, and these books about "Needlecraft," "Home Decoration," "Outdoor Work," "Gardening," etc., are indirectly most useful because they put the child in a position to choose. The girl who sews and helps run the home is bound to cross the path of design a dozen times a day. She is faced with problems of arrangement, color and utility at every turn. Her own clothes, her room, the porch and garden, whatever she touches, are inert, lifeless things which await artistic treatment. It is when the child is faced with the problem of personal interest and pleasure that these elementary conceptions of design may be proposed.

Form and Line. Each year fashion decrees for both men and women certain "correct" styles. At slightly longer intervals the shops offer new models of furniture, hangings, jewelry, pottery, etc. Have these new things been devised to meet a change in public taste? Not at all; they are inventions to stimulate trade. Most of such productions are out of place, incongruous, in company with present possessions. One must have a pretty sound sense of fitness and selection in order to use them to advantage or to resist their lure. As single examples, many of the new things are beautiful in color and line, though they may have nothing whatever in common with what one already owns.

One chooses a given pattern in furniture first, because of its utility; second, because of its harmony in line and size with other furniture already owned; and third, because of its intrinsic beauty. It is much less difficult to furnish a house throughout than to refurnish an old room in consonance with others already complete. All the household things need not be of one kind, though the closer one clings to a clear-cut conception of harmony (relationship of some kind) the better the result. Hence clothes may either beautify or exaggerate personal physique, and the garden may attach itself to the house and grounds or stand in lonely, painful isolation. Down at bottom design aims to assemble elements and parts into proper groups, and in the common questions of home decorations and dress the student can usually work on just that simple basis. It is usually the incongruous, over-prominent, conspicuous, or isolated factor in decoration which causes trouble.

This fragmentary discussion will perhaps suggest some of the benefit which may come from the pursuit of crafts and occupations. The illustrations here given are in some detail because it is so easy to overlook design at home and in common things. Everything is so familiar there, one is so accustomed to the furniture, rugs and their arrangement, that it never comes to mind that the situation might be improved. It must be remembered that, when children begin to apply design to their own handicraft, their fundamental conceptions of beauty originate in the home. Either the children must lose faith in home taste, or, as they grow and learn, be allowed to bring their new-found knowledge back into the home and "try it on." This is where the craft does its real work. The true privilege conferred upon children by the possession of such books as these on various special occupations is a chance to obtain, first-hand, individual standards of perfection and beauty. Before this they have merely accepted the home as it stood, with no thought of what was choice or otherwise.

Since taste and design are merely implied, or indirectly included in the several volumes, save "Home Decoration," the latter should be used as a supplementary reference in connection with the others. As has already been said, it is not possible or advisable to systematically teach good taste. It will be better and more effective to just include taste in the several activities the child undertakes. When the girl begins to make things for herself, help her to select materials which are appropriate in every way. Have her seek materials for the purpose. Have her choose decoration and color rather than take the first handy suggestion or copy the plans of another. She would do well to experiment independently. The girl should create her own room down to the last detail, not make everything herself, but plan it, plan its arrangement, its color (tone) if possible, and make those small decorative articles like pillows, runners, curtains, etc. But before beginning such a comprehensive experiment in decoration have her look about a bit and note the conditions imposed. The light and exposure, size of the room, furniture which must be used, treatment of hangings—these are all stubborn factors, but they respond to gradual treatment. Then the room is hers in reality. The boy's attitude toward taste is totally different. He cares less than the girl for the charm of tone and arrangement; he is quite willing to despise the niceties of decoration. He must approach the question obliquely through interest in the efficiency of a given effort; he appreciates the utility phase of design most of all. The boy will come to see gradually that his pets and chickens should be decently housed, and that it is good business to do so. He should not be allowed to impose upon his own family or their neighbors a slovenly yard or garden. He will find that those tools work best which are sharp and clean and always in place. His final lesson in design grows out of association with his mates. When he begins to go to parties, to enter the social world in a small way, a new body of conventions in taste appear and he must be taught to appreciate them if he would be well liked. But the real training in design arises from manual work—the playthings, toys and utensils the boy makes for use. They need not be beautiful nor is there excuse for clumsiness in construction. One cannot expect even the mature child to take much interest in design in the abstract, but when he meets the subject on a common-sense basis, as a part of some personal problem, design—even taste in color and form—acquires definite standing in his esteem. It has earned the right. Hence a liberal contact with youthful amusements and occupations encourages both boy and girl to build ideals of working, and among these ideals taste is bound to appear in some guise—usually unbidden. The book on design or decoration is but a reference, an inspiration, a stimulant, never a text of instruction. The ability to choose, to secure appropriate, beautiful, accurate results, is largely a by-product of judicious reading combined with persistent effort. It remains for the parent to skim off this by-product as it appears and infuse a little of it into each problem the child presents for inspection.

CHAPTER III

THE REAL GIRL

What Is the Ideal Home?

A School Garden in Jordan Harbor, Ontario, Canada. Any Child Who has had this Experience, Who Has Produced or Helped Nature to Produce such Wonderful Things, will be Richer in Sympathy for Fine Things

Domestic Science Class. These Girls not only Cook but Learn about Foods, Housekeeping, Entertaining, and Themselves Keep Open House at the School Occasionally

Strange as it may seem, most of the plans for industrial training, the majority of school courses of study, and probably seventy-five per cent. of the books on the crafts and arts have been devised for the use of boys. Now there are hosts of girls in this world, probably as many girls as boys, and these girls are just as keen, intelligent, ambitious and curious about things and how to make them, as are boys. In very early childhood when both boys and girls have the same interests, similar books of amusement are used by both. But as girls develop the feminine point of view and need the stimulus of suggestion and aid in creative work, the literature for them seems meagre; they have somehow been passed by save for a manual now and then on cooking or sewing, left as a sop to their questioning and eagerness. This state of affairs is more than unfortunate, it is fundamentally wrong for two very good reasons. (1) The girl up to the age of twelve or thirteen has practically the same interests, pleasures and play instincts as the boy. She is perhaps not so keenly alive to the charm of mechanical things as the boy, but like all children regardless of sex, she seeks to be a producer. She is just as much absorbed in pets and growing things, in nature, in the current activities of her environment, and requires the same easy outlet for her play instincts as the boy. (2) The girl, when a woman grown, becomes the creator of the home, and too often enters upon her domestic career with a minimum of skill or taste in the great body of household arts, which in the aggregate, give us the material comforts and homely pleasures. Moreover, since she, as a girl, probably did not have the chance to satisfy her play desires and consequently never learned to do things herself, she is at a loss to understand the never ceasing, tumultuous demands of her own children for the opportunity to experiment. To quote Gerald Lee in the "Lost Art of Reading," which is one of the real modern books: "The experience of being robbed of a story we are about to read, by the good friend who cannot help telling how it comes out, is an occasional experience in the lives of older people, but it sums up the main sensation of life in the career of a child. The whole existence of a boy may be said to be a daily—almost hourly—struggle to escape being told things ... it is doubtful if there has ever been a boy as yet worth mentioning, who did not wish we would stand a little more to one side—let him have it out with things. There has never been a live boy who would not throw a store-plaything away in two or three hours for a comparatively imperfect plaything he had made himself...."

When one goes deep enough—below the showy veneer of present-day living—one comes to agree with Mr. Lee. The normal child, especially the boy, is potentially a creator, a designer, discoverer, and we have committed the everlasting sin of showing him short cuts, smoothing away difficulties, saying "press here." No child can survive the treatment.

Father and mother have the very simple obligation to furnish the place, raw material (books, tools, etc.), and encouragement.

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

The Work of Girls in the Public Schools, Montclair, N. J. These Girls are only Eleven Years of Age

A Children's Garden gives Fresh Air and Sunshine, and Best of All, Brings Nature very Near. To Be Really Happy One Must Make Nature's Acquaintance

For these reasons, if for no other, the girl ought to have a permanent outlet for her native ingenuity and constructive skill in such crafts and occupations as are adapted to her strength, future responsibilities and possible interests. A home should comprise other elements than food and clothes, which are bare necessities; and though these may be expanded and multiplied, becoming in their preparation real art products, they alone are deficient in interest. Look over any well-ordered household, note the multiplicity of things it contains which are primarily woman's possessions, and collecting all one knows about them, the amount of real knowledge is surprisingly small. How much does the embryo housekeeper know about textiles, curtains, carpets, hangings, linens, brass, china, furniture? Where do all these charming things come from? Many of the hangings, table linen, embroidery, etc., are home products. They cannot be bought at all. The simple stenciled curtain which one likes so much draws attention by virtue of its personal quality. To have such things in any abundance the girl must create them, and this she is more than willing to do.

How may one explain the restful atmosphere of certain homes visited? How many housewives have intelligent insight concerning home management and administration; of simple domestic chemistry or sanitation? Yet these are vital elements in the domestic machine. One never mistakes a proper household, orderly, smooth running for the showy establishment—gay outside and sad inside. Even the most untutored child unconsciously responds to the healthy influence of selected material environment and conditions, when these are combined harmoniously. There are systematic ways of creating pleasant rooms, fine grounds, comfortable places for living, places imbued with the spirit of contentment. The people who produce such places are seldom the professional decorator, landscape architect, and hired housekeeper. It is the woman of the family, who, having practised some of the arts, or at least been their disciple, has learned to appreciate order and love beauty. Therewith comes an almost instinctive knowledge of how to use them to advantage. One can never really have beautiful baskets, pottery, sewing, gardens, until one has made them. One surely cannot appreciate the true worth of clean linen, a spotless house, and perfect routine anywhere so thoroughly as in one's own house. It naturally follows that the girl, like the boy, should be a producer, not a mere purchaser, of personal or domestic commodities. She may have unlimited means, but the place where she lives as a girl and the home she seeks to create in adult life will always be impersonal, detached, hotel-like, unless she personally builds it. She must know the structure, composition, and functions of inanimate things; this knowledge comes easiest and persists longer through use and experience.

All Children Love to Play at Being "Grown Up," even Beyond the Time of Childhood. These Girls will make Real Women, because They are Normal and Happy

Girls must sometime Learn of the Conventions and Customs of Domestic Arrangement, and too often Their Only Opportunity Lies in such Classes as These

There is a good bit of psychology behind the suggestions offered, and the reasoning is simple. All our ideas, our plans, and conceptions are just ideas and nothing more until they have been worked up into concrete form—put to test. There is nothing tangible about an idea. But living is real; hence all the details which comprise living are real too and mere thinking about them without action is futile. One must execute, arrange, and experiment with the raw materials of everyday use. The result is either pleasant or otherwise; if otherwise, the effort has somehow failed, and one should do it again and learn thereby; if pleasant, one is the richer and happier for a bit of success, and is warmed by the presence of mere accomplishment.

This last phrase reveals the nub of the whole question—accomplishment. Material surroundings and comforts of course go far to make one happy, and they are the evidence of success, but the ideal home is also composed of people each of whom is or should be a contributor to the work of the world. The ideal home contains no drones, and therefore no discontent. Now the girl cannot plunge headfirst into the maelstrom of domestic management. She must learn her strength and acquire confidence, and there are simple occupations for early years, occupations which train the muscles, sharpen the wits; occupations which through suggestion gradually lead to a wider and wider intellectual horizon, and which, by a cumulation of information and experience, mature both judgment and taste. These occupations form, as it were, some chapters in the unwritten grammar of culture and efficiency whereby the girl grows in self-reliance and maturity.

There are, for instance, a number of crafts which, in their delicacy of technique and the artistic worth of the finished product, are splendid occupations for girls, and some few of which every girl should know. The girl who cannot sew is an object for sympathy; it is the typical feminine craft for the reason heretofore named—that one cannot know how things should be unless one is familiar with the process involved. Gowns are manufactured of pieces of cloth cut in proper shape and sewn together in some, to the male, occult fashion, and this complex operation only explains itself even to a woman by going through the experience. One has always been accustomed to think that the accomplished mistress is also an expert needle-woman or skilled worker in textiles of some kind. Products of the needle and loom have always been her intimate, personal possessions, and the charm of old hangings, lace, needlecraft of all kinds, rests in the main on this personal quality. Without a doubt the most precious belongings of the young girl are her own room with its contents of decorations and furnishing, and the garments which emphasize her inherent feminine charm. It is not only a girl's right, but her duty, to maintain her place as the embodiment of all that is fresh, cleanly and attractive. To this end clothes and the various other products of the needle contribute not a little; a clean-cut, thorough experience in manufacturing things for herself is the best assurance of future taste, which will spread out and envelop everything she touches. It is much the same with clothes and furnishings as with other matters, what one makes is one's own, characteristic, appropriate, adequate, with the touch of enjoyment in it; the purchased article is devoid of sentiment, it is a makeshift and substitute.

Then by all means let the girl learn to sew, learn to do for herself, to study her own needs and desires, to find as she progresses, ways to master the details of woman's own craft, and it is hoped, lay up a store of just the sort of experience which will enable her to supervise the work of others in her behalf when the time comes. But sewing, valuable as it is in connection with the young girl's problems, is not the only craft at hand. In recent years craftworkers have revived a number of old methods of using or preparing textiles for decorative purposes, and some of these have proven increasingly worth while in the household. Stenciling, block-printing, dyeing, decorative darning, and even weaving itself, since they have been remodeled and brought out in simple form, offer opportunities to the wideawake girl. The results in each case may be very beautiful, and perhaps more in harmony with the individual taste and scheme of living of the particular girl than any materials she could buy, because they may be designed and executed for a specific place. Few people, least of all a child, work just to be busy; there is always a motive. With the girl it is a scarf, a belt, collar, curtain, or sofa pillow; is it not well worth while if she can make these for herself or her room, in her chosen design motif, (as rose, bird, tree, etc.) and color? It may be an ordinary design, peculiar color, but they satisfy a personal sentiment which, by the way, can be modified and improved as time goes on. One must needs allow children to begin with the bizarre, distorted, seemingly unreasonable, archaic desires they have and cross-fertilize these with better ones in the hope of producing a fine, wholesome, sturdy attitude of mind.

Among the minor crafts which may be a source of real pleasure and good taste, two are prominent: pottery and basketry. The technique, decorative possibilities, and functions of the finished products as elements in household economy and ornament place these crafts high in the list of those especially suitable for girls, though boys and adults do find them equally interesting. Pottery is so closely associated with flowers and growing things, with the decoration of fine rooms, with choice spots of color, and with those receptacles and utensils which belong to the household, that it makes a strong appeal to the feminine mind. Here is a craft which vies with textiles in age and beauty of design, and possesses even greater charm of manipulation because it is plastic. One can imagine no finer outlet for creative effort.

Lastly, there is the eternal, magnificent, womanly craft—home-making. When one stops to think that the home is the one imperishable, absolute social unit, the power which creates it must take rank with other vital forces of constructive economics. Mothers' clubs and women's organizations of divers kinds, or, rather, the individuals who comprise such societies, are continually drifting into the discussion of the worries, difficulties, and trials which attend the household. The instant household routine becomes awkward or inadequate it affects adversely each individual member of the family, and naturally the mistress who is responsible shoulders a burden. There are times when the maid leaves, or the cooking goes wrong, or the house is cold, or just a time when one gets started for the day badly. There are times when the innate perversity of humans and material things runs riot. One is led to believe that such untoward occasions, since they have been in the past, will in all likelihood continue to crop up to the end of time, though one cannot find any good reason why they should. There are homes unacquainted with any household rumble or squeak, where the domestic machinery is always in order, and flexible enough to care for sudden overloading, or absorb any reasonable shock. In many such places, devoid of servants and confined to a modest income, the mistress is ever an expert; the chances are that her daughters will be equally resourceful. Really, the only sure way to bring up an adequate number of fine, competent, resourceful wives and home-makers is to train them definitely for the profession. The girls must be made acquainted with every detail of the business which they will surely inherit. The people who would live in hotels and frankly abandon home-making themselves merely emphasize the charm of the household, because hotels have nothing in common with homes.

It seems rather strange that a business so old as housekeeping does not, and never has, applied to its development the laws of commercial enterprise. When the community or corporation state sees the need for workmen, foremen or directors, it tries to educate individuals for the purpose. The supply of competent men and women is not left to chance. Whereas, womankind trusts to a very fickle fortune, that every girl will somehow learn to steer the domestic craft and be conversant with methods of preserving family ideals. Contrast the far-sighted plans of business to fill its ranks with the casual training the average girl undergoes to fit her for the future. What is her chance of success? Is it reasonable to suppose that one who has never made a home, or even helped actively to run one made for her, can on demand "make good?" It is a lasting tribute to the inherent genius and indefatigable patience of the modern woman that she has achieved so much with a minimum of experience.

Hence, in order to properly equip one's children for a practically inevitable future, let the girls into the secret of domestic planning; let them know of costs and shopping, income and expenditure; of materials and uses; the care of possessions, repairs and cleaning; try to show them that the menu is not a haphazard combination of ingredients and foods, but a conscious selection of viands which will entice the appetite, furnish proper nutrition and accord with the season. By all means emphasize the fact that housekeeping, like any business, can be systematized so that the hundred and one activities may succeed one another in orderly procession through the weeks and months. Wash day and housecleaning should be absorbed into the domestic program, and never present their grisly features to the home-coming male, with sufficient trouble of his own.

Recent issues of the magazines have contained much discussion of the household tangle, and most of them have ended with the slogans "industrial education," "back to the kitchen," and such. Granted that girls need this training, and that schools in time will give it; granted that the social position of the servant is a source of discussion and friction; that the demands of modern living are exacting; and, finally, granting the insistent prominence of all the other economic disturbances, who is, in the last analysis, to blame? Would a business man think for one moment of handing over any department of his affairs to one not trained for the particular duties involved? Industry in every branch seeks men and women fitted to take charge of even minor matters. And when trained assistants are scarce the obvious policy is to prepare other promising workers for such special places. On the other hand, mothers too often prepare their daughters for marriage, not for home-making, seemingly blind to the fact that marriage is an inert, barren, static condition, save in the stimulating atmosphere of a fine home. How can the servant question ever be settled by untutored girls who get no closer to the domestic question than fudge, welsh rarebit and salted peanuts? The school can and does now, in all well-ordered communities, give a very satisfactory formal, technical training in domestic art and science.[E] There students learn to cook and sew; they learn a good deal about food values, dietetics and simple food chemistry, simple sanitation, etc. But the management of a real house, system and everyday routine, that fine sense of adjustment to the conditions as they exist—these essentials can only be learned in the home itself. The efforts of the school can largely supplement but never replace home guidance, experience and responsibility. Keeping house ought to be a science and art rather than a game of chance.

Definite Suggestions

In the "Library of Work and Play," to which the present book is the introductory volume, one will find a collection of books replete with suggestion. But these are not manuals, or courses to be followed from end to end, because children do not profit most by such a plan. The child is like a pebble dropped into still water. It communicates its energy of momentum to the surrounding fluid and makes a circular ripple, which in turn makes another and wider ripple, until the energy is exhausted. In much the same way the child, landed in the midst of a more or less inert material world, acts upon it with energy, which, however, is never exhausted, producing the results which become more and more extended. He begins in the middle of a given subject and works in all possible directions, which gives one the clue to how to make the most of books like these.[F]

If the girl has not already indicated a decided preference for some recreation or play, place at hand the books which show the possibilities open to her. It would be well for one to go over them rather carefully first in order to know what they contain. Let the girl take her leisure in searching the chapters and illustrations for the suggestion which strikes a responsive chord. Ofttimes it will be quite in order to point to chapters which have a bearing on some personal need or desire. At any rate, the book or chapters which seem to be most significant at the time should be followed up. Read over with her such a volume as "Home Decoration" or "Housekeeping." Let her discuss the plans offered and try them out in her own home. Every girl wants and should have a dainty, inspiring, beautiful room of her own, and as she grows older she also wants the rest of the house to match, so that she can entertain her friends with pride and confidence. If one will take "Housekeeping," "Home Decoration," and "Needlecraft" as texts, and select from them first those suggestions which are immediately apt in a particular home, the girl will shortly find herself looking at home problems from several different and very important angles. But it is desirable also that the study be taken up first in a very simple way, in order to tie it to real living and needs. New curtains, pillows for the porch or den, stenciled scarf, the decorations and menu for a small party, additional linen: these are some of the problems always coming up, which may be used as a beginning. And once the start is made the girl should have the chance to try other experiments along the same line. Read with her the chapter on menus and marketing, or housecleaning, and turn the house over to the daughter for a time to manage—absolutely. There is nothing in the world which children love more or which develops them more quickly than responsibility, and the mutual consideration of household affairs gives the girl real partnership in the domestic business. She may use the "Housekeeping" book as a kind of reference, to be sought when new problems in management fall to her share.

The question of home decoration is so vital that it deserves special statement. The text[G] deals with all those details of interior furnishing and embellishment which indicate taste. All of these are not equally important, nor do they interest all girls to the same extent, and in using the book one can profit most by the study of those topics which touch the individual or particular family. But everywhere there is the problem of furniture arrangement, wall decorations, color schemes, and the skilful use of flowers, pottery and textiles. Give the young people, and especially the girls, an insight into how the interior should be treated. Have them look up pertinent questions in the text and then try their 'prentice hands at creating a pleasant, restful, homelike house with the furnishings at hand plus whatever they can make or secure. Really, the book is as much a volume of suggestion for the mother, to which she can refer her daughter, as a text for the child. There is very keen interest in taste in recent years, among young people as well as parents, and the elements hitherto lacking have been (1) accessible information and (2) opportunity to "try it out." Offer that opportunity; a flat is just as fruitful a field for experiment as a house, perhaps more.

The active participation in outdoor life, nature-study propaganda and the multiplication of popular scientific (nature) literature has greatly opened another field to children—that of raising pets, gardening, etc. Here the boy or girl will readily make some choice at an early day, if there has been any contact with such things. If not, a volume of this kind[H] will be a real stimulant and inspiration, as it should be, not a lesson manual. Place the book in a child's hands, help him look over the conditions, available ground, cost, care, etc.; let him send for circulars and catalogues, or if possible visit some one interested in the same hobby and the experiment is under way with irresistible momentum. It is a godsend to any child to give him a simple, direct statement of what can be done; he furnishes the steam and imagination for future development, and father and mother comprise the balance wheel of the business. This volume and the one on "Outdoor Sports" contain a mass of information which touch the interests of practically all boys and girls at some time in their first sixteen years. When the child is old enough to launch out in any personal undertaking, old enough for even minor responsibilities, when he or she expresses the desire for possession and money, then give them books like these. Let them soak in and digest. Encourage only those requests which are convincing, but give them all the scope possible. Every child will eventually select the pastimes which are best for her though she may stumble in doing so; she will make fewer mistakes, and waste less time if she have access to books which will crystallize and guide her ambitions.

CHAPTER IV
THAT BOY

"The prime spur to all industry (effort) was and is to own and use the finished product."—Hall.

One day the pedagogue, who was a learned man and addicted to study, shut himself up in his library, bent on devising a method for training boys into men. This master was well versed in the sciences so that he could follow the stars in their courses, make the metals and substances of the earth obey his will, and guide the plants in their growth from seed to blossom. Nor was this scholar lacking in sympathy for the arts, if they were not too fine, for his desires all led to systems and orderly arrangements of matter, and those subjects which would not succumb to analysis he looked upon coldly.

A Boy's Camp with Ernest Thompson Seton. There Was Never a Boy Who Did Not "Make-Believe," and Here the Play Spirit, under Stimulating Guidance, Becomes a Powerful Factor in Developing the Appreciation of Community Effort

The Play Idea very soon Grows Toward the Representation of Primitive though Adult Customs and Actions, in which Several Join a Common Body or Company. Hence City Gangs which Merely Seek Romantic Expression

Hence in this problem of education he made a careful survey of the history and development of learning from the beginning—seeking those ideals and standards of culture which had been approved for the scholar, because scholars have always been held in high esteem by those patrons who, being ignorant themselves, wanted scholarship nearby. It was found in the course of his delving that the sciences had originated and developed in about this order, mathematics, astronomy, geology, botany, biology, etc. The arts of expression had of course developed as a group, but chiefly through literature from the beginning. There seemed to be a good deal of recent interest in machines and engineering, and of course certain classes had always tilled the soil, because one must have food; but the study of these activities could not lead to culture, because culture had always had to do with thinking, not manual labor. Therefore it became clear to the master that up to the present time, since the end of all scholarly ambition had been a profession (law, medicine, theology, etc.), education must be a very simple matter. All one had to do was to prepare certain capsules of mathematics, grammar, Greek and Latin, and a few, very few, odd pellets of science, etc., and at stated intervals stimulate the boy's mental organism with the various toxins in rotation. Were these subjects not the very basis of culture, and what would be more logical than direct systematic presentation of the fundamental principles? If the patient did not respond nothing could be done but to use more medicine, more lessons; there could be but one line of treatment. With this question settled the good savant signified his readiness to instruct youth in such branches as were desirable for the educated man, and pupils came in numbers to obtain the precious learning, for the pedagogue was favorably known as a great scholar. But these pupils who came, like the master, happened to live in or about the year 1912, when the chief interests of the people were business, science, and engineering; when transportation and communication had become highly developed and systematized; when farming and agriculture were almost arts, the whole welfare of the nation rested on industry, and utility held high rank as an element in culture among the people who worked. Even when a boy of this period did not seek industrial honors and follow in the footsteps of his father, he must needs be interested as a citizen in so important a source of prosperity. Hence the children who set out to become pupils of the learned teacher were alive to the business and activities of their time and surroundings, and were more than willing to learn when the learning led to a useful end. But the scheme proposed by their mentor was such a queer scheme. Of course it was better to go to school than do nothing and one must study a few things, but how much more fascinating and worth while to talk about birds and animals, trolley cars, the railway, electricity, machines, and doing things with a purpose, than to discuss impossible stories written by people who evidently knew very, very little about young people, to learn unending pages of numbers and definitions and facts, which, since one had no use for them, were speedily forgotten to make room for better material?

A Typical Boy's Workroom and Shop. Pride of Personal Possession Develops rather Early and the Boy Should Have a Place of His Own

The Kind of Shop which One May Have at Home

Now these children were obedient and reverent toward learning and did the tasks assigned them by their master, but in their leisure hours they did a good bit of experimenting along other lines, and found several other studies which were not in the master's scheme much more to their taste. Animals and pets were not only nice, live, soft, downy, fuzzy things to play with, but they had such queer ways and were so useful that one could talk about them forever. And then if one raised numbers of them, often neighbors would desire to purchase, and behold, a business began whereby it was just possible one could make a profit now and then. Again, it was fine if one had even a few tools so that one could put together the toys and playthings necessary to every-day amusement. Of course it was needful to measure and calculate and scheme about materials and costs, but all this scheming led to real purpose, while the questions proposed by the teacher were just questions after all and it couldn't make much difference whether one found the answer or not.

Now the usual thing happened. Because of their reverence for traditional learning and respect for its apostle the youths continued to attend upon the master and go through the ceremonial form of intellectual purification. But really their hearts were outside, wrapped up in the work of the world, where they had found just the tonics which were good for them.

In just so far as the school and home open ways which "enable the student to earn a livelihood and to make life worth living" do we see the passing of the old type school (suggested above) and ideal of training. Not only are there comparatively few in this world capable of receiving high polish through the so-called culture studies, but the definition of culture has changed; now any activity is cultural which arouses one's best efforts. Moreover, the boy of the present is on the lookout for a new type of instructor, one born of the new era of industrial success, a teacher who will unlock the mysteries of modern nature, science, engineering and business, and who will make it possible for the student to find his special abilities or bent at an early age. It is no argument at all to say that the boy is too young to know what is best for him, that the mature mind is the only safe guide. The adult teacher and parent becomes a true guide only when he uses as a basis for guidance those qualities and instincts of childhood which cannot be smothered or eradicated. The child, whether boy or girl, knows instinctively some of the kinds of information which do not agree with him, because they possess no significance at the time and he cannot assimilate and fatten on them. The child needs a new and more nutritious mental diet. Father and mother cannot be of great direct assistance because, strange to say, they are not experts with children, they merely know a child (their own) passably well, but they can provide a most effective, indirect, contributory stimulus through outside opportunities for healthy play and experiment which will supplement the formal instruction of the school. And children of all ages up to the time they go to college need some strong outside interest, or group of them, which will serve as a finder to determine the trade, profession, or business of the future man.

The Kite Fever is an Annual Disease. Common to practically the Whole Country. But it is a Disease which Flourishes only among Normal Children, chiefly Boys

Pump and Waterwheel. A Type of Mechanical Problem which the Boy May Begin With, Both In and Out of School, because It Touches His Keenest Interest

The children who enter the school, from whatever grade of society or given race, are all much alike—lively little animals that sleep, eat and talk continuously, and play, though play and expression are one and the same. They do what all animals do—keep on the move, acquire muscular skill and precision, and endeavor by every possible means to express their ideas and convey them to others. This expression takes on a constructive phase when children play at store, keeping house, fire engine, and make toys of paper and cardboard, and such amusement is the forerunner of that intense mechanical interest which overtakes boys about the age of ten or eleven.[I] Girls have an equally positive leaning which is characteristic and will be noted elsewhere. Watch any group of boys of average parentage and surroundings and make a list of the things they construct for themselves, for their own ends. In any such list extending over a period of several months will be found, according to locality, such things as wagons, sleds, whistles, kites, dog houses, pigeon roosts, chicken coops, boats, guns, etc., etc. The young artisan uses whatever raw material he can; he is chiefly concerned with the plan, and makes the best of conditions and materials. The things he makes are always for real use, a principle held in high esteem in all the arts. In making these toys the boy acquires some exceedingly valuable information and a physical skill and perfection which can only be secured at an early age. He learns about things, about raw material, about tools and utensils common to every household; he gets on speaking terms with the fundamental laws of mechanics and, more than one would imagine, develops a real ingenuity in molding material to his immediate needs. The construction of a bird house or kite is in itself simple enough, but the boy has to spend considerable effort in finding out how to do it, which is beneficial. Moreover, this constant struggle to get into tune with his physical environment and subdue it results in a considerable independence, confidence, and resourcefulness, which under moderately favorable conditions will produce a boy alert to the world in which he lives and full of the spirit of investigation—the critical attitude. Such a boy will not lean on others for either learning or pleasure.

Boat Made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather, Montclair, N. J., Independent of Adult Assistance. The Method of Construction, which is Unique and Sound, was Devised by the Boys

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone

These are the Forerunners of Numerous Other Electrical Constructions, Many of Which are Produced Out of School, in the Home Workrooms and Shops

Actually, however, the modern boy has not been encouraged along these lines, nor has he been taken very seriously in those activities which affect him most; hence his struggle toward any real efficiency. A prominent man once said:

"When I was fifteen years of age I could break wild horses to saddle or harness, and teach kicking cows to stand while they were being milked. I could fell trees and drop the tree in any direction desired. I knew the relative value of all native woods, appreciated the differences in soil, grains, fruits, and simple minerals. I could use the draw-shove, adze axe, broad axe, cross-cut saw, sickle and cradle. I could make a figure-four trap, an axe helve, a neck yoke, axe yoke, whiffletree, clevis, and could braid an eight-strand cattle whip. We used to mend our harness on rainy days and I could make a wax-end and thread it with a bristle, and use a brad-awl. I knew how to construct an ash-leach and to make soft-soap, apple butter, and pumpkin pies. I knew the process of weaving flax and wool, of making and burning brick. I knew on sight and had names for a score or more of birds, and had a good idea of the habits of squirrels, skunks, wolves, and the fishes that swam in the creeks. I knew how to cure hams, shoulders, and side-meat: to pickle beef and cover apples with straw and earth so that they would keep in safety through the most severe winter, and open up in the spring fresh and valuable. Of course my knowledge was not of a scientific order, and I could not have explained it to another, because I never knew I had it."

How many boys or girls of the present time possess anything like this sum of useful knowledge—useful for the conditions in which they live? There was a time when children had to learn in order to survive, and now that the necessity is removed and children are simply allowed to grow without purpose, the boy and girl inevitably lose one of the best elements in their training unless new opportunities are opened.

It is not difficult to see how the boy's interest in construction grows and expands; mere acquaintance with boys will furnish the data. At a comparatively early stage the youthful experiments are naturally sifted to a few specialties, which assume prominence either because of the boy's reading or the type of locality in which he lives. From time to time his interest may shift, investigating one subject after another, always seeking the unknown avocation. The process will probably lead in time to a more or less fitting selection of trade or profession. How else is the boy to find himself?

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

A Real Derrick in Miniature, Operated by Means of a Waterwheel (at the right). The Lifting, Turning and Handling of the Bucket are Controlled by Levers Attached to Spools (in the middle section). This Sort of Thing is Part of Regular School Work

Waterwheels (lower illustrations) and Fan (upper illustration), made by Public School Pupils

After he has passed through the preliminary stages of mere play and haphazard amusement the boy becomes conscious of the mysterious, unusual forces of electricity; they hold even adult attention and wonder, but the boy, being more impressionable and confident, immediately forages for information, reads enormously, and experiments. He takes in the whole subject with a vim and sureness that is de facto evidence of its intrinsic worth for study purposes. And in a much shorter time than adults would require, he has mastered the fundamental laws and is eager to put this wonderful force to work, to make things move. He has the same attitude toward steam and gas engines, water motors, and studies them with the same intensity of purpose. Here are dynamic elements which appeal to the human appreciation of power and which may be harnessed, subdued. The idea is comparable to the ancient reverence for fire, water and the storm. Since modern science has organized engineering and mechanical knowledge and simplified it, the student can have at his disposal just the books and periodicals needed to unlock this storeroom of mystery; these publications were written for the purpose. But there are several other openings for creative effort which appeal no less strongly, and among which both the boy and girl may choose, with complete confidence that there will be ample room for initiative, ingenuity, and utilitarian bias.

Every child loves to go camping, and in common with his elders reveals the close connection with primitive life in general through the pleasure derived from the simplicity of camp life. There in the woods, where conveniences are few, every device and construction counts the utmost, and its purpose is apparent. The whole spirit of such living is more in harmony with child nature and longings than the modern city home; it supplies the craving for physical freedom and places the boy or girl almost entirely on his own resources. What he obtains in the way of pleasure comes from his own efforts and is correspondingly precious. The boy especially finds in camp just as much chance for mechanical skill as elsewhere. Temporary furniture, utensils, cooking conveniences, the shelter, traps, etc., are suggestive. And lastly the unconventional, untrammeled outdoor life stands in that same relation to the boy as it did to the savage (because boyhood is a primitive stage); he puts forth his strongest endeavors to conquer the elements, the climate, the earth, and growing things; to provide himself with food and shelter—in other words, to survive as the savage sought to survive. The idea is truly epic. No wonder the child expands and develops under the simple responsibilities imposed, and absorbs woodcraft with such astonishing ease. The recent extraordinary growth of the summer camp among boys' schools, and the results suggested in the writings of Ernest Thompson Seton, are, with the unfolding of industrial education, two pointed examples of the shifting view of education in the home as well as school. Probably no outside agency will in time become so effective for good as the Boy Scouts, whose code is based on a very primitive framework suited to boys. During a recent visit to California, and while crossing the flat prairies of Kansas, the writer saw a company of scouts at work. It was borne in upon the observer that there was an organization which fitted every locality, every climate; it appealed to boy, not creed, social order, time, or adult dogma.

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone

A Self-recording Telegraph Receiver. An Excellent Example of what the Juvenile Mechanical Mind will Attempt. The Number of Boys Interested in such Projects is Considerable

Wireless Station and Workroom of Donald Huxom, Montclair, N. J. This, too, Indicates how Boys Square Themselves with Scientific Progress

One should at least mention athletics in this connection, because of the excellent physical benefit in both activities. Athletics, however, contains an element which is all-important—team work. And no restraint is so much needed, nor so cheerfully heeded for that matter, by the restless boy and girl as a community of effort. The elimination of a purely selfish personal point of view is very difficult to bring about with the best of children, because they are wrapped up in their own affairs, and nothing serves to introduce them to the rights of others and the value of concerted action for a common good so well as sport. The kind does not matter. Any well-conducted, clean enjoyment of this kind develops that mental pliability and willingness to take a part which is a fundamental of citizenship. Incidentally leaders arise, and the beginnings of organization dawn. It is a great day when the boy learns his first code of signals in the ball team!

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone

An Electrical Soldering Iron and Glue-pot, made at Suggestion of Instructor for Use in School Shop

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

Waterwheel Connected with Model Lathe

There is one more side (at least) to the boy and girl business—earning money. It is nothing short of marvelous that this desire for personal income, however small, has not been taken seriously. Why do children want to earn money? For the best reason in the world, independence. Man's entire existence from the earliest age down to the twentieth century has been one long struggle toward it—toward survival. First he had to combat the elements and animals, then his fellows, for possession of food, lands, water, raw materials, and wives. When he found that possession of certain commodities added to his importance and therefore comfort and safety, and especially to his privilege, he sought wealth and its freedom. Now the boy and girl follow stages in development toward similar independence, and among the privileges most desired is that of money or possessions of value. If they earn it, the amount represents so much work and gives the coins a fixed worth which cannot be established in other fashion. Moreover, this desire for income (rather than money) is one characteristic of the child between the ages of thirteen and fifteen years. His power of reasoning and organization are developing rapidly, and it is the time when adult ideals and actions first look attractive. The time is ever ripe for launching the boy or girl into any avocation which holds their fancy, that they may forget their own oblique tendencies to laziness, stubbornness, wayward action, and selfishness; these are all characteristic of the stage. Sex changes too play no inconsiderable part, because the boy's companions are for a time all masculine. Business of some kind is just what he needs, and if that business is profitable, a powerful motive is supplied. Perhaps the keenest interest is that in nature, and most children at some time have desired pets—chickens, rabbits, pigeons, dogs, song birds. There is scarcely a town or city condition where some animal hobby cannot be pursued without disturbing others' peace of mind. But it should be looked into seriously as a business, a miniature counterpart of other like enterprises. The disposal of personal service and products to others brings the child in close contact with numbers of adults and adult standards and business connections. It fosters responsibility and places upon the child the burden of proof, to show that he is entitled to a place as a valuable member of society. And just here it may be well to say, even if the child does not need the money he earns, it will be the most precious he will ever own, because since it came through effort, it will be spent with due caution.

The vegetable and flower garden may be made to yield similar returns and such products are always salable. In addition, every house, every yard, every farm is in constant need of repairs, changes and care which the alert boy or girl can furnish. The development of such odd tasks into a business parallels the development of every large enterprise which began in a modest way. It fosters the best of personal and civic ideals, and tames the restless, self-conscious energy of youth into smooth and profitable channels through which to journey in peace to a sane maturity.

Excellent Examples of High School Work which is Really Profitable. These Machines will Work and Develop Power which can be Measured

A Manual Training Shop

Is it any wonder that education is so ineffective at times? In the light of present-day appreciation of physiology and psychology it is increasingly clear that education has furnished an impersonal, rather stilted system of stuffing along restricted lines for a warm-hearted, all-inquisitive, nature-loving human animal which automatically refuses to be nourished thereby, and forages elsewhere. Although the child's judgment can by no means be followed concerning what is best for him, his instincts and possible future will serve as a most excellent guide. His early training must take into account those interests which are most keen and lasting and use them as the framework for instruction, and all subsequent stages of training involve a distinct obligation to build upon this elementary foundation, with a view to social worth. Most children will have to earn a living (the girl usually helps by managing the home), and this necessity is preëminent. But whether rich or otherwise, the ideal of social worth remains for all. And the least the home can do is to nurse childhood's efforts and experiments in play and occupation which lead finally to mature judgment and conceptions.

How to Use Books with Boys

Boys probably obtain more help from books than girls do because they are more self-reliant, more assertive and impatient. And as has been indicated, more books have been written for boys, but the same general method of use is common to both. The boy too finds in the book of crafts, mechanics, science, or sport a stimulant and incentive. He reads it much as he would a story of adventure. No matter what his greatest enjoyments may be, the perusal of accounts of others' juvenile activities widens the productive horizon in a way not to be ignored, and for this reason "How to Do" books of all kinds are a serious element in the boy's life, at a time when he is less concerned with what to do than with how to produce something. But there is a danger in this catholicity of interest: it may become dilettantism. The boy may merely potter or fuss with one hobby after another, more because he cannot supply the need for more and more information, than because he does not care. Hence it is worth while from time to time to add more fuel to the flame of ambition in a given direction, to provide books and tools, a working place or shop, and open the way for progress in some stated direction.

The Machine Shop. Public School, Montclair, N. J.

The Study of Aeroplane Construction, Public School 77, N. Y. City. This Toy is Full of Possibilities for the Live Boy

A Successful Machine

Finished Aeroplanes. Public School 77, N. Y. City

Specifically, books like those on "Mechanics, Indoors and Out," "Electricity," and "Carpentry," and parts of "Outdoor Work" may be considered as of one type. When he receives the books the boy will spend days in absorbing their contents, maybe dreaming a bit over the possibilities in view, and finally, by a process which will always be unintelligible to the adult, will light upon a problem or group of them that meets his wishes, as the kite for instance; all he needs from then on is human sympathy with the, to him, important undertaking, and he will gallop through all phases of the kite construction and devices, aeroplanes, propellers, forms of motive power, probably bringing up short at the steam or gasoline engine, which opens another chapter. The really important item connected with the use of such books is to keep the young mechanic on one thing at a time. A bit of judicious questioning now and then, always aimed at a group of related problems upon which he may be engaged, will keep his mind working connectedly. His efforts will then be cumulative in effect. Visits to the aero park, the museums, to the shops and technical schools, and to the local power plants are other distinct aids which should be invoked to supplement and emphasize reading and experiment. In some of the cities model kite and aeroplane contests are held at regular intervals, and these put boys on their mettle to succeed. In fact the proper way to use books of this kind is to let the boy use them; let him begin in the middle of the book and work outward or at the end and go backward, but see that he has books which present the subject vividly, simply. Provide him with the essential tools and materials and a place to work. About the surest way to make a success with boys is to let them have a room or corner of their own where they can work to their hearts' content, where they can store their precious belongings, and where companions may come and talk over things. Really the book is inadequate alone. Unless one provide the opening for action, books but aggravate and excite the mind, mockingly spur the student on to "do." Hence with the book goes a tacit obligation to provide means and place, even the most modest, for putting the book to test.

There is yet another phase to this use of books, and it is one which the boy will usually meet, if the texts are adequate. It is this: whatever the young student does best will be the result of real desire, real personal enthusiasm. It is a fallacy to suppose that the boy interested in tools should always put up shelves, mend the door, or fix the fence. He will execute these tasks cheerfully, but they are not the subject of his dreams. On the other hand, if the desire be to earn money, to have a small business of his own, fences and shelves and plant stands may be the most interesting things in the world to him, because they are means, not ends. Hence the printed book is no teacher or trainer of children, no direct guide to future vocation, but is the very essence of inspiration, the foundation from which the young secures nourishment for day dreams and ambitions, out of which he patiently weaves the rich fabric of experience.

CHAPTER V

A HOUSE AND LOT—ESPECIALLY THE LOT

The past decade has witnessed a movement, just now taking aggressive shape, which is unique—the interest in outdoors, nature study, farming, summer homes, sport, and what is termed the simple life. It is a movement filled with the greatest promise of any among the host now claiming attention, and bids fair to soothe the tired nerves and over-stimulated minds of a frantically industrial age. Busy men and women, particularly the men, who once thought their affairs would become hopelessly muddled if they were not at the desk each and every day, now indulge in sport, farming or gardening, and horticulture. They have become convinced of the benefits of fresh air and consequent health, and have a calmer, more serene outlook on life as a whole. It has become "quite proper" now to live in the "country," even though the country is represented by a lot 40 × 100, for one may have a garden which produces wonders even on such a lot. Indirectly, people get the desire to fix up their homesteads, to plant hedges and vines, to have window boxes and put on a kind of apologetic style which develops into conscious pride ultimately. One cannot play with such an avocation long without learning a bit more about nature in general, and without any conscious resolution drifts into keeping chickens or pets as a kind of pleasurable refuge from mundane things. All this activity is much more than a fad; it points to a recurrence of the primitive instinct to always bridge the ever-widening gaps between nature and the human, who is merely an extra-developed animal himself. Children always possess in a marked degree a love for outdoors, for animal life, for growing things, and fight hard during the early years to satisfy the desire. When they cannot achieve results at home, the surplus energy is worked off by harrowing the neighbors. Steam will do a great deal of work when under control, but if one allows steam to accumulate it must get off sooner or later, and children are under steam always.

The Boy Who does not Love to Camp is Unique. This Illustrates one of Ernest Thompson Seton's Camps where Boys Come in Contact with Nature at Her Best

This and Other Illustrations of Homes in This Chapter, Show such Places as People Make when they Care about Appearances

The adult, when he becomes a city dweller, takes his nature study in stiff two-weeks' doses, fishing or shooting, plus all the modern gastronomic tidbits he can carry, and accumulates a fine crop of scientific fables and sunburn. This is not real rest, not even the best acquaintance with nature; rather it is a sort of primitive spree, inherited in garbled form from tradition as a seasonal necessity. The truly fine side to the nature movement lies in its influence on everyday living through a sound regard for what nature can do at her best, and the resultant modification of taste in general. It is a questionable satisfaction to make a whirlwind campaign into nature's midst for a few short weeks, comfortably supported by the consciousness of urban conveniences in the end, when there is the possibility of bringing nature to our very doors, almost to the hearthstone. Nature is complacent and excellent company when offered a suitable welcome.

The ideal home is ideal throughout—outside as well as in. There is no vital difference between the kind of pride which demands clean linen and that which craves beautiful lawns (to be used however), beautiful flowers (also to be enjoyed), trees and porches for shade and rest. The kind of nature too which really rests and enthuses one is the kind which may be enjoyed for twelve months in the year; in other words, gardens, grounds, and trees which belong to the climate, to the locality, and, being hardy, commend themselves at all seasons.

Even the Most Beautiful House must have a Background to Soften the Conventional Lines and Areas of Construction

One should Build a House as one Builds a Reputation, Gradually, Allowing Ideals and Execution to Expand and Develop Together. Then the House and Grounds will Appear at Their Best

But nature is no designer. The landscape gardener and the amateur must, by their united efforts, bring an artistic plan to bear upon nature's offerings, using her trees and flowers and the contour of the ground, and create an environment which pleases. The result should not only be fine of itself, but should furnish a proper and rich background for the house which is the centre. There are in existence numerous periodicals devoted to country living, farming, gardening, animals, sports, and the special suburban problem, and also a very distinguished library dealing with similar types. These have a surprisingly wide circulation, probably because they are as a class guiding the public taste in such matters instead of following it. This literature has in a few short years uncovered a new public interest in matters allied to nature, notably in home architecture and surroundings, and there is distinct evidence at the present time of improvement in architectural style. Domestic buildings are more appropriate in material and design than ever before, and are such as seem to be in tune with the somewhat informal suburban or village surroundings. Formerly architectural style was imported from abroad, and with it came a certain few odd fragments of landscape gardening, full of patterns, floral arabesques and geometric arrangements, imitation Renaissance, urns and alert iron dogs to guard the dooryard. One can still find houses with ugly mansard roofs, stiff, forbidding doorways, and gloomy windows, the whole perched high on a hill, or at least elevated above the street, suggesting in every feature the barrenness of the artificial. It is art at its worst. The effort was further emphasized by the consistent designers through formal, wax-like landscape accessories, tender budding plants, cast-iron benches and garden ornaments, which must surely be blood kin to the modern steam radiator and art cook stove. There was nothing human about such a place: it always suggested the hereafter. But the new, healthy, public interests in outdoors, in a joyous life, have banished those artificial shells and substituted a type of dwelling which is planned for living. And the outside aspect of the house gives one the impression that it belongs to that particular spot, for those people for home purposes. Of course all houses are not so successful, but one finds a good many nowadays. It was bound to come, because when people began to study nature, to live closer to their flowers and animals, to want green lawns and pleasant hills, they soon sought a type of shelter which would nestle close to the ground and look hospitable and inviting. Architecture and gardening are more closely related than one would first imagine, and it is questionable whether one can deal successfully with one and ignore the other.

Trees, Shrubbery and Lawn form the Frame of the Picture, and a Bad Frame will Spoil the Finest Picture

There was a Time Not Long Since, when People Built Houses According to Style. They Now Build for Pleasure and Comfort, Producing the Finest Style of All

In previous chapters the discussion of children and their training has touched lightly upon certain points which may well be elaborated a bit here. Most of the child's waking hours would virtually be spent out of doors; no house is large enough. And it was urged that these intense outside activities would be excellent foci for most profitable study. No yard, however restricted, is too small to accommodate some hobby which will absorb the child's energy and aid in generating constructive skill and judgment. The matter of pocket money is also very important and becomes a powerful motive when properly used. But there is another and more mature point of view concerning the home as a whole, which should not be discarded. Every child should learn to so respect and value his own personal property and affairs that he will respect those of others, neighbors for instance. He will not do this unless his own efforts and experiments are taken seriously, or unless his home grounds and living are maintained at top condition, or unless he grows to appreciate a beautiful physical environment. The lawn, the garden, poultry house and stable ought to be in perfect trim all the time. It is better taste to have them so, and it is good business. One cannot succeed with raising pets or animals in unsanitary quarters, or inadequate shelter. It will not be difficult to develop proper ideas of taste and charm in the grounds about the house if one begins with the boy's and girl's own business and steers that to a decent working basis. Ragged grounds, unkempt lawns, weeds, littered porches and hopeless, tired-looking flowers—all persistent manifestations of neglect—leave on the youthful mind ineradicable impressions which undermine good taste.

Most boys and girls dislike any kind of work which is mere drudgery, and most children in these days shy at work for ends other than their own, because they have found that they can have privileges and amusements without responsibility or other return to their parents. The solution lies in the restoration to the boy of a feeling of personal responsibility and pride, restoring to him and his sister the rights of ownership to things and privileges earned, and make the children something other than social puppets. Make their youthful occupations count. Among those occupations one finds a number which are equally fascinating to both children and adults.

Courtesy of Miss Annie Washburn

A School Garden. If Children Cannot Expand at Home, the Public School is Under Obligation to Satisfy the Need for Outdoor Occupation

Courtesy of Prin. F. C. Clifton

A School Garden. Watchung School, Montclair, N. J.

Probably no accessory to the home is more to be valued than the garden, especially the flower garden. It adds so much of color and variety to the whole scheme, and helps to bring the house into intimate relation with the grounds. The finest gardening has probably been due to feminine influence, and every girl can draw from practical experience with growing things a delicacy of taste and wealth of knowledge to apply to ends peculiarly her own. The latent intuitive feminine outlook often remains undeveloped in these days, and no craft will preserve and stimulate it more than gardening. There is a reaction just now against the formal flower beds of tender plants, a patch of exotic color dotting otherwise irreproachable lawns, though the florist would like to keep such arrangements in fashion, for he is seldom a true artist. But better standards of living, a fresher study of nature, a more personal, intimate architecture, have brought into them many of the old garden ideals where the garden belonged to the mistress of the house and showed it. The garden has a most significant history. It has always been a centre of family life, and among the Romans was in fact the element about which the household revolved. Here the family rested and visited, worked and played. The dwelling was built around it, with living rooms which opened on its walks and fountains, bringing the family together in the most intimate way. The early Dutch and English colonists brought to America a similar taste for this soothing adjunct to the home and early put into effect such garden plans as their limited resources permitted. And always it has been the women-folk of the community who have kept the garden alive with persistent belief in its harmonizing influence on the family. Not infrequently the children learned their first lessons in business, in ownership and in responsibility, there. Gardening is one of the oldest and simplest of crafts and may not be overlooked in seeking a pathway for youthful energy.

Perhaps the boy or girl would rather grow fruits or berries, vegetables, raise pigeons, keep bees—one and all are equally good. This is the essential fact: every boy and girl should come into direct and positive contact with some of the important natural phenomena and life. Growing things have to be cared for, they must have food, water and protection. One cannot play with them when one feels like it; they need attention every day. The obligation is a pleasant one, but nevertheless it is an obligation and gives a much needed lesson in a way that sticks.

Any occupation around the home, if it be one which ministers either to the pleasure, comfort or profit of individual members, is quite likely to knit that family into a more compact group. It keeps the children more at home. The interchange of service and advice which brings into relief the interdependence of the individuals stimulates this one of the important characteristics of domestic society. There has been an indication in recent years to lay upon the schools the entire training for manhood and womanhood. It is expected to teach manners and ethics, to give the proper kind of academic information, to formulate character, to even teach "nature." It is impossible to do this. The finest character, habits of study, executive ability, and the social attitude must be started and nursed to strength, if not to maturity, at home. Five hours each day under incomplete authority can accomplish little else than formal instruction. Even the beginnings of technical and scientific training have their roots deep in these childish hobbies which originate and flourish at home, where a deep obligation rests upon parents to make the most of this early time. It is a lead the school can follow, but never originate. The school represents the average educational ideal of a given community, and when schools are inefficient, languish and give indifferent service, it is an excellent index of the local culture standard. Therefore, when parents develop to their highest pitch the enthusiasms and abilities of childhood, when they foster family life and enrich it so that every member, particularly the younger ones, become active participants, and feel that they too have work to contribute to the general welfare, then and then only will the school by force of public sentiment revise its own standards.

There is a Fascination about Raising Animals whether for Sale or as Pets. To the Child this Occupation Acquires the Dignity of a Real Business

Two More Illustrations which will Suggest Plans for the Future

For reasons such as these every home should be a kind of unofficial training school, in which the courses are mostly elective. Some outdoor hobbies which the children will enjoy should be maintained, and, on however small a scale, the house and grounds should be planned with this in view. The city boy and girl will have somewhat limited choice, but even there one can enjoy several hobbies, even in a flat. One can at least grow things, for there are few corners, even in a city, so dark that some plants will not flourish.

CHAPTER VI

VACATIONS, ATHLETICS, SCOUTING, CAMPING, PHOTOGRAPHY

Every Child, and especially the Boy, Needs Active Outdoor Exercise. This kind has much to recommend it

Organized Play (Woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton

The boy of to-day is at a real disadvantage in his struggle for health and happiness. He is always a primitive at heart, surging in the direction of direct physical expression, showing almost on the surface the simplicity of savage instincts, to live close to the earth, be outdoors, perform feats of strength and skill, hunt, fish, camp and play at doing the essential acts of life. Through succeeding generations society has perfected a veneer of convention which glosses over the crudities of childish abandon, and as they (children) grow, the polish becomes thicker and more lasting, even so as to make the individual a "ready-to-wear" being. But at intervals, even in adults, one finds the periodic plunge into camp and field. That vacations do not always supply the benefit which doctors would, but cannot, is rather the fault of brevity than of the outings themselves. Boys can, as a rule, enjoy vacations without responsibilities, they can have ample scope for the close acquaintanceship with the simplicities of outdoor living. One of the first true signs of summer is the tents and crude shelters in backyards of our suburban villages. It is the nearest approach to a normal, sane existence the child can make. No proper child omits to play "Indian" or "hunter" in his early years, and no youth ever quite outgrows the keen pleasure of sleeping in the open, companioned by the sighing of the night. One recent experience of the writer, camping among the giant redwoods of California, where one could before going to sleep have a last look at the stars framed by the wondrous trees, and drift to unconsciousness to water music in the gorge way down below, was a time never to be forgotten. It is such experiences as these in the open which both keep and restore one's mental balance; they breed cheerfulness and optimism, develop friendships. And the boy is not so very particular about the place, provided there is water and woods, some companions, and things to do. He loves to swim and should learn. He wants to be of some account and have a part in the camp, learn how to make camp, protect things, prepare for weather, engineer the routine of camp life. Probably no institution outside formal educational institutions is likely to have more vital influence on boys of the future than the Boy Scouts, already mentioned, a marvelous scheme to organize this play spirit. It takes hold of the most primitive instincts in child life, develops them to the highest pitch of efficiency, and turns the enormous energy generated thereby into useful channels by the simplest of devices—service. But be it noted, service for which the need is perfectly plain. The boy gets the finest of physical training imaginable and readily cultivates moral virtues which have been the despair of teachers and parents.

More Woodcraft. Has the Boy had a Chance at this kind of Experience?

Even the Technical Processes of Photography have been Reduced to Popular Terms

In These Days Photography has become so Simplified that every Child can Use a Camera to Advantage

In general, the vacation cannot be more profitably spent elsewhere than outdoors. If a boy cannot actually go into the woods, away from home and the restrictions which modern living must of necessity impose, then the next best thing is pastime or amusement which requires outdoors for a setting. There is much to be said for each and every one of the sports common at the present time, baseball, tennis, football, golf, boating, riding—they are all good—and every healthy child will take part in one or more. Now a book about sport can never teach a boy or girl how to become skilful; it cannot explain the mystery of the golf stroke or pitched curve, but it can and does awaken the spirit of trial and test. It suggests that there is possibly a right way to do things; to play even, if one would succeed. The book may tell of the necessity for team work and organization, for system and regular living, and observance of rules made by others. In other words, the book acts through suggestion, very seldom directly; and for the same reason that one gives children books on mechanics, sewing, pets and gardening, that they may learn of the dignity and worth of these occupations, so also does one recommend books of sport and games, which surely are the more valuable when taken in all seriousness. It is through their games, involving dependence upon the confidence in others, that children acquire the best traits of character.

Aside from the inherent return in physical well-being derived from amusement in the open air—one can use this kind of medicine twelve months in the year—such pastime possesses a second quality of no mean importance; it brings one, ofttimes unconsciously, into communication or hailing distance at least of that nature which is so charming. It is easy to see the beauties of birds and flowers and skies, in camp; and the dynamic loveliness of crisp fall weather, even in a great city, is evidenced out of doors by the animation of passersby. But one cannot read about the beauties of beneficent nature; one must enjoy them personally, and is led on to do so through those pastimes which take place in the open. Several of these have been mentioned, and there is one other: photography.

Photography has almost ceased to be a science; it is a habit. One goes to the store, invests in a comfortably small parcel and a book of instructions which says "press here," and that is about all. The fine succeeding details are minor matters. Whether one merely "presses the button" or goes the whole road and really makes the picture, photography has come to be a regular accessory to sport and enjoyment. No doubt it is evidence of human vanity, but it takes so mild a form and is the source of so much pleasure that the world needs it, to preserve the thousand and one scenes and incidents which comprise the background of life.

INDEX

SYMBOLS USED

- *—Illustrated
- A—Outdoor Work
- B—Mechanics, Indoors and Out
- C—Carpentry and Woodwork
- D—Home Decoration
- E—Electricity
- G—Gardening
- H—Housekeeping
- K—Outdoor Sports
- M—Working in Metals
- N—Needlecraft

INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

PAGE

Accounts

- balancing, H 90–91, 99
- charge accounts, H 98
- check book method, H 97
- credits, recording, H 96
- dairy accounts, A 242
- debit and credit, H 90
- department method of keeping, H 92–94
- housekeeping, H 87–100

- How to keep household accounts, by C. W. Haskins, recommended, H 99

- personal expense account, specimen, H 92
- poultry raising, A 168, 172
- See also Allowances; Income

Acorns, care of seed for planting, A 48

Aeronautics. See Aeroplanes; Balloons; Flying machines; Kites

Aeroplanes, B 158–185*, C 67–83*

- balance problem, B 169

- biplane

- making toy model, C 68–74*

- principle of construction, B 173–175*

- Bleriot monoplane, B 171–173*

- engines, types used, B 173

- construction principles in general, B 170–171

- controlling direction of, B 168–169
- gyroscope principle applied, B 169
- making models, B 180–184*, C 67–83*
- management not difficult, B 177
- Maxim's aero-curve, B 166–167*

- monoplane

- making a model, B 180–184, C 75–83*

- principle of construction, B 171–173*, 175–177

- motive power for toy model, B 182–183, C 72, 81–83

- planes

- aspect ratio, B 167, 170

- shape of, B 164–168

- propeller blades

- making for a model, B 182, C 70–72*

- position on machine, B 169–170

- Santos Dumont monoplane, B 175–177*
- testing a model, B 183
- triplane, B 180
- Voisin biplane, B 173–175*
- why aeroplanes fly, B 163–168, 195–197
- wind velocity table, B 198

- wireless telegraph control a possibility, B 169

- See also Balloons; Flying machines; Kites

Ageratum, planting, G 84

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Agricultural clubs

- book about, A 519

- organizing, A 452–454

Agricultural pests. See Insect pests

Agriculture.

- See Dairying; Domestic Animals; Drainage; Fertilizers and Manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit gardening; Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables

Alaska sable, skunk skin, A 484
Alcohol as a cleaning agent, H 124, 135, 359
Airships. See Aeroplanes; Balloons
Alarm clocks, electric, E 302

Alfred, King

- story of the burned cakes, H 16

Algae. See Seaweed

Alligator wrench, making, M 276

Allowances

- how to manage, H 80

Alloys

- definition of, M 208

Almonds

- food value, H 255

Alternating currents. See Electric currents

Althea (Rose of Sharon)

- characteristics, G 356

Aluminum

- extraction from clay, E 263

- utensils

- advantages, H 202

- care of, H 206

Ammeter, E 25–34*

- construction, E 25–29
- how it measures electricity, E 29–30, 32–33
- shunt, use of, E 32–33

Ampere, Andre Marie

- Ampere's rule, E 30–32

Amusements. See Games; Sports

Andirons

- forging, M 363–370*

- how to use, H 225

Andrew, Saint

- story of the loaves and fishes, H 32

Anemometer

- making, C 162–165

Anemone

- Japanese, characteristics, G 333, 365

- wood anemone, G 343

Angora goat, A 109–110

- book about, A 517

Animals

- feeding motherless animals, A 268

- tamed versus domesticated, K 177

- training, A 248–270

- fear versus kindness, A 256–257

- wild animals, A 259–263

- See also Domestic animals; Pets; also names of animals, e. g., Birds, Newts, Toads, etc.

Annealing

- copper bowl, M 21
- definition of, M 208
- steel, M 307–309
- tools for, M 11–12*

Annuals (Plants)

- blooming after frost, G 330
- climbing, G 331
- definition of, G 160
- for cut flowers: table, G 329
- for heavy soils: table, G 329
- for rocky places: table, G 332
- for sandy soils: table, G 328
- for shady places: table, G 331
- for sunny places: table, G 332
- fragrant: table, G 330
- self sowing, G 331
- value of, G 316, 359
- what to plant, G 322

Annunciators, Electric, E 68–71*

Antique furniture. See Furniture

Ants

- development from the egg, A 393–395
- garden pest, G 283
- habits, K 147
- household pests, H 361

Anvil

- metal workers' tool, M 10*

Apartment houses

- heating by electricity, E 125

- how to have a play house in, H 8

Apiculture. See Bees

Apple

- distance to plant trees, G 258
- food value, H 255
- saving seeds from cider making, A 50
- surplus used for cider vinegar, A 413
- wood for canes, A 59

Applique

- embroidery, N 198–202
- honiton lace, N 237
- leather, N 83, 85*
- overlaid work, N 200
- underlaid, N 201

Apricots, dried

- food value, H 255

April

- birds, K 175

- blooming plants, G 364

Aprons, making, N 26–30

- bands and strings, N 28–30

- gathering, N 26–28*

- sewing apron and work bag combined, N 31–33*

Aquarium

- care of sick fish, K 166
- cost of ready-made boxes and globes, K 163
- feeding fish, K 166
- making a water-tight box, K 160–162

- stocking a self-sustaining aquarium, K 164–166

- what to keep in, K 161

- See also Gold fish

Arago, Francois Jean

- wave theory of light, E 345

Arbor vitæ

- characteristics, C 542

Arbors. See Pergola

Arbutus

- gathering and conserving, A 93

Arc lamp. See Electric lamp—Arc

Archery

- practice of, K 329–331

Architecture

- adapting the plan to the purpose, D 6, 13

- American city versus country homes, D 365–367

- bungalow, plan and elevation, C 465*
- dining-room plan, D 9
- floor plan, D 8*
- hall plan, D 9
- kitchen plan, D 10
- Living-room plan, D 9
- A model house, D 3–33
- pantry plan, D 12

- plan in relation to decorations and furnishings, D 12–13

- principles of design, D 4–5, 13–16

- wall areas, considering, D 12

- See also Building; Carpentry; Cottages; Foundations; Pergola

Archimedian screw, B 143–145*, 344*

Armatures

- ammeter armature, E 29

- dynamo armature, E 9, 11–13

Arrowhead (Plant)

- characteristics, G 366

Art

- copyrighting works of art, B 426

Arthur, King

- The King's Kitchen: story, H 20

Artichoke

- indoor planting time, G 233

Arts and Crafts.

- See Basket making; Bead work; Block printing; Brass work; Copper work; Embroidery; Lace making; Leather work; Metal work; Iron work; Silver work; Stenciling

Arum (Plant)

- characteristics, G 366

Ash

- characteristics, C 564

- strength of wood, C 496

Ash tray

- copper work, M 85*

Ashes

- fertilizing value, A 433

Asparagus

- insect pests, G 287

Aspidistra

- indoor plant, G 196

Assisi, Saint Francis of, H 25

Association foot ball, K 331

Aster

- characteristics of New England aster, G 365
- half hardy plant, G 317
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- starting, G 137

Athletics

- all around athletic championship, K 328–329
- best college record, K 336
- Olympic games, events, K 372
- rowing record, K 383
- training rules, K 11–12
- value of, K 5–6

Atlantic cable

- laying, E 65–66

Atmospheric pressure. See Barometer

Attic playhouse, H 5

Atwater, W. O.

- Principles of nutrition; quotation, H 251

Auger

- bit, C 194*

- screw principle, B 156

August

- blooming plants, G 365

Australian boomerang, B 232–234*

Automobiles

- gasolene consumed per mile, B 401

- making frame for one and two cylinder motors, B 396–401*

- making toy automobile, C 62–66*

Aviation. See Aeroplanes

Axe

- selecting, K 96–97

Azalea

- indoor plant, G 197

B

Babylon

- proposed irrigation works, B 247

Baby's breath (Plant)

- characteristics, G 329, 365

Bachelor's buttons. See Cornflower

Backing enamel

- definition, M 208

Bacon

- cuts, H 270
- food value, H 250, 253
- for basting meat, H 357

Bacteria in soils, G 222

Baden-Powell, Sir Robert

- Organizer of the Boy scouts, K 20

Badminton (Game), K 332

Bags

- braiding, N 295–296*
- raffia hand bag, N 272–273*
- stenciled, N 81*

Bait

- fish bait, K 130–136

- See also Trapping

Baked beans

- food value, H 257

Baking

- cake, H 303
- principles and process, H 283–284
- thickness of food, H 276

Baking powder

- composition and use, H 301

- how to retain strength of, E 267

Ball

- one old cat, K 375

- See also Base ball; Basket ball; Call ball; Cricket; Foot ball; Hand ball; Hand polo; Hat ball; Hockey; Japanese fan ball; LaCrosse; Polo; Push ball; Racquets; Roley Boley; Skittles; Squash; Tennis; Tether ball; Volley ball

Ball bearings

- principle of, B 28

Balloon vine

- characteristics, G 331

Balloons

- history, B 161–162

- making paper balloons, B 369–373*

Balsam

- characteristics, G 332, C 539
- gathering, A 65
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Baltimore belle, story of, N 74–76

Baltimore oriole

- as insect destroyer, A 457

Bananas

- food value, H 255

Band saws. See Saws

Bandy (Game), K 332

Bantams

- breeding and care, A 217–218

- game bantams, A 217

Bar, Horizontal

- making a pull up bar, C 270*

Bar pins

- silver metal work, M 171–174*

Barberry

- characteristics, G 355
- picking, A 16–17
- jelly, receipt, A 17, 18

Barometer

- complex, how to make, B 258–261*
- construction of, B 231–232*
- inventors of, B 256
- purpose of, B 261
- simple, how to make, B 256–257
- theory of, B 256
- water barometer, how to make, B 257–258*

Base ball, K 244–266*, 332–334
art of playing, K 262–263
balls, standard, K 262
base hit, K 333
bases, K 333
bats, K 262
batsmen

- left-handed, K 259
- qualifications, K 260
- training, K 250

batting, K 260
captain's duties, K 249–250
catcher, K 254–255
diamond, K 333

- laying out, K 260–262*

doubtful balls, providing for, K 258
"fan", K 266
first baseman, K 255
gate receipts, K 264
ground rules, K 265
home run, K 333
innings, K 334

- choice of, by contesting team, K 264

manager's duties, K 249
methods, old and modern, K 247–248
national game of America, K 244
nine, K 245, 332
opponent's methods, learning, K 259
outfielder, K 257–259
pitcher and pitching, K 246*, 247*, 251–254
positions, K 245, 333
scores, K 264, 333–334
second baseman, K 256
shoes, K 264
short-stop, K 256
signals, K 248
team, how to organize, K 249
third base, K 257
training rules, K 250
two-bagger, K 334
umpire, K 245
uniforms, K 263
visiting teams, expenses, K 264
what makes a game, K 264
Basket ball rules, K 334

Basket making

- materials for, N 242–243
- porcupine quills for, A 69
- raffia work, N 250–252, 255–261*
- rattan basketry, N 243–248*
- reed flower baskets, G 61–64*
- sweet grass baskets, A 64

Bass

- bait for, K 135

Basse-taille

- definition, M 208

Basswood

- characteristics, C 560

Basting meat, H 283, 357

Basting stitches, N 6*

Bath tubs

- cleaning, H 155

- sanitation, H 217

Bathroom

- care and cleaning, H 155–156

Baths

- electric shower baths in a summer camp, E 244–247

- summer camp device, E 160–162

Bats

- usefulness of, K 149

Batteries, Electric. See Electric batteries

Bayberry

- description of bush, A 19
- dips, making, A 20–21
- leaves for sachet, A 65

Baywood

- staining mahogany, C 489, D 230

Bead work, N 278–294*

- chains, N 279–285*
- curtains, N 292
- cushion covers, N 290–293
- daisy chains, N 279–282*
- loom, home-made, N 282–284*
- portieres, N 290–293
- purse, N 285–290*
- stringing the beads, N 278

Beam action, C 496

Beams, wooden

- strength of materials, B 45

Bean bag

- rules of game, K 336

Beans

- bush beans, varieties, G 297
- experiments in growing, G 119–122
- food value, H 250, 254, 255
- insect pests, G 288

- planting seeds

- depth and distance, G 42
- distance of drills apart, G 297
- eye downward, G 117
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- pole beans

- ornamental value, G 296

- varieties, G 297

- seeds

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 33, 233
- germination time, G 32

- soil, G 119, 296

- See also Lima beans; String beans

Bearings

- anti-friction, B 326*

Beck-iron

- definition of, M 208

- Bedbugs, H 363–364

Bedell, Frederick

- discovery that the same wire carries two currents, E 187

Bedroom

- atmosphere, H 158

- care of

- morning work, H 146–155
- night preparation, H 154
- personal responsibility, H 53

- furnishings for a girl's room, H 54
- furniture, designs for, D 57–58*
- guest room, H 367
- See also Beds; Closets

Bedroom electric heater, E 126*

Bedroom slippers. See Slippers

Beds

- bough beds, K 65*
- camping outfits, K 64–66*
- designs, D 60*, 373*

- doll's bed of pasteboard, and fittings, H 11–12

- making fittings for a doll's bed, N 50–56*
- making up a bed, H 54, 149–155
- Bed spread. See Counterpane

Bee balm (Flower)

- habits and characteristics, G 333, 347

Bee-hive. See Bees

Bee-keepers Association, value of, A 326

Bee stings

- prevention and cure, A 317–318

Beech nuts

- characteristics, A 37

- gathering, A 38

Beef

- cuts and their uses, H 268–269

- food value: table, H 252

Beef tea

- making, H 278

Bees, A 287–336
books about, A 518
brood chamber, description, A 302*, 303

- what goes on in, A 304–307

buying, hints about, A 294–297
cost of colony, A 288
development from the egg, A 393–395
diseases and enemies, A 322, 325
egg-laying, A 305
feeding, spring and fall, A 321
hives

- arranging, A 292
- drone and queen trap at entrance, A 316*
- entrance to, A 303
- kinds, A 297, 300–304, 325

modern, A 301–304*
observation hive, A 325, K 169
old-fashioned, A 300
opening

- how to open, and remove frames, A 315–318

- reasons for, A 314

putting together, A 298
supers, A 302*
ventilation, A 294
where to place, A 290–291
hiving, A 313–314
honey

- harvesting, A 316
- making, A 322–323
- plants which supply, A 322
- supply for hives, A 319
- uses of, A 326

honeycomb cells, A 315–316
how bees work, A 324–325
how to approach the hive, A 303
Italian, A 296
keeping

- how to begin, A 287–290

- supplies for first year, A 296–298

life, length of, A 306
locating the hives, A 290–291
marketing the honey, A 326–327
nucleus, meaning, A 296
observation hives, A 325, K 169*
products of the hives, A 322–325
profit in, A 299–300, 334–336
protecting from wind and sun, A 291–292
queen bee

- clipping wings, A 316
- locating, A 316
- rearing, A 331–333
- testing, A 304

runaway swarms, securing, A 288
shipping, A 294
smoking, A 314–315
success with bees: stories, A 328–336
swarm catcher, home-made, A 310–313*
swarming

- reasons for, A 304
- time and process, A 307–309
- to prevent, A 315

varieties, A 295
wax making, A 323
wintering, A 319–321*
worker bees, development of, A 305–306
Beeswax for cleaning irons, H 317

Beetles

- development from the egg, A 393–395

- extermination of pests, G 117, 285, 287, 292

- mounting specimens, A 384*

Beets

- boiling, G 298
- cooking preparation, H 293
- food value, H 255
- insect pests, G 288

- planting seeds, G 298

- depth and distance, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34

- germination time, G 32

- soil preparation, G 298

- transplanting, to avoid, G 122, 298

Begonias

- bedding plant, G 324

- window box plant, G 193

Bell, Alexander Graham

- inventor of the telephone, E 274

Bellflower

- habits and characteristics, G 346

Bellicent

- mother of Gareth, H 21

Bellows

- blacksmith's, M 216*

- metal worker's, M 12*

Bells

- brass work, M 145–147*

- See also Electric bells

Belt buckle

- copper work, M 88–90*

- designs for, M 195*

Belt pin

- copper work, D 350*

Belts

- knotted raffia, N 273–274

- Irish crochet, N 335–337*

- tooled leather, designs and process, D 324–328*

Bench

- double seat for summer house, C 422–424*
- riverside, B 158
- selection of wood for, C 409
- stationary outdoor bench, C 408–409
- See also Settees

Bench hook

- making, C 139–142

Bench stop, C 139

Bench work. See Carpentry; Whittling

Berries

- food value, H 255
- picking, A 8–20
- seasons, A 8
- washing, H 295

- See also names of berries, e. g., Raspberry; Strawberry; Thimbleberry; etc.

Bessemer steel. See Steel

Bethsaida

- Story of the loaves and fishes, H 32

Bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176

Bicycle

- sprocket wheel, B 327*

Biennials

- definition, G 160

- what and how to plant, G 322

Binding edges and seams, N 51*

Biplane

- construction, B 173–175*

- making a toy model, C 68–74*

Birch

- aspen leaved, C 558

- bark, removing, A 66–67

- uses, A 67

- black or sweet birch, C 557
- blue or hornbeam, C 559
- gray, C 558
- kinds and characteristics, C 556–559
- red, C 557
- staining mahogany color, D 230
- white, canoe, or paper birch, C 557
- yellow, C 557

Birds

- April birds, K 175
- attracting the birds, A 454–459*
- bath, making, C 219*
- books about, A 519
- crows as pets, K 176
- eggs and nests, collecting, A 460
- enemies, A 460–461, K 174
- flight, theory of, B 195–197
- game preserve, creating, A 464–465

- houses

- building, C 213–220*, K 174–175
- location, C 213
- suiting the birds, C 219
- supports for, C 218

- March birds, K 175
- May birds, K 176
- migration, K 175
- nesting time, K 176
- non-migrating, K 176
- protecting fruit from, A 461
- protection and care of, A 458–459

- song birds, attracting, A 454–457

- unlawful to cage, K 173

- that stay all winter, K 175
- traffic in skins, A 459–460
- training, A 263–265

- value as garden pest destroyers, G 280, A 455–457

Bit and brace. See Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools

Bites of insects

- treatment of, H 364

Bittersweet, A 56

Black bass

- bait for, K 134

Blacksmithing, M 215–357

- equipment, M 215
- fuel, M 229
- fullering, meaning, M 225
- iron used, M 230–232
- tools, M 222, 224–226*, 228, 229

- See also Forge; Forging; Horseshoeing; Iron work; Tempering; Steel; Welding

Blankets

- campers' outfit, K 66
- making for doll-bed, N 54*
- washing woollens, H 324, 328

Bleeding heart

- characteristics, G 335, 365

Blood root

- habits and characteristics, G 343

Blindman's buff (Game), K 337

Block and tackle. See Pulleys

Block printing on fabrics

- designs and process, D 99–106*
- laundering articles, D 107
- materials used for, 107

Blood stains

- removing, H 360

Blotting pads

- leather, design and making, D 335–338*
- metal corners, making, M 122–124*
- making and carving hand blotter, C 125–127*

Blow pipe

- metal workers' tools, M 12*

Blowing engines

- diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315

Blue flag. See Iris

Blue printing

- leaves and flowers, A 360–361

Bluebell

- characteristics, G 364

Blueberries

- burning over land, A 13, C 514
- canning factories, A 12
- picking, A 13
- varieties, A 13
- where found, A 11, C 514

Bluebird

- insect destroyer, A 456

- migration, K 175

Bluets, G 341
Bluing clothes, H 18, 320
Boards. See Lumber

Boat building, B 84–109*

- carvel ribbon built boat, B 89
- centre line of shaft, B 90
- decks, B 91
- dimensions of the Mocking Bird, B 68*
- displacement, B 89

- exhaust pipe

- fitting up, B 97–98
- pet-cock, B 99
- under water, B 98–99

- expansion chamber, B 98

- floor boards, B 91

- keel

- block for, B 76

- laying and setting up, B 85–87*

- keelson, B 86*
- knees, B 91
- "knock down" system, B 66, 68
- launching the boat, B 134, 136–138
- laying off the profile, B 90
- lettering the name, B 131–132
- materials and dimensions, B 90–93*

- motor

- dimensions, B 95

- installing, B 93–95*

- motor bed, fitting, B 91, 97
- offsets, table of, B 92
- patterns, buying, B 62

- plan and section of the Mocking Bird, B 66–68*

- propeller shaft, installing, B 93
- section of launch, B 89*
- sections, spacing of, B 91–92
- sheathing, B 89*
- skeleton, fitting posts together, B 88*
- steering gear, B 346*
- stem, B 86*, 90
- thwarts, B 91
- unloading materials, B 84–85
- varnishing the boat, B 112
- See also Screw propeller

Boat house building, B 36–64*

- covering the frame, B 40
- doors and windows, B 37
- foundation, B 36*
- frame, end and side, B 37–40*
- pier, constructing, B 19, 76
- roof, B 40–42
- slides or ways, B 44–45

Boats

- fishing boats, fitting and cost, K 140

- See also Boat building; Canoes and Canoeing; Launch; Screw Propeller

Bob sled, K 223*

Bob white

- migration, K 176

- planting seed birds, A 464

Bo-bo and the roast pig, H 18

Bobolink

- migration, K 176

Bog plants, G 366

Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*

Boiling

- meats and fish, H 278
- principle and process, H 277
- seasoning, H 279
- vegetables, H 279

Boiling point of liquids, H 277

Bolsters, H 152

Bolts

- forging, M 240–244*

Book case

- designs, D 53*, 151*, 177*, C 351*

- "knock down" design and construction, D 150–156*

- mission style, C 352

- staining the wood, D 236, 237

- with adjustable shelf, design and construction, C 350–353*

- with glazed doors, design and construction, D 176–180*

- See also Book rack

Book cover

- limp leather design and making, D 342–345*

Book mark

- copper work, M 128*

Book rack

- copper work, M 121*, D 351*

- folding, designing and making, C 247–249*

- wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–161*

Book shelves. See Book case; Book rack

Book supports

- copper work, M 121*, D 351*

Books

- care of, H 349

Boomerang, Australian

- making, B 232–234*

Boone, Daniel

- wilderness traveler, K 51

Bootees

- knitted, N 363–366*

Bordeaux mixture

- receipt, G 121, 294

- uses, G 282, 288, 291

Boring. See Drilling and Boring

Bossing up, M 208, 419

Botany

- collecting native plants in California, A 96–98

- See also Flower gardening; Flowers

Bottles

- killing bottle for insects, A 378–380*, K 151*, 154

- washing, H 183

Boulder up (Game), K 345

Boulders

- moving on rollers, B 18–19*

- raising, B 15–17*

Bow and arrow, K 329

Bowling

- lawn bowling, K 366

Bowls. See Brass work; Copper work; Metal work; Pottery

Box elder

- characteristics, C 548

Box furniture, C 475–478*

Box kite. See Kites

Box making

- design to resemble books, C 397*
- dovetail joints, C 315–318*
- drawing instrument box, C 240*
- hinging a lid, C 239
- knife and fork box, C 223–226*
- nail box, C 206–209*
- pencil box, making and carving, C 106–108*
- proportions, C 235
- seat and chest combined, C 476*
- simple box, C 40*
- toilet boxes, C 315–318*, 235–241*

- See also Copper work; Inlaying; Metal work; Wood carving

Boy Scouts of America, K 19–49*
activities, K 43
ambulance badge, qualifications for, K 27
aviator badge, qualifications for, K 28
badges, K 27–36
bee-keeper's badge, qualifications for, K 28
blacksmith's badge, qualifications for, K 28
bugler's badge, qualifications for, K 28
campaigning, K 43
camps, routine and model programme, K 46–49
carpenter's badge, qualifications for, K 29
clerk's badge, qualifications for, K 29
cook's badge, qualifications for, K 29
cyclist's badge, qualifications for, K 29
dairyman's badge, qualifications for, K 30
electrician's badge, qualifications for, K 30
engineer's badge, qualifications for, K 30
farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 30
finances, K 41
fireman's badge, qualifications for, K 31
first aid to animals' badge, qualifications for, K 31
first-class tests, K 24–25
founder of society, K 20
gardener's badge, qualifications for, K 31
handy man's badge, qualifications for, K 31
headquarters, K 19
horseman's badge, qualifications for, K 32
interpreter's badge, qualifications for, K 32
laws, K 25–27
leather workers' badge, qualifications for, K 33
life saver's badge, qualifications for, K 38
marksman's badge, qualifications for, K 33
master-at-arms badge, qualifications for, K 33
membership requirements, K 22–25
missioner's badge, qualifications for, K 33
musician's badge, qualifications for, K 33
oath, K 22
official hand book, how to obtain, K 49
origin, K 20
pathfinder's badge, qualifications for, K 34
patrols, forming, K 27, 38–39
photographer's badge, qualifications for, K 35
pioneer's badge, qualifications for, K 35
piper's badge, qualifications for, K 35
plumber's badge, qualifications for, K 35
poultry farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 36
principles of good scouting, K 39
printer's badge, qualifications for, K 36
purpose, K 20
salute and secret sign, K 22
scout craft, K 21, 43
scout master, qualifications and duties, K 26, 42–43
second-class tests, K 23
sign posts for scout master, K 43–46
signaler's badge, qualifications for, K 36
seaman's badge, qualifications for, K 36
stalker's badge, qualifications for, K 37
starman's badge, qualifications for, K 37
surveyor's badge, qualifications for, K 38
swimmer's badge, qualifications for, K 38
tenderfoot, class requirements, K 22
troop, organization, K 26–27, 40–41
Boys' clubs. See Clubs

Brace and bit. See Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools

Bracelets

- silver work, M 174–177*

Bracket

- brass work, M 146–147*

- iron work, M 393–395*

- wood

- corner bracket, C 246*
- designs, C 242–244*
- making, C 245

Braiding

- coronation braid

- daisy pattern, N 109–111*

- what it is and how to sew it on, N 108–109*

- fastening the ends of the braid, N 107
- flat braid, how to sew it on, N 108
- rugs and mats, N 296
- soutache braid, N 107
- stamping the design, N 107

- weaving

- four strands, N 295*
- how to begin, N 295–296*
- joining a new strand, N 296, 298*, 301
- on frame, N 296–301*
- six strands, N 296*

Braising, H 280

Brass

- cleaning, H 135, M 140
- coloring blue black, M 205
- coloring green, C 379
- composition and characteristics of, M 133
- tarnish, to prevent, M 140

Brass work, M 133–147*

- bell and bracket, M 145–147*
- bracket, M 146–147*
- crumb tray and scraper, M 135–136*
- finger bowl, M 133–135*
- handles to vase, making, M 143
- soldering a vase, M 144
- tea caddy, M 136–140*

- vase, M 140–145*

- weighting a vase, M 143

- See also Copper work; Metal work

Brazilian point lace, N 238*

Brazing metals, M 310–315

- preparation of parts and process, M 311–314

- value, M 314

Bread

- baking, H 283
- brown bread, food value, H 257
- camp cooking, K 87–88
- curled bread for camping, E 303
- food value, H 250, 254, 300
- freshening dry bread, H 354
- ingredients, purpose of, H 298–299
- kneading, H 299
- mixing, H 299
- raising, H 300
- setting, H 299
- unleavened, H 300
- yeast for, H 296–297

Bread board

- making, C 222–223*

Breakfast food

- food value, H 254

- left overs, H 355

Breeding

- purpose and standards, K 177

- skill in breeding Dutch belted varieties, K 184

- See also Domestic animals; also names of animals, e. g., Horse; Poultry; Swine etc.

Bridges

- building a foot bridge, B 70–73*

Brier stitch. See Feather-stitching

Broilers. See Electric broilers; Poultry raising

Broiling

- process and utensils, H 275–276

Brooches

- silver work, M 171–174*

Brooders

- making, K 199

Brook trout

- bait, K 136

- reclaiming a trout stream, A 271–273

Broth. See Soups

Brother Juniper's cooking: story, H 25

Brown bread

- combinations for food values, H 257

Brushes

- paint brushes, H 342
- stenciling brushes, N 79–80*
- See also Commutators (Electricity)

Brussels sprouts

- soil and planting, G 299–300

Brussels stitch, N 229–231*

Buckeye tree

- characteristics, C 565

Buckles

- belt buckles, making, M 88–90*, 195*

- turn buckles, forging, M 324, 330–334*

Buckthorn for hedges, G 357

Buckwheat

- cakes and sausage, food value, H 258

- food value, H 254

Budding plants, G 250–253

Buffet

- design, D 56*

Building

- base boards, C 475

- batter boards, posts and sills

- setting, D 25

- cheap finishings, C 475

- chimneys, style of, C 472

- construction

- boat house details, B 36–42*

- house details, D 25–32*

- cornice detail, D 29*
- flashing chimneys, C 472
- interior finish details, D 31*
- joists, placing, B 39
- model house, D 3–33
- rollers for moving heavy weights, B 44
- sills, setting, D 26–28*
- walls, finishing, C 472
- woods and their uses, C 536
- working drawings for, D 21–23

- See also Architecture; Bird houses; Boat building; Boat house; Carpentry; Columns; Doors; Floors; Foundations; House framing; Joints; Pergola; Poultry house; Summer house; Strength of materials; Windows; Wood

Buildings

- wrecking, B 12–13, 43

Bulbs (Metal)

- forging iron bulbs, M 385–388*

Bulbs (Plant), G 165–179

- California bulbs, collecting and cultivating, A 94–99

- bedding plants, G 171, 324
- blue flowers, list, G 178
- colors, list, G 177–179
- drying and storing, G 176
- easiest to grow, G 166
- flat for, making, G 61*
- forcing varieties, G 171
- insect pests, G 293
- outdoor planting, soil preparations, G 170
- planting, hints, G 171
- planting in lawns, G 360, A 169, 434

- potting for winter, soil and drainage, G 171

- red flowers, list, G 179

- resting time, G 173

- to prevent plants from blossoming low down, G 175

- transferring to light and heat, G 174, 175

- water bulbs, G 168

- care and development, G 175

- when to buy, G 167
- white flowers, list, G 177
- winter care of, G 139
- yellow flowers, list, G 178

- See also Canna; Chinese lilies; Crocus; Hyacinths; Narcissus; Tulips

Bulgarian drawn work, N 222–226*

Bull in the ring (Game), K 337

Bungalow

- plan and elevation, C 465*

Bunsen burner, M 11*

Burdock

- class and seed time, G 278
- destroying, A 471
- distribution of seed, G 273

Bureau drawers

- arrangement and care of contents, H 53–54

- doll's playhouse in, H 9

Burgees, B 108

Bur-marigold (Beggarticks)

- class and seed time, G 278

Burned wood. See Pyrography

Burns

- care of, H 364

Burroughs, John

- love for birds, A 263

Butcher knife. See Knives

Butt joints, C 251*

Butter

- food value, H 250, 254

- how to judge butter, H 271

Butterflies

- breeding, A 398–400

- classifying a collection, A 386

- collecting, A 381–384*, K 151–153

- series to illustrate development, A 395–397

- time for, A 388

- development from the egg, A 393–395

- killing bottle and how to use it, A 378–380, K 151*, 154

- mounting a collection, A 381–386*, K 153*

- net for catching, K 151*

Butterfly weed

- habits and characteristics, G 348, 365

Buttermilk

- cleansing properties, H 356

Butternut tree

- characteristics, A 36, C 564

Buttonball tree

- characteristics, C 562, G 79

Buttonholes, N 58–62*

- cutting, N 62
- loops, making, N 62*
- stitch, N 58*
- tailor-made, N 59*
- thread for, N 58, 62

Buttonholing

- blanket stitch, N 142*
- finishing edge, N 130, 133
- Hedebo embroidery, N 202–206*
- honeycomb stitch, N 144*
- knotting thread, to avoid, N 131
- Mount Mellick, N 143
- padding, N 130–131

- Roman cut-work, N 138–142*

- American stitch, N 139*

- European stitch, N 139–140*

- scalloping, N 132*

- cutting out, N 133

- triangular buttonholing, N 143*

- See also Wallachian embroidery

Buttons

- sewing on, N 4–6*

Buttonwood

- characteristics, C 562

Buying. See Marketing

C

Cabbage

- bleaching heads, G 126
- cooking preparations, H 293
- family, G 299
- food value, H 255
- growing, G 123–128
- harvesting, G 126
- indoor planting, G 233
- insect pests, G 125, 288

- planting seed

- depth and distance to plant, G 42
- early and late crops, G 124
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- savoy variety for poor soil, G 301

- seed germination

- per cent., G 233

- time required, G 32

- soil requirements, G 19, 301

- storing, G 127

Cabinet

- with drawers, making, C 209–212*

- with shelves and glass doors, making, D 176–179*

- See also Filing cabinet; Medicine cabinet; Tool cabinet

Cabinet work. See Carpentry and Woodwork

Cables, submarine

- laying the Atlantic cable, E 65–66
- number in operation, E 66
- rates, E 67

Cactus

- use of pitch, A 64

Cahill, Dr.

- inventor of Telharmonium, E 293–295

Cake

- baking, H 303
- freshening dry cake, H 351
- making, H 301–303
- substituting lard for butter, H 355

Calcimine

- cleaning walls, H 122

Calendar back

- whittling, C 18*

Calendula

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Calf

- beef versus dairy feeding, A 121
- diseases, A 120
- fattening, A 121
- feeding, A 119–122
- raising, A 118–126
- teaching to drink, A 119
- training to lead, A 121, 258
- watering, A 122

Calfskin

- for leather work, N 84

California bulbs

- collecting and growing, A 94–99

California poppies

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Calipers

- blacksmiths' tools, M 225

Call ball, K 338
Caloric theory of heat, E 342
Calves. See Calf
Cambium, A 441
Camelot, H 20, 22

Cameras

- kinds and cost, K 303–304

- lenses, K 307

Camp stool

- making, C 406–408*

Camphor for packing, H 347, 349

Camping

- beds, K 64–66*
- blankets, K 66
- bough bed, K 65*

Boy Scouts' camp, K 46–49
brush leanto, K 69*
clothing, K 71–74
cooking, K 75–92*

- bread, K 87–88
- coffee, K 87
- fish, K 89, 90
- frying, K 91
- game, K 89, 90
- Indian meal, K 88
- johnny cake, K 88
- left overs, K 89
- meat, time, K 90
- rice, K 90
- rules, K 86–92
- utensils, K 82–83
- vegetables, K 89, 90

drainage problem, K 57
electric lights, installation and cost, E 162–169
fireplaces, building, K 78–79
fires

- for cooking, K 77–82*
- gypsy rig, K 79
- hunter's fire, K 78–79
- lighting in the rain, K 68
- making, K 67–69
- that will burn all night, K 68, 78*

firewood, providing for, K 55–56
fitting up an old mill, E 160–161
food, care of, K 85–86
girl's work in, K 323–324
hints for comfort, K 71–74
locality, choosing, K 53–54
mosquitoes, protection from, K 70
outfit, K 58–74*
ovens, K 80–82*
principles of, K 50–54
selecting a leader, K 53
shower bath device, E 161*
site, selecting, K 54–58
sleeping bag and head shelter, K 52*
tents, K 58–60*

- pegs, securing, K 60
- pitching, K 61–64*
- sod cloth, K 61

water supply device, K 54–55*
Canadian pine, C 536
Candleberry, A 18–19

Candles

- bayberry dips, A 20–21

- shades, making from cardboard and paper, D 358*

Candlestick

- copper work, M 47–56*
- pottery, designing, D 313–315*
- spiral, iron work, M 388–391*
- wrought iron, making, M 380–383*

Candytuft

- annual, G 322
- characteristics, G 330, 332
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Cane rush, K 338

Canes

- woods used for, A 59–60

Canna

- bedding plants, G 324
- planting bulbs, G 139, 159
- planting seeds, G 159

Canning and preserving

- elderberries, A 16

Canoe tilting (Game), K 339

Canoeing, K 240–243*

- accidents, avoiding, K 242
- girl's sports, K 321
- Indian model canoe, K 240*
- paddling, K 242–243
- sailing canoes, K 241–243*

Canterbury bell

- biennial, G 322

Capstan, B 79, 347*

Car springs, B 264–265*

Carafe

- washing, H 183

Carbohydrates

- effect of boiling processes, H 277
- food composition, H 248
- in vegetables, H 250
- proportion in diet, H 249, 252

Carbon bisulphide

- insecticide, G 283, 289

Carbon filaments. See Electric lamps—Incandescent

Carbonic acid

- as leaf food, G 242–243

Carbureter, B 95*

Card, Leslie E.

- How I started with hens, A 168–172

Card case

- making and embroidering, N 183–186*

- tooled leather, design and making, D 338–340*

Card tray

- copper work, D 355–358*

Carpentry and Woodwork
beveling, C 147*

- gage device for, C 260

bill of material, value in making, C 189*, 206
board feet, estimating, C 503
construction, C 250–257
curved rails, making, D 183
curves, cutting with gouge, C 258–260*
cutting up old lumber, B 75–76
doweling, D 134
dressing down lumber, C 144–147, 186–190
estimating lumber, C 498–509
gaining-in shelves, D 153*
glued-up work, joining, D 134–136*
gluing

- joints, D 140–142*, 144–146
- mitre joints, C 232–234*
- process, C 225

gouge work, C 258–265*
grooves

- chiseling, C 207–208, 211
- cutting, C 110–111*
- gouging, C 258–260*

joint edge, meaning, C 186
joints. See Joints in main alphabet
mathematics of woodwork, C 498–509*
mortise, cutting, D 154
nails

- holding power, B 46–47

- sinking, C 208*

outdoor carpentry, C 457–480*
panels

- for desk, D 184–187*
- for door, C 354–355, 528–530
- original purpose of, C 528–530*

planing, C 146, D 133–134, 136

- position for planing, C 178
- surface planing and taking out wind, C 179
- use of shooting board, C 106*

rabbeting, C 210–211
sand papering, D 187
shop equipment, C 133–149*

- grindstone, C 181–184*
- lumber rack, C 150–154*
- nail box and cabinet, C 206–212*
- tool box, making, C 226–227*
- tool chest and cabinet, making, C 339–346
- work bench, types, C 134–138*

spokeshave work, examples, C 126*, 266*, 271*
squaring up stock, C 144–147, 185–190*
stock, selection and preparation, D 130–133*
systematic plan in working, D 138–139
testing grain of the wood for strength, C 245
truing up, C 148–149, D 136–138*
undercutting, C 263–264*
warping, to prevent, D 135*
working face of lumber, C 186

See also Building; Doors; Floors; House framing; Joints; Lumber; Polishing; Rustic furniture; Stains and staining; Strength of materials; Whittling; Windows; Wood; Wood finishing
Carpentry and Woodwork—Problems
box furniture, C 475–478*
brackets, C 242–246*
bread board, C 222*
camp stool, C 406–408*
chest and box seat combination, C 476*
checkerboard, C 332–338*
clock cases, C 276–290*
coat hanger, C 266*
couch hammock, C 478–480*
drawers, making, C 206–210*, 359*
drawing board, C 24*, 381
foot stools, C 291–300*

- mission style, C 374–375*

handles for hatchet and hammer, C 271*
hinges, setting, C 239
household utensils, C 221–226, 272–273*
knife and fork box, C 223–226*
ladle, C 272*
linen chest, C 377–380*
magazine rack, D 52*, 165–170*
mechanical drawing outfit, C 381–398*
medicine cabinet, C 354–360*
mitre box, C 228–231*
Morris chair, D 50*, 188–193
nail boxes, C 206–212*
pen and ink trays, C 258–264*
pin tray, C 264*
rustic furniture, D 209–211*
sugar scoop, C 272*
toilet boxes, C 315–318*, 235–241*
tool cases and chest, C 226–227*, 339–344
tool rack, C 341*
towel rack, C 274*
towel roller, C 267–269*
umbrella stand, D 161–165

- mission design, C 375*

See also Bird house; Book case; Book rack; Box making; Building; Chairs; Desk; Doors; Floors; House framing; Inlaying, wood; Joints; Mechanical drawing; Mission furniture; Pergola; Picture frames and framing; Plant stands; Poultry house; Settees; Stains and staining; Tables; Tabourette; Toy making; Whittling; Windows; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing
Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools
auger bit, C 194*
bench hook, C 139–142*
bench stop, C 139
bit and brace

- "chuck", C 193
- extension bit, C 195*
- ratchet attachment for corners, C 196
- types, C 193–197*

boring tools, C 193–198*
braces, making, C 148
cases and cabinets, making, C 226–227*, 339–346*
centre bit, C 193*
chisels, socket and tang, C 207*
clamps, devices for, C 201*
coping saw, C 20*
cutting tools, construction and action, C 169
dowel bit, C 194
draw knife, C 216*
drill bits, C 196
drills, C 193–198*
dulling edges on old lumber, B 75–76
files, kind and uses, C 204
Forstner bit, C 196*
gimlet bit, C 194*, 196
gouge, C 258–260*
hammers, C 203*
hand screw, C 200–201*

- using, C 224–226*

mallet, C 200*
mitre box, C 228–231*
nail set, C 208*
oil stone, C 183*
planes, C 176–184*
pliers, C 199*
quality, C 133
rack, C 341*
rules, C 205
saw horse, making, C 143–149*
saws, C 169–175*
screw driver, C 199*
screw driver bit, C 195
sharpening, C 179–184*
shooting board

- how to make, C 189*

- how to use, C 106*

spirit level, C 205*
spokeshave, C 126
square, steel, C 205*, M 5*
surface plate, D 136
template, C 264*
vise, quick action, C 138*
winding sticks, D 137*

Carpets

- cleaning, H 128
- storing, H 348
- See also Rugs

Carriages

- cleaning, A 408

Carrier pigeons, K 180

Carrot

- planting seed

- quantity to plant, G 36

- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34

- germination period, G 32, 233

- soil for, G 301
- thinning plants, G 301
- varieties, G 301
- wild carrot, G 273, 278

Carving

- shelf fungi, A 62

- See also Wood carving

Case hardening, M 308–310

Cast-iron

- brazing, M 312

Castors, Acme pin, D 193

Cat

- characteristics, K 170–173

Cat (Game), K 339

Cat-stitch

- embroidery stitch, N 102*

Cat-tail

- characteristics, G 366

Catalpa

- characteristics, G 367

- ornamental value, G 353

Catbird

- insect destroyer, A 456

- migration, K 175

Caterpillars

- collecting specimens, A 395

- garden pests, G 282, 285, 287, 290

Cauliflower

- cooking, preparation for, H 293
- growing, G 299
- insect pests, G 289
- seed, germination per cent., G 233
- time to plant, G 234

Cavies

- care of pets, K 183–184
- raising for pets, A 206
- varieties, K 183

Cedar

- red

- characteristics, C 541

- durability, C 494

- white, characteristics, C 541

Cedar bird

- migration, K 175

Cedar chest

- making, C 377–380*

Ceiling

- as reflector, H 121

- care of, H 121

- decorations to correct defects of height, D 38

Celery

- blanching, G 132
- fertilizer for, G 131
- food value, H 255
- insect pests, G 287, 290
- planting plants, G 131–132

- planting seeds, G 302

- indoor planting time, G 233

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 233
- germination period, G 32

- soil for, G 131, 301
- substitutes for, in salad, H 358
- transplanting, G 302
- trenches for, G 131

Cellar, H 208–213

- care of, H 212
- cleaning walls, H 210
- materials for floor and wall, H 208, 210
- must, preventing, H 212
- racks for barrels and pans, H 213
- rooms and equipment, H 210–211
- ventilation, H 208
- windows, H 208

Cells. See Electric batteries

Cellular kites, making, C 91–92*

Cement

- cellar walls, H 208
- coloring for pottery, D 208
- columns, building, C 438–440
- dams, B 246–247
- engraver's receipt, M 205
- floors, making, A 137

- foundations

- boat house, B 36
- house, C 459
- pergola, C 426–433

- lining pond, G 135–136

- mixing for floors and walks, A 137, B 20, 32, C 432, G 135

- Portland, origin and uses, B 246–248

- retaining walls, riverside, B 238–245

Cement blocks

- making, B 242–245

Cement furniture, D 201–209*

- color for inlaid designs, D 208
- decoration, D 207*
- finishing coat, D 206
- scratch coat, making and laying, D 204
- wire forms for, making, D 202–203

Cement walks

- floating operation, B 33
- jointing, B 34
- laying out, B 9–12
- leveling, B 30*
- materials, B 19–20, 32
- roots, danger from, B 15
- sides, making, B 30*
- tampers for, B 31
- trench digging and filling, B 14, 29–30, 32

Centigrade scale, B 262
Centre punch. See Punch
Chafing dish, electric, E 113*

Chain-stitch

- crocheting, N 308*

- embroidery, N 99–100*

Chains

- welding iron chains, M 250–253*
- adding links, M 253
- See also Bead work; Necklace

Chairs

- box furniture making, C 406–408
- dining-room, design, D 54*
- Duxbury design, D 59
- hall chair, design, D 48*
- kitchen furniture, H 196

- Morris chair

- designs, D 50*, 189*

- making, D 188–193*

- See also Bench making; Settees

Chalk

- French chalk, H 332, 360

- lime composition, G 216

Chamber work, H 146–159

Chamois gloves

- washing, H 331

Chamois skin

- for leather work, N 84

Champleve

- definition, M 208

- enameling, M 202

Chanterelles, mushrooms, A 89

Character

- influence of occupations on, A 6

Charcoal

- how made, M 230

- purifying qualities, H 242, 354

Charge accounts. See Accounts

Chasing metals

- definition of, M 209

Chassis. See Automobiles

Checkerboard

- designing and making, C 333–338*
- table, making, C 337*
- woods to use, C 332–333

Cheese

- food value, H 254

Chemical elements

- of food, H 248

- of the human body, H 247

Cherry tree

- characteristics of the wild or black variety, C 561

- seeds, care of, A 48

- wood for canes, A 59

Chest

- making a box seat combination, C 476*
- making a linen chest, C 377–380*
- See also Tool boxes and chests

Chesterton, G. R.

- keeping good health: quotation, H 244

Chestnut

- characteristics of tree, C 562
- chinquapins, characteristics, A 32–33
- cultivating, A 31
- disease, A 30
- durability of the wood, C 494
- food value, H 255
- grafting trees, A 31
- Japanese, hardy variety, A 30
- varieties, A 30
- weevil, pest, A 33

- wood finish

- antique, C 489

- fuming, D 233

Chicken house. See Poultry houses

Chickens. See Poultry

Chickweed

- class and seed time, G 278

Chimney, house

- cold, meaning of, H 224
- fire, extinguishing, H 234
- "flashing", C 472
- See also Flues

China aster

- characteristics, G 329

Chinese lilies

- water bulbs, G 168, 175

Chinese windlass, B 81

Chinquapin

- characteristics, A 32–33

- weevils, pest, A 33

Chip carving. See Wood carving

Chisel

- cape chisel, making, M 299*

- cold chisel, hardening and tempering, M 293

- making, M 298*, 325*

- what used for, M 225*

- hot chisel

- making, M 324*

- what used for, M 225*

- metal work tool, M 9*
- sharpening, C 179–184*
- silver work tool, making, M 157–158*
- socket and tang, how to use, C 207–208*
- stone chisel, forging, M 341–344*
- wood chisel, forging, M 337–338

Chlorinated soda

- ink stain remover, H 359

Chocolate

- food value, H 256

Christmas greens

- collecting and marketing, A 50–57

Christmas tree

- harvesting, A 53

- oak trees transformed, A 51

Chrysanthemum

- back ground plants, G 321
- characteristics, G 335
- time of blooming, G 322

Chuck ribs, H 268

Cider

- wastefulness in making, A 50

Cigar box

- copper decorations, M 84*, 85

Cigar lighters, Electric, E 115*

Circle

- how to draw, C 28–30*

Citizenship

- training for, A 449–451

City water supply. See Water works

City yard

- making and cost of a garden, G 23, 134–141

Clamps, C 201*

Clams

- cooking, H 291
- food value, H 254
- testing, H 291
- washing, H 291

Clap boards

- for siding, C 445

- removing, B 12

Clarkia

- characteristics, G 328, 332

Claw tool

- making, M 353*

Clay. See Soils

Clay modeling. See Pottery

Cleaning

- delicate colors and textures, H 332

- restoring color taken out by an acid or alkali, H 361

- stains and spots on fabrics, H 358–361

- woodwork, H 123

- See also Brass; Carpets; Curtains; Embroidery; Flues; Furnace; Furniture; House cleaning; Matting; Pictures; Rugs; Shades; Tiles; Vegetables; Walls; Vacuum cleaners

Cleft grafting. See Grafting

Clematis

- decorative value, G 359

- Japanese, characteristics, G 365

Clippings

- making envelope file, N 187–189*

Clocks

- cases, making, C 276–290*

- clocks for cases, selecting, C 276

- electric clocks

- alarm clocks, E 302
- master clock, E 77–78
- operation, E 75–78
- program clocks, E 77
- self winding, E 76
- watchman's time detector, E 78*

- fastening the clock into the case, C 282*

- grandfather's clock, design and construction, C 284–290*

- hall clock, design and construction, D 193–198*

- wood finish, D 237

- mantel clock, design and construction, C 282–284*

- mission style, design and construction, C 277–278*

- pendulum clock case, design and construction, C 281–282*

- pulley mechanism, B 310*

- wall clock, design and construction, C 279–281*

- See also Watches

Cloisonne

- definition of, M 209

- enameling, M 201

Closets, Clothes

- cleaning and care, H 53, 157

- window in, D 12

Closets, Toilet

- cleaning bathroom toilet, H 155

- sanitary equipment and care of outdoor closets, H 222

Closing the house, H 349–351
Clothes basket for laundry, H 315
Clothes-horse, H 318
Clothes line, care of, H 311
Clothes pins, care of, H 315
Clothes poles, H 315
Clothes press. See Closets, Clothes

Clothing and dress

- art and fashions, D 122
- being well dressed, D 122–125
- business women's attire, D 127
- camp outfit, K 71–74

- care of

- importance, H 57
- in bureau drawers, H 53–54
- in closets, H 158
- responsibility for, H 53

- children's attire, D 127
- color in, D 124
- decorative principles, D 121

- girl's equipment for outdoor sports, K 319–320

- harmony and good lines, D 123

- proportion of income assigned for, H 74, 76, 78

- See also Dressmaking; Sewing

Clouds

- cumulus, B 365
- formation, B 356–357
- hail clouds, B 366

Clubs

- agricultural, organizing, A 452–454
- garden club, G 3–16
- outdoor club, A 451–454
- science club, E 339
- sewing club, N 11
- wireless club, E 331–332
- See also Boy Scouts of America

Coal

- bituminous, value of, M 229
- estimating energy in, E 6
- specific gravity, B 279
- supply decreasing, E 6
- See also Fire making

Coasting, K 223

- luge-ing, K 371

Coat hangers

- making, C 266*

Cocklebur

- class and seed time, G 278

Cockroaches, H 362

Cocoa

- food value, H 256

Cocoanuts

- food value, H 255

Cocoon. See Silkworms

Codfish

- combinations for food value, H 257

- food value, H 253

Codling moth

- woodpecker enemy of, K 168

Coffee

- camp cooking, K 87

Coffee mill

- mechanical principle of, B 307–308*

Coffee percolator, Electric, E 113*

Coffee pots

- care of, H 207

Coffee stains, H 359

Coffee tree, Kentucky

- characteristics, C 566

Cold chisel. See Chisel

Coldframe

- changing to a hotbed, G 38
- directions for making, G 48–50*
- drilling the rows, G 98
- planning, G 19
- soil and location, G 97
- storage for endive, G 305
- transplanting from, G 101–102

Coleus

- bedding plant, G 324

Collar

- metal work appliance, M 209

Collar, dress. See Dressmaking; Irish Crochet

Collar slides

- silver work, M 170–171*

Collecting. See Insects; Plants; Seaweed; Shells

College athletics

- best records made in intercollegiate contests, K 336

College education

- earning, A 3, 7

Color

- due to wave length, E 315
- in dress, D 124
- restoring to fabrics, H 361

- See also Floral decoration; House decoration

Colts. See Horses

Columbine

- habits and characteristics, G 341, 364

Columns, concrete

- constructing and setting for pergola, C 434–440*

Combs

- silver work, M 194–196*

Commutation (Electricity)

- brushes, E 36

- principle of, E 35–36

Compass

- use in drawing, C 28–30

Compost. See Fertilizers and manures
Concrete. See Cement
Cones. See Pine

Conic sections

- describing, B 338*

Coniferous trees, C 535–542

Conservation of natural resources

- conserving nature's crops, A 92–94

- See also Forestry

Cook

- duties, H 109, 112

Cook book

- making from books and magazines, H 284

Cookery, H 274–308

- camp cookery, K 75–92*
- definition, H 274
- emergencies, H 354–357
- freshening bread or cake, H 353
- left overs, utilizing, H 355, K 89
- mixtures, principles of, H 296–305
- preparation of foods for, H 285–305
- processes, H 275–285
- purpose of, H 275

- sequence of work in getting a meal, H 305–308

- soda, uses of, H 356

- substitutes for articles called for by receipts, H 354–355

- sun as cook, H 274
- time tables, H 309–310
- warming over food, H 355

- See also Baking; Boiling; Braising; Bread; Broiling; Cake; Canning and preserving; Coffee; Corn; Desserts; Diet; Eggs; Electric cooking; Fireless cookers; Fish; Food; Frying; Game; Meat; Mushrooms; Oysters; Pastry; Poultry; Rice; Roasting; Shell fish; Soups; Stewing; Tea; Traveler's cooker; Vegetables

Coons. See Raccoons
Copper work
annealing, M 21
ash tray, M 85*
belt buckle, M 88–90*, 195*
belt pin, D 350*
bill file, M 124–126*
book mark, M 128*
book rack, M 121*, D 351*
bowls, M 19–25*

- chalice, M 60*
- loving cup, M 86
- nut set, M 38*
- shaping, M 19*

box for jewels, M 112–115*
candlestick, M 47–56*

- drip pan, M 48*
- night candle holder, M 50–52*
- sconce, M 52–56*
- shaping, M 48*

card tray, D 355–358*
cedar chest, trimmings, M 115–117*
chalice, M 60–63*
cigar box decorations, M 84*, 85
coloring, D 357, M 202, 204, 205
corners, D 353*
cutting heavy copper, M 34*
desk set, M 117–129*
draw filing, M 37
enameling on copper, D 354, 355
facets, how made, M 22
filing, M 36–38*
hammering, M 21–23*, 29–30*, 39*
handles

- candlestick, M 49
- loving cup, M 87*
- making and riveting, M 76–77
- making and soldering, M 78–79

hat pin, D 348–50*, M 64–67*

- soldering pin to head, M 68*

hat pin holder, M 69–72*
hinges, M 100–106*, 112–115*
ink well holder, M 118–121*
jars, M 56–60*, 82–85*
jewel box, M 107–115*

- hinges, M 112–115*

knobs on lids, M 83
lamp, Electric, M 92–96*
lamp shade

- framework, M 96–98*

- setting glass, M 98–99*

letter opener, D 347*
letter rack, D 346–347*
lids

- chalice, M 62–63*
- ink well holder, M 120*
- jewel box, M 111–112*
- rose jar, M 59
- tobacco jar, M 83–84*

loving cup, M 86–88*
match safe, M 81–82*
molds for, M 27–28
nut set, M 38–40*
nut spoon, M 39–40*
paper knife, D 347*, M 34–38*, 126*

- turned handle, M 127*

patina, imitation, M 202

- composition for, M 204

pen tray, M 118–119*
polishing, M 25
rose jar, M 56–60*
Russian coffee pot, M 63*
sawing, M 35–36*
sconce, M 52–56*
serving tray, M 75–77*
sheet copper, grades, M 14
smoking set, M 79–86*
soldering

- handles, M 78–79

- hat pin, M 68*

spindle, M 124–126*
spoon for nut set, M 39–40*
teapot stand, D 351–353*
tobacco jar, M 82–85*
trays, M 26–33*, 75–77*

- ash tray, M 85*
- handles, making and riveting, M 76–77
- pen tray, M 118*
- round, M 26–31*
- serving tray, M 75–77*
- smoking set, M 80–81*
- square, M 31–33*

watch fob, D 353–355*

See also Brass work; Metal work; Silver work; Tools

Copyright

- application items, B 426
- assigning rights, B 425
- directions for securing, B 422–426
- duplicate certificates, B 425
- fees for recording, B 423
- issue of work, not limited, B 425
- invalid, when, B 423
- labels, B 426
- paintings, statues, etc., B 426
- penalties for breaking laws, B 423, 424
- projected work, B 425
- renewals, B 425
- term, B 424
- trade marks, B 426
- translation rights, B 424
- volumes and variations, B 425

Coral

- how coral is formed, G 216

Coral bells

- characteristics, G 334

Coral fungi, A 86

Coreopsis

- annual, G 322
- characteristics, G 329
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Corn

- contest in growing corn, G 142–150
- cooking dried corn, A 428
- cultivation of soil, G 144
- drying, A 427–428
- food value, H 255
- husking for cooking, H 294
- husks, uses of, A 63
- insect pests, G 290
- percentage of corn to cob, G 148
- points for judging, G 147

- planting seeds

- distance to plant, G 42, 144
- depth to plant, G 35, 42, 144, 235
- quantity to plant, G 36, 144
- time to plant, G 234

- planting varieties near together, G 145

- pollination, how plants are fertilized, G 145

- raising on a suburban lot, A 124

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- book about, A 518
- germination per cent., G 33, 233
- selection, G 142–144, 228, A 410–412*

- soil required, G 19, 144

- stalk pith, use of, A 63

Corn meal

- food value, H 254

- cleansing property, H 332

Corned beef

- food value, H 252

Cornell University

- poultry course, A 173

Cornflower

- biennial, G 332
- characteristics, G 330, 332
- planting, G 159
- self-sowing, G 316
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Corning, W. O.

- experiment with raising goats, A 116–118

Coronation braid

- how to braid, N 108–111*

Cosmos

- characteristics, G 332

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Cost of living

- division of income, H 69–86

Cottages

- building and furnishing a simple home, D 366–374*

- cost of materials, D 372

Cotyledon

- seed nourishment, G 230

Couch Cover

- weaving design, D 260–262

Couch hammock, C 478–480*

Couching

- embroidery stitches, N 124*

Counterpane

- making for doll-bed, N 55*

Counting-out rhymes, K 340

Country homes. See Cottages

Country life

- making the country a better place to live in, A 449–512

- See also Camping; Gardening; Sports

Court, tennis, K 341

Cover for note book

- tooled leather, D 331–336

Cows

- milking, A 245–247

- by electricity, E 54

- profits in keeping cows, A 243–244

- from one cow on a suburban lot, A 123–126

- testing for milk supply, A 244

- See also Calf; Milk

Crab (Machine), B 79*

Crabapple, Wild

- butter or sauce, A 22

- regions found, A 21

Crabs

- food value, H 254
- cooking soft shell crabs, H 293
- opening and cooking hard shells, H 292

Craigin, Belle S.

- Amateur's experience in poultry raising, A 166–168

Cranks (Machinery)

- crank motion, B 312*

- mechanism, B 319*

Cream. See Milk and cream

Cream of tartar

- uses, H 301

Credit. See Accounts

Creepers

- insect destroyers, A 456

Creosote

- wood preservative, C 494

Cricket, K 341–343

Crocheting, N 306–319*

- abbreviations for stitches, N 306
- chain stitch, N 308*
- crazy stitch, N 326
- cross stitch, N 318*
- doll's cap, N 320–321
- doll's hug-me-tight, N 321–323*
- double crochet, N 308*

- edging stitch

- loop, N 311*
- narrow, N 313*
- tiny edging, N 311*

- fringe, N 317

- hooks, N 306–307*

- insertion stitch

- cone, N 314*
- loop, N 312*
- tiny insertion, N 310*

- insertion with ribbon, N 315*

- jacket, N 323–324*

- shell stitch, N 329–332*

- patterns, N 320–332*
- position of hands, N 307*
- rainbow pattern, N 316–317*
- scarf, cross stitch, N 318*
- shawl, rainbow pattern, N 316–317*
- shells, N 310*, 329–332*
- single crochet stitch, N 308*, 324*
- slip stitch, N 308

- slippers, N 324–329*

- crazy stitch, N 326*

- star stitch, N 326–329*

- star stitch, N 324*, 326*
- treble crochet, N 309*
- washing, N 332*

Crocus

- planting in lawns, A 169, 434

- planting tables, G 177, 178

Crops

- succession crops, G 92

- See also Gardening

Croquet, K 343

- golf-croquet, K 354

- See also Roque

Cross bow spring, B 266*

Cross stitch

- embroidery stitches, N 103–106*, 107*, 108*

- marking towels, N 156

Crosses

- drawing designs, C 25*, 27

- Greek, inlay design, C 322

Crowbars

- making, M 352*

Crows

- as pets, K 176

Crucible cast steel. See Steel

Crumb tray and scraper

- brass work, M 135–136*

Crystals, snow, B 367*

Cuckoo

- insect eater, A 456

Cucumber

- food value, H 255
- how to peel, H 294
- indoor planting time, G 233
- insect pests, G 290
- origin of, G 303

- planting seed

- directions, G 303

- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34

- germination per cent., G 233

- thinning plants, G 303

Cucumber vine

- ornamental value, G 359

Cuff links

- metal work, M 192–194*

Cuffs. See Dressmaking
Cumulus, B 365
Curling (Game), K 344
Curling iron, Electric, E 116*

Curtains

- dry cleaning, H 332
- dusting, H 131
- girl's room, furnishings, N 380–381
- materials for stenciling, N 81
- stencil design, N 75*
- stenciling, D 108–117*
- stretching, H 328
- valance, D 116
- washing, H 328–329
- weaving, designs and materials, D 262–265
- See also Block printing

Curves

- drawing, B 339*

Cushions. See Pillows

Cut worms, G 293

- detecting and destroying, G 284

- toads enemies of, K 168

Cyanide bottle for killing insects, A 379*, K 152

Cypress

- varieties and characteristics, C 540

D

Dado joints, C 236*, 255

Daffodil

- narcissus family, G 169

- Van Sion variety, G 168

- white and yellow, planting table, G 177, 178

Dairy cow. See Cows

Dairy Products

- food value, H 254

- See also Butter; Milk

Dairying

- book about, A 517
- keeping accounts, A 241–242
- sanitary milk pail, A 246*

Daisy

- characteristics of the English daisy, G 334

- class and seed time of ox-eyed and yellow, G 278

- embroidery stitches, N 177–179*

Dampers

- in pipes and ovens, H 229

- principle of stoves and ranges, H 227–230

Dams

- famous dams of concrete, B 246–247

Dandelion

- class and seed time, G 278

- greens, A 63

Daphne

- characteristics, G 355

Darning

- Limerick darning, lace stitches, N 234

- stockings, N 9–11*

Dates

- food value, H 255

Day and night

- cause of, B 213

Debit. See Accounts

Decanter

- washing, H 183

Decoration and ornament

- woods suitable for, C 240

- See also Block printing; Carving; Embroidery; Enamel and enameling; Floral decoration; House decoration; Leather work; Metal work; Pottery; Pyrography; Stenciling; Wood carving

Decoration, interior. See House decoration

Deer

- book about, A 518

Design.

- See Architecture; Basket making; Bead work; Brass work; Copper work; Embroidery; Furniture; House decoration; Leather work; Metal work; Pottery; Silver work; Stenciling; Wood carving

Desk

- library desk

- design, D 47*
- design and construction, D 184–187*
- wood finish, D 237

- mission style writing desk, design, C 375*

- writing desk, design, D 50*

Desk pad

- copper fittings, making, M 122–124*

- leather, design and making, D 335–338*

Desk sets

- copper, M 117–129*

- pen and ink trays, gouge work, C 258–264*

Dessert

- combinations for food value, H 259

Deutzia

- characteristics, G 256

Devil's snuff box, A 87

Dibber, G 47*

Dies (Metal work)

- making, M 206–208

Diet

- carbohydrates, H 248–252, 277
- chemical properties, H 249
- giving undue concern to, H 244–247
- ideal, objection to, H 261
- principles of, H 246–263
- proteins, H 248–252, 277
- See also Food

Digestion. See Diet

Digitalis

- made from foxglove, A 57

Dining-room, H 160–187

- care of, H 51, 160–171

- furniture

- arrangement, D 61

- design, D 53–57*

- ideal, H 187

- plan in the model house, D 9

- work, setting and serving the table, H 160–171

Dirigible balloons, B 162

Dish washing

- cloths, care of, H 184
- decanters and bottles, H 183
- egg stains, removing, H 183
- glasses, H 180
- preparation of dishes, H 179
- process, H 179–185
- rinsing dishes, H 182
- silver, H 181
- steel knives, H 184
- wiping and putting away, H 52, 182–184
- without running water, H 178

Disinfectants

- use in plumbing, H 218

Ditch drains. See Drainage

Dividers (Tools)

- forging, M 340–341*

- using in metal working, M 5*, 24*

Diving, K 238*

- girls as divers, K 320

Dixie's land (Game), K 345

Dock, yellow

- class and seed time, G 278

Dogs

- as friends, K 187

- bathing, K 188

- boarding dogs as a business, A 237–238

- profits from, A 239

- breeds, K 187–188

- farm dogs, A 106

- feeding, A 238, K 188

- puppies, A 224

- fleas, K 188, 189

- house, working drawing of a toy house, C 42*

- housing, K 188

- punishing, K 189

- raising, A 223–226

- story of success in, A 235–240

- selecting a pet, K 187–188

- training, A 249–252, K 189–192

- for cattle herding, A 250, 251
- for hunting, K 190–192
- for retrieving, A 250
- for running machinery, A 255–256

Dog's tooth violet

- characteristics, G 342

Dogwood

- characteristics, C 563, G 356

Doilies

- Irish crochet edge, N 335*

Doll's clothes

- cap

- crocheted, N 320–321*

- knitted, N 362*

- cape, knitted, N 360*
- hug-me-tight, crocheted, N 321–323*
- jacket, knitted, N 360–362
- leggings, knitted, N 363*
- See also Dressmaking; Sewing

Doll's furniture

- bed fittings, N 50–56*
- cigar box trunk, H 12
- pasteboard box for bed, H 11, 12

Domestic Animals

- books about, A 517

- raising, A 100–202

- for pets, A 203–240

- See also Cat; Cow; Dog; Horse; Pigeon; Poultry; Sheep; Swine

Domestic Economy. See Housekeeping

Door handles

- metal work, M 406, 407, 416*

Door hasp

- forging, M 338–340*

Door knockers

- escutcheon plate, M 410*, 412–414

- iron metal work, M 410–415*

Door pulls

- metal work, M 415*

Doors

- batten door, C 448*
- electric door opener, E 55*
- frames, setting, C 469
- hanging, C 474
- inside trim, C 473*
- paneled, C 354–355, 528–530*
- saddles, C 474

Dough. See Bread; Pastry
Dovetail joints, C 253*, 256*, 313–314*
Dowel bit, C 194
Dowel for weaving, N 297
Dowel joints, C 251*
Doweling, D 134

Dracenas

- window box plant, G 193

Drafting. See Mechanical drawing

Dragon-flies

- habits, A 388

Drainage

- ditch building, G 123

- grading and digging, G 114

- pipe, depth laid, G 111

- problem for garden plot, G 110–122

- "sighting" for drop and bed level, G 112–114

- sloping land, G 17
- standing water, G 21
- stones for trough, setting, G 116
- tiles, laying, G 115
- types of drains, G 22
- wooden troughs, disadvantage of, G 115

Drainage, House. See Plumbing; Refrigerator

Draught

- of open fires, H 224

- principle of stoves and ranges, H 227–230

Draw knife, C 216*

Draw plate

- definition of, M 209

Drawer pulls

- metal work, M 417–419*

Drawing

- designing a corner for stencil work, D 111

- designs for block printing, D 100–101*

- how to enlarge or reduce a drawing, C 390, B 339

- outline drawing for stencil work, D 112

- See also Mechanical drawing

Drawing board

- making, C 24*, 381–383*

Drawing instruments

- making a box for, C 240*

- making a mechanical drawing outfit, C 381–398

Drawnwork, N 207–226*

- all-over, N 213–220*
- Bulgarian weaving patterns, N 222–226*
- butterfly pattern, N 220–222*
- convent work, N 213–216*
- daisy pattern, N 219*
- feather stitch, N 212*
- filling spaces, N 219
- frames for, N 222
- handkerchiefs, N 213–219*
- maltese cross, N 219
- Mexican, N 211*
- sheaf stitch, N 211*
- soaping threads, N 213
- twist stitch, N 212*

- See also Fagotting; Hardanger embroidery; Hemstitching

Dress. See Clothing and dress

Dresser. See Bureau

Dressmaking

- bands, cutting, N 64
- bias bands, cutting, N 65
- box plaits, N 71

- collars

- cutting, N 64

- fastening to waist, N 70

- cuffs

- cutting, N 64

- sewing on sleeves, N 68

- cutting from a pattern, N 63–67*

- frills, cutting, N 64

- patterns

- allowing for seams, N 65
- cutting doll's skirt from, N 42*
- cutting from, N 63–67
- drawing and cutting, N 41*
- notches and perforations, N 66
- pinning material on, N 66–67*

- plaiting skirt, N 71–72*

- seams, tailored, N 72

- skirts

- bands, N 39*, 44
- basting seams, N 42
- cutting from a pattern, N 42, 63–64*
- hemming, N 36, 43
- plackets and gussets, N 35–40*, 43
- plaiting, N 71–72*
- putting on the bands, N 44

- sleeves

- cutting, N 64
- gathering, N 69*
- putting into waist, N 70*
- putting together, N 68*

- waists

- cutting, N 64
- cutting from pattern, N 67*
- joining seams, N 69

- See also Sewing

Driftwood

- gathering, A 405

Drilling and boring tools

- draw boring, C 415*

- drills for copper and silver, M 9*

- forging and tempering rock drills, M 344–349*

- forging hand drills, M 347–349*

- kinds and their uses, C 193–198*

Driveways of ashes, G 77

Drowning

- method of rescue from, K 239

Dry cleaning

- delicate and light-colored articles, H 332

Duck on a rock (Game), K 345

Ducks

- book about, A 517
- brooders, A 193
- characteristics, A 192
- feeding ducklings, A 192
- how to select for cooking, H 271
- marketing, A 191

- raising, A 190–193

- ducks versus chickens, A 191–192

- story of a boy's animal cage, A 235
- varieties, K 181
- water not essential for raising, A 190–191
- wood ducks, domesticating, A 462*

Duplicating machine, B 416

Dusting

- bedroom, H 53
- floors, H 125
- house cleaning process, H 145
- little services, H 51
- opening the house, H 352

Dutch collar

- Irish crochet, N 346–350*

Dutch oven, K 81

Dyeing

- colors, how to obtain, D 278–279
- hints, D 277–278
- lace, N 238

Dynamometer, B 324*

Dynamos, E 3–9

- alternating current, E 21–24
- batteries replaced by, E 249–250
- construction of a simple dynamo, E 222–225*
- definition of, E 19
- efficiency, E 5–6
- field, E 9, 11–13
- generating electricity, E 9–10

- how a dynamo generates both direct and alternating currents, E 222

- how used as a motor, E 45–48
- installing, E 225
- load, E 105

- magneto, E 19–24*

- illustration of use, E 21–23
- rate of vibration, E 22–23
- use for ringing telephone bells, E 287–290*

- principle of a simple dynamo, E 11–13*
- producing tones with, E 293–295
- series wound, E 34*
- shunt wound, E 34*
- transmitters not power producers, E 7
- See also Armatures

E

Earth

- attraction exerted by sun and moon, B 229–230

- diameter, B 213
- distance from sun and moon, B 229–230
- elements, B 214
- globular form proved, B 212–213*
- rotation, B 213, 214

Eddy kites

- making, C 86*

Edging. See Crocheting; Irish crochet

Edison, Thomas A.

- discovery of carbon filaments, E 134

- new storage battery, E 262–263

Eggplant

- cooking preparation, H 294

- parasites on, G 304

- planting seed, G 304

- indoor planting time, G 233

- time to plant, G 234

- seed, germination per cent., G 233
- soil for, G 304
- transplanting, G 304

Eggs

- cooking, preparation for, H 288
- ducks' eggs, A 192
- fancy breed eggs, A 221
- food value, H 254
- gold fish eggs, A 229
- Guinea fowl, value of, A 179
- insect eggs, A 393
- judging freshness of, H 271
- marketing, A 158
- pheasant eggs, packing, A 199

- preserving

- for winter use, A 177–178

- yolks in water, H 357

- record for laying hens, A 157
- selecting for sitting hens, A 148
- separating yolks from whites, H 288

- stains

- removing, H 183

- See also Poultry

Egyptian Pyramids, B 54–56

Elderberries

- canning, receipt, A 16
- picking, A 15
- steam pudding, receipt, A 16

Electric annunciators

- construction and operation, E 68–71*

Electric apparatus and appliances

- using electricity to aid the memory, E 301–304

- See also Armatures; Clocks; Dynamos; Telegraph; Telephone; Vacuum cleaners; and words beginning Electric

Electric armatures. See Armatures

Electric batteries

- cells, positive and negative plates, E 256, 261

- dry cells

- cost, E 166

- increase of voltage by increased resistance, E 194–198

- structure, E 250–251

- use for lighting a summer camp, E 162–167*

- electrolytic cells, E 257–260

- galvanic cells

- depolarizing agent, E 256

- effect of heat on chemical action, E 254

- electricity produced by chemical action, E 251

- polarization of, E 256–257

- replaced by dynamos, E 249–250

- simple cell, chemical action, E 254–256

- sparking apparatus for a gasolene engine, E 178–203*

- storage batteries, E 258–263

- Edison battery, construction and care, E 262–263

- lead, construction and care of, E 261–262

- why they run down, E 192–194

Electric bells

- alternating current bells, E 288

- equipment and installation in a house, E 296–299

- operated by induced current, E 350–352

- operated by wireless outfit, E 324*

- operation of electric bells and buzzers, E 72–75*

- transmitter in wireless telegraph, E 321

Electric buzzer

- operation, E 72–73*

- used in electric organ, E 278–279

Electric cars

- electric heaters, E 125

- See also Electric railroads

Electric central station, E 204–217*
Electric cigar lighter, E 115*
Electric circuit breakers, E 78*

Electric circuits

- open and closed, E 73

Electric clocks. See Clocks

Electric conductors

- copper sulphate, E 259
- copper versus iron, E 64
- effect of impurities in water, E 64
- salt solution, E 253, 265
- water, E 200

Electric controllers

- arc lamp feed, E 84

- automatic

- air control, E 53

- principle of, E 49–53*

- elevator switches, E 83
- principle of, E 17
- See also Electric rheostat

Electric cooking

- broilers, E 114*
- chafing dish, E 113*
- coffee percolator, E 113*
- fireless cooker, E 128–132*, 308
- hot plate, E 110–113*
- oven, E 114, 305–308*
- toaster, E 115
- traveler's cooker, E 113*
- with incandescent lamps, E 127*

Electric curling iron, E 116*

Electric currents

- alternating

- definition, E 31
- for telephone bells, E 288
- generation of, E 11
- how produced, E 21–24

- changing alternating to direct currents, E 238–239

- chemical reaction produced by powerful currents, E 263–264

- decomposition of water, E 264

- different currents pass through the same wire, E 187

- direct, definition of, E 31

- induced current

- by interrupting the circuit, E 184
- by moving the magnet, E 17–18
- direction of, E 186
- experiments, E 349–352

- magnetic field about, E 353*

- primary and secondary, in spark coils, E 184–192*

- produced by chemical action, E 251–263
- rectifiers, E 238–239
- secondary, voltage, E 189–190
- telephone, E 287

Electric engine

- principle of a toy engine, E 58*

Electric flash light, E 154–155*

Electric flasher, E 120–125*

Electric fuses, E 117*

- "blowing", E 146, 292

Electric gas lighter, E 118–120*

Electric generators. See Dynamos

Electric heating

- apartments, E 125
- applications, E 107–159
- bedroom heater, E 126*
- cars, E 125
- hot plates versus incandescent lamps, E 131
- pad, E 117
- principle of, E 97–106*
- See also Electric cooking

Electric hot plate, E 110–113*

Electric incubator, E 114

Electric induction coil

- illustration, E 96

Electric insulators and insulation, E 14

- glass knobs for telephone wires, E 290

Electric iron, E 243*

- principle and cost of using, E 107–110

Electric lamps, Arc

- arc lamp feed, E 84
- carbons, adjustment, E 150–152*
- glass globes, economy of, E 150–152
- mechanism, E 147–150
- mercury vapor lamp, E 155–156*
- Moore light, E 156
- search light, E 153*
- stereopticon, E 153*

Electric lamps, incandescent

- burglar's flash light, E 154–155*
- connecting lamps with the circuit, E 142*
- construction, E 142–143*
- cooking with, E 127*
- current required, E 30

- filament

- carbon, E 134–135

- life of, E 144–145
- making of, E 142
- testing, E 141

- development of, E 132–135*
- metal, E 145–146
- platinum wire, E 133
- sizes, measuring, E 134

- hylo, use and cost of, E 138*
- intensity, comparison of, E 137–141
- Nernst lamps, E 157
- numbers manufactured, E 134
- operating by induced currents, E 349–352*
- operating by wireless outfit, E 327

- resistance, E 29

- of lamps in parallel, E 123*

- socket, E 143*

- tungsten lamp, E 141*, 144, 145

Electric light

- percentage of waste in producing, E 150

- search light, E 153*

Electric light fixtures

- copper lamp, M 92–96*

- design, D 361–364*

Electric lighting

- cost, E 41, 139–141, 144
- fitting up a summer camp, E 160–167
- growth of demand for, E 134

Electric measurements

- units, E 37–42*

- ampere, E 30
- kilowatt hour, E 41
- volt, E 39
- watt, E 39

Electric meters

- care when closing house, H 351
- reading, H 239
- See also Ammeter; Voltmeter; Wattmeter

Electric milking machine, E 54

Electric motors, E 43–56

- acting as dynamo, E 36
- compared with dynamo, E 47–48*
- E. M. F. in motors, E 48
- See also Electric controller

Electric organs, E 55, 278–279*, 293–295

- pipe organ, E 44–52

Electric oven, E 114

- automatic control of temperature, E 306–308*

- brick, construction, E 305–308

Electric potential

- meaning of difference in potential, E 200–202

Electric power

- conversion of steam into electric energy, E 4

- cost in large and small plants, E 204

- production of, E 3–10

Electric power distribution

- cost, E 210
- distances, power and cost, E 210–211
- loss in transmission, E 210, 216
- voltage in relation to distances, E 211

Electric power plants

- central stations, E 204–205*

- equipping an amateur plant, E 220–239

- estimating the capacity, E 219

- number and annual output in the United States, E 205

- water power for, E 202–217

Electric pumps

- use of, E 51–54

Electric push buttons, E 74–75*

- for elevators, E 69–70*

- house bells, E 297–299

Electric railroads

- current controller, principle of, E 53
- toy operated by wireless outfit, E 325–327*
- what moves the cars, E 16

Electric resistance

- impedance, E 285–286
- laws for wires, E 120
- of electric lamps, E 29
- of lamps in parallel, E 123*
- ohmic resistance, E 285

- principle of electric heating and lighting, E 100–106

- resistance board, E 30
- starting box, E 48, 81–83*
- telephone circuit, E 285–287
- unit, ohm, E 91–93
- variation of heat with resistance, E 291
- wires, diameters and resistance, E 136

Electric rheostats, E 47–49*

- See also Electric controller

Electric seal, A 491

Electric shock

- conditions necessary, E 170

- electric waves, E 315

- experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178–180, 180–183*

- how it feels, E 170–177

Electric shower bath

- constructing, E 244–247*

Electric soldering iron, E 116

Electric spark coil

- automobile spark coil, E 95*

- gasolene engine equipment, E 178–203*

- how voltage is raised by the spark coil, E 180–183

- jump spark coils, E 184
- make and break coils, E 183
- primary and secondary, E 188–192
- principle, E 180–187*
- telephone, E 279–281*
- vibrator, E 190
- voltage, E 191
- wireless telegraph, E 321–322*
- with two windings, E 187–191*

Electric spinner, E 57*

Electric switches, E 74–75*

- circuit breakers, E 78*

- double-pole, single throw, E 52*

Electric thermostat, E 124

- for brick oven, E 306–308*

Electric toys

- engine, E 58*
- spinner, E 57*
- train operated by wireless, E 325–327

Electric transformer

- construction, E 212–216*
- illustration, E 96*
- magnetic circuit, E 214*
- relation of voltage to windings, E 215
- step-up and step-down transformer, E 216

Electric washing machine

- construction and use, E 241–243*

Electric waves, E 309–323

- changes in length, E 316

- Hertzian waves, E 346

Electric welding, E 158–159

Electric wires

- diameters, E 135–137
- glass knobs for insulating, E 290
- ground wire for wireless telegraph, E 321

- resistance

- laws of, E 120

- tables, E 135–137

Electric wiring

- use of earth circuit, E 290–291

Electricity

- Ampere's rule, E 30–32
- chemical transformer, E 256
- doing chores with, E 241–243*

E. M. F., meaning, E 203

- electrical current compared with water current, E 176, 197–198, 201

- every-day uses, list, E 219
- galvanic, E 248
- how electricity feels, E 170, 177
- medical use, E 175
- Ohm's law, E 92–93

- See also Induction (Electricity); Telegraph; Telephone; Wireless telegraph; also headings beginning Electric and Electro

Electrocution, E 175–176

- of rats, E 271–273*

Electrolysis

- of solutions, E 257–261

- of water, E 264–266

Electrolyte, E 256

Electrolytic actions in every-day life, E 266–270

Electrolytic cell, E 257–260

Electromagnet, E 11–24

- applications of, E 54–96*
- arc lamp control, E 148
- construction, E 15*
- discovery of, E 14, 17
- lifting power, E 15–16, 79–81
- magnetic intensity, E 16
- principle of, E 14–15
- strength compared to bar magnets, E 16
- use in relay, E 322

Electrometallurgy

- separating iron from ore, E 79*

Electromotive force

- counter electromotive force in motors, E 48*

Electroplating, E 259–261

Elevators

- electric controllers, operation of, E 83

- how annunciators are operated, E 68–71*

Elijah and the widow's cruse of oil, H 32

Ellipse, drawing, B 210–211*, C 19*

- string and pin method, C 112*

- trammel method, C 113*

Elm

- red or slippery elm, C 558
- rock or cork elm, C 560
- white or American, C 559

Embankments

- retaining wall for riverside, B 238–245

- wall for lawn, G 74

Emblems

- bullion embroidery, N 155

Embossing iron, M 361
Embroidery, N 98–241*
bars, twisted and woven, N 141*
blanket stitch, N 142*
bullion stitch, N 165–166*
bullion work, N 154–156
butterfly pattern, drawnwork, N 220–222*
buttonhole and satin stitch design, N 166*
buttonholing, N 130–134*, 142–145*
card case, N 183–186*
cat stitch, N 102, 215*
chain stitch, N 99–100*
cleaning

- washing, H 329, N 136–137

- without washing, N 379

collars, Hedebo embroidery, N 203*
combination stitch, N 148–154*
combinations of colors and stitches, D 118–119
compass design, N 167–168
couching stitch, N 124*
cross stitch, N 103–106*, 107*, 108*
daisies, N 167, 177–180*
designs, planning, D 118
drawnwork, N 211–226*
eyelet work, N 160–163*
fagotting, N 145–146*, 229*
feather-stitching, N 116–118*
flower work, N 176–189*

- colors, N 176
- shading, N 179–180
- stems, N 180

French knots, N 164–165*

Hardanger, N 190–197*

Hedebo embroidery

- bars, N 204*
- circles, N 204–206*
- materials for, N 202
- triangles, N 204*

hemstitching, N 207–210*, 215*
herring-bone stitch, N 101*
honeycomb stitch, N 144*
hoops, N 122–123
ismet stitch, N 125*
Kensington stitch, N 178–179*
lace, embroidering on, N 180
ladder stitch, N 158–159*
lazy-daisy stitch, N 119–120*
leaves, shading, N 179
letters, N 147–154*
lingerie hats, N 171–174
long and short stitch, N 177*
monograms, N 152–154*
needles, N 121
outline stitch

- combination stitches, N 148–154*

- rough and smooth, N 101*

padding, N 99, 130–131, 147–148, 156
picots, N 192*, 194*
pin cushion top, N 193–196*
pyramid stitch, Hardanger, N 195*
ribbon work, N 181–189*

- card case, N 183–186*

rococo, N 181–189*

Roman cut work, N 138–142*
satin stitch, N 147–149*, D 119

- design, N 158*

scalloping, N 132–133

- drawing scallops, N 135

seeding, N 154*
shadow embroidery, N 125–128*
silks, when not to use, N 157
skeleton stitch, N 381
smocking, N 112–114*
spider stitch, N 142
stamping patterns, N 128–129
star patterns, Hardanger, N 191*
stem stitch, N 154

- substitute for, N 379*

suggestions for a girl's room, N 372–381
threading the needle, N 103
tools, N 121–123
Turkish stitch, N 125*
Van Dyke stitch, N 151*
Wallachian embroidery, N 134–137*
Emergencies, housekeeping, H 353–369

Enamel and enameling, M 197–211

- backing, M 208
- basse-taille, M 208
- black spots, removing, M 201
- champleve method, M 202, 208
- characteristics of enamel, M 197
- cloisonne, M 201, 209
- finishing, M 201
- firing process, M 199–201
- muffle furnace for, M 199
- on copper, D 354–355
- on silver, D 355
- placing enamel on metal, M 198
- polishing, M 205
- preparing enamel, M 197
- tools, M 197
- unsoldering, M 205
- See also Wood finishing

Enamel ware

- kitchen utensils, H 201

Endive

- blanching, G 305
- planting and transplanting, G 305
- seed, time to plant, G 234
- winter culture, G 305

Engineering. See Mechanics

Engines

- external and internal combustion, B 121–122, 128–130, 387

- oscillating, B 333–334*
- parallel motion, mechanism, B 332–333*
- speed regulator, B 328*
- steam versus gas or oil, advantages, B 121

- See also Electric engines; Electric motors; Gasolene motors; Horse power; Steam engines; Turbines

English bind weed (Morning glory)

- class and seed time, G 278

Engraving

- cement, M 205

- iron work, M 361

Ensigns, code, B 108, 109

Entomology. See Insects

Envelope for clippings

- making, N 187–189*

Equestrian polo, K 377
Ermine, A 495
Escallops. See Scallops
Escutcheon plates, M 410*, 412–414

Etching

- iron work, M 362

Ether (of space)

- chemical waves, effect of, E 336

- development of the universal ether idea, E 339–348

- kinds of ether waves, E 310–316
- medium for transmitting wave motions, E 343
- original meaning, E 344
- wave theory, exponents of, E 344–346

- waves sent forth by Halley's comet, E 333–338

Evergreens, C 535–542

- for hedge, G 82
- landscape gardening, G 354
- southern smilax, A 54
- See also Pine

Exercise

- value of, K 10–13

- walking, K 14–17

Exhibits, vegetables and flowers, G 201–208

- flowers, arrangement, G 205

- labeling, G 205

- vegetables

- arrangement, G 202, 204

- preparation of, G 202

Eyelet work

- designs for, N 163*, 164*, 167–168
- edges of, N 169
- lingerie hat, N 169*
- making eyelets, N 161–162*
- padded eyelets, N 162*

Eyes and hooks

- sewing on, N 24–25*

F

Face plate

- definition of, M 209

Fagots

- collecting, A 406

Fagotting

- lace stitches, N 229*

- Bermuda fagotting stitch, N 145–146*

Fahrenheit scale, B 261

Fancy work. See Applique; Basket making; Bead work; Braiding; Crocheting; Embroidery; Hemstitching; Knitting; Lace making; Needle work; also names of articles, e. g., Pin case; Sewing apron, etc.

Faraday, Michael

- discovery of magneto-induction, E 14, 17

- theory of ether phenomena, E 345

Farm machines

- dog power for running, A 255

Farmers' bulletins

- how to secure, A 513

Farming.

- See Dairying; Domestic animals; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit; Gardening; Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables

Fashion. See Clothing and dress

Fat (Game), K 346

Fats

- food composition and value, H 249, 250
- frying fats, H 282
- proportion in diet, H 249, 252

Feather race, K 347

Feather-stitching

- decorations in, N 119
- double stitch, N 117*
- marking with, N 156
- seaweed stitch, N 118*
- single stitch, N 116*
- threads, N 118*

Feathers

- goose, A 189–190

- poultry, A 159

Feed rolls

- mechanism, B 316*

Fences. See Hedges

Fermentation

- principle of, A 414

Fern dish

- making pottery, D 310–313*

Ferns

- care of, in house, G 197
- gathering, A 55, 359
- varieties to grow, G 198

Fertilization of plants, G 246–248

Fertilizers and manures

- amount required for poor soil, G 18
- hen manure, A 143
- leaf mold, making, A 421–424
- preparing manure for hotbeds, G 108
- sod for compost, G 262
- source of nitrogen, G 223

- wood ashes, A 433

- for strawberries, G 94

- See also Humus; Lime; Nitrates; Phosphates; Potash

Field athletics. See Track athletics

Field, Cyrus, W.

- and the Atlantic cable, E 65

Figs

- food value, H 255

Files and rasps, C 204

- draw filing in copper work, M 37

- metal work, M 9

Filing cabinet

- construction, C 358–359*
- drawer designs to represent books, C 397*
- for drawings, making, C 395–396

Filling. See Wood finishing

Finance. See Accounts; Allowances; Housekeeping; Income

Finger bowls

- brass work, M 133–135*

- use of, H 172

Finishing. See Wood finishing

Fir. See Balsam

Fire

- mystery of flame, H 226

Fire extinction

- burning grease, H 236

- chimneys, H 234

Fire making

- camp fires, K 67–69

- for cooking, K 77–82*

- coal fire, H 227–233

- daily care, H 232

- laying and lighting, H 231

- furnace fires, H 233
- lighting a fire with kerosene, H 231
- open wood fires, H 223–227
- See also Ranges

Fire of coal: story, H 37

Fire screen for metal work, M 11*

Fire tools

- making, M 370–379*
- poker, forging, M 371*
- shovel, forging, M 372*
- stand for, making, M 377–379

- tongs, making, M 374–377*

- riveting, M 376

- See also Andirons

Firearms

- shot guns versus rifles for boys, K 112

- use of, K 110–124*

Fireless cookers

- electric, E 128–132*, 308

Fireplaces

- camp fireplaces, K 78–79
- hearth, flue and draught, H 223–224
- made of field rock, D 371*
- tiles, making, D 318–320
- See also Andirons; Fire tools

Fires

- damage from, C 513
- danger from oily cloths, H 12
- preventing forest fires, A 467–468

Fireworks

- operated by wireless outfit, E 327–328*

Firing pottery, D 299–301*

Fish

- boiling, H 290

- whole, H 278

- broiling, H 275–276

- cleaning, H 289

- to preserve heads and tails, H 290

- food value, H 250, 253

- combined with vegetables, H 259

- frying, K 91
- how to select for cooking, H 271
- pan fish, meaning, K 130
- protecting from natural enemies, A 273
- taming, A 266

- See also Brook trout; Gold fish; Shell fish; Trout

Fish spears

- forging, M 240*

Fishing, K 125–143*

- bait, K 130–136*
- bait casting, K 137–138
- boats, K 140
- fly casting, K 130, 134–137*
- gaff, K 141
- game fish, K 126
- hooks, K 128–129*
- landing nets, K 141*
- line winder, whittling, C 15*
- lines, selection and care, K 128, 135
- methods, K 129

- qualifications of a successful fisherman, K 125

- reels, K 127
- rods, selecting, K 127
- rules, K 142
- still fishing, K 129, 139–140
- tackle, K 126–129*
- time to fish, K 141
- trolling, K 133*, 139*

Fixtures. See Electric light fixtures

Flag (Plant)

- characteristics of dwarf flag, G 334

Flags

- yacht signal code, B 107–109

Flannels

- washing, H 324, 328

Flash light

- burglar's, E 154–155*

Flat irons. See Electric iron
Fleece. See Goats; Sheep
Flemish oak stain, D 231

Fletcher, Horace

- theory of food chewing, K 10

Fleur-de-lis. See Iris

Flicker

- bird house for, C 219

Flies

- book about, A 519
- breeding places, A 476–477
- danger to health, A 475
- development from the egg, A 393–395
- exterminating, A 475–478

Floating heart

- characteristics, G 366

Floors

- building

- estimating lumber for octagon or hexagon, C 507–509

- for model house, D 28
- for summer house, C 417
- laying floors, C 471
- setting beams, C 470

- carpets versus rugs for, H 125
- cement floors for poultry house, A 137
- color scheme in house decoration, D 16
- cleaning appliances, H 142
- dusting, H 125
- finish for wood floor, H 192
- kitchen floors and floor coverings, H 191
- polishing, H 126
- refinishing, H 127
- waxed floors, polishing, H 126

- See also Carpets; Matting; Rugs; Strength of materials; Vacuum cleaner

Floral decoration

- backgrounds, D 89–90
- color scheme, D 84–86
- combinations, D 83
- dining table, D 91–92
- garden method, D 83
- grouping, D 82
- holders and vases, D 86–89*
- Japanese idea, D 81
- principles of arrangement, D 93–94
- wild flowers, decorative value, A 56

Flour

- cleansing qualities, H 332

- food value, H 254

Flower basket

- weaving, G 61–64*

Flower embroidery. See Embroidery
Flower gardening, G 315–335
annuals, G 328–331

- blooming after frost, G 330

arrangement of plants, G 317
background plants, G 317, 320, 321
bedding plants, G 323
biennials, G 322
border plants, G 137, 321
climbing annuals: table, G 331
color scheme, G 315, 361
cut flowers: tables, G 329, 333
drills, making, G 156
establishing a nursery business in California, A 94–99
formal garden

- border, G 152
- color scheme, G 154
- diagram of, G 153
- gradation of plants, G 151, 152
- staking plots and paths, G 154, 155
- straight lines in, G 357

fragrant flowers: tables, G 330, 333
girls' work, G 151–164
hardy and self-sowing plants, G 316–321
house plants, G 196–198, H 139
informal gardens, G 358
insect pests, G 199, 293
location of garden, G 361
perennials, G 333–335
potted plants, G 180–200

- drainage, G 172, 183–185
- pests, remedy, G 199
- pots, cleaning, G 184
- potting process, G 186–187
- soil, G 171, 183–185
- transplanting, G 181–182
- watering, G 199

profit in

- selling flowers, G 373
- selling seeds, G 371–372
- selling young plants, G 370–371

rock garden, G 324–326
round beds, making, G 136–137
school grounds, G 82–84
screening unsightly places, G 362
selection of flowers for landscape effect, G 361
self-sowing annuals: table, G 331
shady places, annuals for: table, G 331
slipping plants, G 188–190
soil, annuals that suit heavy or sandy soils, G 328–329
succession in bloom by months, G 316, 364
time table, G 161
topping plants, G 199

See also Bulbs; Gardening; Vines; Wild flower gardening; Window boxes; also names of special flowers, e. g., Chrysanthemum; Larkspur; Pansy

Flower missions, A 62

Flowers

- collections, labeling, K 156

- preparation and mounting, K 155

- cut flowers

- annuals for, G 329, 333

- care of, H 160

- honey or pollen producing, A 322
- jardiniere for, making, G 66–68*
- pistils and stamens, G 246–247
- propagating wild flowers, A 467
- protecting wild flowers, A 465–467

- supplying city children with wild flowers, A 61

- water and bog plants, G 366

- See also Floral decoration; Flower gardening; Plants; Wild flower gardening; Window box; also names of special flowers, e. g., Lily

Flues

- cleaning, H 234
- purpose of, H 224
- See also Chimney

Flux

- definition of, M 209
- iron and steel, M 221
- use of, in welding, M 247

Fly casting, K 134–137*

Flying

- theory of, B 195–197

Flying machines

- glider, B 179

- heavier than air and lighter than air types, B 162–163

- See also Aeroplanes; Balloons

Fobs. See Watch fobs
Foliage plants, G 324
Follow the leader (stump master), K 387

Food

- ash, meaning of, H 249
- carbohydrates, H 248
- combinations, H 257–261
- condensed, harmful, H 261
- fats, H 249
- non-nourishing, value of, H 260
- pre-digested, harmful, H 261

- proportion of income to be used for food, H 74, 78

- protein, H 248

- refuse, meaning, H 248

- values, H 247–257

- experiments of United States Government, H 250

- variety essential, H 249, 262

- See also Cookery; Diet; Fish; Fruit; Marketing; Meat; Vegetables; also names of special foods, e. g., Bread; Macaroni, etc.

Football, K 267–283*, 348–350
association or soccer, K 269, 331
captain, K 273
centre rush, qualifications, K 270, 272
dangers of the game, K 267
"down", K 275, 281, 349
drop kick, K 272, 349
ends, qualifications, K 270, 273
field goal, K 276, 349
full-back, qualifications, K 272, 273
goals, choosing, K 276
gridiron, K 273*, 274, 348
half-back, qualifications, K 271, 273
kicking off, K 276, 281
line-up diagram, K 268, 270*
players, weight and size, K 270
playing the game, K 274–276, 348
positions of players, K 269, 349
punt, K 349
quarter-back, qualifications, K 270, 273
Rugby, K 269
rules, K 280–283
rushing the ball, K 275
"safety", K 282
scores, K 276, 281–282, 348
scrimmage, K 281
season, K 267
shoes, K 280*
signals, K 277–279
tackles, qualifications, K 270, 273
team, organization, K 269–273
team work, K 273–274
touchdown, K 275, 349
training, K 283
uniform, K 279–280*, 350
Foot bridge. See Bridge building
Foot pound, B 123

Foot stools

- designs and construction, C 291–300*

- mission style, design, C 374–375*

Forest fires

- damage from, C 513

- preventing, A 466–468

Forestry

- book about, A 516
- conservation, C 519
- value of forests, C 514–516
- waste timber problems, A 406

- See also Lumber and lumbering; Trees; Wood lots

Forge

- bellows, M 216*
- building fire in, M 217–218
- construction, M 216
- draught systems, M 227–229
- explosion, danger of, M 229

- portable forge, M 222–223*

- draught system, M 228

- tuyere, M 216

Forget-me-not

- characteristics, G 365, 366

Forging

- bending, M 236
- bending corner in iron, M 271–273*
- bolts, M 240–244*
- butcher knife, M 354–357*
- crow bar, M 352*
- dividers, pair of, M 340–341*
- door hasp, M 338–340*
- eccentric strap, M 334*
- fish-spear, M 240*
- fork, two pronged, M 239*
- garden hoe, M 335–337*
- gate hooks, M 236–238*
- grub hoe, M 328–330*
- hand drills, M 347–349*
- hand hammers, M 316–322*
- harness hooks, M 238*
- heating steel, M 290
- hinge and butt, M 283–285*
- ice-shaver, M 327*
- nail puller or claw tool, M 353*
- nuts, M 244–246*
- oxidizing fire, M 233
- pipe method, M 333
- pitchfork, M 239*
- punching holes, M 245*
- reducing fire, M 233
- rock drills, M 344–349*
- shackles, M 349–352*
- sockets for wire ropes, M 281–283*
- stake pin, M 233–235*
- staples, M 235–236*
- steel hook, M 266–271*
- stone chisels and picks, M 341–344*
- tongs, iron, M 287–288*
- turn buckles, M 330–334*

- upsetting

- bolts, M 241*
- definition, M 315
- rings, M 249

- wood chisel, M 337–338
- wrenches of steel, M 273–281*
- See also Blacksmithing; Iron work; Welding

Formal garden, G 151–155, 357

Forsythia

- selection principles, G 37

Foundations

- boat house, B 36

- cellar, C 459

- concrete

- box mold for, C 430, 458*
- bracing, C 460*
- leveling, C 460
- pergola foundation, C 426–433
- setting columns, C 435
- setting wooden frame, C 435, 458
- thickness of wall, C 459

- depth for houses, C 458–459

- house building, D 25–28*

- posts

- for small buildings, C 443
- setting, D 26–28*
- setting and leveling, C 413–417*

Four o'clock

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Fowl. See Poultry

Fox

- book about the silver fox, A 517

Foxglove

- biennial, G 322
- characteristics, G 333, 334, 347, 365
- digitalis made from, A 57
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Fragrant herbs and grasses, A 64
Frames. See Picture frames
Framing. See House framing; Picture frames

Francis of Assisi, Saint

- stories about, H 25

Franklin, Benjamin

- kite flying, B 186

Fraternity pillows, N 376
French chalk for dry cleaning, H 332, 360
French hem, N 21

French knots

- letter outlining, N 150
- needle for, N 166
- working, N 164*

French seal, A 501

Fresnel, Augustin Jean

- theory of light wave, E 345

Fringe

- knotting fringe, N 275–277*

- raffia, N 274

Frogs

- taming, A 266

Fruit

- food values, H 255
- selection of, for food, H 271
- washing, H 295

- See also names of fruits, e. g., Apple; Grape; Orange, etc.

Fruit trees

- budding, G 251–253
- distance to plant, G 258
- protecting fruit from birds, A 461
- seeds versus grafting, G 257–258
- See also Grafting

Frying

- fats for, H 282

- methods, H 281

Fuchsias

- bedding plants, G 324

Fuel

- blacksmith's fuels, M 229
- refuse timber, A 406
- See also Coal

Fulcrum

- principle of, B 21–28*

Fullering. See Blacksmithing

Fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233

Fungi

- shelf fungi, A 62

- See also Mushrooms

Fur

- dry cleaning, H 332

- packing, H 347

- See also Ermine; Mink; Mole; Muskrat; Rabbit; Sable; Seal; Skins; Skunk; Weasel

Furnace

- draughts and dampers, H 227–230

- gas and oil for heating steel, M 290

- house furnace, management and cleaning, H 233

- muffle furnace for enameling, M 199

Furniture

- antique

- mahogany table refinished, D 241–243

- re-finishing, D 238–243

- bedroom, D 57–58*
- beds, designs, D 60*, 373*
- box furniture, making, C 476–478*
- care of furniture and fittings, H 121–145
- castors, Acme pin, D 193
- concrete furniture, making, D 201–209*
- covers for, H 348
- decorative value, D 46
- dining-room, D 53–57*
- enameling white, D 235
- evolution of, C 291–292
- hall furniture, D 47–50*
- kitchen furniture, H 193–199
- living room, D 50–53*

- outdoor, C 408–416*, D 198–211*

- designing, principles of, D 200

- painted, cleaning, H 134
- polish, H 133, 162
- renovating, D 238–239

- rustic, D 209–211*

- woods for, A 410, K 101–102

- selection for use and beauty, H 115–120

- upholstered, cleaning, H 132, 332

- See also Book case; Book rack; Carpentry and Woodwork—Problems; Chairs; Desk; House decoration; Stains and staining; Tables; Tabourette; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing

Furrows. See Gardening
Fusee, principle of, B 80*
Fuses. See Electric fuses

G

Gaging lumber, C 186, 188

Gaillardia

- characteristics, G 332, 335

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Gained or housed joints, C 255*

Galileo, Galilei

- barometer invention, B 256

Galloway, Beverly T.

- back yard swimming pool, A 282–286

Galvani, Luigi

- production of electric currents by chemical action, E 248

Galvanic electricity, E 248

Galvanized iron, E 248

- soldering, M 44

Galveston sea wall, B 247

Gambling in housekeeping expenditures, H 70

Game and game birds

- cooking in camp, K 89, 90
- creating a private game preserve, A 464–465
- domesticating wild game, A 461–464
- protecting, A 463
- wild rice food for, A 78
- See also Bantams; Guinea fowl; Pheasants

Games

- list of one hundred games, K 326–328

- See also Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Fishing; Football; Golf; Hockey; Hunting; Skating; Skiing; Swimming; Tennis; also names of games, e. g., Croquet; Marbles, etc.

Garbage

- can

- cleaning, H 110, 221

- location, H 221

- disposal of, H 220

- in country, H 222

Garden club

- election of officers, G 14
- exhibits, G 201–208
- reports on garden plots secured, G 3–12

- vote to aid Oldfield Centre school grounds, G 14

- vote to disbar girls, G 16

Garden hockey, K 350

Garden paths

- materials and making, G 358

Garden pests. See Insect pests

Gardening

- city back yard, G 23, 134–141
- compost pile, G 262
- drills, making, G 156
- exhibits, G 201–208
- furrows, making, G 264*, 266–267
- hill, meaning of, G 116
- hoeing, G 266
- indoor experiments, G 28–40

- money-making garden, G 368–376

- selling garden fittings, G 372–373

- plan, drawing, G 43–47*

- paper plan for garden plots, G 261

- preparing new plot, G 261–263
- pricking out plants, G 100
- raking, G 266
- rows, direction to plant, G 260
- rubbish, removing from new site, G 263
- site for a garden, choosing, G 259–261
- sowing seeds, G 268
- spading, G 263–265
- success, principles of, G 270
- succession crops, G 92
- thinning seedlings, G 268
- transplanting, G 101–102, 118, 268–270
- trenching, G 263–265*
- work shop end of the garden, G 41–71*

- See also Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Flower gardening; Herbs; Hotbeds; Insect pests; Landscape gardening; Lawns; Plant food; Plants; School grounds; Seeds; Soils; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables; Vines; Weeds

Gardening—Tools and appliances

- bulb flat, making, G 61*
- dibber, G 47*
- flower basket, weaving, G 61–64*
- good versus poor tools, G 89–90
- hoe, how to use, G 107
- labels for plants, making, G 58*
- measurements on tool handles, G 156
- plant jardiniere, G 66–68*
- pot rest, G 68–71*
- reel, making, G 51*
- sieve, making, G 59–61
- spades, how to use, G 88
- stake, making, G 50*
- sundial, making, G 64–66*

Gareth

- service in the king's kitchen, H 20

Garlic, wild

- class and seed time, G 278

Garret playhouse, H 5

Gas and oil engines

- compared with steam engines, B 121, E 179
- construction and fuel supply, B 128–130
- cylinder, what takes place in, E 178
- water supply, quantity, B 130
- See also Gasolene motors

Gas furnace

- heating steel, M 290

Gas lighter, Electric, E 118–120*

Gas lighting

- average bill for careful families, H 76

Gas meters

- reading, H 238

Gas range

- baking bread in, H 283
- cleaning, H 235
- fire from fat, extinguishing, H 236
- lighting, H 234

Gasolene

- composition, B 104

- danger of explosion, B 104

Gasolene automobiles. See Automobiles

Gasolene launch. See Boat building; Launch

Gasolene motors

- action, B 388
- automobile frames, construction, B 396–401*
- carbureter, B 95*
- description and dimensions, B 95*
- exhaust pipe, B 97–98, 103
- expansion chamber, B 98
- four-stroke cycle, B 388–391*
- installing in launch, B 93–95
- motive power, how obtained, B 388
- motor-cycle, principle, B 387–388
- muffler, B 97–98
- multiple cylinders, B 393
- petcock, B 99
- pipe joints, finishing, B 102
- power, developing, B 105–107
- single cylinder, B 391, 394*

- sparking, B 105–106

- electric equipment for, E 178–203

- stationary

- foundations, B 100–102
- location, B 99
- vibration, avoiding, B 100–102

- stopping the engine, B 104
- suction and overflow pipes, B 102
- tank, setting, B 102
- testing new engine, B 111
- two-cylinder, B 392*
- two-stroke cycle, B 388
- vertical, B 391
- water jacket, B 110
- water supply, B 103–104

Gate hooks

- forging, M 236–238*

Gearing. See Mechanical movements

Geese

- book about, A 517
- breeds, A 189, K 181
- domesticating wild geese, A 463
- fattening for market, A 189
- feathers, plucking, A 189–190
- feeding and caring for goslings, A 188
- food value, H 253
- how to select for cooking, H 271
- raising, A 188–190
- setting eggs, A 188

Genista

- indoor plant, G 197

Georgia pine. See Pine

Geraniums

- bedding plant, G 323
- slipping, G 188–190
- wild geranium, G 342
- window box plant, G 193

Germination of seeds. See Seeds

Gifts

- playthings outgrown, H 10
- spent in advance, offense of, H 70
- the tenth of your income, H 81

Gilding

- lettering name on boat, B 131

Gimlet bit, C 194*, 196

Ginger root

- use of, A 58

Girders, wooden

- strength of materials, B 45

Girls' clubs. See Clubs

Girls

- outdoor sports for, K 318–325

Girl's room

- color scheme, N 375, 378, 379

- cretonne versus linen for furnishings, N 373

- curtains, N 380–381
- stenciling furnishings, N 377
- wall decorations, N 377
- window seat, N 374

Girl's secret, G 25–27

Glass

- cutting with a wheel cutter, D 196
- for lamp shade, M 400
- kitchen utensils, H 203
- leaded glass, soldering, D 196–197*
- polishing, H 134
- washing, H 180

Glider flying machine, B 179

Glove box. See Boxes

Gloves

- cleaning chamois gloves, H 331

Glue

- preparing and using, C 225

- See also Carpentry

Gnomon

- making, B 209

Goat

- age, telling, A 111

- Angora

- commercial value, A 114

- fleece, A 109, 114

- book about, A 517
- common goat, advantages of, A 114–116
- feeding, A 111–113
- housing, A 109, 113
- kid, care of, A 111
- market value, A 117
- milk, value, A 115
- products, A 110
- profit from, A 107–108

- raising, A 107–118

- experiment in New England, A 116–118

- rate of increase, A 115
- selecting for a herd, A 110
- space needed, A 109, 114
- value in reclaiming land, A 116–118
- water supply, A 109

Goat skin

- for leather work, N 84*

Godetia

- characteristics, G 322, 329, 331

Gold fish

- age, A 227
- book about, A 517
- characteristics, A 226
- color of young, A 231
- diseases, A 232
- eggs, care of, A 229
- enemies, A 233
- food, A 228, 231
- habits, A 228
- hospital, A 232
- making an aquarium, K 160–162
- raising for profit, A 228–233
- rearing tank, A 228, 230
- spawning pond, A 229
- storage tank, A 231
- training, A 227
- winter tank, A 232

Golden bell

- characteristics, G 355

Golden glow

- characteristics, G 334, 365

Golden oak finish, D 230

Golden seal

- value, A 57

Golf, K 296–300*, 351–354

- addressing, K 297*
- bogie score, K 300
- caddy, K 352
- clubs, K 299*, 352
- course, K 296, 351
- hole, K 297, 351
- links, K 353
- playing the game, K 352

- putting, K 300

- green, K 297, 352

- scoring, K 298, 300

- tee, K 297

Golf-croquet, K 354

Gong. See Brass work—bell

Gophers

- destroying, A 493

Gouge

- blacksmith's tool, M 225
- sharpening, C 179–184*
- woodworker's tool, C 258–260*

Governors (Machinery)

- gyroscope governor, B 335*

- steam engine, B 313–316*, 329

Grafting

- cleft grafting, G 257–258
- improving stock, G 254–258
- occupation for boys, A 409*
- scion and stock, G 254–256
- season for, G 255
- tongue grafting, G 256
- wax making, G 256
- whip grafting, G 256–257

Grain

- food value, H 250, 254

- See also Corn

Grandfather's clock

- making, C 284–290*

Granite for roadway, G 85

Grape

- food value, H 255

- green grape jelly, receipt, A 15

- wild grapes

- picking, A 14

- jelly receipt, A 15

Grape juice

- book about, A 518
- food value, A 417
- making, A 418–421

Grass seed

- kind for rapid growth, G 76
- preparing the soil, G 74–76
- sowing, G 77

Grass stain

- removing, H 359

Grasses

- basketry uses, A 64

Grasshoppers

- distinguishing young from old, A 393

- garden pests, G 282

Grates. See Fireplaces

Gravel

- road beds, G 85

- See also Cement walks

Graver

- definition of, M 209

Gravitation

- definition, E 341
- laws of, B 277–280
- principle of, B 57–59

Gravity

- acceleration, meaning of, B 278
- force, meaning of, B 277
- specific gravity, meaning of, B 279–280

Grease spots

- removing, H 360

Greek cross, C 322

Greens (Cookery)

- dandelion greens, A 63

Greens, Christmas, A 50–57

Grinding machine

- edge runners or chasers for crushing, B 336*

Grindstones

- grinding tools with, C 181–184*
- principle of, B 28
- types and uses, C 181*

Grosbeak, rose-breasted

- insect destroyer, A 457

- migration, K 176

Grounds. See School grounds

Grouse

- book about, A 519

Guests

- entertainment of, H 366–369

Guinea fowl

- book about, A 517
- characteristics, A 179, 181–182
- eggs, value, A 179
- feeding, A 180
- marketing, A 179, 181
- raising, A 180–182

Guinea pigs

- as pets, K 183
- making a house for, C 451–454*
- raising for pets, A 205
- See also Cavies

Gum. See Spruce gum

Gum tree

- sweet gum, red gum, or liquid amber, C 562

Gun. See Firearms; Rifles; Shotgun

Gussets. See Sewing

Gymnastics

- outdoor life versus gymnastics, K 11

- pull up bar, making, C 270*

Gyroscope

- applied to aeroplanes, B 169
- Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*
- construction of, B 267–268*
- mechanism, B 334*

H

Hab-enihan (Game), K 354

Hacmatack, C 530

Hail

- formation, B 363–366

Haley over (Game), K 355

Halibut

- food value, H 253

Hall clock

- design and construction, D 193–198*

Hall furniture, D 47–50*

Halley's comet

- ether waves sent forth by, E 333–338

Halley's thermometer, B 261
Halved joints, C 253*
Ham. See Pork
Hamburg steak, H 268

Hammer

- adze eye claw hammer, C 203*
- claw hammer, C 203*
- cross peen hammer, making, M 316–318*
- hand hammer, M 224*
- handles, making, C 271*
- hard wood peg for copper work, M 28
- peen, M 254*
- planishing hammer, M 8*
- raising hammer, M 7*
- round peen hammer, making, M 318–322*
- set hammer, M 225*, 323*
- shaping hammer, M 7*

Hammocks

- making couch hammocks, C 478–480*

Hand ball, K 355
Hand polo, K 356
Hand tennis, K 356

Handkerchief

- drawnwork, N 213–219*
- hemstitching, N 207–209*
- rolling the edge, N 21*

Handkerchief box. See Boxes

Handles

- wooden, making, C 271*

- See also Copper work; Metal work

Hands

- removing stains, H 357

Hardanger embroidery, N 190–197*

- bars, weaving, N 192
- block stitch, N 190–191*
- materials, N 190
- picots, N 192*, 194*
- pin cushion tops, N 193–196*
- pyramid stitch, N 195*
- star pattern, N 191*

Hardening metals. See Steel

Hardie

- blacksmith tool, M 226*

- making, M 322*

Hardy plants

- meaning, G 317

Hare

- "varying" hare, A 499–500

Hare and hounds, K 17

Harebell, Carpathian

- characteristics, G 334

Harrowing, G 124

Harvesting nature's crops, A 8–100

Haskins, Charles Waldo

- How to keep household accounts, recommended, H 99

Hat

- baby's buttoned hat, N 174–175
- how to select a hat, D 125
- lingerie hat, N 169*, 171–174

- raffia hats, N 262–270

- for doll, N 253–255

Hat ball, K 357

Hat pin

- copper work, D 348–350*, M 64–69

Hat pin holder

- copper work, M 69–71*

Hatchet handle

- making, C 271*

Haws (fruit)

- location and uses, A 24

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

- quotation, H 43

Hawthorne, English

- characteristics, G 366

Hayes, Ruth

- success with chickens, A 160–163

Hazel nut

- cultivating, A 33–34
- for fence hedge, A 34
- gathering time, A 35
- pruning bushes, A 35

Health. See Hygiene

Hearth

- meaning, H 224

Heat

- British thermal unit, E 100–101
- calorie and caloric, meaning, E 342
- generation, E 98–100
- transmission by radiation, E 314

- waves

- length, E 316
- production and velocity, E 313–315
- theory, E 343

Heating

- automatic control of temperature, E 306–308*

- regulation by electric flasher, E 120–125*

- See also Electric heating; Fuel; Furnace; Steam radiators

Hedebo embroidery, N 202–206*

Hedges

- hazel bush, A 34
- poplar versus evergreen, G 82
- shrubs for, G 357

Helianthus

- background plant, G 320

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Helicoptere flying machine, B 163

Heliotrope

- bedding plant, G 324

- characteristics of winter plant, G 333

Hellebore, white

- insecticide, G 117, 285

Hemlock

- characteristics, C 539

Hemming. See Sewing

Hemp ropes. See Ropes

Hemstitching

- double hemstitching, N 210*
- handkerchiefs, N 207–209*
- padded, N 215–216*

Hen coops. See Poultry

Hen manure. See Fertilizers and manures

Henry, Joseph

- first to make electro-magnets, E 14

Hens. See Poultry

Hepatica

- blossoming time, G 339

- habits and characteristics, G 339, 364

Herbarium, K 155

Herbs

- bee balm, G 347
- for basket weaving and sachets, A 64
- in colonial gardens, G 326
- list of, G 327
- soil for, G 326
- uses, G 326

Hero engine, B 114*

Herring

- food value, H 253

Herring-bone

- embroidery stitch, N 101*

Hertz, Heinrich

- discovery of electric waves, E 346

Hertzian waves, E 346

Hewitt, Peter Cooper

- inventor of mercury vapor lamp, E 156

Hexagon

- problem in estimating lumber for hexagon floor, C 508

Hickory

- characteristics, A 39–40, C 564
- food value of nuts, H 256
- lumber value, A 39
- varieties, A 40

Hide and seek, K 361
Hides. See Skins
High kick, K 357

Hinges

- copper or brass, metal work, M 116*
- copper or silver, metal work, M 100–106*
- iron hinge and butt, making, M 283–285*
- ornamental, making, M 391–393*
- riveting, M 114*
- setting, C 239

Hives. See Bees

Hockey

- forward, K 214
- garden hockey, K 350
- goal tender, K 214
- ice hockey, K 212–215*, 358
- lawn hockey, K 367
- "puck", K 212
- rink, K 215
- rules, K 215
- skates, cost, K 358*
- team, K 214, 358
- uniform, K 213, 358
- See also Curling

Hoe

- forging a garden hoe, M 335–337*
- forging a grub hoe, M 328–330*
- how to use, G 107–266

Hog. See Swine

Hogan, Clarence A.

- raising chickens, A 159

Hoisting machinery

- inclined plane, B 52–62, 64
- lewis for lifting stones, B 347*
- lifting magnets, E 79–81*
- screws, B 139–147
- tongs for lifting stones, B 348*
- See also Capstan; Pulleys; Windlass

Holly

- care of trees, A 52
- characteristics, C 560
- wood, value, A 52
- wreaths, making and marketing, A 52–53

Hollyhocks

- background plant, G 320
- characteristics, G 334, 365
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Home decoration. See House decoration

Homemaking

- art of, H 44

- See also Housekeeping

Homing pigeons, K 180

Honey

- cooking with, A 327
- food value, H 254
- marketing, A 326
- plants which supply, A 322
- wholesomeness, A 326
- See also Bees

Honeysuckle

- decorative value, G 359

Honiton applique, N 237

Hood

- knitted, N 366–368*

Hooke, Robert

- wave theory of light, E 343

Hooker, Ava

- a start with poultry, A 172–177

Hooks

- centrifugal check hooks, B 326*

- forging

- gate hooks, M 236–238*
- harness hooks, M 238*
- steel hook, M 266–271*

Hooks and eyes, sewing on, N 24–25*

Hoops, embroidery, N 122–123

Hop hornbeam, or iron wood

- characteristics, C 558

Hop vine

- value, G 360

Hopover(Game), K 358
Hopscotch, K 359
Hopper joints, C 251*

Horizontal bar

- making a pull up bar, C 270*

Horse

- book about, A 517
- raising colts, A 101–103
- training, A 252–255, 258

Horse chestnut, G 367

Horse power

- converting into kilowatts, B 125
- estimating, B 122–125
- estimating energy in coal, E 6

Horsemanship, K 225–232*

- bridle wise horse, K 227
- care of the horse, K 230
- girls as riders, K 321
- jumping fences, K 231*
- mounting, K 226–227*
- packing a horse, K 230
- saddles, selecting, K 225–226*
- selecting the horse, K 232
- styles of riding, K 227–228

Horseshoeing, M 221–222*

- heels, M 222
- making shoes, M 218–222*
- mule shoes and horse shoes, M 218
- toe calk, M 221*

Hospitality. See Guests

Hot water bottle

- electric heating pad, E 117

Hotbed

- coldframe changed to, G 38
- directions for making, G 48–50*
- preparing for winter, G 108, 109
- time to transfer plants, G 235

Ho-ti and the roast pig, H 18

House cleaning, H 337–352

- appliances for, H 140, 147
- order of work, H 143–145
- principles, H 142
- repairs and renovations, H 338, 339
- small spaces, H 338
- unobtrusive methods, H 128
- weekly schedule, H 108
- woodwork, H 123

- See also Ceilings; Cellar; Curtains; Floors; Flues; Furnace; Furniture; Garbage can; Kitchen; Lamps, oil; Laundry work; Matting; Painting; Paper-hanging; Pictures; Refrigerator; Rugs; Shades; Tiles; Vacuum cleaners; Walls; Windows

House decoration

- ceilings, D 36

- correcting defects of height, D 38

- color scheme, D 16–20

- harmony, D 35–36
- interior woodwork, D 20
- southern and northern exposures, D 18–19

- corrective for architectural defects, D 37–38

- decorative fabrics, D 95–120
- Dutch room, suggestion, N 379
- experimenting, D 41–43
- floors, color scheme, D 16, 20, 36
- French room, suggestions, N 379

- furniture

- arrangement, D 59–63

- selection, D 46–59

- modifying rules, D 43–45
- overcrowding, D 62
- principles, D 34–35
- re-decorating old houses, D 37
- relation to building plan, D 12–13
- summer cottage suggestions, D 370
- ten commandments, D 45–46
- use and beauty of possessions, H 115–120

- walls, D 36, 39–41

- stenciling, N 76

- window seats, N 374–375

- See also Copper work; Curtains; Cushions; Floral decoration; Furniture; Girl's room; Leather work; Metal work; Pictures; Portieres; Pottery; Stenciling; Weaving

House fly. See Flies

House framing

- construction details, D 25–32*

- drawings and instructions, C 461–464*

- corner framing, C 462*
- corners, finishing poultry house, C 446*
- paper for siding, C 471

- siding

- cheap houses, C 445
- cottages and bungalows, C 464
- putting on weather boards, C 471
- tongue and groove boards for, C 475

- small and cheap houses, C 444–445*
- studding for a boat house, B 37–38*
- summer house construction, C 413–417*
- window and door frames, setting, C 469

House plans. See Architecture

Household pests, H 361–364

Housekeeper

- effacement of, H 383–384
- health of, H 385
- stories of inspiration, H 388–389
- worries, H 384

- See also House cleaning; Housekeeping; Servants

Housekeeping

- accounts, keeping, H 87–100
- adjustment of work, H 112
- alleviations, H 333
- as a profession, H 382–387
- bedroom work, H 146–159

- closing the house

- marking wrapped articles, H 351
- meters, shutting off, H 351
- packing, H 347–349
- repairing household appliances, H 349
- traps, care of, H 351

- daily work, H 103
- dignity of, H 387
- dining-room and pantry work, H 51, 160–187
- emergencies, H 353–369
- expenses, division of income, H 74–80
- home training for, H 46
- inspiration, H 388–389
- learning and helping, H 43–59
- learning by observation, H 58
- menus and marketing, H 244–273
- My heritage, H 63–68
- objections to, H 382
- opening the house, unpacking, H 352
- playhouse, H 3–40
- possessions, use and beauty, H 115–120
- rest provisions, H 113
- schedules of work, H 101–113
- school lessons helpful in, H 45
- servants, H 370–381
- upstairs work, H 146–159

- See also Cookery; Food; Furniture; House cleaning; House decoration; Insect pests; Ironing; Kitchen; Laundry; Marketing; Needle work; Plumbing; Receipts; Servants; Sewing

House plants. See Plants

Huckleberries

- canning factories, A 12
- picking, A 13
- where and how they grow, A 11, C 514

Hudson seal, A 491

Hugo, Victor

- his description of Paris sewers mentioned, H 216

Humming birds

- taming, A 265

Humus

- soil composition, G 8, 9

Hunt the sheep, K 360

Hunting

- choosing companions, K 118
- training dogs for, K 190–192
- See also Game and game birds; Shooting

Huygens, Christian

- wave theory of light, E 344

Hyacinth

- cone developer, G 175
- indoor planting, G 166, 167
- planting and blooming time, G 177, 178
- varieties, G 167, 177, 178
- water growing, G 169, 175

Hydrangea

- characteristics, G 356, 365

Hydro-electric stations in the United States, E 202–207

Hygiene

- how to keep well, K 3–5
- outdoor life, K 6–9
- rules of health, K 12
- value of play, K 4, 10
- See also Athletics; Exercise; Walking

Hygrometer

- construction, B 231–232*

Hylo electric lamps, E 138*

Hyperbola

- describing, B 338

I

I spy, K 361

Ice

- home-made, A 435–437

Ice box. See Refrigerator

Ice Hockey. See Hockey

Ice-shaver

- forging, M 327*

Incandescent lamps. See Electric lamps, Incandescent

Inclined plane

- principle of, B 52–62*

- rule for power, B 64

Income

- allowances, management of, H 80
- gifts, provisions for, H 81
- how to divide for family needs, H 72–85
- increasing, ways to avoid, H 73
- management of, H 70–86
- savings from, H 82
- uncertain, management of, H 71

Incubators, K 197–199

- electric, E 114

- temperature regulator, E 124*

Indian bracelet

- making, M 176–177*

Indian proverb about home making, H 44

Indian's plume (Bee balm), G 333, 347

Induction (Electricity)

- current induced

- by interrupting the circuit, E 184

- by moving the magnet, E 17–18

- direction of induced currents, E 186
- experiments, E 349–352
- human voice as interrupter, E 282–283
- piano strings as interrupter, E 281
- telephone induction coil, E 279–281*
- tuning fork as an interrupter, E 280
- wireless spark coil, E 321–322*

Ink stains

- removing, H 359

Ink well holder

- copper work, M 117–121*

- gouge work, C 261–263*

Inky caps, mushrooms, A 90

Inlaying, metal, M 362

Inlaying, wood, C 319–331*

- borders, designs and making, C 324–328*
- buhlwork, C 329
- building up designs, C 320–322*, 323*, 329*
- checkerboard, design and making, C 326–327*
- curved designs, C 328
- gluing process, C 323
- marquetry work, C 328
- placing the design, C 324
- thickness of veneer, C 319
- woods suitable for, C 319

Inoculation of soil, G 119
Insect pests, G 280–295, K 167–168, H 361–364
ants, G 283
asparagus beetle, remedy, G 287
bean anthracnose, G 288
bed bugs, H 363–364
book about, A 519
cabbage worm, G 125, 288
caterpillars, G 282, 285, 287, 290
cauliflower lice and maggots, G 289
celery caterpillar, G 287, 290
chestnut weevil, A 33
chicken lice, A 148, 149
cockroaches, H 362
cut worms, G 284, 292, 293
destruction of, by birds and toads, A 455–457, G 280–281
detecting, G 283–284
eggplants, G 305
gnawing class, remedy, G 281–282
grasshoppers, G 282
hornworm, G 292
house plant pests, G 199
household pests, H 361–364
leaf-hopper, G 293
moths, prevention and extermination of, H 362
plant lice, G 284, 291, 293
potato bug, G 287, 292
red spider, G 293
rose slug, G 284, 293
slugs, G 117, 284, 285, 293
squash bug, G 287, 291, 292
striped beetle, G 117, 285, 287, 292
sucking class, G 282
tomato worm, G 286
water bugs, H 362
See also Flies; Insecticides; Mosquitoes

Insecticides

- bordeaux mixture, G 121, 294
- kerosene emulsion, G 130
- Paris green, G 130

Insects

- adult stage, A 394
- chrysalides, A 394, 396
- development, A 393–395
- distinguishing young from old, A 391–393
- egg stage, A 393
- habits, A 388–391
- homes, A 397–399
- injurious and helpful, K 167–168
- larval stage, A 394
- life of a butterfly, A 395–397
- pupa stage, A 394

- See also Ants; Beetles; Butterflies; Dragon-flies; Grasshoppers; Moths; Silkworms; Spiders; Wasps

Insects—Collecting and preserving

- baiting moths, A 400–402, K 153–154
- sugar receipt, A 401, K 153
- books about, A 519
- breeding cage, making, A 399–400*

- cases for preserving, A 385, 387*, 388, C 395–397

- cornstalk pith for lining, A 63

- classifying, A 386–389
- egg shell, mounting, A 396
- eggs of butterflies, A 395
- filing cabinet, making, C 395–397

- killing bottle, making and using a cyanide bottle, A 378–380*, 382, K 151–152*

- mounting, A 380–386*, K 152*
- net making, A 376–378*
- outfit, A 375, K 151
- pinning butterflies and beetles, A 383–385*
- pins for mounting, A 380
- spreading board, A 381*

- times and localities for collecting, A 388–389

Insertion. See Crocheting

Instruments. See Tools

Insulation. See Electric insulators and insulation

Insurance. See Life insurance

Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association of America

- best records, K 336
- events contested for, K 360
- rowing record, K 383

Interior decoration. See House decoration

Invalid tray

- preparing, H 365–366

Inventions

- ancient and modern, B 271–277

- See also Aeroplanes; Matches; Typewriters; Wireless telegraph; and words beginning Electric

Iris

- blue flag, G 366
- border plant, G 321
- dwarf, characteristics, G 334, 364
- English, planting and blooming time, G 178
- German, characteristics, G 365
- Japanese, characteristics, G 333
- Spanish, planting and blooming time, G 178
- varieties, G 321

Irish crochet, N 333–350*

- baby Irish pattern, N 344–346*
- belt, N 335–337*
- doily with edge, N 335*
- Dutch collar, N 346–350*
- edging, N 344–345*
- grapes, N 345
- jabot, N 342–344*
- leaves, N 345
- materials, N 333
- motifs, joining, N 334
- rose, N 339–340, 344
- shamrock, N 341

- tie rose, N 337–338*

- wheel pattern with rose and straps of shamrock N 338–342*

Irish stew; story, H 14

Iron

- galvanized

- incorrectly named, E 248

- soldering, M 44

- magnetic properties, E 13
- oxidation, preventing, M 247
- pig iron, M 230
- stretching processes, M 315
- wrought iron, M 230–232

Iron work

- bending corner, M 271–273*
- bracket, making, M 393–395*
- bulbs, making, M 385–388*

- candlestick, making, M 380–383*

- spiral, M 388–391*

- chains, welding, M 250–253*
- decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364
- handles, M 384
- hinge, making, M 391*
- hinge and butt, making, M 283–285*

- kettle stand, making, M 406–409*

- lamp holder for, M 408

- lamp, making, M 396–405*

- holder, M 408

- shade and holder, M 399–400

- punching holes in, M 245*
- rings, welding, M 248–250*, 254*
- spirals, making, M 385
- tongs, forging, M 285–288*

- twists, M 383

- braided strand, M 384

- umbrella stand, M 409

- wrench, forging, M 273*

- See also Andirons; Blacksmithing; Fire tools; Welding

Ironing

- bed linen, H 327
- board for, H 315
- clothes-horse for, H 318
- electric irons for, E 107–110, 243*
- embroidery, H 329
- iron, care and use, H 316
- iron holders, H 317
- iron-stand, H 318
- lace, H 330
- process, H 326–327
- scorched places, H 335
- starch sticking, to prevent, H 335
- table linen, H 327
- wax, cloths and paper, H 318

Ironwood

- characteristics, C 558

Irrigation

- book about, A 518
- Chinese treadmill device, B 337*
- Persian wheel device, B 343*

J

Jabot

- Irish crochet, N 342–344*

Jack fagots, K 362

Jack-in-the-pulpit

- description of, G 344

Jacket. See Crocheting

Jai-a-li (Pelota), K 376

Jam

- thimbleberry, A 11

Japan barberry

- hedge shrub, G 357

Japan quince

- hedge shrub, G 357

Japanese clematis

- characteristics, G 365

Japanese fan ball, K 362

Japanese hop

- characteristics, G 331

Japanese snow flower

- characteristics, G 356

Japanese snowball

- characteristics, G 356

Jardiniere. See Plant stand

Jelly

- barberry jelly, A 17

- green grape jelly, A 15

Jerusalem cherry tree, indoor plant, G 197

Jew fish

- catching, K 126

Jewel box

- copper work, M 107–115*

Jeweler's tools. See Tools

Jewelry. See Silver work

Joe Pye weed

- habits and characteristics, G 349

- story of name, G 348

Johnny cake

- camp cooking, K 88

Joints

- butt, C 251*
- clamping mitre joints, D 144*
- dado, C 236*, 255*

- dovetail

- blind, C 256*
- box, C 314*, 256*
- half-blind, C 256*
- lap, C 253*
- single, C 313–314*
- single open, C 256*

- doweled, D 148*, C 251

- gained or housed, C 255*

- gluing, D 140–141*, 144–146*

- mitre joints, C 232–234

- halved, C 253*

- lap joint, D 147*

- hopper, C 251*

- joint edge, definition of, C 186

- kinds and construction, D 140–141*, 143–148*

- lap, C 251, 253*, 256*

- lock, C 255*

- mitre, C 232–234*, D 143–146*

- lap, C 256*

- mortise and tenon, C 250*, D 147*, 154*

- blind, C 255*
- draw boring, C 415
- end, C 256*
- relished, C 256*
- through, C 255*

- notched, C 255*
- rabbeted, C 255*
- rubbed joint, C 251*
- splice or scarf, C 257*
- stretcher, C 256*
- tongue and groove, C 257*
- trick, C 257*

Jonquil

- narcissus family, C 169

- planting and blooming time, G 178

July

- blooming plants, G 365

June

- blooming plants, G 365

K

Kale

- planting and care, G 299

- time to plant, G 234

Keel. See Boat building

Kelvin, Lord

- and the Atlantic cable, E 66

Kennels. See Dogs

Kensington stitch

- flower embroidery, N 178–179*

Kentucky coffee tree, C 566

Kerosene

- cleaning woodwork, H 124, 134

- lighting fires with, H 231

Kerosene emulsion

- insecticide, G 284, 289

- receipt, G 294, 295

Key rack

- carving design, C 123

- whittling, C 12–14*

Key tag

- whittling, C 14*

Kick the stick (Game), K 363

Kiln

- lumber kiln method, C 524–525

- portable pottery kiln, D 299–301*

Kilowatt

- converting into H. P. B., B 125

- hour, E 41

Kindling wood

- cutting and collecting as a business, A 404–408

King Alfred. See Alfred, King

Kingbird

- insect eater, A 456, 457

- migration, K 176

King of the castle (Game), K 364

Kitchen

- chairs, H 196
- cleaning weekly, H 110
- clock, H 199
- curtains, H 198
- floors, H 191–193
- furnishings, H 188–200
- hooks, H 198
- house plan, D 10
- light fixtures, H 199
- ornament, H 199
- rugs, H 193
- shelves, H 197
- sink, H 194
- size, H 188
- tables, H 194
- walls and woodwork, H 189
- See also Ranges

Kitchen utensils, H 200–207

- aluminum, advantages and care, H 202, 206
- bread board, making, C 222–223*
- care of, H 205
- materials, H 201
- selection, H 203, 207
- sugar scoop and ladle, making, C 272*
- See also Soldering

Kites, B 185–200

- aeroplane kite, making, C 84–87*

- American Malay

- launching, C 92

- making, C 86*

- box kites

- launching, B 191, C 92

- making, B 189–191*

- bridle, fastening, C 88*, 91*
- cellular, making, B 191–192*, C 91–92*
- Chinese, designs, C 96
- coverings, importance of, C 94
- detail drawings, C 91*
- Eddy kite, making, C 86*

- flying, C 88–90

- principle of, B 185–189*

- groups, flying, B 192*, C 90
- joining sticks, C 84–85, 87*
- lines, C 88
- making, B 187–195, C 84–96*
- materials, C 85, 88, 94
- photographing by means of, B 194
- record flight, B 185–187
- reels for, C 88
- sails, C 85
- shape, B 188
- stability, principle of, C 94
- tailless, C 84–95
- tails, principle of, B 188
- tandem, C 95*
- tetrahedral, making, C 92–94*
- war kites, making, B 193*
- wind velocity table, B 198

Knife. See Knives

Knife box

- making, C 223–226*

Knife work. See Whittling; Wood carving

Knights of the Round Table. See Round Table

Knitting, N 351–371*

- baby hood, N 366–368*
- baby vest, N 368
- basket stitch, N 358*
- bootees, N 363–366*
- doll's cap, N 362*
- doll's cape, N 360*
- doll's jacket, N 360–362*
- doll's leggings, N 363*
- German method, N 352*
- lace pine pattern, N 369–371
- materials for, N 351
- patterns, N 360–371*

- shawl

- finishing edge, N 357
- long, N 356–358
- wide, N 358, 359

- stitches

- basket stitch, N 358*
- binding off, N 354–356
- casting off, N 354–356
- casting on, N 351*
- popcorn, N 356*
- purling, N 353*

- washing, N 332

- widening the row, N 355

Knives

- butcher knife, forging, M 354–357*
- steel, washing, H 184
- whittling, C 6*

Knot holes

- how made, A 442

Knots

- raffia knotting, N 271–275*
- silk, cotton, or linen, N 275–277
- See also Sewing

Knuckle of veal, H 270

Kodak, K 304

Kohlrabi

- planting and care, G 300

L

Labeling. See Insects—Collections; Plants—Collections; Shells

Labels for plant markers, making, G 58*

Lace and lace making, N 227–241*

- basting braid, N 227, 228

- Brussels stitch, single and double, N 229, 231*

- buttonholed bar, N 233*
- Connemara lace, N 235–237*
- dyeing lace, H 331, N 238
- edge finishing, N 234
- fan stitch, N 232*
- fagotting, N 229*
- foundation stitch, mesh or net, N 230

- Honiton applique, N 237

- braids for, N 236–238

- Irish crochet lace, N 333–350*
- knitted lace, pine pattern, N 369–371
- Limerick darning, N 234
- maltese cross, design, N 233*
- over handing on, N 15*

- point lace, N 227

- Brazilian, N 238–241*

- Renaissance, N 227
- rolling and whip stitching on, N 22
- spider stitch, N 231–232*
- Teneriffe or Brazilian point, N 238–241*
- twisted bar stitch, N 124*, 233
- washing, H 330
- whitening, H 331

Lacquer

- for brass, M 140

Lacrosse, K 364

Ladder stitch, N 158–159

Lady bug,

- value to farmers, K 168

Lakes

- tides, B 228

Lamb

- cuts and their uses, H 270

- food value

- combinations, H 259

- table, H 253

- See also Sheep

Lamp

- copper work, electric lamp, M 92–96*

- steel base, making, M 401–403*

- wrought iron

- making, M 396–405*

- shade holder, M 399

Lamp, oil

- care of, H 136

- trimming wicks, H 137

Lamp shade

- copper work, M 96–99*
- glass for, M 400
- See also Candle shade

Land drainage. See Drainage

Landscape gardening, G 351–367

- formal gardens, G 357
- flower gardens, G 360–362
- garden furnishings, G 363
- hedges, G 357
- helping nature, G 363

- lawns

- flowers, what and where to plant, G 360

- treatment of, G 352

- points to observe, G 362–363
- principles of, G 351
- purpose, G 357
- screening unsightly places, G 362

- shrubs

- grouping, G 354–355
- selection principle, G 357
- table of, G 355–356

- summer house, location, G 363

- trees, selection and grouping, G 353–354, 357

- vines, G 359
- water garden, G 362
- wild flower garden, G 362

- See also Flower gardening; Gardening; Shrubs; Trees

Lantern

- metal work, M 405–406*

Lantern wheel, B 322*

Lap joints, C 251, 253*

Laplace, Pierre Simon

- Corpuscular theory of light, E 344

Larch

- characteristics, C 530

Larkspur

- background plant, G 320
- characteristics, G 365
- oriental, characteristics, G 333, 335
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161, 320
- varieties, G 319, 320

Larva. See Insects

Last tag (Game), K 370

Lathe tools

- making, M 300–306*

Lattice work, D 209–211*

Launch

- launching the boat, B 134, 137–138
- rules for running, B 74–75
- See also Boat building; Gasolene motors

Laundry work
appliances, H 312–320
blankets, H 324, 328
bluing, H 18, 320

- removing, H 334

boiling clothes, H 323
chamois gloves, H 331
clothes basket, H 315
clothes line, care of, H 314
clothes pins, care of, H 314
colored clothes, H 324
curtains, H 328–329
economizing, H 333
electric washing machinery, E 241–243*
embroidery, H 329, N 136–137
emergencies, H 333–336
freezing weather, H 334
hanging out clothes, H 323, 325
knitting and crochet work, N 332
lace, H 330
muddy water, H 334
poles for, H 315
rinsing clothes, H 323
schedule for wash days, H 106
silk clothes, H 325
soaking clothes, H 322
soap, H 319
soiled clothes, care of, H 321
sorting clothes, H 318
sprinkling and folding clothes, H 325–327
starch, H 319
starching clothes, H 323
stormy days, H 333
stove, H 315
tubs, care of, H 313
wash board, H 313
wash boiler, care of, H 313
wash stick, H 314
washing process, H 321–322
white clothes, H 321
woolens, H 324
wringer, H 314
See also Ironing

Lavender

- growing, G 327

Lavender stick

- making, A 424–427*

Lawn bowling, K 366
Lawn bowls, K 365
Lawn hockey, K 367

Lawn mower

- care of, A 432–433

Lawn skittles, K 368–370

Lawn tennis. See Tennis

Lawns

- crocuses in, A 169, 434
- embankment wall, making, G 73
- flowers in, what and where to plant, G 360
- grading, G 74
- landscape gardening, G 352
- mowing, A 432–433
- rolling, G 75

Layering plants, G 250
Laying the table. See Setting the table
Lazy tongs, B 313*

Lead

- bath to prevent steel oxidation, M 284, 291

- soldering, M 44

Leaded glass

- cutting and soldering, D 196–197*

Leaf hopper, G 293

Leaf mold

- making, A 421–424

Leaks. See Plumbing

Leap frog, K 347

- Spanish fly, K 385

Leather work, D 321–345*, N 83–90*

- applique, N 83, 85*
- applying designs, N 87–90
- articles made from, list, N 89
- belt designs and tooling, D 324–328*
- book cover, D 342–345*
- card case, D 338–340*
- cover for note book, D 331–334*
- cutting, N 88, 89
- dampening for tracing, N 88
- decoration, principles of, D 322
- designing, N 86
- desk pad, D 336–338*
- knots, D 330*
- lining articles, D 339, 341
- mat, design and tooling, D 328–330*
- paste, receipt for, N 88, 95, 96
- pasting, N 85, 89
- pen wiper, designs and tooling, D 330–331*
- planning a skin, N 84*
- polishing, N 96
- purse, D 340–342*
- skins suitable for, D 322, N 83–85*, 92
- stitching by hand, D 333–335*
- tinting, N 96

- tooled leather, N 91–97*

- embossing with die N 93*
- paste, receipt for, N 95, 96
- polishing, N 96
- process, D 326–328*, N 92–94

- relief work, D 329*, N 93–95*

- filling with paste, N 95

- Russia calf for, N 92

- tools, D 323–324*, N 91*, 96*

- tracing the design, N 87, 92

Leaves

- blue printing, A 361

- giving off water, G 245

- simple, compound and doubly compound, C 543*

Leek

- germination per cent., G 233

Left overs

- utilizing, H 355

Legumes

- value as plant food, G 223

Lemon lily

- characteristics, G 333

Lemon tree, ponderosa, G 196

Lemons

- food value, H 255
- preserving in water, H 357
- removing stains with, H 359

Letter copying devices, B 418

Letter opener

- copper work, D 347*

Letter rack

- carving, C 112–117*

- copper work, D 346–347*

- two compartments, making and carving, C 109–112*

Lettering. See Gilding

Letters. See Embroidery

Lettuce

- cabbage lettuce, G 306
- cos lettuce, G 306
- food value, H 255
- going to seed, G 307
- head lettuce, G 306

- planting seed

- depth to plant, G 42, 235
- distance to plant, G 42
- how to sow the seed, G 95
- indoor planting time, G 233
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 233
- germination period, G 32

- succession crops, G 307

- transplanting, G 101

Lever

- arms, B 23*
- double, B 25–27
- lazy tongs, B 313*
- principle of, B 21–28*
- rule for power, B 63

Library tables. See Tables

Lice

- cauliflower pests, G 289

chicken lice, A 148

- powder receipt, A 149, K 201

- plant lice, G 284

Life insurance

- advantages and disadvantages for saving, H 83

Lifting machinery. See Hoisting machinery

Light

- ancient theory of, E 342
- color dependent upon wave length, E 315
- electro-magnetic theory, E 346
- emission theory, E 345
- a form of vibration, E 343

- theories held by eminent scientists, E 343–346

- velocity, B 249–251, E 311

- waves, E 310

- length of, B 251, E 315

Lighting

- economizing bills, H 236
- reading meters, H 238–240*
- See also Electric lighting; Gas lighting

Lightning

- arrester, E 292*

- weather symbol, B 362

- why lightning is seen before thunder is heard, B 249

Lilac

- characteristics, G 356

Lily

- red speciosum, planting and blooming time, G 179

- white day lily, G 333

Lily-of-the-valley

- characteristics, G 365

- false, G 345

Lima bean

- food value, H 255

- planting, G 297

Lime

- disinfectant, H 212
- protecting vines from insects, G 118
- See also Soil

Limerick darning, N 234

Limestone

- formation of, G 216

- road material, G 85

Linden

- characteristics, C 560, G 367

Linen. See Doilies; Ironing; Table linen

Linen chest

- making, C 377–380*

Lingerie hat

- eyelet work, N 169*

- making and trimming, N 171–174

Links. See Chains; Cuff links

Linoleum

- care of, H 191

Liquids

- boiling point, H 277

Living expenses. See Housekeeping

Living-room

- furniture, D 50–53*

- arrangement, D 61

Loam

- meaning of, G 220

Loaves and fishes: story, H 32

Lobster

- boiled, H 292
- color, H 292
- food value, H 254

Lock joints, C 255*

Lockjaw

- cause and prevention, B 248–249

Locks

- escutcheon plates, making, M 410–414*

- See also Door hasp

Locomotives

- boilers, B 117

- link motion valve gear, B 317

Locust

- durability of black locust wood, C 494

- varieties and characteristics, C 565, G 367

Log cabin

- woods for making, K 101

Lombardy poplar, G 353, 367
Looms. See Bead work; Weaving
Loops for buttonholes, N 62*

Lotus, American

- characteristics, G 366

Luge-ing (Game), K 371

Lumber and lumbering

- "boom", C 520
- clear lumber, C 499
- curls or eyes, how made, A 443
- cutting logs, K 100
- defects, detecting, C 524–530
- drive, C 520
- drying, C 495
- estimating, problems in, C 504–509
- kiln-dried, C 524, D 132–133
- knot holes, how made, A 442
- knots versus strength, C 497
- length, standard, C 499
- log jams, C 521
- measuring, C 503
- old method of sawing, C 136*
- plain sawed, D 131*
- quarter-sawed, D 131*
- railroad consumption, C 517
- saw mills, C 522
- seasoning, C 524–525, D 132
- shakes, C 530
- shearing, C 496
- shrinkage, principle of, C 528–530
- thickness, standard, C 498
- volume of business in United States, C 517
- warping, principle of, C 527*
- waste in cutting, C 512
- waste in saw mills, C 522–523
- winding lumber, C 531
- See also Forestry; Trees; Wood

Lumber rack

- making, C 152–154*

Luncheon: story, H 32

M

Macaroni

- food value, H 254

McCray, Arthur H.

- Profits of bee-keeping, A 333–336

Machine shop

- equipping to run by electric power, E 226, 229–231

Machinery.

- See Capstan; Engines; Gas and oil engines; Gasolene motors; Locomotives; Mechanical movements; Motorcycles; Sewing machines; Steam engine; Tools; Typewriters; Water wheels; Wheels; Windmills

McIntyre, Flora

- How I earned two hundred dollars, A 331–333

Mackerel

- food value, H 253

Madeira embroidery. See Eyelet work

Magazine cover

- tooled, N 94*

Magazine rack

- design, D 52*

- and construction, D 165–170*

- wood finish, D 237

Maggots

- garden pests, G 291

Magic lantern. See Stereopticon

Magnesia

- cleaning properties, H 332

Magnet

- earth as a magnet, E 14
- iron, E 13–14
- poles, E 28*
- steel, how to retain magnetism, E 28
- See also Electro-magnet

Magnetic field, E 13

- about electric currents, E 353*
- dynamo, E 9, 11–13
- effect upon a magnet, E 353*

Magnetos. See Dynamos

Mahogany

- imitation stain, C 489, D 230

Maids. See Servants

Mallet

- carpenter's tool, C 200*

- metal worker's tool, M 8*

Maltese cross

- drawing, C 27*

- lace making pattern, N 233*

Mandrake. See May apple
Mandrel, M 154*, 209
Manifolding devices, B 418, 421
Manures. See Fertilizers

Maple

- box elder or ash-leaved maple, C 548
- characteristics, C 544
- moose wood, C 548
- mountain, C 548
- Norway maple, G 367
- qualities of, G 78
- red or swamp maple, C 547, G 367
- seeds, value of, A 47
- silver, white, or soft maple, C 546
- sugar or rock maple, C 545, G 367
- sycamore, C 547

Maple sugar and syrup

- boiling down, A 75
- bonbons, A 77–78
- books about, A 516
- colors, changes in, A 75
- food value, H 254
- identifying trees, A 71
- proportion of syrup to sugar, A 76

- sap

- care when running, A 73
- ingredients, A 75
- states that have sugar trees, A 69

- straining, A 76

- sugar making, C 546

- equipment and preparation, A 72
- Indian methods, A 69
- primitive and modern methods, A 70–71

- tapping trees, A 72–74
- testing when boiling, A 76
- weather for making, A 74

Marathon race

- championship, K 371

Marble

- composition, G 216

Marbles

- first shot "fat", K 346
- names of, K 373
- playing, K 372
- reals, K 373

March

- birds, K 175

- blooming plants, G 364

Marconi, Guglielmo

- inventor of wireless telegraph, E 316, 346

Marguerites

- bedding plants, G 324

Marigold

- African, characteristics, G 332
- characteristics, G 330
- good blooming plant, G 323
- marsh marigold, characteristics, G 366
- planting seeds, G 158
- pot marigold, characteristics, G 329, 331
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- varieties, G 157

Marine engines. See Gasolene motors; Steam turbines

Marketing, H 264–273

- principles of buying, H 265
- quantities, consideration of, H 272
- staples, buying of, H 272

- See also Names of articles, e. g., Fish; Meats; Vegetables; etc., also Beef; Shad, etc.

Markets in Venice, H 264

Marking

- bath towels, N 150*, 156
- combination stitches, N 150–157*
- cross stitch, N 156
- emblems, bullion, N 154–156
- feather-stitching, N 156
- French knots, N 150
- ladder stitch, N 158–159
- monograms, N 152–154
- napkins, N 156, 157
- outlining, N 150*
- papier-mache letters, N 156
- table and bed linen, N 157

Marquetry work, C 328
Marsh rabbit, A 509
Martha, H 382–387

Martin

- migration, K 176

Masonry. See Cement; Foundations; Retaining walls

Match safe

- copper work, M 81–82*

Match scratchers

- drawing and making, C 38*

Matches

- invention of, B 272

Mathematics

- woodwork mathematics, C 498–509

Mats

- corn husk for braiding, A 63

- tooled leather, designs and process, D 328, 329*

- woven rattan, N 247*, 249

- See also Rugs

Matt tool

- definition of, M 210

Matting

- cleaning, H 131

Mattress

- making for doll-bed, N 50–52*

- corn husks for, A 63

Maxim's, aero-curves, B 166–167*

Maxwell, James Clark

- scientist, E 341

May

- birds, K 175

- blooming plants, G 365

May apple, A 23, G 345

Mayonnaise

- remedy for curdled, H 356

Meadow lark

- migration, K 176

Meadow mushroom, A 89

Meals

- clearing the table, H 176

- effect of mental attitude during, H 247

- preparation

- advance, H 308

- sequence of work, H 305–308

- serving

- courses, H 170
- dessert course, H 172
- duties of waitress, H 169–172
- finger bowls, H 172
- who to serve first, H 172
- without a maid, H 174–176

Measures. See Weights and Measures

Meat

- boiling whole, H 278
- braising, H 280
- broiling, H 275–276
- buying principles, H 266
- camp cooking, K 90
- cooking, preparation for, H 285
- cuts of, H 268*

- food value, H 250

- table, H 252

- judging condition of, H 270
- left overs, H 355
- names of parts, H 267
- roasting, H 282
- stewing, H 280

- See also Beef; Fish; Lamb; Mutton; Pork; Poultry; Veal

Mechanical drawing, C 23–39*

- circles, C 28–30*
- crosses, C 24–27*
- curves, B 339
- cylinder and cones, C 34*

- design for filing cabinet, C 395–396*

- for match scratcher, C 38*

- ellipse, B 210–211*, C 19*, 112–114*

- enlarging or reducing drawings, C 390, B 339

- first lessons, C 24–30*

- triangle, hexagon and star, C 29*

Mechanical drawing—Instruments

- compass

- proportional compasses, B 339*

- how to use, C 28–30

- cyclograph for describing circular arcs, B 339*

- drawing board

- how to use, C 23–25*

- making, C 381–383*

- drawing table, making, C 391–394*
- irregular or French curves, making, C 387
- making an outfit, C 381–398

- pantagraph

- making, C 388–391*

- how to use, B 325*

- section liners, C 387

- T-square

- making, C 384–386*
- to prevent warping, C 394
- use of, C 24

- triangles, constructing, C 386–388*

- views and dimensions, C 32–34*

Mechanical movements
anti-friction bearing, B 326*
balance, principle of, B 25
balance spring, B 330–331*
capstan, B 347*
centrifugal check hooks, B 326*
circular motion

- continuous, B 323*
- intermittent, B 321–324*
- variable, B 321*

combination, B 327–328*
compasses, B 339
compound, definition, B 306
crank motion, B 312
cyclographs for describing circular arcs, B 339*
diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315, 316
disk-engine, B 334*
driving feed rolls, B 316*
endless bands, B 336*
feed motion, B 337*
fulcrum, principle of, B 21–28*
Geneva stop, B 319*
governor

- centrifugal, B 313*
- engine, B 329
- water wheel, B 314*

grinding or crushing, B 307–308*, 336*
gyroscope, B 334–335*
hyperbolas, B 338*
irregular motion, B 319–321*
lantern wheel, B 322*
lewis, B 347*
link-motion valve gear, B 317–318*
number of, B 307
oscillating engines, B 333–334*
pantagraph, B 325*
parabolas, B 338*
parallel motion, B 332–333*
parallel ruler, mechanism, B 331–332*
pendulums, B 329–330*
perpetual motion

- definition, B 306

- impossibility of, E 234–237

pulleys, B 309–310*
ratchet wheel, B 322–324*
rectilinear motion, B 312*
releasing hook, B 326*
rollers, principle of, B 28
rolling contact, B 318*
rotary, B 312*
rotary engines, B 340*

- intermittent, B 322*

simple, definition, B 306
speed, changing, B 328*
steering gear, B 346
stop and rotary motion, B 319*
toe and lifter, B 329*
tongs for lifting, B 348*
tread mills, B 337*
turbine, Jonval, B 341*
water wheels, B 341–344*
windmills, B 346*
weight, lever and fulcrum, B 23–28*
See also Mechanics; Pumps

Mechanical powers. See Inclined plane; Lever; Mechanics; Pulley; Screw; Wedge; Wheel and axle

Mechanical toys. See Toys

Mechanics

- first mechanical power, B 21

- problems in estimating mechanical power, B 82

- progress of mechanical arts, B 271–277

- six mechanical powers defined, B 63–64

- See also Aeroplanes; Electric power; Engines; Gasolene motors; Inclined planes; Kites; Lever; Mechanical drawing; Mechanical movements; Perpetual motion; Power; Pulley; Pumps; Screw; Water wheel; Wedge; Wheel and axle

Medicinal plants

- digitalis from foxglove, A 57
- golden seal, A 57
- pokeweed, A 58
- weeds, G 272

Medicine cabinet

- making with paneled doors, C 354–357*

Melon

- origin, G 307

- planting seed

- depth and distance, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34

- See also Muskmelon; Watermelon

Mending and repairing. See Patching; Soldering

Menus, H 244–263

- combinations and varieties, H 259–260
- selection for ease in cooking, H 308
- variety, essential, H 262
- See also Diet; Food; Marketing

Mercury vapor lamps, E 155–156*
Metal work
alloys, M 208
andirons, forging, M 363–370*
belt buckle, designs, M 195*
bending process, M 315
blotter pad, corners for, M 122–124*
bossing up, M 208, 419
bowl

- making, M 13*, 16–22*
- Dutch bowls, M 77–79*
- finger bowls, M 133–135*

brazing metals, M 310–315
chasing, M 209
coloring metals, D 357

- blue black, M 205
- heating process, M 203
- oxidizing silver, M 204

- patina, imitation, M 202

- solution for, M 204

- violet, M 203

corners for chest, M 116

- for desk pad, M 122–124*

decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364

- metal work, M 410–419*

definitions of terms, M 208–211
designing patterns, M 13–14*
die making, M 206–208
door handles, making, M 406, 407, 416*, 417
door knockers, M 410–415*
door pulls, M 415*
drawer pulls

- designs, M 144*

- making, M 417–419*

drawing process, M 315
embossing, M 30, 31

- process, M 361

engraving process, M 361
escutcheon plate, M 412*
etching, M 362
eye bolt, M 415, 418
facets, M 22*

- oval, M 39

flux, M 209
forming process, M 315
hammering, M 22*, 30, 39
handles

- cedar chest, M 116

- crumb scraper, M 136*

hinges

- cabinet, M 106*
- cedar chest, M 116
- copper or silver, M 100–106*
- fine hinges, M 103*
- riveting to box, M 114*

- tube hinges, M 101–103*

- binding tubes in place, M 105*

- wings, making, M 104*

impressing, M 361
inlaying, M 362
lanterns, M 405–406*
letter openers, M 128*
lids, M 59*, 62*, 120, 139
lock plates, M 105, 116
molds

- making, M 27–28*

- value of, M 31

pickling metals, M 210
planishing, M 210
processes other than smithing operations, M 361–363
repairing by brazing, M 314
repousse

- definition, M 210

- design, M 30*

ring and ring post for box, M 120
riveting, M 73–77*

- handles, M 88
- iron tongs, M 288*
- process, M 73, 76*

rivets, making, M 77
splitting iron or soft steel, M 362, 364–365*
tools for, M 5–15*, 208–211
trimmings

- for cedar chest, M 115–117*

- for cigar box, M 115–117*

tubing for hinges, making, M 101–103*
twisting process, M 315
upsetting, definition, M 315
wire, reducing size of, M 101

See also Annealing; Blacksmithing; Brass work; Candlestick; Copper work; Enamel and Enameling; Fire tools; Forging; Iron work; Silver work; Soldering; Steel; Tempering; Tools; Welding

Meteorology. See Barometer; Hail; Lightning; Rain; Thermometer; Weather

Meter. See Ammeter; Electric-meters; Gas-meters; Voltmeter; Wattmeter

Metric system, C 500–503

Mexican drawnwork, N 211*

Mice

- as pets, K 184

- pests, H 361

Microbes

- tetanus, B 249

Mignonette

- annual, G 322
- characteristics, G 330
- choosing and planting, G 158
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Mildew

- removing stains, H 359

Milk

- boiling point, H 277
- book about, A 517
- food value, H 250, 254
- goat's milk, value, A 115
- marketing, A 247
- removing ink and rust stains with, H 359
- testing for butter fat, A 243

- sanitary and unsanitary methods of milking, A 245–247

Milking machine, Electric, E 54

Milkweed (Prickly lettuce)

- class and seed time, G 278

- distribution of seed, G 273

Mimeograph, B 416

Minerals

- collecting, K 156

Mining machinery

- centrifugal check hook, B 326*

Mink

- breeding season, A 483

- skin

- stretching, A 507

- value, A 484, 506

- skinning, A 507*

- trapping, A 483–484

Minnows

- catching, K 132–133*

Mirrors. See Glass

Mission furniture

- book case, making, C 352
- clock case, making, C 277–278*
- foot rests, making, C 374, 375*
- library table, making, C 360–367*
- making, C 361–376
- plant stands, making, C 372–373*
- tabourette, making, C 308–310*
- tea table, making, C 367–372*
- umbrella rack, making, C 375*
- writing desk, design, C 375*

Mission oak finish, D 231

Mississippi River

- proposed dam across, B 246

Mitchell, Frank

- success with chickens, A 163

Mitre box

- making and testing, C 228–231*

Mitred joints, C 232–234*, 256*, D 143–146*
Model house. See Architecture
Modeling. See Pottery

Molasses

- food value, H 254

Mole

- fur, A 491
- habits, A 489
- trapping, A 489–491

Mollusks

- preserving specimen, A 374

Money. See Accounts; Allowances; Income

Mongolian pheasants, A 197

Monogram

- embroidering, N 152–154

Monoplane

- construction of, B 171–173*

- toy model, making, C 75–83*

Months

- lunar and calendar, B 214

Moon

- diameter, B 229
- distance from earth, B 229
- light, origin, B 214
- orbit, B 216
- phases, B 215*
- rotation, B 216
- See also Tides

Moon flower

- characteristics, G 331

Moon vine

- value, G 359

Moore, D. McFarland

- inventor of Moore light, E 156*

Moore electric lamp, E 156*

Mops

- kinds and uses, H 141

Morels

- mushrooms, A 86

Morning glory

- characteristics, G 331
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- value, G 359

Morris, William

- rule for household possessions, H 115

Morris chair

- construction, D 188–193*
- designs, D 50*, 189*
- history of designs, D 188
- wood finish, D 237

Morrison, Arthur

- budget of housekeeping expenses, H 78

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese

- inventor of the telegraph, E 60

Mortise and tenon joints, C 250*, 255*, 256*, 415

Mosquitoes

- book about, A 519
- breeding places, A 474
- enemies of, A 475, K 168
- eradicating, A 473–475
- protection from, in camping, K 70

Moss pink

- characteristics, G 364

Moths

- baiting, A 400–402, K 153–154
- collecting and mounting, K 151–153
- collecting time, A 388
- development from the egg, A 393–395
- how they come out of the cocoon, A 347
- pests, H 362
- See also Silkworm

Motion. See Mechanical movements

Motor boat. See Boat building; Gasolene motor; Launch

Motor cycles

- engines, B 387–391*

Motors. See Aeroplanes; Automobiles; Dynamos; Electric motors; Engines; Gasolene motors; Locomotives; Steam engines; Vacuum cleaner; Water wheel

Molding. See Metal work; Pottery

Molds

- concrete block molds, B 243
- concrete furniture molds, D 202
- die making, M 206–208
- metal work, M 27–28, 31

Mount Mellick stitch, N 143

Mountain climbing

- healthfulness of, K 17

Mountains

- snow line, B 368

Mounting specimens. See Insects; Plants; Seaweed

Mouse club

- membership, K 184

Movements. See Mechanical movements

Moving toys. See Toys

Muffins

- mixing ingredients, H 302

Mulberry leaves

- food for silkworms, A 337

Mullein, moth

- class and seed time, G 278

- habits and characteristics, G 347

Mumblety peg, K 374

Mushrooms

- book about, A 516
- chanterelles, identifying, A 89
- cooking, A 84, 87
- coprinus comatus, A 90

- coral fungi

- cooking, A 87

- identifying, A 86

- edible varieties, A 83*, 85–92
- food value, H 255
- inky caps, identifying, A 90
- meadow mushrooms, A 89
- morels, identifying and gathering, A 86*
- oyster mushrooms, identifying, A 91
- propagation, A 88

- puff balls

- cooking, A 84
- identifying, A 83–84, 87–89
- varieties, A 88–89

- shaggy manes, A 90

- where to get information about, A 91

Music

- transmitted by telephone, E 295

Musical instruments. See Organ; Piano; Pipe organ; Telharmonium

Musk

- characteristics, G 331

Muskmelon

- American, outdoor planting, G 308
- English, how grown, G 307–308
- food value, H 255
- indoor planting time, G 233
- seeds, germination per cent., G 233

Muskrat

- book about, A 519
- food, A 509
- fur, value, A 491
- houses, A 503
- river trapping, A 504
- setting and baiting traps, A 504
- skinning, A 507*
- skins, value, A 506
- swamp trapping, A 503

- trapping, A 492

- season, A 504

Mustard, wild

- class and seed time, G 278

Mutton

- cuts and their uses, H 270

- food value, table, H 253

My heritage, H 63–68

Myrtle

- characteristics, G 365

N

Nail puller

- making, M 353*

Nails

- boxes for, making, C 206–209*
- cabinet for, making, C 209–212*
- driving into plaster walls, C 246
- holding power, B 46–47
- sinking nails, C 208*

Napkin

- marking, N 157

- See also Table linen

Napkin rings

- silver or copper work, M 191–192*

Naphtha

- cleaning properties, H 332

Narcissus

- easy to grow, G 166

- poets narcissus, planting and blooming time, G 177

- varieties distinguished, G 169

- water bulbs, G 168, 175

Nasturtium

- characteristics, G 323, 328, 329, 332
- dwarf, characteristics, G 332
- planting, G 83, 156

Natural resources

- conservation, A 92–94

- by specimen collectors, A 362

Nature study

- keeping a diary, K 148–149
- making a beginning, K 144–150
- methods, K 150
- mineral collections, K 156
- practical side, K 167
- water life, K 158–167
- water telescope, K 159
- See also Insects; Plants; Shells; Silkworm

Necklace

- silver work, M 166–170*

Neckties. See Ties

Needham, John

- Reclaiming a spring, A 280–282

Needlecase

- making, N 46–47*

Needlecraft. See Basket making; Bead work; Braiding; Crocheting; Drawnwork; Dressmaking; Embroidery; Irish crochet; Knitting; Lace making; Leather work; Sewing

Nemophila

- characteristics, G 331

Nernst lamp, E 157

Nets

- butterfly net, K 151*
- collector's net for water specimen, K 158*
- making, for insect collecting, A 376–378

Newspapers

- cleaning lamps with, H 138

- polishing glass with, H 134

Newton, Sir Isaac

- corpuscular theory of light, E 344

- theory of tides, B 217–218

Newts

- taming, A 266

Nigger baby (Game), K 381

Nile River

- dam across, B 247

Nitrates

- plant food, G 10, 221, 223

- for sandy soil, G 224

Norfolk Island pine, G 196
Norway pine. See Pine—red
Notched joints, C 255*
Notched trophy stick, C 11*

Nut hatch

- insect destroyer, A 456

Nutrition. See Diet; Food

Nuts

- beech nuts, A 37–39
- book about, A 516
- chinquapins, A 32
- food value, H 255
- grading for market, A 42

- growing, A 43–46

- from seeds, A 46

- hazel nuts, A 33–35
- hickory nuts, A 39
- pecans, A 40–43
- pine nuts, A 29

- tree seeds, A 46

- care of, A 48

- use of, A 46

- walnuts, A 35–37

Nuts (Iron)

- forging, M 244–246*

O

Oak

- antique, stain for, C 489

- black jack or barren oak, characteristics, C 554

- black or yellow, characteristics, C 554
- chestnut oak, characteristics, C 552
- durability of wood, C 494
- Flemish oak stain, D 231
- forest green oak finish, D 232
- fuming, D 233–234
- golden oak finish, D 229
- gray oak stain, D 232
- laurel oak, characteristics, C 555
- live oak, characteristics, G 367
- mission oak finish, D 231

- mossy-cup or bur oak, characteristics, C 551

- oak gall, K 147
- pin oak, characteristics, C 553, G 367
- post or iron oak, characteristics, C 552
- quality of, G 79
- quarter-sawed, C 551*, D 131–132
- red, characteristics, C 552
- scarlet, characteristics, C 553
- stains, list of, C 482
- swamp white oak, characteristics, C 552
- weathered oak stain, D 233
- white, characteristics, C 549–551
- willow oak, characteristics, C 554

Oats

- depth to plant seeds, G 235

Obelisks

- moving, B 56–57

Occupations
berry picking, A 8–13
best ways of earning money, A 3–6
birds, attracting, A 455–461
carriage cleaning, A 408
character building, A 6–7
choosing, A 6
cider vinegar, making, A 412–417
collecting Christmas greens, A 50–57
collecting insects, A 374–403
collecting plants, A 94–99, 349–374
collecting tree seeds, A 46–50
collecting useful plants, flowers, grasses, etc., A 57–69
collecting wood for rustic furniture, A 410
corn, drying, A 427–428
corn, selecting seed, A 410–412*
fall work, list of, A 5
forest fires, preventing, A 467–468
game preserve, creating, A 464–467
grape juice making, A 417–421
harvesting nature's crops, A 8–99
keeping bees, A 287–336
kindling wood, gathering, A 404–408
lavender sticks, making, A 424
leaf mold, making, A 421–424
making brooks and springs useful, A 271–286
maple sugar making, A 69–78
mosquitoes and flies, exterminating, A 473–478
mushroom gathering, A 83–94
nuts, gathering and growing, A 29–45
odd jobs, A 404–448
orchard work, A 409*
outdoor worker's library, A 516–519
raising animals for pets, A 203–240
raising domestic animals, A 100–202
silkworms, raising, A 337–348
snow shoveling, A 431–432
spring work, list of, A 6
summer work, list of, A 5
tennis court, making, A 428–431
training animals, A 241–270
trapping, A 478–512
weeds, killing, A 469–473
wild fruit, gathering, A 14–29
winter work, list of, A 5
year-round, list of, A 6
See also Housekeeping
Ocean. See Tides
Odd jobs, A 404–448

Oersted, Hans Christian

- discovery of magnetic action of currents, E 14

- discoverer of magnetic field about an electric current, E 353

Ohm, George Simon

- Ohm's law, E 92–93

Oil cloth as a floor covering, H 191

Oil engines. See Gas and oil engines

Oil furnace

- heating steel in, M 290

Oil lamp. See Lamp, oil

Oil nut. See Butternut

Oilstone

- sharpening tools, C 183*

Okra

- germination per cent., G 233

Olympic games

- events contested for, K 372

One old cat (Game), K 375

Onion

- food value, H 255
- indoor planting time, G 233
- insect pests, G 291
- peeling, H 294

- planting seed

- depth and distance to plant, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- planting sets and seed, G 309–310

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 233
- germination period, G 32

- soil for, G 23, 309

Open air life. See Outdoor life

Opening the house. See Housekeeping

Opossum

- bait for, A 509

- skin, value, A 509

Orange

- food value, H 255

Orange root, G 348, 365

Orchard. See Fruit trees

Organ

- electric, E 55, 278–279*
- pipe organ, E 44–52
- telharmonium, E 293–295

Oriental rug

- washing, A 447

Oriole

- insect eater, A 457

- migration, K 176

Ornithoptere flying machine, B 163

Osage orange

- hedge shrub, G 357

Osmium lamp

- metal filament, E 145

Oswego tea, G 333, 347
Outdoor furniture. See Furniture
Outdoor games. See Games

Outdoor life

- sleeping outdoors, A 6–9, 52*
- value of, K 6
- See also Camping

Outdoor sports. See Sports

Outdoor work

- free printed matter, how to obtain, A 513–516

- occupations suited to the four seasons, A 5
- odd jobs, A 404–448
- See also Occupations

Outlining. See Marking

Ovens

- camp ovens, K 80–82*
- clay, K 81
- dampers for regulating, H 229
- Dutch, K 81
- electric, E 305–308
- reflector, K 80, 81*

- temperature for baking and roasting, H 282, 283

Owl

- as a pet, K 184

Oxen

- trained oxen, value of, A 258–259

Oyster

- broiling, H 275–276
- cleaning, H 291
- food value, H 253
- opening, H 290
- testing, H 291

Oyster mushroom, A 91

P

Packing

- books, H 349
- fixtures, H 348–349
- furs and woolens, H 347
- textile furnishings, H 348

Paint

- cleaning woodwork, H 122, 124, 134
- removing stains, H 359
- stenciling, N 81–82

Painting (Mechanical)

- brushes, H 342
- mixing paints, H 342
- preparing surface, H 341
- summer house, C 424

Palms

- care of, G 198

- varieties to grow, G 198

Panama canal

- cement used for, B 246

Pandanus

- window box plant, G 193

Pansy

- care of bed, G 318
- characteristics, G 329, 331
- picking flowers, G 319
- planting seeds, G 318
- to prevent running out, G 319
- tufted, characteristics, G 334

Pantagraph, B 325*

- making, C 389*

Pantry

- arrangement, H 177
- plan in model house, D 12
- See also Dish washing

Paper hanging

- applying paste, H 345
- matching and cutting, H 344
- putting on paper, H 345
- quantity of paper required, H 343
- removing old paper, H 344

Paper knife

- carving designs, C 122*
- copper work, D 347*, M 34–38*, 126–128*
- whittling, C 121–123*

Papier-mache letters for marking, N 156

Par (Game), K 347

Parabolas

- describing, B 338*

Parasites

- eggplant pests, G 305

Paris green

- insecticide, G 282, 285, 288, 290, 292

- rule for mixing, G 130

Paris sewers

- described by Victor Hugo, H 216

Parsley, G 310

- planting seed

- depth to plant, G 42, 235
- distance to plant, G 42
- in a box, G 164
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34

- germination per cent., G 233

Parsnips

- food value, H 255

- planting seed, G 310

- time to plant, G 234

- wild parsnips, class and seed time, G 278

Partridge

- migration, K 176

Pass it (Game), K 375

Passe partout, D 72–78*

- color scheme, D 73–74
- materials and tools, D 75
- process, D 75–78*

- Paste

- receipt, H 346

- for leather work, N 88, 95, 96

Pastry

- filling pies, H 304
- juices, to prevent boiling over, H 305
- mixing the dough, H 303, 304
- soggy crust, preventing, H 304

Patching

- square patch, N 33–35*

Patents

- applying for, B 200–201, 205
- Canadian, B 207
- caveat, provisional protection, B 206
- drawings and specifications, B 202–205
- duration, B 205

- fees for application, B 205, 206

- in a foreign country, B 208

- re-issuing, B 205
- time required to procure, B 205
- what granted for, B 206

Patterns. See Embroidery; Dressmaking; Stenciling

Peach trees

- care of seeds for planting, A 48

- distance to plant trees, G 258

Peacock

- care and feeding of young chicks, A 186
- habits of the hen, A 186
- Indian peacock, value, A 187

- raising, A 185–188

- acquiring information about, A 187

Peanuts

- food value, H 256

Pear

- distance to plant trees, G 258

- food value, H 255

Peas

- food value, H 250, 255

- insect pests, G 291

- planting seed, G 311

- quantity to plant, G 36

- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 33, 233
- germination period, G 32

Peasants

- German embroidery work, N 196

Russian applique work, N 198

Pecan

- commercial value, A 42, 43
- cultivating, A 40–41
- gathering, A 41–42
- grading, A 42–43
- polishing for market, A 43

Peen of hammer. See Hammer
Pelota (Game), K 376
Pelts. See Skins

Pen rack

- design and making, C 117–119*

Pen tray

- gouge work, C 259*, 263*

Pen wiper

- tooled leather, D 329–330*

Pencil box

- making and carving, C 106–108*

Pencil sharpener

- drawing and making, C 38*

Pendulum

- compound bar, compensation pendulum, B 330*

- mercurial compensation pendulum, B 329*

Pennant

- yacht pennant, B 107

Peony

- annuals, G 316
- arrangement in the garden, G 321
- Chinese, characteristics, G 335, 365
- depth to plant, G 321
- European, characteristics, G 335
- garden, characteristics, G 365
- planting and blooming time, G 179

Pepper

- indoor planting time, G 233

- planting and transplanting, G 311–312

- planting seed

- depth and distance to plant, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 233
- germination period, G 32

- stuffing, varieties for, G 312

- varieties, G 312

Pepper bush, sweet

- characteristics, G 356

Perennials

- definition of, G 160
- for cut flowers: table, G 333
- fragrant: table, G 333
- low: table, G 334
- medium height: table, G 335
- tall: table, G 334
- value of, G 316

Pergola

- designing and building, C 425–440*

Perpetual motion, B 306

- impossibility of, E 234–237

Persimmons

- picking, A 23

- region grown, A 22

Pests. See Household pests; Insect pests; Mice; Rats

Pets

- book about, A 517
- care of, K 170–192
- housing, C 451–456*, K 186
- ornamental land and water fowl, K 180–182
- raising, A 203–240
- story of a boy's animal cage, A 233–235
- taming wild animals, K 186
- trained, market value, A 248

- See also Bantams; Birds; Cats; Cavies; Crows; Dogs; Ducks; Gold Fish; Guinea pigs; Mice; Pigeons; Poultry; Rabbits; Raccoon; Shetland pony; Squirrels

Petunia

- characteristics, G 329
- good bloomers, G 323
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Pheasant

- book about, A 517
- breeds, A 197
- coops and rearing ground, A 200–201
- eggs, packing, A 199
- feeding young chicks, A 200

- localities in United States for raising, A 198

- migration, K 176

- protection from birds of prey, A 202

- raising, A 196–202

- care of mother, A 199

- in England, A 199

- serving in German fashion, A 197
- varieties, K 181
- See also Guinea fowl

Phlox

- characteristics, G 330, 331, 332, 365
- late, characteristics, G 335
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Phœbe bird

- insect destroyers, A 457

- migration, K 175

Phosphates

- plant food, G 10, 221, 224

Photography, K 301–317

- action of chemical waves, E 336
- cameras, kinds and cost, K 303–304
- dark room, K 309
- developers and developing, K 313–315
- exposure, K 312
- fixing bath, K 314, 315
- focusing, K 311–312
- lens, importance of, K 307
- negatives, preserving, K 316
- plates versus films, K 308
- printing papers, K 315
- snap shots, taking, K 305–307
- snap shots versus real photography, K 302
- subjects, choosing, K 310

Piano, Electric, E 54

Pickerel weed

- characteristics, G 366

Pickles

- walnuts, A 37

Pickling metals

- definition, M 210

Picks (tools)

- forging stone picks, M 344*

Picnic tables and benches

- making, B 132–134

Picture frames and framing

- carbon photographs of a masterpiece, framing D 69–72

- carving designs, C 101, 102, 130–132
- colonial interiors in colors, framing, D 68
- gluing mitred joints, D 144–146*

- joints

- kind required, D 147

- mitred, D 143–144*, C 232–234*

- large photographic reproduction, framing, D 148

- palette photograph frame, C 131
- passe partout, D 72–78*
- rabbeting, C 232*
- selecting, D 67
- shrinkage, D 146
- silver work, M 185–186*
- staining, D 69, 71
- stock, securing, D 142–143*
- whittling back for, C 131
- whittling out of solid piece, C 19–22*

Pictures, D 64–80*

- cleaning, H 135
- decorative value, D 64
- grouping and hanging, D 66–67

- hanging correctly, D 79*

- considering space values, D 64–65

- height to hang, D 80
- hooks and wires, D 78–80
- Japanese way of hanging, D 65–66

Piers

- foundation walls, B 19

- filling space between, B 76

Pies. See Pastry
Pig. See Swine
Pig iron, M 230
Pig pen. See Swine

Pig weed

- class and seed time, G 278

Pigeon holes. See Filing cabinet

Pigeons

- breeds, A 208, K 178

- prize winners, K 179

- carrier pigeons, K 180
- characteristics, A 207
- common, care of, K 179
- devotion of male, A 211

- dove cote, A 208–209

- care of, A 215
- for fancy breeding, K 179
- sanitary provisions, A 213

- dragoons, K 178
- fancy pigeons for pets, A 207–217
- feeding, A 214, K 179
- fly made of wire, A 212*
- market value, K 179
- nest building, A 210
- nest dishes, A 210, 211
- nesting compartment, building, A 209–210
- net for capturing, A 209*
- perches, making, A 210
- pests, guarding against, A 209
- pouter, K 178
- roosts, making, A 210*
- rufflenecks (Jacobins), K 178
- tumblers, characteristics, A 208, K 178
- water bath, A 214
- white fan tail, model, K 178
- See also Squabs

Pile driving machine

- releasing hook, B 326*

Pillow

- bead work, N 293
- choosing cushion covers, D 97
- cornhusks for filling cushions, A 63
- fraternity pillow, N 376
- lingerie pillow, N 375
- making for doll-bed, N 52
- See also Block printing; Stenciling

Pillow case

- making for doll-bed, N 53*

- marking, N 157

Pillow shams

- fastening, H 152

Pin

- insect pins, A 380

- metal work tool, M 210

Pin case

- making, N 56*

Pin cushion

- embroidered, N 193–196

Pin tray

- gouge work, C 264*

Pine

- cones, gathering and storing, A 49
- Georgia pine, characteristics, C 535
- long leaf, A 55
- pitch pine, characteristics, C 536
- red, characteristics, C 536

- white

- characteristics, C 535

- strength, C 496

- white pine seeds

- gathering and curing, A 48–49

- marketing, A 49

- yellow, characteristics, C 536

Pine needles. See Balsam

Pine nuts

- gathering, A 29

Pink

- characteristics, G 329
- fringed, characteristics, G 333
- moss pink, characteristics, G 364

Pioneer life

- "goin' plummin'", A 26–29

Pipe organ

- operating by electricity, E 44–52

Pipes. See Plumbing; Soldering; Stove pipe; Waste pipes

Pistil

- seed making function, G 247

Pistons

- mechanism of, B 315–316*

Pitch block

- definition of, M 210

Pitch fork

- forging, M 239*

Pitcher plant

- characteristics, G 366

Plackets. See Dressmaking
Plaited skirts. See Dressmaking
Plane. See Inclined plane

Planes and planing

- adjusting planes, C 177
- block plane, C 176, 178
- cap iron, adjustment and use, C 184*
- jack plane, C 178

- operation of the plane, C 146, 178–179, D 133–134, 136

- sharpening plane irons, C 179–184*
- smooth plane, C 177*
- use of shooting board, C 106*
- wooden and iron, C 176*

Planishing

- definition of, M 210

Plant breeding

- budding, G 251–254
- improving seeds, G 246–248
- layering, G 249–251
- methods, G 249

- mongrel varieties from close planting, G 105, 145

- seed selection, G 225–233
- slipping, G 188–190
- topping, G 199, 250–251

Plant food, G 221–226

- chemicals essential for, G 221

- how plants feed, G 225

- nitrogen, G 10, 221

- for sandy soil, G 224

- source of, G 223

- phosphorus, G 10, 221, 224
- potash, G 10, 221, 224
- source and value of, G 10

Plant stands

- jardiniere of wood, G 68–71*
- mission style, making, C 372–373
- stool making, G 53–55

Plantain

- rib-grass, class and seed time, G 278

- seed production, G 274

Planting tables. See Flower gardening; Seeds; Shrubs; Vegetable gardening

Plants

- action of chemical waves, E 336
- books about, A 518
- effect of light, G 242
- essential parts, G 240
- food manufactured and stored by, G 242–245
- herbaceous plants, definition, G 317
- honey or pollen plants, A 322

- leaves

- food factory, G 242–245

- functions, G 240

- lice, destroying, G 284, 291, 293
- life history, G 239–248
- making wooden labels for, G 58*
- medicinal plants, A 57
- root-system, G 240–241
- stems, passage way, G 241
- studying, A 349–369

- transplanting, G 118, 268–270

- from coldframe, G 101–102

- useful to attract birds and protect trees, A 461

- See also Flower gardening; Flowers; Gardening; Insect pests; Plant breeding; Plant food; Salad plants; Seeds; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables; also names of plants

Plants—Collection and preservation, A 349–363

- arranging specimens, A 352–353
- blue printing, A 360–362
- classifying specimens, A 356–359
- drying specimens, A 353
- labeling specimens, A 356, K 156
- marketing collection, A 360
- mounting specimens, A 353–356, K 155
- outfit for, A 352
- preserving in covers, A 356
- reasons for collecting, A 349–350, 360

- representing different stages of growth, A 359–360

- rules of the game, A 362

- seaweed, A 362–374

Play

- importance of, K 4–5

Playhouse, H 3–40

- in flats and apartments, H 8
- in garret, H 5
- in a tree, H 3
- make believe, H 8, 13

Playthings

- make believe, H 11–12

- See also Toys

Pleurisy root, G 348, 365

Pliers

- carpenter's tool, C 199*

- metal worker's tool, M 6*

Plug in the ring (Game), K 376

Plum

- care of seeds for planting, A 48
- distance to plant trees, G 258
- origin and distribution of wild plums, A 24
- value of trees in chicken yards, K 204

Plumb-line

- home-made device, G 114

Plumbing, H 213–223

- care of, in closed houses, H 348
- importance of, H 219
- leaks, peppermint test, B 254
- location of pipes for housekeeper, H 216
- principle of the U, H 216–218*
- taps, repairing, B 255
- traps, construction and care, H 217–218
- ventilation pipes, H 319
- See also Soldering; Waste pipes

Pocket book. See Purse

Point lace. See Lace making

Poison Ivy

- destroying, A 472–473

Poisoning. See Lockjaw

Poker

- making fire tools, M 371*

Pokeweed

- roots and berries, A 58

- shoots as food, A 58

Polish and polishing

- French polish, C 490

- wax polish, C 490

- See also Brass work; Copper work; Enamel; Floors; Furniture; Glass; Metal work

Pollination of plants, G 247

- corn growing, G 145

Polo

- equestrian, K 377
- hand polo, K 356
- water polo, K 392
- wicket polo, K 393

Pompey's pillar, B 57

Pond making in a city back yard, G 134–136

Ponderosa

- indoor plant, G 196

Pony as a pet, A 203–205

Poplar

- Carolina, G 367
- characteristics, C 563
- for landscape gardening, G 353
- quick growers, G 79

Popp-mallow

- characteristics, G 334

Poppy

- characteristics, G 328, 331
- depth to plant seeds, G 235
- Iceland, sowing and blossoming time, G 161
- in England, G 271
- Oriental, characteristics, G 335
- planting, G 84, 158
- plume, characteristics, G 334
- self-sowing, G 316
- transplanting, G 156

Porcupine quills

- how to procure, A 68

- uses, A 69

Pork

- cuts and their uses, H 270

- food value, H 253

- combined with vegetables, H 259

- used as chicken, H 358

Porterhouse steak, H 269

Portieres

- bead work, N 290–293
- stenciling, N 81
- weaving designs, D 260–261
- See also Block printing

Portland cement

- origin and uses, B 246–248

Portulaca

- blooming plants, G 323

- characteristics, G 328

Posts

- preserving underground, C 402

- See also Foundations

Pot rest, G 68–71*

Pot roast, H 268

Potash

- plant food, G 10, 221, 224

Potato

- boiled or baked, H 280
- food value, H 255
- insect pests, G 287, 292

- planting seed potatoes, G 129

- cutting device, A 437–439*
- depth and distance to plant, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36

- profit from raising, G 130
- spraying, G 130
- soil for, G 129

Potato race, K 378

Pots and pans

- care of, H 198, 201
- materials, H 201
- soldering, M 43–45

Potted plants. See Flower gardening

Pottery, D 280–320*

- bat and how made, D 286

- "bisque," meaning, D 301

- bowl

- decorating, D 294–299*

- designing and modeling, D 287–294*

- candlestick, designing, D 313–315*
- clay, selecting, D 284
- coiling method, D 283, 291*
- concrete pottery, D 207–209*

- decoration

- applying the design, D 297–298
- classes, D 295–297*
- color combinations, D 303–304
- methods, D 294
- modeling a decoration, D 298
- under-glazing, D 298–299

- designing, D 288–290*

- avoiding natural forms, D 290

- testing profiles, D 290*

- development of, D 280–281

- fern dish, D 310–313*

- firing, D 299–301

- glazed pottery, D 306

- glazes, matt and bright glaze mixes, D 303

- glazing, D 301–307*

- grinding the glaze, D 302

- "grog" making, D 316
- handles, making, D 309*
- kiln, portable, D 300*

- materials and tools, D 284–287*

- template, D 292*

- modeling process, D 290–292*

- potter's wheel versus hand method, D 282–283

- scientific principle of, D 281
- scraping, D 293*
- "slip," meaning, D 294
- testing work, D 292*

- tiles for tea plate and fireplace, D 315–320*

- tools, D 285–287

- vases, designing and decorating, D 307–310*

Poultry, A 132–178, K 193–207
accounts, how to keep, A 153, 157, 168, 172
acquiring information, A 187
amateur's experience with, A 166–168
American breeds, K 195
Asiatic breed, K 195
Bantams, breeding and care, A 217–218
books about, A 517
Brahmas, K 195
breeding pure stock, A 156

- purpose of, K 177

breeds, characteristics, A 220–222, K 194–195
broilers, raising, K 195

- fattening for market, A 152–153

brooders, making, A 175, K 199
broody hens, curing, A 144
business methods in poultry raising, A 153–159
care and housing, A 133–143, K 193–207
city experiment with, A 159
cleanliness, A 142–143, 146
clipping wings, K 207
Cochins, K 195
cooking

- broiling, H 275–276

- preparation for, H 285–288

coops, model, A 147–151*
crested variety, care of, A 222
drawing poultry, H 287
dust bath for, A 141*, K 206
eggs

- best layers, K 195
- cost of, for settings, K 196
- effect of feeding on layers, A 171
- keeping a record for idlers, A 157*
- of fancy fowls, A 221
- quality affected by feed, A 146
- selections for settings, A 148
- testing layers, A 154–155*
- winter laying, K 205–206

exercise, provisions for, A 138, 146
expenses of one experiment, A 176
experiments, A 159–177
fancy breeds and their care, A 219–222, K 194–195
fattening broilers for market, A 152, 153
feathers, marketing, A 159
food value: table, H 253
fruit trees in the chicken yard, K 204
Hamburgs, characteristics, A 220
hatching

- average number from a setting, K 196

- time required for eggs to hatch, A 148, K 198, 201

hen gate, A 158*

Houdans, characteristics, A 220
incubators, A 175

- average time for eggs to hatch, K 198, 199

- operating, K 197–199

killing, H 286
Lakenvelders, characteristics, A 220
Langshans, K 195
Laying hens. See Poultry, eggs

Leghorns, K 195

- eggs, A 221

- in a prize contest, A 160–163

lice

- on small chicks, A 148, K 201

- preventing, A 143

marketing, A 156–159
Mediterranean breeds, K 195
molting season, A 145
nests for sitting hens, A 147
non-sitters, K 195
ornamental land and water fowl as pets, K 180–182

- cost of, K 181

Orpingtons, record price, K 194
plucking, H 286
Plymouth rocks, K 195
Polish varieties, A 220
prize contests, stories of, A 160–164
prize-winning Orpingtons, K 194
profit in, K 193
ranging versus housing, A 134
runs, cornfields for, A 176
selection of, for cooking, H 271
shows, purpose of, K 177
sitting hens

- coops for, A 147–148*, 150
- feeding, A 144
- nests for, A 147
- raising, K 200–201

starting a business with eggs versus chickens, K 195–196
stories of success in raising, A 159–177
thoroughbreds versus mongrels, K 194
training for poultry raising, A 173
trap nests for testing layers, A 154–155*
white Wyandotte, A 168–172, K 195
wild fowl, clipping wings, K 81
winter care, K 205–206
young chicks, care of, K 202–203, A 147–153
Yokahamas, A 220

See also Ducks; Game and game birds; Geese; Guinea fowl; Peacock; Poultry feeding; Poultry houses; Turkey

Poultry feeding

- effect on quality of eggs, A 146

- feeding six thousand hens in one half hour, A 164–166

- growing feed, A 153
- making hens lay, A 171
- molting season, A 145

- rack for feed pans, to prevent waste, A 145*

- regularity essential, A 146
- self-feed grain box, A 139*
- self-feed grit box, A 136*
- sitting hens, A 144
- trough for feed, making, C 450*
- winter feeding, K 206
- young chicks, A 150–153, K 199

Poultry houses

- building a poultry house, A 132–143*, C 441–450*, K 204*

- cleaning provisions, A 140, K 204
- construction principles, A 135, C 441–442
- coops, A 147–150*
- corners, finishing, C 446*
- curtained shed, A 138
- doors and windows, A 137*, C 448
- dropping board, A 140, C 449
- dust bath, A 141*, K 206
- floors, cement, A 137
- foundation, C 443–444
- frame for window screen, C 449

- framework of the house, C 444–445*

- for an eleven dollar house, A 133*

- furnishings, A 139–142*, K 204*
- heat, planning for, A 135
- location, A 135, K 207
- materials, A 136–137
- nests, location, A 140–141, K 204
- roofing paper, C 449
- roosts, making, A 139, C 450, K 204
- runs, A 141, 142, C 450, K 204
- sanitary principles, A 142–143, 146
- scratching shed, A 138, K 204, 205
- siding for frame, C 445
- sleeping room, K 204
- working drawings, C 443, 447

Powell. See Baden-Powell, Sir Robert

Power

- dynamometer for measuring, B 324*
- foot pound, B 123
- problems in estimating, B 82
- steam versus electricity, E 3–5
- units of power, B 122–125

- See also Electric power; Gasolene motors; Mechanics; Steam; Water power

Precious stones

- bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176
- cutting metal away for setting, M 157–159*
- prong setting, M 159–161*
- selecting for rings, M 152

Preserves

- storing in cellar, H 211

- See also Canning; Jam; Jelly

Press copying methods, B 418
Pressing skirts, N 73
Prime roasts, H 269

Printing

- block printing, D 98–106

Prisoner's base, K 378

Propeller. See Aeroplanes; Screw propeller

Proteins

- effect of boiling, H 277
- effect of cold water, H 278
- food composition, H 248
- foods containing, H 250
- proportion in diet, H 249, 252

Proverbs

- Indian proverb about home making, H 44

Pruning

- hazel bushes, A 35

- methods, A 439–443*

Puff balls, A 83–84, 87–89

Pulleys

- chain, B 322*
- dynamometer, B 324*
- endless chain, B 310
- expanding, B 321*
- mechanical principle of, B 49–52*
- movable, theory of, B 50–51*
- multiple, B 51–52*
- rule for power, B 63, 310
- snatch block, B 50*
- Spanish bartons, B 310*
- triangular eccentric, B 311*
- use of, B 43*
- White's pulley, B 310*

Pumpkin

- planting, G 312

- depth and distance to plant, G 42
- quantity of seed to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234
- with corn, G 117

- seed

- age for planting, G 34

- germination per cent., G 233

- striped beetle pests, G 117

Pumps

- action of, B 235–236
- Archimedes screw, B 143–145*, 344
- double acting, B 346*
- force pumps, B 236, 345
- lift pumps, B 236, 345*
- plunger pump for vacuum cleaner, B 379–381*
- theory of, B 234–235
- See also Windmills

Punch (Tool)

- centre punch, making, M 297*

- metal work tool, M 7*

Pupa. See Insects

Puppy. See Dogs

Purdy, Carl

- collecting and growing California bulbs, A 94–99

Purling, N 353*

Purse

- bead work, N 285–290*
- tooled leather, making, D 340–342*
- See also Card case

Purslane (Pursley)

- class and seed time, G 278

Push ball, K 379

Push button. See Electric push button

Pyramids of Egypt

- how they were built, B 54–56

Pyrography

- outfit, C 330–331

- woods suitable for, C 240, 330

Pyrometric cones, D 300*

Q

- Quail. See Bob white
- Quaker ladies, G 341
- Quarter sawed oak, C 551, D 131–132*
- Queen Anne's lace, G 349
- Quills, porcupine, A 68
- Quoits, K 379

R

Rabbeted joints, C 255*

Rabbit

- bait, A 508
- breeds, common and fancy, K 182, A 498
- care of, K 185
- characteristics, A 497
- enemies, A 498
- fur, value, A 501
- house, construction, C 451–454*, K 182–183*
- hunting, A 500
- raising for pets, A 206
- snares, making, A 500
- story of a boy's animal cage, A 234

Raccoon

- bait for, A 509
- habits, A 268
- skin, value, A 509
- story of a boy's animal cage, A 234
- taming, A 268–269

Racing

- feather race, K 347
- marathon race, K 371
- potato race, K 378
- sack race, K 384
- three legged race, K 390
- tub race, K 390
- water race, K 393

Racquets or Rackets (Game), K 380

Radiators

- steam as distributors of heat, E 314

Radish

- icicle, G 95
- indoor planting time, G 233
- insect pests, G 291

- planting seed

- depth to plant, G 42, 236
- distance to plant, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- quick development, G 313

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 233
- germination period, G 32

Raffia work, N 250–277*

- basket making, N 243, 250–252

- covers, N 252
- handles, N 255–256
- melon-shaped basket, N 257–259*

- belts, N 273–274
- braiding raffia, N 262–263*, 268
- doll's hammock, N 271
- doll's hat, N 253–255*
- fringe, N 274

- hats

- braiding, N 263–264*
- trimming, N 264, 268, 270
- weaving on wire frames, N 264–268

- jewel case, N 260–261*
- knotting raffia, N 271–275*
- materials for, N 250
- napkin ring, N 252, 253*
- preparing the raffia, N 262, 268
- shopping bag, knotted raffia, N 272–273*
- skip stitch, N 257
- Solomon's knot, N 265
- split stitch, N 257
- three strand braid, N 268–270
- whisk broom, N 275*
- winding stitch, N 257

Rafters. See Roofs

Ragout, H 269

Ragweed

- class and seed time, G 278

Rain

- causes of, B 355–356

- drops, formation, B 357–360

- shape, B 360

- fall

- effect on forestation, B 361
- measuring, B 349–353*
- recording, B 362–363

- gauge, making, B 350–353*
- importance of, B 354
- period of rainfall, B 360
- table for measures, B 353
- weather symbol, B 362

Raisins

- food value, H 255

Raking, G 265

Ranges

- draughts and dampers, H 227–230

- See also Gas range

Raspberries

- food value, H 255

- picking wild raspberries, A 9

Ratchet wheel

- mechanism, B 322–324*

Rats

- book about, A 519
- electrocution device, E 271–273*
- trapping, A 496

Rattan work

- baskets, N 243–248*
- mats, N 247*, 249
- whisk broom holder, N 249

Reamur thermometer scale, B 262

Receipts

- barberry jelly, A 17
- canning elderberries, A 16
- elderberry steamed pudding, A 16
- green grape jelly, A 15
- pickled walnuts, A 37
- thimbleberry jam, A 11
- wild crabapple butter, A 22

- See also Camping—Cooking; Cookery; Insecticides; Paste

Red line, or Red lion (Game), K 381

Red spider, G 293

Reed basket

- weaving, G 61–64*

Reel

- making a garden reel, G 51*

Refrigerator

- cleaning, H 109, 241
- drainage, regulating, H 240
- economy in ice supply, H 242
- how to avoid odors, H 241
- location, H 240
- purifying, H 242

Remington typewriter, B 403–409*

Renaissance lace. See Lace

Rent

- what proportion of income to use for, H 74, 77, 78

Repairing. See Furniture; Soldering

Repousse

- definition of, M 210

Retaining walls

- batter, making, B 244–245
- "closers", B 244
- designing, B 240–241*
- foundation, B 238*, 245
- Galveston sea wall, B 247
- "header", B 244
- pointing, B 246
- "stretcher", B 244

Rheostat. See Electric rheostat

Rhubarb

- food value, H 255

Ribbon embroidery. See Embroidery

Rice

- camp cooking, K 90
- food value, H 254
- washing, H 295

- wild rice

- characteristics, A 78–79
- harvesting, A 79
- uses of, A 78, 79

Richards, Ellen H.

- "Cost of living" quoted, H 74

Rifles

- aiming, K 122
- care and cleaning, K 123
- learning to use, K 120–123

Rings

- iron, welding, M 248–250*, 254*
- silver work, M 152–162*
- steel, making, M 265*
- See also Precious stones

Rivers

- protecting river banks, B 237
- tides, B 227, 229
- See also Retaining walls

Riveting

- handles, M 88
- iron tongs, M 288*
- making rivets, M 77
- metal, M 73–77*
- metal worker's tool, M 10*
- rivet set, M 73
- silver letters on copper, M 188–190*
- stove pipe, M 74

Roads

- material for road-bed, G 85–86

- repairing dirt roads, G 84–86

Roast pig, story, H 18

Roasting

- meats, H 282
- open fire for, H 282
- thickness of food, H 276

Robbers

- Irish stew and the robbers: story, H 15

Robin

- insect destroyers, A 457

- migration, K 175

Rock

- how soil was formed from, G 213

- See also Boulders

Rock garden

- flowers to plant in, G 325
- location, G 324
- plants, G 340
- soil requirements, G 325

Roentgen rays

- ether waves, E 316

Roley boley (Game), K 381

Roller

- ball-bearing principle, B 28
- making wooden rollers, C 268*
- moving rocks on rollers, B 18

Roman cut work, N 138–142*

Roof

- construction for summer house, C 418–422*
- construction of frame, C 465–469*
- cornices, C 421
- hip roof, construction, C 466*
- painting, B 42, C 422

- rafters

- fitting, C 467*

- making curved rafters, C 418

- roofing paper, C 419

- saddle boards, C 421

- shingling, B 40–42, C 419–422*

- estimating shingles, B 40

- nails required, B 42

- square of shingling or clap boarding, meaning, B 41

Rooms. See Bedroom; Dining-room; Furniture; Girl's room; Guests; House decoration; Kitchen; Living-room; Pantry; Servants

Ropes

- carrying power of hemp, B 47
- preservative for hemp, B 48
- strength of wire rope, B 48

Roque, K 382

Rose

- Christmas, characteristics, G 333
- insect pests and remedies, G 284, 293
- Irish crochet, N 339–340, 344
- moss, characteristics, G 332

Rose chafer, G 293

Rose jar

- copper work, M 56–60*

Rose slug, G 284
Rotascope. See Gyroscope
Rotation of crops, G 149
Round steak, H 268

Round Table, Knights of

- how Gareth became a knight, H 20

Rowing

- intercollegiate record, K 383

Rubbed joints, C 251*

Rubber plant

- topping, G 199, 250

Rubbish

- disposal of, G 263

Rubicon (Game), K 383

Rugby football, K 348

Rugs

- bathroom, H 156
- beating-rack, A 444–446*
- braiding, N 295–296*
- carpets versus rugs, A 443–444
- cleaning, A 443–448, H 128
- dry cleaning, H 332
- kitchen, H 193
- Oriental, washing, A 447
- storing, H 348
- washing, A 446–447

- weaving, D 252–260*, N 297–305*

- color combinations, D 255
- designs, D 252–253, 256–258*, N 302
- materials, D 253, 258, N 301
- preparing the woof, D 253–254
- process, D 259–260, N 300–301
- setting the loom, N 297–300
- woof shuttle, D 254*

Rulers

- carpenter's rule, C 205

- parallel, mechanism of, B 331*

Run, sheep, run (Game), K 360

Running

- hare and hound chases, A 17

Russia calf for tooled leather, N 92

Rustic furniture

- collecting wood for, A 410

- suggestions for making, D 209–211*

Rye

- food value, H 254

S

Sable, Alaskan, A 484

Sachets

- herbs and grasses for, A 65

Sack racing, K 384

Sad iron. See Electric iron

Saddles

- English, Mexican and army, K 225–226*

Safety valves for steam engines, B 116

Sage

- growing, G 327

Saint Francis of Assisi, H 25

Salad plant

- endive, G 305

- lettuce, G 306

Salamander

- taming, A 266

Salary. See Income

Salmon

- bait for, K 136*

- food value, H 253

Salt

- removing stains with, H 358

Salt cellar

- silver work, M 183–184*

Salt pork

- cuts, H 270

Salvia

- bedding plants, G 324

San Jose scale, K 167

Sand bag

- definition of, M 210

Sand papering. See Whittling

Sandy soil. See Soils

Sanitation. See Garbage; Plumbing; Refrigerator; Sewerage

Santos Dumont's monoplane, B 167*, 175–177

Sap. See Maple sugar

Sardine

- food value, H 253

Sashes. See Doors; Windows

Satin stitch, N 147–149*

- combinations, N 148–154*

- design, N 158*

Sauce

- wild crabapple, A 22

Sausage

- buckwheat cakes combination, H 258

- food value: table, H 253

Sauteing, H 281

Saving

- methods, H 83–85

- necessity and value, H 82

Savoury herb, G 328

Saw horse

- making, C 143–149*

Saw mills, C 522

Saws

- band saw, C 522
- brazing steel band saws, M 313
- buck saw, C 172*
- compass saw, C 172*
- construction principles, C 171–172*
- coping saw, C 20*
- cross cut saws, principle and use, C 170*
- danger of the power saw, D 187
- gang saw, C 522
- hack saw, C 175*
- metal worker's tools, M 9*
- rating by points, C 173
- rip saw, principle and use, C 169*
- sawing copper work, M 35–36*
- turning saw, C 173*
- using, position for, C 174*

Saxifrage

- habits and characteristics, G 340, 364

Scabiosa

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Scales

- mechanical principle, B 24–25*

Scalloping, N 132–133*, 135

Scallops

- cooking, H 292

Scarf

- crocheted, N 318*

Scarf pin

- silver work, M 162–165*

Scarfing, M 254–257, 258

- wrench, M 275*

Scarlet runner beans, G 297

Scarlet sage, G 324

Scarlet tanagers

- insect destroyer, A 457

School grounds

- improving, G 72–87

Science

- value of study, E 338–340

Science club, E 339

Scilla, bell flowered

- planting and blooming time, G 177, 178

Scissors

- protecting points of, N 48

- shears for metal work, M 5*

Sconce

- copper work, M 52–56*

Scorched stains

- removing, H 335

Scotland's burning, K 384

Scours

- remedy, A 120

Scouts. See Boy Scouts of America

Scraper

- definition of, M 210

Screen. See Fire screen

Screw

- Archimedian, B 143–145*, 344*
- case hardening screws, M 309–310
- concealing in woodwork, method of, C 343*
- countersunk, meaning, C 190
- driving, B 157
- endless, B 142
- finish, C 191
- flat and round head, C 190–191*
- friction, provision for, B 142
- mechanical principle, B 139–147*
- number designation, C 191
- nut, principle of, B 140
- power principle, B 140–147
- principle applied to tools, B 156
- removing, device for, B 157
- rule for power, B 64
- use of, C 190–192*
- wooden screw, strength of, B 156
- worm gear, B 141*
- worm and wheel, B 145–147*

Screw drivers, C 195, 199–203*

Screw propeller

- aeroplane, B 169–170, C 70–72*

- blades

- area versus power, B 149–150
- finding area, B 154
- principle, B 147

- features of, B 148

- pitch, calculating, B 155*

- power

- calculating, B 150–155*

- principle of, B 149–150

- speed, reckoning, B 148

Sea walls. See Retaining walls

Seal

- electric, A 491
- French, A 501
- Hudson, A 491

Seams. See Dressmaking

Search light, Electric, E 153*

Seasoning

- broiled meats and vegetables, H 276, 279

Seats. See Benches; Chairs; Settees

Seaweed

- care of specimens before mounting, A 364
- collector's outfit, A 363
- mounting specimen, A 364–368*
- time and places for collecting, A 363
- varieties, A 369

Seeds, G 227–238

- age for planting purposes, G 34
- cotyledon, G 230
- depth to plant: table, G 35, 235
- distribution of wild seeds, G 273
- envelopes, making, G 56–58*

- germination

- aiding, G 236
- experiments, G 31
- per cent., G 232–233
- table, G 32

- method of improving, G 246–248

- planting

- compacting soil, G 237–238
- how to plant, G 99, 268
- quantity to plant: table, G 36
- time, indoor and outdoor, G 233–235

- saving for sale or planting, G 371

- selection

- germ developing power, G 231
- impure seed, G 231
- seed plants, G 227–228
- size, G 228–233

- selling, how to put up seed, G 371–372
- soaking, G 138
- testing for germinating value, G 33, 143

- See also Grass seed; Trees; Vegetables; also names of plants, e. g., Beans; Nasturtiums; Pansy; Peppers, etc.

Seesaw

- mechanical principle of, B 26

Selvage, N 15

September

- blooming plants, G 365

Servants, H 370–381

- cook, duties, H 109, 112

- days out, adjustment of work, H 111

- duties

- four or five maids, H 105
- one maid, H 104, 107
- three maids, H 105, 108
- two maids, H 104, 108, 112

- hours, H 379

- mistress and maid

- business relations, H 376–377

- personal relations, H 371–375

- personal liberty, lack of, H 372
- proportion of income required for, H 76
- room, H 378
- servant question, H 370–381
- meals, when served, H 105

- waitress

- dress, H 173

- duties, H 169–172

Serving table. See Buffet; Setting the table

Serving the meal. See Meals—Serving

Serving tray

- copper work, M 75–77*

Seton, Ernest Thompson

- Boy Scouts organizer, K 49

Settee

- box furniture, making, C 477*
- garden settle, making, D 200*
- hall settle, D 49*
- outdoor settee, making, C 410–411*

Setting the table

- dining table decorations, H 164
- glasses, H 165
- methods, H 167
- serving table, use of, H 166
- sideboard arrangements, H 166
- silver, H 165
- table linen, H 162–164

Settle. See Settee

Sewer pipes. See Plumbing

Sewerage system,

- importance of, H 214

Sewing
apron making, N 26–30*
back stitching, N 12*

- half back stitch, N 13*

bands for

- aprons, N 30*

- skirts, N 39*, 44

basting stitches, N 7*
binding, N 51*
blanket making, N 54*
buttonhole stitch, N 58*
buttons, N 4–6
care of hands, N 19
counterpane for doll's bed, N 55*
crow's foot stitch, N 55*
darning, N 9–11*
felling seams, N 68
French hem, N 21
gathering, N 26–30*

- stroking, N 27*

gussets, N 35–40*
helping mother, N 3
hemming

- French hem, N 21
- gauge, notched card, N 17*
- rolling the edge, N 21*
- skirt, N 36, 43
- straightening the edge, N 17
- turning corners, N 20*
- turning the hem, N 17

hooks and eyes, N 24–25*
knotting the thread, N 5

- substitute for, N 14, 16

mattresses, N 53*
needle case, N 46–47
needles, emery for, N 19
over-casting, N 15*
over-handing, N 15–17*
patching, N 33–35
pillow cases, N 53*
plackets, N 35–40*, 43
plain sewing, N 3–11
position of sewer, N 19–20
rolling the edge, N 21*
running and back stitch combination, N 14*
running stitches, N 7*
scissors, how to hold, N 12*
seams

- felling, N 68

- stitches for, N 12–17*

sewing apron, N 31–33*
sewing case, N 45–49*
stitches, N 12–25*
tape loops on towels and dresses, N 23*
thimble, how to use, N 4*
thread, length of, N 5
tucking, N 36
turning corners, N 20
whip stitch, N 21*
work box, fittings, N 3

See also Basket making, Bead work; Braiding; Dressmaking; Embroidery

Sewing machines

- boat-shaped shuttle type

- carriers and drivers, adjustment, B 303–304*

- looping the thread, B 302

- setting needles, B 305*

- cleaning, B 281
- oiling, B 281*
- puckering, to prevent, B 283–285

- rotary hook type

- bobbin case, B 293–295*

- holder, adjusting, B 301*

- compared with boat-shaped shuttles, B 299–300

- construction, B 285–293*
- feed, regulating, B 298
- feed motion, B 337*
- hook guide and hook driver, B 289–292*
- hook ring, B 293
- needle bars, setting, B 287–288

- needles

- changing, B 292

- setting, B 303–305*

- presser foot, B 297–299*
- repairing shuttles, B 300
- stitch regulator, B 286*, 293
- take up spring, replacing, B 295–297*
- tension, B 288–289
- thread controllers, B 301–303*
- threading, B 286*, 298, 302
- Wheeler and Wilson, B 299–300

- shuttle action of different types, B 283–284*

- tension, adjusting, B 283–285
- threads to use, B 282
- types, B 280

- vibrating shuttle, B 281–285*

- presser foot, adjustment, B 285

- Wheeler and Wilson, B 299–300, 337

Shackles

- forging, M 349–352*

Shad

- food value, H 253

Shades

- cleaning window shades, H 131

- See also Candle shade; Lamp shade

Shadow embroidery

- stitches and materials, N 126–127*

Shagbarks, A 39

Shamrock pattern for Irish crochet, N 341

Sharks

- catching, K 126

Sharpening tools. See Tools

Shawl

- crocheting rainbow shawl, N 316–317*

- knitting, N 356–359*

Shears

- protecting points of scissors, N 48

- tools for metal work, M 5*

Sheep

- feeding, A 104–105

- book about, A 517

- lambs, care of, A 105
- raising, A 103–107
- shearing, A 106

Sheepskin for leather work, N 83

Sheets

- making for doll-bed, N 54*
- marking, N 157
- See also Beds; Ironing

Shell fish

- broiling oysters, H 275
- food value, H 253
- preparing for cooking, H 289–293

Shellac

- method of using, C 486, D 216–217

- source and qualities, C 486

Shells

- book about, A 518

- collecting, A 369–374

- outfit, A 372

- preserving and labeling specimens, A 374

Shelters. See Summer house

Shelving. See Book case

Shetland pony

- breeding for profit, A 205

- characteristics, A 203–205

Shingling. See Roof
Shinney, K 367
Shirley poppies, G 322

Shoe buttons

- how to sew on, N 6

Shoepac, K 209

Shoes

- base ball, K 264
- foot ball, K 280*
- for winter sports, K 208–209

Shooting

- hints on how to shoot, K 115–118
- rifle shooting, K 120–123
- "wiping his eye", K 117

Shooting board

- how to make, C 189*

- how to use, C 106*

Shop. See Carpentry and Woodwork; Work shop

Shot guns

- aiming, K 113, 117
- barrel lengths, K 120
- care and cleaning, K 123
- choke-bore gun, K 119
- double barrels, K 111*
- "drop" of a gun, K 113
- for small game, K 112
- learning to shoot, K 114–118
- pattern, testing, K 118–119
- selecting, K 112–113
- styles for various purposes, K 119
- unloading, K 115
- See also Rifles

Shovel

- blacksmith's shovel, M 226, 229*
- fire tools, making, M 372–373*
- home-made snow shovel, A 432

Shrubs

- characteristics: table, G 355–356
- hazel bush, A 34
- planting and transplanting, G 134
- selection principles, G 37, 354, 355, 357

Sideboard

- arranging for service, H 166

- design, D 55*

Siding. See House framing

Sieve

- making a garden sieve, G 59–61

Signals and signaling

- marine flag code, B 107–109

- weather signals, B 361–362

Silkworm culture, A 337–348

- apparatus for rearing, A 339*

- book about, A 518

- cocoons

- preparing for market, A 347
- spinning, A 345–347*
- weight of, A 347

- eggs

- hatching, A 340–341

- laying, A 338–339

- first age, A 343

- food and feeding, A 337, 339–346

- racks for, A 342*

- moth

- how it comes out of the cocoon, A 347

- life of, A 338

- molting periods, A 343–345
- stages of growth, A 337
- varieties of silk spinners, A 338

Silver

- cleaning and care, H 111, 185
- setting the table, H 165
- washing, H 183
- See also Silver work

Silver fox

- book about, A 517

Silver maple. See Maple
Silver work
bar pins, M 171–174*
bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176
bracelets, M 174–177*

- Indian design, M 176–177*

brooches, M 171–174*
characteristics of silver for working, M 151
collar slide, M 170–171*
comb, M 194–196*
cuff links, M 192–194*
enameling on, D 355
gems

- selecting, M 152

- setting, M 152–161*, 163*, 165, 176

hinges. See Metal work—hinges
lettering silver on copper, M 187–190*
links, making, M 167–169*
mustard spoon, M 182*
napkin ring, M 191–192*
necklaces, M 166–170*
oxidizing silver, M 204
pendants, M 169
picture frame, M 181, 185–186*
pin, M 163–164*
rings

- bezel setting, M 152–157*
- deep set stone, M 157–159*
- prong setting, M 159–161*
- twisted silver wire, M 161–162*

riveting letters, M 188–190*
salt cellar, M 183–184*
salt spoon, M 183*
scarf pin, M 162–165*

- setting the stone, M 165

spoons, M 178–184*
sugar tongs

- bowl design, M 182*

- claw design, M 180–182*

tools

- chisel, making, M 157*

- mandrel, M 154*

watch fob, M 187–190*

See also Copper work; Metal work

Simmering

- definition, H 277

Sink

- location and care of kitchen sinks, H 193

Sirloin steak, H 269

Skate sailing, K 215–216*

Skating, K 210–216

- club skate model, K 210*
- damming a brook or pond, A 280
- fancy figures, K 210
- hockey skates and playing, K 212–215*
- racing skates and skating, K 211
- sprinting stroke, K 212
- tennis court for skating pond, A 279–280

Skee. See Skiing

Skiing, K 219–222*, 385

- jumping, K 222
- ski pole, K 222*
- skis, K 218–220*

Skins and hides

- curing, A 511

- removing, A 510

- tanning, A 511–512

- solution, A 507

Skirts. See Dressmaking

Skittles

- lawn skittles, K 368–370

Skunk

- nests and habits, A 485
- pelts, value, A 484, 487
- tame, A 270
- trapping, A 484–486

Sled

- bobsled, K 223*

- toy, working drawing, C 40, 42*

Sledge

- blacksmith's tool, M 226

Sleep and sleeping

- advantages of outdoor sleeping, A 6–9

- preparation for outdoor sleeping, A 9, 52*

Sleeves. See Dressmaking

Slippers

- crocheting, N 324–329*

Slippery elm, C 559

Slugs

- exterminating, G 118
- garden pests, G 285
- rose slugs, G 284, 293

Small fruits. See Berries

Smartweed

- class and seed time, G 278

Smilax, Southern, A 55

Smith Premier typewriter, B 409–411*

Smocking

- honeycomb pattern, N 112–114

- stitch, N 114*

Smoking

- dangers of, K 13–14

Smoking set

- copper work, M 79–86*

Snake

- taming, A 266

- venomous, K 149

Snake's head, G 349, 365
Snapdragon, G 277
Snares. See Traps

Snarling iron

- definition of, M 210

Snow

- crystals, forms and colors, B 366–368*
- formation, B 366
- line, B 368, 369
- measuring snowfall, B 367
- perpetual snow, B 368
- shoveling, A 431–432
- uses of, B 367
- weight, B 367

Snow shoeing

- skis and skiing, K 217–222*

- snow shoes, K 216–217*

Snowballs

- Japanese, G 37

Snowdrop

- planting and blooming time, G 177

Soap for laundry, H 319
Soccer. See Foot ball
Socket wrench. See Wrench

Sockets

- making an open wire rope socket, M 281–283*

Soda

- combined with cream of tartar, H 301
- some uses of, H 356
- sour milk and, H 357

Sofa cushion. See Pillow

Softening metal. See Annealing

Soils

- acid, improving, G 30, 115, 222

- adapting crops, G 17–23

- clay

- absorption of water, G 218
- characteristics, G 8
- formation, G 214–215
- improving, G 9, 104, 218–219, 224
- lime for acid soil, G 30

- elements, G 8
- formation of, G 213
- humus, G 8

- improving poor soil, G 9, 103–105, 218–219, 224

- impure air in, H 208

- inoculation, purpose and method, G 119, 122

- lime

- absorption of water, G 218
- formation, G 215–216
- humus for, G 225
- improving, G 218
- testing for, G 216

- loam, meaning of, G 220
- preparing for grass seed, G 74–76
- physical and chemical needs, G 9

- sand

- absorption of water and heat, G 217
- characteristics, G 8
- formation of, G 214
- improving, G 9, 218
- nitrogen needed, G 224

- subsoil, G 220
- testing, G 28–31
- top-soil, G 220

- See also Drainage; Flower gardening; Plant food; also names of plants

Soldering

- brass vase, M 144
- copper handles, M 78–79
- electric iron for, E 116*

- hard soldering, materials and directions, M 41–42

- heat and tools for, M 11–12*
- iron, making, M 45–46*
- metals, M 41–46*
- outfit, B 252, M 11–12*
- preparations, B 252
- process, B 253

- soft soldering

- materials and tools, M 43

- process, M 40, 43–45

- tinker's dam, B 253

- unsoldering, M 205

Solomon's seal, false

- habits and characteristics, G 345

Song birds. See Birds

Sorrel

- class and seed time, G 278

Sound

- production of, E 281

- variation with speed, E 292

- velocity, B 249–251, E 311

- in dry air, water and metals, B 250

- independent of pitch, E 316

- vibrations of metal disks, E 294–295

- waves, E 310

- length, B 251, E 315

Soups

- beef stock, what to buy, H 268
- boiling meat for stock, H 278
- to keep from curdling, H 356

Soutache braid

- for braiding, N 107

Spading

- how to spade, G 88, 265

Spanish fly (Game), K 385

Sparrow

- bird enemy, K 174
- book about, A 519
- migration of song sparrow, K 175

Specific gravity

- meaning and application, B 279–280

Speed indicator

- mechanism and use, E 231*

Spice bush

- characteristics, G 355

Spiders

- food for young wasps, A 391

- nature study, K 145

Spiked loosestrife

- characteristics, G 365

Spinach

- cleaning, H 294
- food value, H 255
- germination per cent. of seed, G 233
- time to plant, G 234

Spindle

- copper work, M 124–126*

Spinning. See Silkworm

Spirea

- characteristics, G 356
- hedge shrub, G 357
- Van Houtte's, a good variety, G 37, 38

Spirit level, C 205*

Splice or scarf joints, C 257*

Spoons

- mustard spoon, silver work, M 182*
- nut set spoon, copper work, M 39–40*
- salt spoon, silver work, M 183
- tea spoon, silver work, M 178–180*

Sports

- girls' outdoor sports, K 318–325

- winter sports, K 208–224*

- See also Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Cricket; Curling; Fishing; Foot ball; Games; Golf; Horsemanship; Hunting; Racing; Rowing; Shooting; Skate sailing; Skating; Skiing; Swimming; Track athletics; Trapping; Walking

Spots. See Cleaning

Spring beauty

- habits and characteristics, G 340

- transplanting, G 340

Springs (Machinery)

- air spring, B 331*
- bearing springs, B 265–266
- car springs, B 265*
- cross bow, making, B 266*
- draw spring, B 265*
- tempering steel, M 295
- uses, B 264

Springs (Water)

- preparing for trout culture, A 273–274

- reclaiming springs, A 274–277

- story of how one spring was reclaimed, A 280–282

Sprocket wheel, B 327*

Spruce gum

- gathering, A 80–83
- making, A 82
- marketing, A 82
- uses, A 81
- white spruce, A 81

Spruce tree

- seed year, A 47

- variety and characteristics, C 537–538

Squabs

- book about, A 517
- care of, A 216
- homers as breeders, A 194–195
- killing and dressing, A 196
- marketing and profit, A 195
- raising, A 193–197
- record keeping, A 216
- where to get information about, A 194
- See also Pigeons

Square, steel

- carpenter's tool, C 205*

- metal worker's tool, M 5*

Squash

- food value, H 255

- insect pests, G 287, 291, 292

- planting seed, G 312

- depth to plant, G 236

- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34

- germination per cent., G 233

Squash (Game), K 386

Squirrels

- as pets, K 184
- bad habits of the red squirrel, A 267
- bait for, A 508
- flying squirrels as pets, K 185
- taming, A 266–267

Stabbler, Sydney S.

- My experience with honey bees, A 328–331

Stains and staining

- alcohol stains, value of, D 227
- applying stains, D 228–229
- asphaltum, D 229
- black walnut imitation, D 230
- brown stain, C 223

- chemical

- composition and use, C 483

- preparing, C 488

- Flemish oak, D 231
- forest green oak, D 232
- fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233–234
- golden oak finish, D 229
- gray oak, D 232
- mahogany imitation, D 230, 231, C 489
- mission oak, D 231
- natural colors versus imitation, C 482
- object of staining, D 226

- oil stain

- composition and use, C 483

- merits of, C 487, D 227

- perfect stain, D 227

- preparation of surface, C 483

- water stain

- advantages of, C 487, D 227

- composition and use, C 483

- weathered oak, D 233

Stake pin

- making, M 233–235*

Stand pipe

- principle of, H 215

Staples

- designing and making, M 235–236*

Star of Bethlehem

- planting and blooming time, G 177

Starch

- boiled starch, making, H 320
- cold starch, making, H 319
- protecting, H 319
- starching clothes, H 323
- sticking to irons, to prevent, H 335

Stars

- effect of aerial tides, E 229

- telling points of the compass by, K 109

- time required for light to travel from, E 312

Starting box (Electric), E 48

- operation of, E 81–83*

Steam

- condensation, B 125
- dry steam, B 125
- expansion principle, B 127
- generation of, B 115–116
- heat units, B 126–127
- wet steam, B 126

Steam engines

- Calipyle, B 114–115
- cylinder and piston, B 117–118*
- disk engine, B 334*

- governors, B 313–316*, 329

- gyroscope, B 335

- heating principle, B 121
- hero engine, B 114*
- history of, B 114–115, 272
- horsepower, estimating, B 122–124
- noise from exhaust, reason, B 113, 120

- power generation and distribution, B 117–120

- principle of, B 115–117
- rotary, B 340*
- safety valve, B 116
- slide valve, B 118–120*
- toe and lifter for valves, B 329*
- waste in power, E 6

Steam radiators as distributors of heat, E 314

Steam turbine, B 128

Steam whistles

- why steam is seen before whistles are heard, B 249

Steamboats

- development of, B 271

- See also Screw propeller; Steam turbine

Steel

- annealing, M 307–309

- Bessemer steel

- manufacture and use of, M 267

- brazing, M 313
- carbon steel, M 289, 308
- case hardening, M 308–310
- crucible cast steel, making, M 297
- cutting tool steel, M 299
- grades, M 296

- hardening

- forged fires for, M 290
- lathe tools, M 301
- solutions, M 291–292

- hook, making, M 266–271*
- invention of, B 271
- lanterns, making, M 405–406*
- manufacturing, M 267
- oxidation, prevention of, M 291
- sockets, forging, M 281–283*

- soft, M 264–288*

- weldless ring, making, M 265*

- working heat, M 264

- stretching processes, M 315

- tempering, M 292–296

- color scheme, M 293–295
- grade of steel required, M 296
- lathe tools, M 301
- side tool, M 304

- testing

- for carbon, M 289

- for hardness, M 292

- tool making, M 322–326
- tool steel, M 289
- welding, M 296
- wrenches, forging, M 273–283*
- wrought iron versus, M 266
- See also Knives; Tool making

Stenciling, N 73–82*

- brushes for, N 79–80*
- color schemes, D 114
- corner designs for borders, D 111–112
- cutting the stencil, D 113, N 76

- designs, making, D 108–113*

- repeating unit, D 110*

- transferring, D 113

- materials and tools, N 81, D 108

- outline drawing, D 112

- paints for

- mixing colors, N 81–82

- testing, D 114–115

- patterns, making from paper, N 76–79*
- pillows, N 77*, 378
- pinning the stencil, D 114
- process, D 115–116, N 79
- repeating and joining units, D 110*
- reversing the pattern, N 80
- stencil bands, size and purpose, D 109–110*
- use in home decoration, N 76, 377
- washable, N 80
- water colors for, N 81

Stereopticon lamp, E 154*

Stewing, H 280

Stickseed

- class and seed times, G 278

Still Pon no moving, K 337

Stings

- care of, H 364

Stitches. See Crocheting; Embroidery; Knitting; Lace making; Sewing

Stock

- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

- ten-weeks, characteristics, G 330

Stock breeding. See Breeding

Stockings

- darning, N 9–11*

Stone wall for lawn, G 73
Stones. See Boulders; Precious stones
Stools. See Foot stools
Storage battery. See Electric batteries
Store room in cellar, H 211

Stories

- Brother Juniper's cooking, H 25
- Fire of coals, H 37
- Irish stew, H 14
- King Alfred and the cakes, H 16
- King's kitchen, H 20
- Loaves and fishes, H 32
- The luncheon, H 32
- Roast pig, H 18
- Widow's cruse of oil, H 29

Storing. See Packing

Stove pipe

- riveting, M 74

Stoves

- draughts and dampers, H 227–230
- laundry, H 315
- See also Fire making; Gas range; Ovens

Strawberries

- care of first-year plants, G 92
- experimenting with varieties, G 92–93
- food value, H 255
- growing, G 88–96
- hill culture versus matted row, G 94
- planting rules, G 93–94
- soil and location, G 88
- staking the bed, G 91*
- wood ashes for fertilizer, G 94

Street cars. See Electric cars

Strength of materials

- nails, B 46–17
- ropes, hemp and wire, B 47–48
- timbers, estimating, B 45
- woods, C 495–497*

String beans

- cooking preparations, H 295
- food value, H 255
- planting, G 297

Striped beetle

- remedy for, G 285

Stump master (Game), K 387
Submarine cables. See Cables, Submarine
Suckers (Game), K 387

Sugar

- food value, H 254

Sugar bush. See Maple sugar

Sugar-scoop

- making a wooden scoop, C 272*

Sugar-tongs

- silver work, M 180–183*

Sumach

- Christmas green, A 56

Summer cottage. See Cottages

Summer house

- building, C 411–424*
- location, G 363
- making a double seat for, C 421–424

Sun

- cooking processes, H 274

- distance from earth, B 230

- time required for light to travel from, E 312

- See also Tides

Sundial

- making, B 209–210*, G 64–66*
- setting up, G 160–162
- sun time versus clock time, G 161

Sunflower

- double, characteristics, G 334
- food for squirrels, G 20
- late, characteristics, G 334, 365
- planting seed, G 106
- sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Swages

- blacksmith tools, M 225*

Swallows

- migration, K 176

Swans

- varieties, K 181

Swastika

- inlaying design on wood, C 322, 323*

Swedish drawn work. See Hardanger embroidery

Sweeping carpets and rugs, H 129

Sweet alyssum

- characteristics, G 329, 330

- planting seeds, G 157, 322

Sweet clover and sweet fern leaves for sachet, A 65

Sweet flag

- characteristics, G 366

Sweet grass

- basket making, A 64

Sweet lavender, G 327

Sweet pea

- characteristics, G 329, 330

Sweet potato

- food value, H 255

Sweet sultan

- characteristics, G 330

Sweet William

- biennial, G 322

- characteristics, G 335, 365

Swimming

- accidents, K 239
- artificial supports, K 239
- breast stroke, K 235
- dangers, avoiding, K 234
- diving, K 238*
- dog stroke, K 234
- fancy stroke, K 238
- girls as swimmers, K 320
- learning how, K 234–237
- on the back, K 238
- overhand or overarm strokes, K 237

- pool, artificial

- cost, A 285
- in back yard, A 282–286
- keeping water fresh, A 286

- pool, book about, A 518

- pool, natural

- damming of stream, A 278–279

- strokes, K 234–235, 237–238

- value as exercise, K 234

Swine, A 126–132

- book about, A 517

- brood sow

- care of, A 130–131

- selecting, A 129

- cleanliness, A 129
- fattening, A 131
- feeding young pigs, A 131
- pen, building, A 127
- profit in raising, A 129

Sycamore

- characteristics, C 562

Sycamore maple. See Maple
Symbols. See Signals
Syrup. See Molasses; Maple sugar and syrup

T

Table linen

- care of, H 163
- ironing, H 327
- marking, N 157

Table runner

- block printing, D 102–106
- designs, D 99–101
- materials, D 98
- weaving, D 273–276

Tables

- checkerboard table, making, C 337*
- dining table design, D 54*
- drawing table, making, C 391–394

- fastening table tops to prevent warping, D 135*

- kitchen, H 194

- library table

- design, D 51*
- heavy, design and construction, D 174–176*
- light, design and construction, D 170–174*
- mission style, making, C 360–367*
- wood finish, D 237

- picnic tables, making, B 132–134

- polished, care of, H 161

- round centre table

- design and construction, D 180–184*

- wood finish, D 237

- tea table, mission style, making, C 367–372*

- See also Setting the table

Tabourette, C 301–312*, G 53–55

- circular top, making, C 302–304*
- estimating lumber for, C 506
- hexagonal top, C 305–308*
- mission style, making, C 308–310*
- Moorish design, C 310–312*
- octagonal top, making, C 304*
- working drawings, C 303, 307*

Tag (Game), K 345

- last tag, K 370
- warning, K 391
- wood tag, K 394

Tamarack. See Larch

Tanager

- migration, K 176

Tanning skins, A 507, 510–512

Tantalum lamp

- metal filament, E 145

Tapes

- sewing on, N 23*

Tapestry

- weaving, N 303–304

Tapioca

- food value, H 254

Tarnish on brass

- preventing, M 140

Tarpon

- catching, K 126

Tea

- camp cooking, K 87

Tea caddy

- brass work, M 136–140*

Tea kettle

- iron work stand for, making, M 406–409*

Tea pot stand

- copper, D 351–353*

Tea pots

- care of, H 207

Tea spoons. See Spoons

Tea stains, H 359

Teeter-tauter

- principle of, B 26

Telegraph

- invention and development, E 59–61
- key, E 63*
- Morse code reading, E 63
- poles, use of glass knobs, E 64
- relay, E 67–68*
- signals, how produced, E 61–63*
- sounders, operation of, E 63
- wires, insulation, E 64

- See also Cables; Submarine; Wireless telegraph

Telephone, E 274–295

- automatic registering device, E 276

- bells

- magnets for ringing, E 287–290

- operation of, E 289

- burning out of the coil, E 291
- central battery system, E 276
- current in telephone circuit, E 287
- double metallic circuit, first used, E 275
- electric spark coil, E 279–281
- history of, E 274–276
- lightning arrester, E 292*
- music transmitted by, E 295
- pole, equipment, E 290

- receiver

- as switch and circuit, E 290
- construction and action, E 276–278*
- operating by induced current, E 351–352
- principle of, E 93–95*
- vibrator, E 278–282

- resistance in the circuit, E 285–287
- simple telephone system, E 283–285*
- sounds, how produced, E 22, 277–282
- transmitter, construction, E 282–284
- vibrations of disks, E 295
- volume of business in 1907, E 274

- wires

- installation, E 290

- use of ground wire, E 292

Telescope

- water telescope, K 159

Telharmonium, E 293–295

Temperature. See Thermometers

Tempering

- hand hammers, M 317, 321
- knives, M 356
- lathe tools, M 301, 304
- steel, M 292–296

Teneriffe lace, N 238*

Tennis, K 284–296*

- court tennis, K 341
- girl's sports, K 322
- hand tennis, K 356
- "love", K 294
- playing the game, K 293–296
- racket
- how to hold, K 295*
- selecting, K 285
- scoring, K 294
- stroke, K 295
- tether tennis, K 388

Tennis court

- accessories, making, C 406–422*

- back stop, making, C 403–405*

- dimensions and directions, C 399, K 286–287*

- drainage, K 288
- grass versus clay, K 285, 287
- laying out, C 399–402*
- making and caring for, A 428–431
- marker, home made, A 430
- marking, K 290–293*
- net, putting up, C 403
- post for net, placing and preserving, C 402
- surfacing and leveling, K 289

Tents

- "A" tent, K 60*
- brush lean-to, K 69*
- Indian tepee, K 63*
- lean-to, K 59, 69*
- trapper's tent, K 62*
- wall tent, K 58*

Tetanus

- cause of, B 248

Tether ball, K 388

Tether tennis, K 388

Thermometers

- centigrade scale, B 262
- changing one scale into another, B 262–263
- Fahrenheit scale, B 262
- history and purpose, B 261
- scales in use, B 261–263
- theory of, B 261

Thermostat, Electric, E 124

Thimble

- how to use, N 4*

Thimbleberry

- description of, A 10
- jam, receipt, A 11
- picking, A 11

Thistle

- Canada, class and seed time, G 278

- Russian, class and seed time, G 278

Thorn apple, A 23

Thrasher, brown

- insect destroyer, A 456

- migration, K 175

Thrush

- migration, K 176

Thunder

- weather symbol for thunder storm, B 362

- why thunder is heard last, B 249

Tides, B 212–236

- aerial, B 228
- cause of, B 217–220
- ebb and flow, B 218
- elevations, changes in, B 226–227
- height, B 229
- lakes, B 228
- lunar, B 217–227

- moon's distance from the meridian, effect of, B 225–227

- neap tides, B 223
- open seas, B 227
- rivers and channels, B 227
- Sir Isaac Newton's theory, B 217–218
- solar, B 222–223, 225
- spring tides, B 223–225
- theory of, B 220–226*
- time, changes in, B 218–220

Tidiness

- meaning of, H 51

Ties

- Irish crochet, N 338–344*

Tile drains. See Drainage

Tiles

- cleaning, H 136
- decoration of, D 317
- fireplace tiles, D 318–320
- for kitchen floors, H 191
- making, D 315–320*
- tea tiles, D 318*
- uses, D 315
- See also Drainage

Timber. See Building; Lumber; Strength of materials; Trees; Wood

Time

- day and night, cause of, B 213

- division of, B 214

Tin

- kitchen utensils, H 202

- See also Soldering

Tinker's dam, B 253

Tip cat

- drawing and making, C 35–37

Titmouse

- insect destroyer, A 456

Toad

- book about, A 517
- enemy to cut worm, K 168
- garden pest destroyer, G 280, A 265
- taming, A 266

Toasters, Electric, E 115

Tobacco jar

- copper work, M 82–85*

Tobogganing, K 223
Toilet boxes. See Box making
Toilet closets. See Closets, toilet

Toilet fixtures

- care of, H 148, 155, 156

Tomato

- dwarf champion, G 314
- food value, H 255
- indoor planting time, G 233
- insect pests, G 286, 292
- peeling tomatoes, H 294

- planting seed

- depth and distance to plant, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- removing ink stains with, H 359

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 233
- germination period, G 32

- staking the vines, G 119
- starting and transplanting, G 118–119
- vines, overgrowth of, G 313

Tommy Tiddler's Land (Game), K 345

Tongs

- blacksmith's tools, M 226*, 228
- fire tools, making, M 374–377*
- iron tongs, making, M 285–288*

Tongue and groove joints, C 257*

Tongue grafting. See Grafting

Tool boxes and chests, C 226–227*, 339–341*

- old-fashioned chest, C 341–344*

- suit case design, C 345–346*

Tool making, M 296–306*

- boring tool, M 304*
- cape chisel, M 299*
- centre punch, M 297*
- cold chisel, M 298*, 325
- crowbars, M 352*
- cutting off tool, M 305*
- diamond point, M 301*
- dividers, M 340–341*
- drills, M 347–349*
- eccentric strap, M 334*
- fire screen, M 11*
- fire tools, M 370–379*
- hammers, M 7*, 316–324*
- hardening, M 289–292
- hardie, M 322*
- hoe, M 328–330*
- hot chisel, M 324*
- lathe tools, M 300–306
- nail puller or claw tool, M 353*
- pitch fork, M 239*
- rock drills, M 334–349*
- round nose, M 300
- set hammer, M 323*
- shovel, M 372–374*
- side point, M 303
- steel for, M 289
- stone chisel, M 341–344*
- stone pick, M 344*
- tempering steel for, M 292–296
- tongs, iron, M 286–288
- wood chisel, M 337–338
- wrenches, steel, M 273–281
- See also Forging; Steel; Welding

Tooled leather. See Leather work
Tools
anvil stake, M 10*
beck iron, M 208
burners, M 11–12*
calipers, M 255
chisels, M 9, 157*, 225*
dividers, M 5*

- using, M 24*

draw plate, M 100*, 102, 209
drills, M 9*
enameling tools, M 197
face plate, M 209
files, M 9*
fullers, M 224*
gouges, M 225
graver, M 209
hack saw, C 175
hammer, M 7*

- hand hammer, M 224*
- peen, M 254*
- set hammer, M 225*

hardie, M 226*, 274*
jewelers' snips, M 5*
leather work tools, D 323–324*, N 91*, 96*
mallet, wooden, M 8*
mandrel, M 209
matt tool, M 210
pin, M 210
pitch block, M 210
planishing hammer, using, M 22*
pliers, M 6*
pottery modeling tools, D 285–287
principle of the inclined plane applied to, B 59
punch, M 7*, 297*
ring mandrel, M 154*
riveting tool, M 10*
sand bag, M 210
saw frame, M 9*
scraper, M 210
screw principle, B 156
shaping tools, M 10*
shears, M 5*
shovel, M 226*, 229
sledge, M 225
snarling iron, M 210
soldering outfit, M 11–12*
square, steel, M 5*, C 205*
stake and riveting tool, M 11
swages, M 225*
tracer, M 211
tongs, M 226*, 228
vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*
wedge, principle of, B 59–61*
wooden block, M 6*, 19*

- using, M 28*

See also Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools and appliances; Chisels; Drilling and boring tools; Gardening—Tools; Hammers; Tool boxes; Tool making; Wedge; Wrenches

Topping plants, G 199, 250–251

Tops

- plug in the ring, K 376

Towel rack

- making a wooden rack, C 274*

Towel roller

- making a wooden roller, C 267–269*

Towels

- marking, N 157

Toy making, C 40–49

- aeroplanes, C 68–83*
- boat in a storm, C 52–56*
- designing moving toys, C 58–60*
- dog house, C 42*
- electric engine, E 58*
- electric spinner, E 57*

- electric train operated by wireless outfit, E 325–327*

- fencers, C 46–48*
- happy Jack windmill, C 159*
- Indian paddlers, C 44–46*

- moving toys, C 58–95

- cautions, C 61

- method of procedure, C 58–60*

- racing automobile, C 62–66*
- sawyers, C 50–52*
- turkey and executioner, C 56–57*
- wooden boxes, C 40*
- See also Kites

Toys

- giving away, H 10

- inventions and discoveries, H 11

Tracer

- metal worker's tool, M 211

Track athletics

- all round championship, K 328
- best college record, K 336
- intercollegiate contest events, K 360
- Olympic games, events, K 372
- one hundred yard dash, best record, K 329
- scoring in all round championship, K 328

Trained animals. See Animals

Transferring

- embroidery patterns, N 128–129

- stencil designs, D 113

Transplanting. See Vegetable gardening; also names of plants, e. g., Beets; Lettuce, etc.

Trapping, A 478–510

- baiting traps, A 509

- carrot bait, A 508*

- for muskrats, A 505

- books about, A 519
- box traps, A 479*, C 454*
- deadfall trap, A 486, 509, C 454*
- gophers, A 455*
- land animals, A 493
- mink, A 483–484
- moles, A 489–491
- muskrats, A 491–493, 505
- profit and recreation in, A 501
- rabbits, A 497–501
- rats, A 495–497
- river trapping, A 504
- rules of the game, A 479–483
- skunks, A 484–488

- snares, C 455*

- with carrot bait, A 508*

- steel jaw traps, setting, A 504
- steel traps, cruelty of, A 502
- stop-thief traps, A 505–506*
- traps, humane and inhuman, A 502
- swamp trapping, A 503
- water animals, A 502
- weasel, A 494–495
- woodchucks, A 488

Traps (Plumbing)

- construction and purpose, H 217, 218
- defective, reason and remedy, H 218
- location, H 217, 219

Trash

- disposal of, H 220

Trays

- gouge work, C 258–265*

- See also Copper work

Tread-mill

- training dogs to run, A 255–256

- mechanism, B 337*

Trees

- age, how to tell, C 525

- broad leaved, C 532–533, 543–555

- compound leaves, C 543*
- doubly compound, C 543*
- maple, C 544–548
- oak, C 548–555
- simple leaves, C 543*

- cambium layer, A 441

- classification and characteristics, C 532–566

- coniferous trees, names and characteristics, C 535–542

- cutting down, art of, K 98–99*
- danger of roots to cement walks, B 15
- growth process, C 525
- heart wood versus sap wood, C 526
- identifying, A 48, 71
- planting directions, G 80–82
- playhouse in a tree, H 3
- products of, C 511
- qualities of different varieties, K 101
- rings, meaning, C 525
- selecting and planting, G 78–82

- seeds for propagation

- gathering, A 46–50
- ripening and drying, A 48
- treatment, where to get information, A 49

- table describing, G 367

- See also Forestry; Fruit trees; Grafting; Landscape gardening; Lumber and lumbering; Nuts; Pruning; Wood; also names of trees, e. g., Maple; Oak; Pine, etc.

Trellises, D 209–211*
Trench. See Cement walk; Drainage; Gardening
Trestle. See Saw horse

Triangles (Tools)

- making, C 386–388*

Trick joints, C 257*

Trilliums

- habits and characteristics, G 344

Trimmings. See Crocheting
Triplane, B 180
Trolling, K 139*
Trophy stick, notched, C 11*

Trout

- bait, K 134, 135
- culture from eggs, A 273
- feeding, A 272
- reclaiming the trout stream, A 271–272

Trout lily, G 342

Truck garden. See Vegetable gardening

Trumpet vine

- decorative value, G 359

T-square, C 24*

- making, C 384–386*

- to prevent warping, C 394

Tub racing, K 390
Tubs. See Bathtubs; Laundry
Tucking, N 36*

Tulip

- cone developer, G 175
- planting bulbs indoors, G 166
- red, planting and blooming time, G 179
- tree, characteristics, C 561
- varieties, G 168
- white, planting and blooming time, G 177
- yellow, planting and blooming time, G 178

Tungsten lamp

- cost of, E 141*, 144

- metal filaments, E 145

Turbines

- Fourneyron, B 342*
- Jonval, B 341*
- steam, B 128
- water, B 145

Turkey

- book about, A 519
- breeds, A 185
- enemies, lice and wet, A 184
- feeding young turkeys, A 183, 184
- food value, H 253
- habits of turkey hen, A 183
- hatching, time required, A 183
- laying and sitting habits, A 183
- raising, A 182–185
- selection of, for cooking, H 271

Turn spit dog, B 337

Turnip

- food value, H 255

- planting seed

- depth and distance to plant, G 42
- quantity to plant, G 36
- time to plant, G 234

- seed

- age for planting, G 34
- germination per cent., G 33, 233
- germination period, G 32

- soil, G 314

Turnip-root cabbage

- planting, G 300

Turpentine

- moth exterminator, H 347

- paint stain remover, H 359

Turtle head

- characteristics, G 365

- where found, G 349

Turtles

- taming, A 266

Typewriter
alignment, B 420

"blind" writer, B 406
carbon copying device, B 418
card indexing device, B 415
carriage, B 403, 404

- interchangeable, B 415*, 416

- mechanism of, B 421

disconnecting parts, B 413
double shift, B 406
duplicators, B 416–418
essential features, B 419–422
invention of, B 402
keyboard, B 403, 406, 412, 419

- universal, B 412

kinds, B 402
line-spacing mechanism, B 405, 421
noiseless operation, B 422
Oliver, mechanical principle, B 412–413*
paper feed, B 404
platen

- essentials, B 421

- interchangeable, B 415

Remington

- description of parts and their uses, B 403–407*

- improvements, B 407–409

ribbon movement, B 422
ribbons, two and three colors, B 409, 411, 414
scales, B 406
semi-visible writers, B 407
single shift, B 406
Smith-Premier, B 409–411*, 414
spacing bar, B 405
tabulator, B 413–414
type

- cleaning, B 421
- cleaning device, B 410
- mechanism, B 403, 404, 409, 412, 420

visible writers, B 407
work done by, B 402

U

- U-tube, theory of, H 215–216

- Umbrella handles

- woods and roots for, A 59–61

- Umbrella stand

- design and construction, D 161–165*
- iron work, M 409
- mission design, C 375*
- wood finish, D 236

- Unleavened bread

- nutriment, H 300

- Upsetting. See Forging
- Upstairs work, H 146–159
- Utensils. See Kitchen utensils

V

Vacuum cleaner

- electric, E 243*
- home made, B 378–386*
- plunger pump, making, B 379–381*
- power driven, home made, B 381–386*
- principle of, E 53
- using, B 386
- water motor, B 381*

Valerian

- characteristics, G 333

Vane. See Weather vane

Varnish and varnishing

- drying, time required, D 221–222
- dull finish, D 224
- flat finish, D 224
- grades of varnish, C 486
- method of using, B 112, C 486
- number of coats needed, D 222
- quality of varnish, recognizing, D 220
- rubbing down process, D 223
- "sag" and how corrected, D 220–221

Vase

- brass work, M 140–145*
- concrete garden vase, making, D 203–209*
- pottery, making, D 307–310*
- typical flower holders, D 87–89*

Veal

- as chicken, H 358
- cuts and their uses, H 269
- food value: table, H 253

Vegetable gardening, G 296–315

- combinations for late planting, G 116
- indoor and outdoor planting time, G 233–235
- intermingling from close planting, G 105
- money making garden, G 368–374

- planting tables

- age for planting, G 34
- depth and distance, G 42
- germination per cent., G 233
- germination time, G 32
- quantity to plant, G 36

- seeds, selling, G 371–372

- selling young plants, G 370–371

- transplanting, G 268–270

- from the coldframe, G 101–102

- strawberry boxes for, G 118

- See also Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Gardening; Herbs; Hotbed; Insect pests; Plant food; Plants; Soils; also names of vegetables, e.g., Beans; Cabbage; Carrot, etc.

Vegetables

- boiling, H 279
- burning, treatment, H 356
- camp cooking, K 89, 90
- cleaning, H 293

- cooking, H 356

- preparation for, H 293–295

- with left overs, H 355

- dandelion greens, A 63
- exhibits, preparation for, G 202
- food value, H 250, 255
- husking, H 294
- peeling, H 294
- pokeweed roots, cooking, A 58
- preparation for selling, G 369
- scraping, H 294
- seasoning, H 279
- selection of, for cooking, H 271
- shelling, H 294
- soaking, H 295
- stewing, H 280

- See also names of vegetables; e. g., Cauliflower; Parsnip; Pumpkin; etc.

Verbena

- characteristics, G 332

- planting, G 84

Village improvement

- books about, A 518

- what boys and girls can do, A 469–472

Vinegar

- cider vinegar

- book about, A 518

- making, A 412–417

- "mother," meaning, A 415

Vinegar cruet

- washing, H 183

Vines

- annuals, G 359
- climbers, G 359
- for covering fences and buildings, G 138
- scarlet runner bean, G 297
- training, G 139
- use in landscape gardening, G 359

Violet

- California, characteristics, G 333
- habits and characteristics, G 346, 364
- insect pests, G 293
- Russian, characteristics, G 333
- tufted, characteristics, G 334
- where to plant, G 346
- wild varieties, G 346

Vireos

- insect destroyers, A 456

- migration, K 176

Virginia creeper

- decorative value, G 359

Vise

- bench vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*

- quick action, C 138

Voisin's biplane, B 173–175*

Volley ball, K 390

Volta, Alessandro, E 90

- perfected method for producing electricity by chemical action, E 248

Voltmeter

- for direct and alternating currents, E 93
- measuring electric pressure, E 39–42
- multipliers, E 92
- principle and operation, E 84–93*

W

Waists. See Dressmaking

Waiting on table. See Meals—Serving

Waitress

- dress, H 173

- duties, H 169–172

Wake robin, G 344

Walking

- healthfulness of, K 14–17

Walking stick

- carved by the engraver beetle, A 60
- orange wood, A 59
- roots for handles, A 60
- shaping, A 61

Walks. See Cement walk; Garden paths
Wall brackets. See Brackets
Wall cabinet. See Medicine cabinet

Wall flower

- characteristics, G 332

Wall paper. See Walls

Wall rack. See Book rack

Wallachian embroidery

- drawing scallops, N 135
- meaning of, N 134
- stitch, N 134*

Walls

- care of, H 122
- cleaning appliances, H 142
- cleaning wall paper, H 123
- decoration of, D 36, 39–41, N 76
- dry cleaning, H 332

- how to drive nails into plaster walls, C 246

- kitchen, H 189
- paneled walls, cleaning, H 122
- See also Embankments; Paper hanging

Walnut

- black

- characteristics of tree, C 563

- imitation stain, C 489, D 230

- device for husking, A 36
- drying and storing nuts, A 35
- food value of nuts, H 256
- receipt for pickled walnuts, A 36–37
- white, characteristics of tree, C 564

Wandering Jew

- window box plants, G 193

Warbler

- insect destroyer, A 456

Wardrobe. See Closets, Clothes
Warning (Game), K 391
Warp. See Weaving

Wash board and wash boiler

- care of, H 313

Washing. See Laundry work
Washing dishes. See Dish washing
Washington (Game), K 392
Washington thorn, A 23

Washstands

- cleaning, H 148

- used as playhouse, H 8

Wasps

- development from the egg, A 393–395
- feeding grub, A 391
- habits, A 390–391

Waste

- classification, H 220

- disposal of

- in country, H 222

- in cities, H 220–222

Waste pipes

- care of, H 156
- construction principle, H 216–217
- disinfection in cleaning, H 218
- misuse of, H 220

Waste water

- disposal of, H 216

- in country, H 222

Watch fob

- copper and enamel, D 353–355*

- silver or copper work, M 187–190*

Watches

- balance and spring, B 374
- Geneva stop, B 319*
- magnetized, B 373–375
- mechanism, B 80, 374
- non-magnetic, B 375
- regulators, B 330–331*, 374
- testing for magnetism, B 375

Watchman's time detector, E 78*

Water

- boiling point, H 277
- cold water as a preserver, H 357
- substitute for milk, H 357

Water and bog plants

- table, G 366

Water bugs, H 362
Water bulbs. See Bulbs
Water closets. See Closets, Toilet
Water fowl, K 181
Water garden, G 362

Water glass

- egg preservative, A 177

Water life, K 158–167

- collector's net, K 158*

- telescope for observing, K 159

Water lilies

- table, G 366

Water meter

- vibrating trough, B 343*

Water mint

- characteristics, G 366

Water motor. See Water wheels
Water pipes. See Plumbing; Waste pipes
Water polo, K 392

Water power

- estimating, E 220
- from a continuous fall of water, B 341*
- reclaiming a spring, A 281–282
- See also Water supply; Water wheels

Water race, K 393

Water seal

- construction and purpose, H 217

Water supply

- importance of source, H 213
- principle of the tower, H 215
- spring water, A 276
- summer camp devices, E 160–162
- theory of U-tube in waterworks, H 214–215

Water tank. See also Pumps; Water wheels; Wells

- electric warning for empty tank, E 302*

Water tax
economizing bills, H 236

Water wheels

- ancient, B 344*
- Archimedian screw principle, B 344*
- barker or reaction, B 343*
- breast wheel, B 341*
- governors, B 314–315*
- overshot, B 341*, 342
- undershot, B 341*
- vacuum cleaner motor, B 381
- volate, B 342*
- See also Turbines

Water works. See Water supply

Watermelon

- food value, H 255
- germination per cent., G 233
- planting, G 308

Watt, James

- inventor, E 40

Watt

- unit of power, B 125

- See also Kilowatt

Wattmeter, E 35–42

- illustration of motor principle, E 36

- measuring watt hours, E 40–41

- registering amount of electricity used, E 37–38

Wax

- bayberry dips, A 20–21
- grafting, G 256
- making beeswax, A 323
- wood finish, C 490, D 225–226
- See also Floors

Wax beans, G 297

Wax myrtle, A 18–19

Waxwings

- insect destroyers, A 457

Weasel

- colors of fur, A 495

- habits, A 494

Weather

- records, how made, B 362–363

- symbols, B 361–362

- See also Barometer; Rain; Thermometer; Weather vane; Wind

Weather boarding. See House framing

Weather vane

- making, C 154–168*

- Zeppelin airship weather vane, making, C 165*

Weathered oak finish, D 233

Weathering

- meaning, B 41

Weaving, D 244–279, N 296–305

- bordered table scarf, D 273–276
- color effects, N 304–305
- curtains and draperies, D 262–265
- dowel, N 297
- dyeing, materials for, D 276–279
- French as weavers, N 303

- hand loom

- bridge, N 299
- description of treadle loom, D 247–249*
- home-made, without treadle, N 296–297
- primitive loom, D 245
- setting, D 249–251, N 297–300
- shuttle and bobbin, D 246*
- shuttle for woof cloth, D 254
- simple cardboard loom, N 8

- materials to use, N 301

- pattern weaving, D 265–273

- drawing in the pattern, D 267–270*
- hit-and-miss pattern, N 302
- operation of the harnesses, D 270–272
- pick, D 271*
- variations in patterns, D 272, 275

- portieres and couch covers, D 260–262

- process, D 249–252, N 300–301

- beating up the woof, D 252, N 300
- drawing in the warp, D 251, N 300
- pairing threads, N 298
- preparing the warp, D 249, N 297
- warping the loom, D 250, N 298

- rattan mats, N 247*, 249

- rugs, D 252–260, N 297–303

- harmonizing effects, N 304

- tapestry designs, N 303
- warp and woof, D 246, N 8–9*
- warping hook, D 251*
- See also Braiding

Wedge

- cutting tool, C 169
- principle of, B 59–61*
- rule for power, B 64

Weeds, G 271–280

- annuals, destroying, G 275
- biennials, destroying, G 276
- book about, A 519
- definition of, A 469

- destroying and preventing, A 469–472, G 275–279

- distribution of seeds, G 273
- foreign, G 279
- good points, G 272

- medicinal, A 57–58, G 272

- book about, A 516

- perennials, destroying, G 276–277

- propagation

- seeds, G 274

- trailing branches, G 275

- table of, G 278

- test of acid soil, G 29

Weevils

- chestnut weevil, A 33

Weigela

- characteristics, G 356

Weight

- principle of lifting, B 23–28*

Weights and measures

- English versus metric system: tables, C 500, 502

- tables, H 311
- units of measurement, C 499, 502
- See also Electric measurements

Welding, M 247–263*

- built-up work, M 247
- butt welds, M 257*
- definition of, M 247, 315
- chains, M 250–253*
- cleft weld, M 258*
- corner plate, M 261*
- electric, E 158–159
- flat welds, M 254–257*
- flat welds and T-welds, M 261–263*
- horse shoes, M 221
- iron oxidation, preventing, M 247
- iron ring, M 248–250*, 254*
- iron tongs, M 287–288*
- jump weld, M 259–261*
- kinds, M 254
- lap weld, M 258*

- scarfing, M 254–256*, 258*

- a wrench, M 275*

- socket wrenches, M 277–281*
- T weld, M 262–263*
- temperature of fire, M 234–235
- tool steel to wrought iron, M 352
- turn buckles, M 330*
- upsetting, M 260*

Wells

- location and care, H 214

- See also Pumps

Western Union Telegraph Company

- equipment and amount of business, E 60

Whale oil soap

- spray for insects, G 289, 290

Wheat

- depth to plant seeds, G 235

Wheel and axle

- principle of, B 27, 78–82*

- rule for power, B 64

Wheel-barrow

- leverage principle, B 27

- making, B 375–378*

Wheels

- mechanical movements, B 318–325*

- See also Screw propeller; Turbines; Water wheels

Whip grafting. See Grafting

Whisk broom

- raffia, N 275*

White pine. See Pine

White rabbit. See Rabbit

Whitewash

- preparing surface walls, H 340
- preparing the lime, H 339–340
- value for cellar walls, H 210

Whittling, C 6–22

- beveling, C 122
- calendar back, C 18*
- curves, cutting, C 15*
- cutting out process, C 12*
- drawing the design, C 12*
- first lessons in, C 9–12*
- fish line winder, C 15*
- key rack, C 12–14*
- key tags, C 14*

- knife

- kind to use, C 6*

- method of holding, C 8*

- paper knife, C 121–123*
- picture frames, C 19–22*
- propeller blades, C 70–72*
- sand papering edges, C 15
- testing with the try square, C 9*
- tip cat, C 35–37*
- weather vane making, C 154–156*
- windmills, C 159–168*
- woods for, C 7
- worsted winder, C 16*
- See also Wood carving

Wicket polo, K 393

Wicks

- trimming, H 137

Widow's cruse of oil: story, H 29

Wild animals. See Animals

Wild carrot

- class and seed time, G 278

- seed distribution, G 273

Wild crabapple, A 21, 22

Wild flower gardening

- April, June and July blooms, G 338–339
- decorative value of wild flowers, A 56
- landscape gardening, G 362
- late blooms, G 339
- March blooms, G 338
- May blooms, G 338
- planning and care, G 336
- soil, G 337, 338
- succession of bloom, G 338–339
- transplanting, G 337

Wild flowers. See Flowers

Wild fowl. See Game and game birds; Water fowl

Wild geranium

- characteristics, G 342

Wild grapes. See Grapes

Wild nuts

- list of, A 29

Wild plums

- "goin' plummin'", A 26–29

Wild raspberries, A 10

Wild rice, A 78–79

Winch

- setting up, B 77–78*

- uses, B 78–81

Wind. See Winds

Wind break

- trees for, G 79, 82

Wind flower, G 343

Wind root, G 348, 365

Windlass

- principle of, B 78–82*

Windmill

- Common windmill, B 346*
- happy Jack weather vane, C 159–162*
- horizontal weather vane, C 162–165*
- six-bladed weather vane, C 167–168
- Zeppelin weather vane, C 165*

Window-box

- advantages over pots, G 190
- construction and painting, G 191–192
- crowding plants in, G 194
- draining, G 163
- how to fasten to window, G 195

- selection of plants for sunny and shady windows, G 192–196

Window seat for girl's room, N 374

Windows

- batten blinds, C 475
- cleaning, H 134
- details of window frames, D 30*
- hanging, C 474
- inside trim, C 473*
- location of cellar windows, H 208
- setting frames, C 469

Winds

- measuring device, B 199–200*
- table of velocity, B 198
- See also Weather vane; Windmill

Winter sports, K 208–224*

- clothing and footwear, K 208–210*

Winterberries

- description of, A 57

Wire

- reducing size of, M 101

- See also Electric wires

Wire ropes. See Rope

Wireless Club, E 331–332

Wireless Telegraph

- accidents prevented by, E 347, 355–357
- aerials, E 331
- amateur stations, E 347
- antennæ, E 320*
- C. Q. D. message, meaning, E 356

- coherer

- circuit, E 323*

- construction, E 316–321*

- discovery, E 346

- electric bell

- as transmitter, E 321

- operated by wireless, E 324*

- ether waves, E 316
- fireworks, operated by, E 327–328*
- first company organized, E 346
- first practical use, E 346
- first public stations, E 347
- ground wire, E 321
- Hertzian waves, E 346
- incandescent lamps operated by, E 327*
- law requiring use on steamers, E 347
- Morse alphabet, E 330
- operation of a simple type, E 320–321*
- relay, E 322–323
- sending messages to ocean steamers, E 347
- signal code, E 330
- spark coil, construction, E 321–322*
- tapper, E 329–330*
- toy train operated by, E 325–327*
- trans-Atlantic messages first sent, E 346

Wistaria

- decorative value, G 359

Witch hazel

- characteristics, G 356

Wolf and sheep (Game), K 394

Women

- Heritage of, H 63–68

- home making power, H 44

Wood
best woods for special purposes, K 101
decay, cause of, C 492
durability, C 492–494
hard wood, C 532, K 101

- beech, C 556
- black jack or barren oak, C 554
- black or sweet birch, C 557
- black or yellow oak, C 554
- bur oak (mossy cup), C 551
- chestnut oak, C 552
- cypress, C 540
- elm, white or American, C 559
- Georgia pine, C 535
- holly, C 564
- honey locust, C 565
- hop hornbeam, ironwood, C 558
- hornbeam, or blue birch, C 559
- larch, C 539
- laurel oak, C 555
- locust, black and yellow, C 565
- paper birch, C 558
- pin oak, C 553
- post or iron oak, C 552
- red birch, C 557
- red elm, slippery elm, C 559
- red oak, C 553
- red or swamp maple, C 547
- red pine, C 536
- rock, cork elm, C 560
- silver, or white maple, C 546
- sugar maple, C 545
- swamp white oak, C 552
- tamarack, C 539
- white oak, C 550
- willow oak, C 555
- yellow birch, C 557
- yellow pine, C 536

preservation, C 493–495
soft wood, C 532, K 101

- Arbor vitæ, C 542
- balsam, C 540
- basswood, linden, C 560
- black spruce, C 538
- box elder, C 548
- buckeye, C 565
- fir, C 540
- gray, or aspen-leaved birch, C 558
- hemlock, C 539
- moosewood, C 548
- mountain maple, C 548
- pitch pine, C 536
- red cedar, C 541
- red spruce, C 538
- white cedar, C 542
- white pine, C 535
- white spruce, C 538

strength of, C 495–497*

See also Forestry; Kindling wood; Trees

Wood anemone

- habits and characteristics, G 343

Wood carving

- black and white design, C 127
- blotter pads, designs, C 125–126
- chip carving, C 98–108*
- curved cutting, C 104–108

- designs

- elliptical, C 112–115
- for borders, C 98–103*
- for centres, C 103–108*
- for corners, C 103*

- flat work, C 97–119*
- glove box design, C 128
- holding the knife, C 100*
- key rack designs, C 123, 126
- knives for carving, C 99*
- letter racks, designs, C 109–117
- origin, C 98
- paper knife, C 121–123*
- pencil box, C 106–108*
- penholder, C 117–119*
- picture frames, C 129–132*
- polishing, C 131
- triangular cutting, C 98–99
- veining, C 117*
- woods for, C 121

Wood finishing

- aging wood, C 489
- antique finish, C 489
- cleaning, the first step, D 213
- colors, obtaining, C 488
- dead flat surface, C 485
- dull finish, D 224
- enameling white, D 235

- fillers, C 484

- cost of surfacing, D 217
- liquid, formula, D 216
- importance of, D 213–215

- paste, formula, D 218

- applying, D 219

- when to use liquids or paste, D 215

- flat finish, D 224
- polishing, C 489–491
- process, C 484–487

- re-finishing

- old furniture, D 238–243
- mahogany table, D 241–243
- rubbing down process, D 223
- scraping, D 239

- shellac, using, C 486, D 216–217
- varnish, removing, D 240
- wax finish, D 225–226, C 490
- white enamel, D 235
- white wood, D 230

- woods that do and do not require fillers, C 484

- See also Stains and staining; Varnish and varnishing

Wood fire. See Fires

Wood lot

- clearing for kindling wood, A 407

Wood screws

- strength of, B 156

Wood staining. See Stains and staining

Wood tag, K 394

Woodchucks

- taming, A 269

- trapping, A 488

Woodcraft, K 93–109*

- axemanship, K 96–97
- getting lost, K 102–109
- land marks, K 103
- lost signals, K 108
- See also Trees

Woodpecker

- insect destroyer, A 457, K 168

Woodwork. See Carpentry and Woodwork

Woof. See Weaving

Wool combing machine

- roller motion, B 320*

Woolen clothes

- laundering, H 324

- storing, H 347

Work. See Housekeeping; Occupations
Work bag and sewing apron combined, N 31–33
Work bench. See Carpentry

Work shop

- garden tool making, G 41–71*

- See also Carpentry

Worms

- fish bait, K 130

Wren

- insect destroyer, A 456

- migration, K 176

Wrench

- alligator wrench, making, M 276*

- flat wrought iron wrench, making, M 274–277*

- forging, M 273–274*

- hardie for, M 274*

- socket wrench, M 279–281*

- welding, M 277–279

Wringer for laundry work, H 314

Writing desk. See Desk

Wrought iron

- making, M 230–232

- steel versus, M 266

X

- X-ray

- ether waves, E 316

- physiological effect, E 336

Y

- Yachts

- flag signals, B 107–109

- See also Launch

- Yeast

- principle in bread making, H 296–298

- Young, Sir Thomas

- ether wave theory of light, E 345

Z

- Zeppelin's dirigible balloon, B 162

- Zinnia

- characteristics, G 328
- planting, G 159
- selecting seeds, G 323

FOOTNOTES:

[A] For the elaboration of this question as it concerns girls see Chapter IV.

[B] Both boys and girls have clubs, societies and organizations, which are useless, enervating or merely harmless when they exist without purpose. If, on the other hand, the aggregate energy can be collected into profitable channels, these same gangs or societies are a real source of education and training. Any organization without consistent, sustained purpose is a waste of social energy. Baseball is worth while, but the merits of high school fraternities are doubtful.

[C] It will be evident that the term crafts as here used is a more comprehensive term than when employed in connection with the arts and crafts furore of the past few years. Any kind of manual occupation may be a craft; if it involves a measure of art and science it may become more than a craft. But with children the craft stage, which is characteristic, includes many occupations which may not even be true crafts as the term is ordinarily used.

[D] Library of Work and Play.

[E] As the High Schools of Springfield, Newton, and Brookline, Mass.; Cleveland, Ohio; Los Angeles, Cal., among others. And the elementary schools of practically every well-organized community.

[F] "Library of Work and Play."

[G] "Home Decoration."

[H] "Outdoor Life."

[I] This bias toward mechanics has already been noted by teachers and parents, but in recent years has assumed unusual significance because of the extraordinary development of industry. This, combined with the researches of modern psychology and pedagogy, has introduced a new, a powerful motive into teaching.

Transcriber's Notes:

Corrected obvious typos and inconsistencies, otherwise spelling has been left as printed. A small amount of inconsistent hyphenation left as printed.

- p.64. dilletantism -> dilettantism.

- p.111. bisulphid -> bisulphide.

- The following corrections have been made after referrence to the

- relevant book.

- p.101. 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–151*'

- corrected to 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–161*'.

- p.137. Crum tray -> Crumb Tray.

- p.142. 'experiments with spark coil, E 196, 198–201, 180–183*' changed

- to 'experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178–180, 180–183*'.

- p.169. 'cooper or brass, metal work, M 116*' changed to 'copper or

- brass, metal work, M 116*'.

- p.199. crum scraper -> crumb scraper.

- p.229. Reamur is correctly spelt Reaumur but has been left as it was

- spelt in 'Mechanics'.

This book is a summary and index to the following books which can all be found in the Project Gutenberg collection. In the html version of this text, links are made to the other volumes, though for volumes G and K it has only been possible to a link to the correct chapter.

- A—OUTDOOR WORK Project Gutenberg e-book 45154

- B—MECHANICS, INDOORS AND OUT Project Gutenberg e-book 45083

- C—CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK Project Gutenberg e-book 43574

- D—HOME DECORATION Project Gutenberg e-book 44750

- E—ELECTRICITY Project Gutenberg e-book 45331

- G—GARDENING Project Gutenberg e-book 13537

- H—HOUSEKEEPING Project Gutenberg e-book 44732

- K—OUTDOOR SPORTS Project Gutenberg e-book 16316

- M—WORKING IN METALS Project Gutenberg e-book 45004

- N—NEEDLECRAFT Project Gutenberg e-book 44766

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY: GUIDE AND INDEX ***

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Table of Contents

- THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY GUIDE AND INDEX

- CONTENTS

- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

- THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY GUIDE AND INDEX

- CHAPTER I SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRAFTS IN THE LIFE OF A PEOPLE

- CHAPTER II THE CULTIVATION OF TASTE AND DESIGN

- CHAPTER III THE REAL GIRL What Is the Ideal Home?

- CHAPTER IV THAT BOY

- How to Use Books with Boys

- CHAPTER V A HOUSE AND LOT—ESPECIALLY THE LOT

- CHAPTER VI VACATIONS, ATHLETICS, SCOUTING, CAMPING, PHOTOGRAPHY

- INDEX

- SYMBOLS USED

- FOOTNOTES:

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE