The flowering plants of Africa / An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms
Date: 2022-09-26T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Plants -- Africa; Angiosperms -- Africa

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The flowering plants of Africa

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The flowering plants of Africa

Author: Franz Thonner

Editor: A. B. Rendle

Illustrator: Joseph Fleischmann

Release date: September 26, 2022 [eBook #69049]
Most recently updated: October 19, 2024

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: Dulau & C., LTD, 1915

Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images available at The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA ***

List of Principal Works Consulted
Table of Contents
List of Plates
Key to the Families
Key to the Genera
Statistical Table
Glossary of Botanical Terms
Abbreviations of Authors’ Names
List of Popular Names
Additions and Corrections
Index

Some typographical errors have been corrected;
a list follows the text.
(etext transcriber's note)

THE
FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA

THE
FLOWERING PLANTS
OF AFRICA

AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
OF AFRICAN PHANEROGAMS

BY
FR. THONNER

WITH 150 PLATES AND A MAP

DULAU & CO., LTD.
37 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON
1915

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PREFACE

THE flora of Africa being now comparatively well known, the author of the present work considered the time opportune to present to the public an analytical key for determining in an easy way the generic name of every phanerogamous plant growing wild, whether indigenous or naturalized, or cultivated upon a large scale within the geographical limits of Africa including the islands.

The names and limits of the genera and families adopted in this work are those accepted in ENGLER & PRANTL’S “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” the most recent work containing the description of all genera of flowering plants, and its supplement “Genera Siphonogamarum” by DALLA TORRE & HARMS.

As the present work is intended for the use not only of botanists, but also of colonists and travellers in Africa, who take an interest in botany, I have used, wherever it was possible, as distinctive characters, those which are visible to the naked eye in a plant in flower, being careful, however, not to deviate too much from the natural system.

Besides the diagnostic characters of the genera, I have also indicated the approximative number of the species described to the end of the year 1910, their geographical distribution, their uses, and their more important synonyms.

As to the terms used in indicating the geographical distribution of African plants, “North Africa” (including North-west-and North-east Africa) means all northern extratropical Africa, “South Africa” (including South-west and South-east Africa) southern extratropical Africa, “tropical Africa” Africa within the tropics, including all islands, whereas the continent of Africa within the tropics including only the small islands in the proximity of the coast, is designated by “Central Africa.”

The present work was originally published in German under the title “Die Blütenpflanzen Africas” (Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1908). A new edition being desirable, I have preferred the English language, and I am indebted to Dr. A. B. RENDLE, of the British Museum, for revising my translation.

The plates were drawn by the Vienna artist JOSEPH FLEISCHMANN from herbarium specimens kindly lent from the collections of the Hofmuseum at Vienna and the Jardin botanique de l’Etat at Brussels by their respective keepers Dr. A. ZAHLBRUCKNER and Dr. E. DE WILDEMAN. Drawings already published have been used for a few plates only; these are duly indicated.

FRANZ THONNER.

VIENNA (AUSTRIA), September 1913.

LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED

A. Engler & K. Prantl, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig, 1889-1908).

C. G. De Dalla Torre & H. Harms, Genera Siphonogamarum (Leipzig, 1900-1907).

A. Engler, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 6. ed. (Berlin, 1909).

—Das Pflanzenreich (Leipzig, 1900-1910).

—Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien und-gattungen (Leipzig, 1898-1904).

—Die Vegetation Afrikas (Berlin, 1908-1910).

G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Genera plantarum (London, 1862-1883).

J. D. Hooker & B. D. Jackson, Index Kewensis plantarum phanerogamarum (Oxford, 1895-1908).

A. De Candolle, Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (Paris, 1824-1873).

C. S. Kunth, Enumeratio plantarum (Stuttgart, 1833-1850).

G. Walpers, Repertorium botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1842-1847).

—Annales botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1848-1868).

A. & C. De Candolle, Monographiae phanerogamarum (Paris, 1878-1896).

H. Baillon, Histoire des plantes (Paris, 1867-1895).

Th. Durand & H. Schinz, Conspectus florae Africae (Bruxelles, 1895-1898).

R. Delile, Flore d’Egypte (Paris, 1810).

E. Boissier, Flora orientalis (Basel, 1867-1888).

P. Ascherson & G. Schweinfurth, Illustrations de la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire, 1887).

E. Sickenberger, Contributions à la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire, 1901).

E. Durand & G. Barratte, Florae Libycae prodromus (Genève, 1910).

J. A. Battandier & Trabut, Flore de l’Algérie (Alger, 1888-1910).

—Flore de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie (Alger, 1902).

W. Trelease, Botanical observations on the Azores (St. Louis, 1897).

R. T. Lowe, A manual flora of Madeira (London, 1868).

Ph. Barker-Webb & S. Berthelot, Phytographia Canariensis (Paris, 1836-1840).

J. Pitard & L. Proust, Les îles Canaries (Paris, 1908).

D. Oliver & W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora of tropical Africa (London, 1868-1910).

J. Mildbread, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Central-Africa-Expedition; Botanik (Berlin, 1910).

A. Engler, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1895).

A. Richard, Tentamen florae Abyssinicae (Paris, 1847).

R. Pirotta, Flora della colonia Eritrea (Roma, 1903-1908).

J. A. Grant & D. Oliver, The botany of the Speke and Grant expedition. (London, 1872-1875).

W. Peters, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mozambik (Berlin, 1862-1864).

Th. Sim, Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East Africa (Aberdeen, 1909).

J. B. Balfour, Botany of Socotra (Edinburgh, 1888).

H. Forbes, The natural history of Socotra and Abdelkuri (Liverpool, 1903).

F. Vierhapper, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora Südarabiens und der Inseln Socotra, Semha und Abdelkuri (Wien, 1907).

J. A. Schmidt, Beiträge zur Flora der kapverdischen Inseln (Heidelberg, 1852).

J. A. Guillemin, S. Perrotet, & A. Richard, Florae Senegambiae tentamen (Paris, 1830-1833).

J. Palisot Beauvois, Flore d’Oware et de Benin (Paris 1804).

W. J. Hooker, Niger flora (London, 1849).

H. Pobeguin, Essai sur la flore de la Guinée française (Paris, 1906).

Th. Durand & E. De Wildeman, Matériaux pour la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1897-1901).

E. De Wildeman & Th. Durand, Contributions a la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1900).

—— Reliquiae Dewevreanae (Bruxelles, 1901).

—— Illustrations de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1898-1904).

—— Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses (Bruxelles, 1900).

E. De Wildeman, Etudes sur la flore du Katanga (Bruxelles, 1902-1903).

—Etudes sur la flore du Bas-et du Moyen-Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1910).

—Mission E. Laurent (Bruxelles, 1905-1907).

—Notice sur des plantes utiles ou interessantes de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1906).

—Plantae novae horti Thenensis (Bruxelles, 1904-1910).

—Companie du Kasai (Bruxelles, 1909).

Th. & H. Durand, Sylloge florae Congolanae (Bruxelles, 1909).

W. P. Hiern, Catalogue of the African plants collected by Welwitsch (London, 1896-1901).

O. Warburg, Die Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903).

J. C. Mellis, St. Helena (London, 1875).

A. Grandidier & Drake Del Castillo, Histoire naturelle de Madagascar (Paris, 1886-1902).

P. Baron, Compendium des plants malgaches (Paris, 1901-1906).

J. Palacky, Catalogus plantarum Madagascariensium (Prag, 1906).

J. G. Baker, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles (London, 1877).

J. B. Balfour, Flora of the Island of Rodriguez (London, 1879).

J. De Cordemoy, Flore de l’île de la Réunion (Paris, 1895).

A. Voeltzkow, Die von Aldabra bis jetzt bekannte Flora und Fauna (Frankfurt, 1902).

W. Harvey, The genera of South-African plants, 2. ed. (Capetown, 1868).

W. Harvey. O. W. Sonder &. W. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora Capensis (London, 1859-1910).

W. Harvey, Thesaurus Capensis (Dublin, 1859-1863).

H. Bolus & A. H. Wolley-Dod, A list of the flowering plants of the Cape peninsula (Capetown, 1903).

Th. Sim, The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope (Aberdeen, 1907).

J. M. Wood, Handbook to the flora of Natal (Durban, 1907).

—Natal plants (Durban, 1898-1910).

H. Schinz, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der afrikanischen Flora (Genève, 1892-1908).

—Die Pflanzenwelt Deutsch-Südwestafrikas. (Genève, 1896-1900).

A. Zahlbruckner, Plantae Pentherianae (Wien, 1900-1905).

Challenger Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger” (London, 1885).

H. Schenk, Vergleichende Darstellung der Pflanzengeographie der subantarktischen Inseln (Jena, 1905).

Linnean Society, Journal. Botany. (London, 1857-1910).

Kew Gardens, Bulletin of miscellaneous information. (London, 1892-1910).

W. Curtis, The Botanical Magazine (London, 1793-1910).

W. J. & J. D. Hooker, Icones plantarum (London, 1837-1910).

B. Seemann & J. Britten, The Journal of Botany (London, 1853-1910).

A. Engler, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (Leipzig, 1881-1910).

—Notizblatt des königl. botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin (Leipzig, 1897-1910).

K. Schumann & F. Fedde, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht (Leipzig, 1873-1910).

F. Fedde, Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis (Berlin, 1906-1910).

Botanisches Centralblatt (Leiden, 1880-1910).

Société Botanique De France, Bulletin (Paris, 1854-1910).

Société Linnéenne De Paris, Bulletin (Paris, 1889-1899).

Muséum D’Histoire Naturelle, Bulletin (Paris, 1895-1910).

G. Beauverd, Bulletin de l’herbier Boissier, 2me série (Genéve, 1901-1908).

R. Pirotta, Annuario del istituto botanico di Roma (Milano, 1885-1908).

—Annali di Botanica (Roma, 1904-1910).

Sociedade Broteriana, Boletim (Coimbra, 1883-1910).

J. Lindley & Th. Moore, The treasury of botany (London, 1884).

J. C. Willis, A manual and dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, 3. ed. (Cambridge, 1908).

J. Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, 2. Aufl. (Leipzig, 1900).

G. Dragendorff, Die Heilpflanzen (Stuttgart, 1898).

L. Lewin, Lehrbuch der Toxikologie, 2. Aufl. (Wien, 1897).

F. Macmillan, A handbook of tropical gardening and planting (Colombo, 1910).

M. Woodrow, Gardening in the tropics (Paisley, 1910).

A. Voss, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei (Berlin, 1896).

A. Moloney, Sketch of the forestry of West Africa (London, 1887).

J. H. Holland, The useful plants of Nigeria (London, 1908).

R. Sadebeck, Die Kulturgewächse der deutschen Kolonien (Jena, 1899).

J. L. De lanessan, Les plantes utiles des colonies françaises (Paris, 1886).

G. Niederlein, Ressources végétales des colonies françaises (Paris, 1902).

A. Sebire, Les plantes utiles du Senegal (Paris, 1899).

A. Chevalier, Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française (Paris, 1905-1910).

E. Heckel, Les plantes utiles de Madagascar (Paris, 1910).

L. Cuoco, Fauna e flora medica ed industriale della colonia Eritrea (Napoli, 1897).

C. De Ficalho, Plantas uteis da Africa portugueza (Lisboa, 1884).

B. D. Jackson, A glossary of botanic terms, 2. ed. (London, 1905).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

KEY TO THE FAMILIES
| PAGE
Gymnospermae | 1
Monocotyledoneae | 2
Apetalae | 6
Choripetalae | 18
Sympetalae | 49
KEY TO THE GENERA
I. CYCADALES.
1. | Cycadaceae | 69
II. CONIFERAE.
2. | Taxaceae | 70
3. | Pinaceae | 70
III. GNETALES.
4. | Gnetaceae | 71
IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.
Pandanales.
5. | Typhaceae | 72
6. | Pandanaceae | 73
7. | Sparganiaceae | 73
Helobiae.
8. | Potamogetonaceae | 73
9. | Naiadaceae | 75
10. | Aponogetonaceae | 75
11. | Scheuchzeriaceae | 75
12. | Alismataceae | 75
13. | Butomaceae | 77
14. | Hydrocharitaceae | 77
Triuridales.
15. | Triuridaceae | 78
Glumiflorae.
16. | Gramineae | 79
17. | Cyperaceae | 106
Principes.
18. | Palmae | 110
Spathiflorae.
19. | Araceae | 114
20. | Lemnaceae | 119
Farinosae.
21. | Flagellariaceae | 119
22. | Restionaceae | 119
23. | Mayacaceae | 120
24. | Xyridaceae | 121
25. | Eriocaulaceae | 121
26. | Rapateaceae | 121
27. | Bromeliaceae | 122
28. | Commelinaceae | 122
29. | Pontederiaceae | 123
30. | Cyanastraceae | 124
Liliiflorae.
31. | Juncaceae | 124
32. | Liliaceae | 125
33. | Haemodoraceae | 134
34. | Amaryllidaceae | 135
35. | Velloziaceae | 139
36. | Taccaceae | 139
37. | Dioscoreaceae | 140
38. | Iridaceae | 140
Scitamineae.
39. | Musaceae | 145
40. | Zingiberaceae | 146
41. | Cannaceae | 147
42. | Marantaceae | 148
Microspermae.
43. | Burmanniaceae | 149
44. | Orchidaceae | 150
V. DICOTYLEDONEAE.
ARCHICHLAMYDEAE.
Verticillatae.
45. | Casuarinaceae | 160
Piperales.
46. | Piperaceae | 161
Salicales.
47. | Salicaceae | 161
Myricales.
48. | Myricaceae | 162
Juglandales.
49. | Juglandaceae | 162
Fagales.
50. | Betulaceae | 162
51. | Fagaceae | 163
Urticales.
52. | Ulmaceae | 163
53. | Moraceae | 164
54. | Urticaceae | 168
Proteales.
55. | Proteaceae | 170
Santalales.
56. | Santalaceae | 172
57. | Opiliaceae | 173
58. | Grubbiaceae | 173
59. | Olacaceae | 173
60. | Octoknemataceae | 175
61. | Loranthaceae | 175
62. | Balanophoraceae | 176
Aristolochiales.
63. | Aristolochiaceae | 176
64. | Rafflesiaceae | 177
65. | Hydnoraceae | 177
Polygonales.
66. | Polygonaceae | 177
Centrospermae.
67. | Chenopodiaceae | 179
68. | Amarantaceae | 182
69. | Nyctaginaceae | 186
70. | Cynocrambaceae | 187
71. | Phytolaccaceae | 187
72. | Aizoaceae | 188
73. | Portulacaceae | 190
74. | Basellaceae | 191
75. | Caryophyllaceae | 191
Ranales.
76. | Nymphaeaceae | 197
77. | Ceratophyllaceae | 197
78. | Ranunculaceae | 197
79. | Berberidaceae | 199
80. | Memspermaceae | 199
81. | Anonaceae | 203
82. | Myristicaceae | 206
83. | Monimiaceae | 208
84. | Lauraceae | 209
85. | Hernandiaceae | 211
Rhoeadales.
86. | Papaveraceae | 211
87. | Capparidaceae | 213
88. | Cruciferae | 216
89. | Resedaceae | 228
90. | Moringaceae | 229
Sarraceniales.
91. | Nepenthaceae | 229
92. | Droseraceae | 230
Rosales.
93. | Podostemonaceae | 230
94. | Hydrostachyaceae | 231
95. | Crassulaceae | 232
96. | Saxifragaceae | 233
97. | Pittosporaceae | 235
98. | Cunoniaceae | 235
99. | Myrothamnaceae | 236
100. | Bruniaceae | 236
101. | Hamamelidaceae | 238
102. | Platanaceae | 238
103. | Rosaceae | 239
104. | Connaraceae | 243
105. | Leguminosae | 245
Pandales.
106. | Pandaceae | 289
Geraniales.
107. | Geraniaceae | 289
108. | Oxalidaceae | 290
109. | Tropaeolaceae | 291
110. | Linaceae | 291
111. | Humiriaceae | 292
112. | Erythroxylaceae | 292
113. | Zygophyllaceae | 293
114. | Cneoraceae | 295
115. | Rutaceae | 295
116. | Simarubaceae | 299
117. | Burseraceae | 301
118. | Meliaceae | 302
119. | Malpighiaceae | 306
120. | Polygalaceae | 308
121. | Dichapetalaceae | 309
122. | Euphorbiaceae | 309
123. | Callitrichaceae | 324
Sapindales.
124. | Buxaceae | 324
125. | Empetraceae | 325
126. | Coriariaceae | 325
127. | Anacardiaceae | 325
128. | Aquifoliaceae | 329
129. | Celastraceae | 329
130. | Hippocrateaceae | 332
131. | Salvadoraceae | 332
132. | Icacinaceae | 333
133. | Aceraceae | 335
134. | Sapindaceae | 335
135. | Melianthaceae | 342
136. | Balsaminaceae | 343
Rhamnales.
137. | Rhamnaceae | 343
138. | Vitaceae | 345
Malvales.
139. | Elaeocarpaceae | 347
140. | Chlaenaceae | 347
141. | Tiliaceae | 348
142. | Malvaceae | 350
143. | Bombacaceae | 353
144. | Sterculiaceae | 354
145. | Scytopetalaceae | 357
Parietales.
146. | Dilleniaceae | 358
147. | Ochnaceae | 359
148. | Theaceae | 360
149. | Guttiferae | 360
150. | Dipterocarpaceae | 363
151. | Elatinaceae | 363
152. | Frankeniaceae | 363
153. | Tamaricaceae | 364
154. | Cistaceae | 365
155. | Bixaceae | 365
156. | Cochlospermaceae | 366
157. | Winteranaceae | 366
158. | Violaceae | 366
159. | Flacourtiaceae | 367
160. | Turneraceae | 373
161. | Passifloraceae | 374
162. | Achariaceae | 376
163. | Caricaceae | 377
164. | Loasaceae | 377
165. | Begoniaceae | 377
166. | Ancistrocladaceae | 378
Opuntiales.
167. | Cactaceae | 378
Myrtiflorae.
168. | Geissolomataceae | 379
169. | Penaeaceae | 379
170. | Oliniaceae | 380
171. | Thymelaeaceae | 380
172. | Elaeagnaceae | 383
173. | Lythraceae | 383
174. | Sonneratiaceae | 385
175. | Punicaceae | 386
176. | Lecythidaceae | 386
177. | Rhizophoraceae | 387
178. | Alangiaceae | 389
179. | Combretaceae | 389
180. | Myrtaceae | 391
181. | Melastomataceae | 392
182. | Oenotheraceae | 397
183. | Halorrhagaceae | 399
184. | Cynomoriaceae | 400
Umbelliflorae.
185. | Araliaceae | 400
186. | Umbelliferae | 401
187. | Cornaceae | 414
METACHLAMYDEAE.
Ericales.
188. | Clethraceae | 414
189. | Ericaceae | 415
Primulales.
190. | Myrsinaceae | 417
191. | Primulaceae | 419
192. | Plumbaginaceae | 420
Ebenales.
193. | Sapotaceae | 421
194. | Hoplestigmataceae | 424
195. | Ebenaceae | 424
196. | Styracaceae | 425
Contortae.
197. | Oleaceae | 425
198. | Loganiaceae | 427
199. | Gentianaceae | 429
200. | Apocynaceae | 432
201. | Asclepiadaceae | 441
Tubiflorae.
202. | Convolvulaceae | 457
203. | Hydrophyllaceae | 462
204. | Borraginaceae | 463
205. | Verbenaceae | 467
206. | Labiatae | 470
207. | Solanaceae | 481
208. | Scrophulariaceae | 483
209. | Bignoniaceae | 495
210. | Pedaliaceae | 498
211. | Martyniaceae | 500
212. | Orobanchaceae | 500
213. | Gesneraceae | 500
214. | Lentibulariaceae | 501
215. | Globulariaceae | 502
216. | Acanthaceae | 502
217. | Myoporaceae | 515
Plantaginales.
218. | Plantaginaceae | 515
Rubiales.
219. | Rubiaceae | 516
220. | Caprifoliaceae | 533
221. | Valerianaceae | 534
222. | Dipsacaceae | 534
Campanulatae.
223. | Cucurbitaceae | 535
224. | Campanulaceae | 541
225. | Goodeniaceae | 544
226. | Compositae | 544
Statistical Table | 585
Glossary of Botanical Terms | 591
Abbreviations of Authors’ Names | 600
List of Popular Names | 602
Additions and Corrections | 607
Index | 613

LIST OF PLATES

| To face page
1. | Cycadaceae. Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. et Dur. | 70
2. | Pinaceae. Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad. | 71
3. | Pandanaceae. Pandanus candelabrum Beauv. | 72
4. | Potamogetonaceae. Potamogeton javanicus Hassk. | 73
5. | Aponogetonaceae. Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey. | 74
6. | Alismataceae. Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. | 75
7. | Hydrocharitaceae. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. | 78
8. | Gramineae. Chloris Gayana Kunth | 79
9. | Cyperaceae. Kyllinga alba Nees | 110
10. | Palmae. Raphia Laurentii De Wild. | 111
11. | Palmae. Raphia Laurentii De Wild. | 114
12. | Araceae. Amorphophallus gratus (Schott) N. E. Brown | 115
13. | Restionaceae. Restio compressus Rottb. | 120
14. | Xyridaceae. Xyris augustifolia De Wild. et Dur. | 121
15. | Eriocaulaceae. Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern. | 122
16. | Commelinaceae. Aneilema beninense Kunth | 123
17. | Juncaceae. Prionium serratum Drege | 124
18. | Liliaceae. Dracaena Perrotetii Bak. | 125
19. | Amaryllidaceae. Crinum abyssinicum Hochst. | 138
20. | Velloziaceae. Barbacenia aequatorialis Rendle | 139
21. | Dioscoreaceae. Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax. | 140
22. | Iridaceae. Lapeyrousia Fabricii Ker. | 141
23. | Musaceae. Strelitzia Reginae Banks ex Ait. | 146
24. | Zingiberaceae. Aframomum Laurentii (De Wild. et Dur.) K. Schum. | 147
25. | Marantaceae. Clinogyne arillata K. Schum. | 148
26. | Orchidaceae. Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. f. | 149
27. | Piperaceae. Piper guineense Schum. | 160
28. | Salicaceae. Salix Safsaf Forsk. | 161
29. | Myricaceae. Myrica conifera Burm. f. | 162
30. | Ulmaceae. Trema guineensis Schum. | 163
31. | Moraceae. Dorstenia elliptica Bureau | 164
32. | Urticaceae. Fleurya aestuans Gaud. | 165
33. | Proteaceae. Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br. | 170
34. | Loranthaceae. Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl. | 171
35. | Santalaceae. Osyris tenuifolia Engl. | 172
36. | Opiliaceae. Opilia amentacea Roxb. | 173
37. | Olacaceae. Olax Durandii Eng. | 174
38. | Aristolochiaceae. Aristolochia bracteata Retz. | 175
39. | Polygonaceae. Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. et Steud.) Benth. et Hook. | 178
40. | Chenopodiaceae. Traganum nudatum Del. | 179
41. | Amarantaceae. Achyranthes angustifolia Benth. | 184
42. | Nyctaginaceae. Pisonia aculeata L. | 185
43. | Aizoaceae. Trianthema pentandrum L. | 190
44. | Portulacaceae. Talinum cuneifolium Willd. | 191
45. | Caryophyllaceae. Polycarpaea linearifolia DC. | 196
46. | Ranunculaceae. Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl | 197
47. | Menispermaceae. Cocculus Leaeba DC. | 202
48. | Anonaceae. Anona senegalensis Pers. | 203
49. | Myristicaceae. Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb. | 208
50. | Monimiaceae. Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth. | 209
51. | Lauraceae. Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth. | 210
52. | Papaveraceae. Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht. | 211
53. | Cruciferae. Heliophila amplexicaulis L. f. | 214
54. | Capparidaceae. Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond. | 215
55. | Resedaceae. Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess. | 228
56. | Droseraceae. Drosera Burkeana Planch. | 229
57. | Podostemonaceae. Tristicha alternifolia Tul. | 230
58. | Hydrostachyaceae. Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss. | 231
59. | Crassulaceae. Kalanchoe laciniata DC. | 232
60. | Saxifragaceae. Brexia madagascariensis Thouars | 233
61. | Pittosporaceae. Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims | 234
62. | Cunoniaceae. Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill. | 235
63. | Bruniaceae. Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn. | 236
64. | Hamamelidaceae. Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. et Zeyh. | 237
65. | Rosaceae. Parinarium congoense Engl. | 242
66. | Connaraceae. Connarus Smeathmannii DC. | 243
67. | Leguminosae. Bauhinia macrantha Oliv. | 288
68. | Geraniaceae. Monsonia biflora DC. | 289
69. | Oxalidaceae. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. | 290
70. | Linaceae. Hugonia acuminata Engl. | 291
71. | Erythroxylaceae. Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey. | 292
72. | Zygophyllaceae. Balanites aegyptiaca Del. | 293
73. | Rutaceae. Agathosma ciliata Link | 298
74. | Simarubaceae. Irvingia Barter Hook. f. | 299
75. | Burseraceae. Pachylobus edulis G. Don | 302
76. | Meliaceae. Trichilia retusa Oliv. | 303
77. | Malpighiaceae. Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl. | 306
78. | Polygalaceae. Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. | 307
79. | Dichapetalaceae. Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl. | 308
80. | Euphorbiaceae. Phyllanthus floribundus Muell. Arg. | 309
81. | Anacardiaceae. Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl. | 328
82. | Celastraceae. Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC. | 329
83. | Hippocrateaceae. Salacia Dusenii Loesen | 332
84. | Icacinaceae. Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. | 333
85. | Sapindaceae. Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg | 340
86. | Melianthaceae. Bersama abyssinica Fresen. | 341
87. | Balsaminaceae. Impatiens capensis Thunb. | 342
88. | Rhamnaceae. Ventilago leiocarpa Benth. | 343
89. | Vitaceae. Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch. | 346
90. | Chlaenaceae. Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars | 347
91. | Tiliaceae. Grewia occidentalis L. | 350
92. | Malvaceae. Pavonia praemorsa Willd. | 351
93. | Bombacaceae. Bombax lukayensis De Wild. et Dur. | 354
94. | Sterculiaceae. Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich. | 355
95. | Scytopetalaceae. Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl. | 358
96. | Dilleniaceae. Tetracera alnifolia Willd. | 359
97. | Ochnaceae. Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. et Gilg | 360
98. | Theaceae. Visnea Mocanera L. f. | 361
99. | Guttiferae. Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. | 362
100. | Elatinaceae. Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl | 363
101. | Tamaricaceae. Tamarix senegalensis DC. | 364
102. | Cistaceae. Cistus heterophyllus Desf. | 365
103. | Violaceae. Rinorea gracilipes Engl. | 366
104. | Flacourtiaceae. Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Her. | 367
105. | Turneraceae. Wormskioldia lobate Urb. | 374
106. | Passifloraceae. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. | 375
107. | Begoniaceae. Begonia Favargeri Rechinger | 378
108. | Penaeaceae. Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth | 379
109. | Thymelaeaceae. Lachnaea filamentosa (L. f.) Gilg | 382
110. | Lythraceae. Nesaea floribunda Sond. | 383
111. | Lecythidaceae. Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume | 386
112. | Rhizophoraceae. Weihea africana Benth. | 387
113. | Combretaceae. Combretum racemosum Beauv. | 390
114. | Myrtaceae. Eugenia natalitia Sond. | 391
115. | Melastomataceae. Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. f. | 396
116. | Oenotheraceae. Jussieua linifolia Vahl | 397
117. | Halorrhagaceae. Laurembergia repens Berg | 400
118. | Araliaceae. Cussonia spicata Thunb. | 401
119. | Umbelliferae. Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. et Schlechtd. | 414
120. | Ericaceae. Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch | 415
121. | Myrsinaceae. Maesa lanceolata Forsk. | 418
122. | Primulaceae. Ardisiandra sibthorpioides Hook. | 419
123. | Plumbaginaceae. Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze. | 420
124. | Sapotaceae. Mimusops Kummel Bruce | 421
125. | Ebenaceae. Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers. | 424
126. | Oleaceae. Schrebera alata Welw. | 425
127. | Loganiaceae. Nuxia Autunesii Gilg | 428
128. | Gentianaceae. Chironia transvaalensis Gilg | 429
129. | Apocynaceae. Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild. | 440
130. | Asclepiadaceae. Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne | 441
131. | Convolvulaceae. Jacquemontia capitata Don | 462
132. | Borraginaceae. Cordia senegalensis Juss. | 463
133. | Verbenaceae. Clerodendron formicarum Guerke | 470
134. | Labiatae. Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth. | 471
135. | Solanaceae. Discopodium penninervium Hochst. | 482
136. | Scrophulariaceae. Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst. | 483
137. | Bignoniaceae. Kigelia aethiopica Decne | 496
138. | Pedaliaceae. Sesamum angolense Welw. | 497
139. | Orobanchaceae. Cistanche lutea Link et Hoffmsg. | 500
140. | Gesneraceae. Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke | 501
141. | Lentibulariaceae. Utricularia livida E. Mey. | 502
142. | Acanthaceae. Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau | 503
143. | Plantaginaceae. Plantago palmata Hook. f. | 516
144. | Rubiaceae. Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum. | 517
145. | Caprifoliaceae. Viburnum rugosum Pers. | 532
146. | Valerianaceae. Valeriana capensis Vahl | 533
147. | Dipsacaceae. Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad. | 534
148. | Cucurbitaceae. Momordica Charantia L. | 535
149. | Campanulaceae. Lightfootia subulata L’Her. | 544
150. | Compositae. Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm. | 545

MAP

Map of Africa, 1:49,000,000, with list of floral regions and provinces.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES

EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

(PHANEROGAMAE)

1. Ovules naked, borne on a floral axis without carpels, or on open carpels without a stigma. Perianth simple or none. Flowers unisexual. Stem
woody. [Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE.]  2

Ovules encased in the ovary formed by stigma-bearing carpels and nearly always closed to the top, rarely (Resedaceae) open above. [Subdivision
ANGIOSPERMAE.]   5

2. Leaves pinnately compound or dissected, forming a crown at the top of the stem. Stem simple or scantily branched towards the top. Juice mucilaginous. Perianth none. Stamens with numerous pollen-sacs. Embryo with 2 more or less connate cotyledons. [Class CYCADALES.]  1. Cycadaceae.

Leaves undivided, scattered along the branches of the stem, rarely (Gnetaceae) leaves 2, arising from the top of an undivided turnip-shaped stem and sometimes splitting lengthwise. Stamens with 1-9 pollen-sacs.
Embryo with 2-15 free cotyledons  3

3. Perianth present. Juice not resinous. Leaves not needle-shaped. Shrubs.
[Class GNETALES.]  4. Gnetaceae.

Perianth absent. Juice resinous, rarely scarcely so, but then leaves needle-shaped.
Leaves needle- or scale-shaped. [Class CONIFERAE.]  4

4. Seeds overtopping the fleshy or rudimentary carpels and surrounded by a fleshy aril. Carpels with 1 ovule  2. Taxaceae.

Seeds concealed between the carpels, without an aril. Carpels usually with
2 or more ovules  3. Pinaceae.

5. (1.) Embryo with a single cotyledon, rarely undivided. Vascular bundles scattered in the stem. Leaves usually parallel-veined (net-veined in many Araceae Dioscoreaceae and Taccaceae and a few Hydrocharitaceae
Liliaceae and Orchidaceae), generally narrow entire and sessile with a dilated base. Flowers usually 3-merous. [Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.]  6

Embryo with 2 cotyledons, rarely with only one well-developed cotyledon or undivided. Vascular bundles of the stem nearly always disposed in
a cylinder. Leaves usually net-veined, rarely sessile with a dilated base and a narrow entire blade. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous. [Class
DICOTYLEDONEAE.]  52

6. Perianth wanting or rudimentary, that is, reduced to small, hypogynous, free or partially-united scales, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) replaced by sepaloid appendages of the connective.  7

Perianth well developed, calyx- or corolla-like or consisting of calyx and corolla, rarely (Eriocaulaceae and Restionaceae) wanting in the female flowers.  15

7. Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts (glumes) in spikelets consisting of one or several flowers and one or several empty glumes and nearly always arranged in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads.
Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants. Carpel solitary, with a single basal or laterally attached ovule  8

Flowers in spadices with a fleshy rachis and surrounded by one or several spathes, more rarely solitary or in glomerules, heads, or spikes; in the latter case (Potamogetonaceae) saltwater  9

8. Embryo enclosed in the lower part of the albumen. Seed and ovule attached at the base, free from the pericarp and the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Anthers usually affixed at the base. Sheaths of the cauline and inner radical leaves closed all round, usually without a ligule. Stem usually triangular solid and without nodes.  17. Cyperaceae.

Embryo outside the albumen, at its base. Seed and ovule attached laterally, but often near the base, usually adnate to the pericarp or the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-6 stigmas, or styles 2. Anthers usually affixed at the back. Sheaths of the leaves nearly always split on one side and ending in a ligule. Stem usually cylindrical and hollow between the nodes.  16. Gramineae.

9. Plants without differentiation into stem and leaves, consisting of small floating leaf- or granule-like shoots. Flowers 2-3 together in cavities of the shoots  20. Lemnaceae.

Plants differentiated into stem and leaves  10

10. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Carpel solitary. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.

Flowers in spikes, spadices, or heads, rarely (Potamogetonaceae) solitary or in glomerules, but then several separate carpels  11

11. Male flowers in panicles, female in heads or spadices. Flowers dioecious.
Leaves narrow, usually serrate or prickly. Stem usually woody. Pandanus, 6. Pandanaceae.

Male or all flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or cymes  12

12. Flowers in globose heads Sparganium, 7. Sparganiaceae.

Flowers solitary or in spikes, spadices, or cymes  13

13. Ovaries several, separate, rarely ovary solitary, and then marine plants, very rarely freshwater-plants with hermaphrodite flowers. If flowers in spadices or spikes, then hermaphrodite or polygamous with 1 or several one-ovuled ovaries  8. Potamogetonaceae.

Ovary solitary. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants; the latter with unisexual flowers. Flowers in spadices, unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then with a several-ovuled ovary.  14

14. Flowers monoecious; male inflorescence, at least when young, separated from the female by a deciduous spathe. Flowers usually surrounded by hairs. Ovule 1, pendulous. Seed-coat not fleshy. Typha, 5. Typhaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; if monoecious, then male inflorescence in uninterrupted connexion with the female, or separated from it by an empty interval or by barren flowers, but not by a spathe. Seed-coat fleshy.  19. Araceae.

15. (6.) Ovary superior.  16

Ovary inferior or half-inferior.  37

16. Carpel solitary or carpels connate and forming a single entire or slightly lobed ovary.  17

Carpels several, separate or cohering only at the base.  33

17. Perianth calyx-like, sometimes slightly coloured, but firmly membranous or leathery, or differentiated by size or coalescence into an inner and an outer whorl of segments, all of which are sepaloid.  18

Perianth corolla-like or consisting of outer sepaloid and inner petaloid segments.  25

18. Leaves folded in the bud, subsequently splitting into pinnately or palmately disposed segments, rarely only 2-cleft. Stem woody, but sometimes very short. Flowers in spadices or panicles with spathes.  18. Palmae.

Leaves undivided, rarely divided, but then not folded and springing from a herbaceous stem.  19

19. Flowers in spadices with a spathe forming sometimes a continuation of the stem.  19. Araceae.

Flowers not in spadices.  20

20. Stamen 1. Ovule 1, erect. Stigmas several. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. Naias, 9. Naiadaceae.

Stamens 2-6.  21

21. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with 1 ascending ovule in each cell and with several sessile stigmas. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous. Triglochin, 11. Scheuchzeriaceae.

Anthers turned inwards. Seeds albuminous.  22

22. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers unisexual, in spikelets usually arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth dry. Stamens 2-3. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell.  22. Restionaceae.

Anthers 2-celled. If flowers unisexual and in spikelets, then perianth not dry.  23

23. Flowers monoecious, in heads surrounded by an involucre. Ovary with
1 pendulous ovule in each cell.  25. Eriocaulaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or dioecious.  24

24. Style 1 with 3 long and thin stigmas. Perianth dry. Leaves linear.  31. Juncaceae.

Style 1 with 3 thick or short stigmas or with a single stigma, or styles 3.
Perianth usually herbaceous.  32. Liliaceae.

25. (17.) Perianth corolla-like. Usually ovules inverted and embryo or its radicle placed next to the hilum, more rarely ovules straight and embryo or its radicle remote from the hilum, and then albumen fleshy or cartilaginous.  26

Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla. Ovules straight. Embryo small, remote from the hilum. Albumen more or less mealy.  31

26. Seeds with mealy albumen.  27

Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.  29

27. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a large embryo enclosed in the albumen.  29. Pontederiaceae.

Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a small embryo appressed to the albumen. Perianth white or yellow.  28

28. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas
3. Fruit a berry. Stem climbing. Leaves scattered, ending in tendrils. Flowers in panicles. Flagellaria, 21. Flagellariaceae.

Perianth-segments united below into a tube. Anthers opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule. Stem erect. Leaves all radical.
Flowers in heads. Maschalocephalus, 26. Rapateaceae.

29. Stamens 3. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow.  33. Haemodoraceae.

Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, but then ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  30

30. Anthers opening at the apex. Stamens affixed to the perianth. Ovary adnate to the perianth at the base. Ovules numerous in each cell.
Perianth blue. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Walleria, 34. Amaryllidaceae.

Anthers opening lengthwise, rarely at the apex, but then stamens (at least some of them) and ovary free from the perianth.  32. Liliaceae.

31. (25.) Ovary 2-3-celled. Fertile stamens 2-6.  28. Commelinaceae.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions. Ovules numerous.
Fertile stamens 3. Flowers in heads, short spikes, or umbels.  32

32. Sepals 3, subequal. Anthers opening by a terminal lid. Staminodes none.
Stigma 1. Leaves scattered. Flowers in umbels. Mayaca, 23. Mayacaceae.

Sepals 3, very unequal, or 2. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes
3. Stigmas 3. Leaves all radical. Flowers in heads or spikes. Xyris, 24. Xyridaceae.

33. (16.) Leaves divided. Woody plants. Seeds albuminous.  18. Palmae.

Leaves undivided. Herbaceous plants.  34

34. Plants without green colour, growing upon mould. Leaves reduced to scales.
Perianth of 6 petaloid segments. Seeds albuminous. Sciaphila, 15. Triuridaceae.

Plants of green colour, growing in the water. Leaves well developed.
Perianth of 6 segments differentiated into sepals and petals, or of 1-3
segments. Seeds exalbuminous.  35

35. Perianth consisting of 1-3 coloured segments. Aponogeton, 10. Aponogetonaceae.

Perianth consisting of 6 segments more or less distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals, rarely in the female flowers only of 3 greenish segments.  36

36. Ovules numerous, covering the whole inner surface of the carpels.  13. Butomaceae.

Ovules 1-2, rarely more, and then all inserted at the upper suture of the carpels.  12. Alismataceae.

37. (15.) Stamen 1. Flowers irregular.  38

Stamens 2-18. Flowers usually regular.  41

38. Staminodes small or wanting. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules.
Style adnate to the filament. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually with longitudinal nervation.  44. Orchidaceae.

Staminodes, at least some of them, petal-like. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule or more frequently 3-celled. Seeds albuminous. Leaves with pinnate nervation.  39

39. Anthers 2-celled. Sepals united below. Flowers symmetrical.  40. Zingiberaceae.

Anthers 1-celled. Sepals free. Flowers asymmetrical.  40

40. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Seeds with straight embryo.
Leaf-stalk not thickened. Canna, 41. Cannaceae.

Ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaf-stalk thickened towards the apex or throughout its whole length.  42. Marantaceae.

41. Stamens 2-4, usually 3.  42

Stamens 5-18, usually 6.  45

42. Perianth-segments sepal-like or the outer sepal-, the inner petal-like. Ovary
1-celled, sometimes incompletely 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Water plants.  14. Hydrocharitaceae.

Perianth-segments petal-like. Ovary usually 3-celled. Seeds albuminous.
Land- or marsh-plants.  43

43. Stamens opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers opening outwards or laterally.  38. Iridaceae.

Stamens alternating with the outer or with all perianth-segments. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.  44

44. Leaves well developed, green. Inner perianth-segments about equalling the outer. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 3, linear, or stigma single.  33. Haemodoraceae.

Leaves scale-like, not green, rarely well-developed and green, but then inner perianth-segments much smaller than the outer or wanting, anthers provided with an enlarged connective and opening transversely, and stigmas 3, short and thick.  43. Burmanniaceae.

45. Ovary incompletely 6-15-celled with 6-15 stigmas, more rarely completely
1-celled with 3 stigmas. Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, more rarely only of 3 petal-like segments. Water-plants with submerged or floating leaves.  14. Hydrocharitaceae.

Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then stigmas 6. Perianth usually of 6 petaloid segments. Land-plants.  46

46. Ovary 1-celled. Style umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. Tacca, 36. Taccaceae.
Ovary 3-celled.  47

47. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, one above the other. Flowers unisexual, regular.
Stem climbing.  37. Dioscoreaceae.

Ovules in each ovary-cell 1, 2 side by side, or more. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual but irregular.  48

48. Perianth distinctly differentiated into calyx and corolla. Leaves toothed.
Inflorescence spadix-like. Ananas, 27. Bromeliaceae.

Perianth more or less corolla-like.  49

49. Flowers distinctly irregular, in fascicles usually arranged in spikes or racemes.
Stamens 5, rarely 6. Seeds with more or less mealy albumen. Leaves with pinnate nervation. Tall plants.  39. Musaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens 6 or more. Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. Leaves nearly always with longitudinal nervation.  50

50. Flowers solitary, terminal. No bulb or tuber; usually a short woody trunk.
Placentas much projecting, thickened, shield-shaped. Barbacenia, 35. Velloziaceae.

Flowers in umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely solitary, but then underground stem a bulb or a tuber. Placentas not much projecting and thickened.  51

51. Ovary half-inferior, with 2 basal ovules in each cell. Anthers opening at the apex. Seeds with a large embryo adjoining the albumen. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Cyanastrum, 30. Cyanastraceae.

Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then with more than two ovules in each cell. Seeds with a small embryo enclosed in the albumen.  34. Amaryllidaceae.

52. (5.) Perianth wanting or simple or consisting of a calyx and a choripetalous corolla; petals, if present, free, more rarely cohering at the apex or in the middle, but free at the base. [Subclass Archichlamydeae.]  53

Perianth consisting of a calyx and a sympetalous corolla; petals more or less united, at least at the base. [Subclass Metachlamydeae or
Sympetalae.]  551

53. Perianth wanting or simple, that is, consisting of similar segments, more rarely of 2-7 somewhat dissimilar ones without a distinct differentiation into sepals and petals. [Apetalae.]  54

Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla, more rarely consisting of 8 or more slightly dissimilar segments not distinctly separated into sepals and petals. [Choripetalae.]  188

54. Perianth absent in the hermaphrodite and female flowers, but sometimes
replaced by bracteoles. Ovary naked.  55

Perianth present in the hermaphrodite and female flowers.  69

55. Ovary completely 1-celled.  56

Ovary 2-4-celled, at least in its lower half.  65

56. Ovule solitary, rarely (Balanophoraceae) ovules 3.  57

Ovules numerous, rarely (Casuarinaceae) 2.  63

57. Ovule basal or attached by a basal funicle.  58

Ovule apical or adnate to the wall of the ovary.  62

58. Ovule straight.  59

Ovule incurved or inverted.  61

59. Flowers in fascicles, the male with a perianth. Stamens 1-5. Stigma 1.
Fruit dry. Seed albuminous.  54. Urticaceae.

Flowers in spikes, the male without a perianth, but sometimes with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12. Fruit succulent.  60

60. Flowers unisexual. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Fruit a drupe. Seed exalbuminous.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves without stipules. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, more rarely unisexual, but then leaves stipulate. Fruit a berry. Seed with copious albumen.  46. Piperaceae.

61. Ovule incurved. Stigmas 2-5. Seed with curved embryo. Flowers usually in glomerule-, or spike-like cymes.  67. Chenopodiaceae.

Ovule inverted. Stigmas 1-2. Seed with straight embryo. Flowers usually in heads.  226. Compositae.

62. Leaves well-developed, stipulate. Green plants. Ovule solitary, free.  53. Moraceae.

Leaves scale-like. Coloured (not green) herbaceous plants.  62. Balanophoraceae.

63. (56.) Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Male flowers with a 2-parted perianth.
Stamen 1. Fruit a nut. Trees or shrubs. Leaves whorled, scale-like.
Male flowers in spikes, female in heads. Casuarina, 45. Casuarinaceae.

Ovules numerous, inverted. Male flowers without a perianth, but sometimes with a disc. Fruit a capsule. Leaves well developed. Flowers in spikes or catkins.  64

64. Flowers with a disc sometimes replaced by scales. Stamens 2 or more.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate.  47. Salicaceae.

Flowers without a disc. Stamen 1 (or stamens 2 with united filaments.)
Aquatic herbs. Hydrostachys, 94. Hydrostachyaceae.

65. (55.) Ovary 2-celled at the base, with 1 ovule in each incomplete cell. Styles
2. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in spikes or catkins.  50. Betulaceae.

Ovary completely 2-4-celled.  66

66. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  67

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.
Male flowers without a perianth.  68

67. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules with a double coat. 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules with a single coat. Styles 2. Stamen 1. Male flowers without a perianth. Fruit a drupe. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Callitriche, 123. Callitrichaceae.

68. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Stamens
2. Fruit a nut. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.

Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Styles 3-4. Stamens
3-8. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Myrothamnus, 99. Myrothamnaceae.

69. (54.) Ovary superior or nearly so.  70

Ovary inferior to half-inferior.  153

70. Ovary 1, entire or lobed.  71

Ovaries 2 or more, distinct or united at the base only.  146

71. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered.  72

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled.  118

72. Ovule 1.  73

Ovules 2 or more.  103

73. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle.  74

Ovule pendulous or descending.  94

74. Ovule straight.  75

Ovule incurved or inverted.  80

75. Style 1 or none; stigma solitary or stigmas 2 or more, contiguous at the base. Stamens 1-12.  76

Styles 2-4, free or united at the base; stigmas not contiguous at the base.
Stamens 4-50.  79

76. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed with fleshy albumen. Shrubs or trees. Leaves without stipules. Exocarpus, 56. Santalaceae.

Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, but then herbs and stigma penicillate.  77

77. Leaves exstipulate. Stamens 2-12. Stigmas 2. Seed without albumen. Myrica, 48. Myricaceae.

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then stigma 1. Stamens 1-5.  78

78. Stamens straight in bud. Juice milky. Trees.  53. Moraceae.

Stamens incurved in bud. Juice not milky.  54. Urticaceae.

79. Leaves simple, entire toothed lobed or cleft, with a stem-clasping sheath at the base. Seed with copious mealy albumen.  66. Polygonaceae.

Leaves compound, exstipulate. Stamens 5. Seed without albumen. Pistacia, 127. Anacardiaceae.

80. (74.) Ovule incurved. Embryo distinctly curved; albumen usually mealy.  81

Ovule inverted. Embryo straight or nearly so; albumen usually fleshy
or wanting.  87

81. Perianth-segments 6, petal-like, free. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft.
Flowers dioecious. Spiny trees. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.

Perianth-segments 1-5.  82

82. Perianth with valvate and folded aestivation, lobed, enlarged in fruit.
Stamens hypogynous, united at the base.  69. Nyctaginaceae.

Perianth with imbricate or open aestivation, rarely with valvate not folded aestivation; in the latter case deeply divided.  83

83. Stamens 1-10, perigynous, rarely (Queria) 10, hypogynous. Stipules present, rarely absent, and then leaves opposite and styles 2-3.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Stamens 1-5, hypogynous or nearly so, rarely distinctly perigynous, but then stipules wanting and leaves alternate or style 1.  84

84. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less (3-5), alternating with them, hypogynous. Flowers hermaphrodite.  85

Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less, but opposite to them, or considerably fewer, or in greater number. Leaves without stipules.  86

85. Flowers in cymes, 5-merous. Perianth membranous. Embryo hooked.
Leaves whorled, usually stipulate. Adenogramma, 72. Aizoaceae.

Flowers in spikes or racemes, with bracteoles. Perianth herbaceous.
Embryo nearly ring-shaped. Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate.  71. Phytolaccaceae.

86. Perianth more or less scarious or papery. Seed albuminous; embryo ring- or horseshoe-shaped. Flowers with bracteoles.  68. Amarantaceae.

Perianth more or less herbaceous or membranous. Stigmas 2-5.  67. Chenopodiaceae.

87. (80.) Leaves stipulate.  88

Leaves exstipulate.  89

88. Leaves opposite, undivided. Stamens 2-5. Seed albuminous.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Leaves alternate. Seed exalbuminous.  103. Rosaceae.

89. Stem herbaceous. Flowers in heads, unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2 in the female flowers. Seed exalbuminous.  226. Compositae.

Stem woody. Stigma 1.  90

90. Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous, free or nearly so. Seed exalbuminous. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.

Perianth with valvate aestivation.  91

91. Stamens attached to the perianth, as many as its segments, 4, rarely 5; filaments free. Seed exalbuminous.  92

Stamens free from the perianth, as many as its segments or more often in greater number; filaments more or less united. Seed albuminous.  93

92. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments. Flowers in spikes or heads.  55. Proteaceae.

Stamens alternate with the perianth-segments. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Elaeagnus, 172. Elaeagnaceae.

93. Stamens 5-15; filaments united at the base only. Anthers opening laterally. Perianth 5-toothed. Style slender. Seed without an aril; embryo large. Pisonia, 69. Nyctaginaceae.

Stamens very numerous or with the filaments united throughout their length. Anthers opening outwards. Perianth 2-4-, rarely 5-lobed.
Seed with an aril; embryo small.  82. Myristicaceae.

94. (73.) Ovule straight.  95

Ovule incurved or inverted.  96

95. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Seed without albumen. Shrubs or trees.
Flowers in spikes or heads.  55. Proteaceae.

Perianth 9-12-parted. Stamens 12-16. Seed with a thin albumen.
Herbs. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. Ceratophyllum, 77. Ceratophyllaceae.

96. Leaves stipulate.  97

Leaves exstipulate.  100

97. Leaves compound, but sometimes with one leaflet only. Ovary tightly enclosed by the perianth. Seed exalbuminous. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  103. Rosaceae.

Leaves simple, but sometimes (Moraceae) dissected.  98

98. Anthers 3-4-celled. Seed albuminous. Macaranga, 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Anthers 2-celled. Seed usually exalbuminous.  99

99. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Stamens straight in the bud. Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky.  52. Ulmaceae.

Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads, or inserted upon a dilated and often concave receptacle, rarely in fascicles, but then stamens bent inwards in the bud. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice or herbs.  53. Moraceae.

100. Anthers opening by valves. Perianth-segments 4 or 6. Seed without albumen. Trees or shrubs.  84. Lauraceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  101

101. Stamens numerous. Flowers unisexual. Seed with copious fleshy albumen.
Trees or shrubs.  83. Monimiaceae.

Stamens 8-10.  102

102. Style simple. Seed with a straight embryo and a fleshy albumen or without albumen.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Styles 2. Seed with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Flowers in panicles. Galenia, 72. Aizoaceae.

103. (72.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a central placenta.  104

Ovules parietal or suspended from the apex of the cell.  108

104. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales. Ovules numerous, inserted upon a central placenta. Water-plants.  93. Podostemonaceae.

Perianth of 4-5 segments.  105

105. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 4-merous. Ovules 2. Stigma 1.
Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Empleurum, 115. Rutaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with mealy albumen; embryo more or less curved. Usually herbs.  106

106. Leaves alternate. Stamens 5.  68. Amarantaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled.  107

107. Stigma 1, rarely stigmas 2, and then ovules 2-4. Stamens 5 or more, perigynous.  72. Aizoaceae.

Stigmas 3-5, more rarely 2, but then ovules numerous or stamens 1-3.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

108. (103.) Ovules 2, suspended side by side from the apex of the cell or from
a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, usually one-seeded.  109

Ovules 2, one above the other, or more than 2, affixed to one or more parietal placentas.  112

109. Stamens as many as, and alternate with the perianth-segments. Leaves exstipulate.  132. Icacinaceae.

Stamens as many as, and opposite the perianth-segments, or in greater number.  110

110. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate.  59. Olacaceae.

Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate.  111

111. Stamens very numerous. Perianth 4-5-parted. Flowers fascicled. Guya, 159. Flacourtiaceae.

Stamens 2-8, rarely more, but then perianth 6-8-parted.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

112. Ovules 2 or more, attached to a single placenta. Stamens more or less perigynous. Fruit a legume. Leaves compound or reduced to the dilated foot-stalk, usually stipulate.  105. Leguminosae.

Ovules 3 or more, attached to 2 or more placentas, rarely to a single one, but then fruit a berry and leaves simple and undivided.  113

113. Style simple, or a sessile stigma.  114

Styles, style-branches, or sessile stigmas 2 or more.  116

114. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary sessile. Seeds albuminous.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

Perianth-segments valvate in bud, more rarely imbricate, but then ovary stalked. Seeds exalbuminous.  115

115. Stamens more or less perigynous. Ovary sessile or short-stalked.
Perianth-segments valvate in bud. Leaves exstipulate. Seeds with straight embryo.  173. Lythraceae.

Stamens hypogynous, more rarely perigynous, but then ovary long-stalked and leaves stipulate. Seeds with curved embryo.  87. Capparidaceae.

116. Ovary at first open at the apex. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, free. Stamens
10-30. Perianth 5-6-cleft about halfway down. Seeds exalbuminous;
embryo curved. Ochradenus, 89. Resedaceae.

Ovary closed. Stamens 4 or more; if 10 or more, then perianth deeply divided.  117

117. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 4-6, surrounded by a corona.
Styles 3, free or united at the base.  161. Passifloraceae.

Stamens more than perianth-segments, 6-40. Shrubs or trees.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

118. (71.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  119

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  129

119. Ovules erect or ascending.  120

Ovules pendulous or descending.  124

120. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Stamens inserted within the disc or at its edge. Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Seeds albuminous. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate.  134. Sapindaceae.

Styles 2-10, free or united below. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous, but then leaves stipulate. Leaves undivided or lobed.  121

121. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stamens 3. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Dwarf shrubs.  125. Empetraceae.

Perianth-segments 4-5. Stamens 4 or more.  122

122. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit drupaceous. Styles 2-4, united below. Stamens 4-5, perigynous. Perianth valvate in bud. Shrubs.
Leaves stipulate, alternate.  137. Rhamnaceae.

Seeds with curved embryo and mealy albumen. Fruit dry, rarely baccate.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs, but then leaves exstipulate.  123

123. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Herbs or undershrubs.  72. Aizoaceae.

Flowers in spikes or racemes.  71. Phytolaccaceae.

124. Stamens hypogynous.  125

Stamens perigynous.  127

125. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 2, 4, or 6.
Ovary-cells 2. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. Leaves exstipulate. Lepidium, 88. Cruciferae.

Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then perianth-segments 5, ovary-cells 5, and leaves stipulate.  126

126. Flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Ovary usually 3-celled.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, but then leaves pinnate and ovary surrounded by large scales. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves compound, stipulate.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

127. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of calyx and corolla, that of the female and hermaphrodite flowers simple, valvate in bud. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit capsular.
Embryo straight. Leaves stipulate. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth simple. Leaves exstipulate.  128

128. Style and stigma simple. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Styles or stigmas 2-5. Embryo curved.  72. Aizoaceae.

129. (118.) Flowers unisexual or polygamous.  130

Flowers hermaphrodite.  136

130. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Perianth 4-partite. Flowers polygamous. Leaves opposite, pinnate, exstipulate. Trees. Fraxinus, 197. Oleaceae.

Stamens 3 or more, rarely 2, but then flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or digitate, rarely pinnate, but then alternate.  131

131. Leaves with a pitcher-shaped appendage. Style absent; stigma 4-partite.
Ovary 4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Nepenthes, 91. Nepenthaceae.

Leaves without pitchers. Style present.  132

132. Style 1, with 2-6 stigmas. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, without stipules.  134. Sapindaceae.

Styles 2 or more, free at the base, towards the apex, or throughout.  133

133. Perianth-segments valvate in bud, united below. Filaments united.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Perianth-segments imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then free and filaments also free.  134

134. Ovules with ventral raphe, 2 in a cell. Fruit usually opening septicidally and loculicidally. Leaves usually stipulate.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Ovules with dorsal raphe. Shrubs or trees.  135

135. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves opposite, without stipules.  124. Buxaceae.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10 or more. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves alternate.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

136. (129.) Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so.  137

Perianth-segments evidently united. Stamens usually perigynous.  142

137. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only.  138

Stem woody throughout its length.  140

138. Perianth-segments 2-3. Stamens 1-4. Water-plants.  93. Podostemonaceae.

Perianth-segments 4-5. Land-plants. Seeds with curved embryo.  139

139. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 1-6. Ovary-cells 2. Style 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves exstipulate.  88. Cruciferae.

Perianth-segments 5. Ovary-cells 3-7. Styles 3-7. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves stipulate.  72. Aizoaceae.

140. Ovary long-stalked. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate or imbricate in bud; in the latter case stamens 4-8. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.  141

141. Perianth-segments 5, valvate in bud. Grewia, 141. Tiliaceae.

Perianth-segments; 3-8, imbricate or open in bud.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

142. (136.) Styles or sessile stigmas 2-5. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.  72. Aizoaceae.

Style 1 or a sessile stigma. Seeds exalbuminous or with a straight embryo.  143

143. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  144

Stigmas or stigma-lobes 4. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers
4-merous. Leaves opposite, stipulate.  145

144. Stamens 1-16. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Embryo straight.
Leaves without stipules.  173. Lythraceae.

Stamens very numerous. Ovary long-stalked. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate, with small stipules. Maerua, 87. Capparidaceae.

145. Perianth with valvate aestivation. Stamens 4. Ovules ascending, at least the lower ones. Seeds exalbuminous.  169. Penaeaceae.

Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8. Ovules pendulous.
Seeds albuminous. Geissoloma, 168. Geissolomataceae.

146. (70.) Ovules solitary in each carpel.  147

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.  152

147. Ovules erect, incurved. Perianth regular, 4-5-parted. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Leaves undivided, without stipules.  148

Ovules pendulous or affixed laterally, rarely erect, but then perianth irregular and strap-shaped or surrounded by an epicalyx.  149

148. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Fruit succulent, baccate. Phytolacca, 71. Phytolaccaceae.

Flowers in cymes. Fruit dry.  72. Aizoaceae.

149. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous.  150

Perianth-segments obviously united, at least in the female flowers. Stamens usually perigynous.  151

150. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as perianth-segments. Fruits fleshy, drupaceous.  80. Menispermaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens usually more than perianth-segments. Fruits usually dry.  78. Ranunculaceae.

151. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers unisexual.
Stamens 10 or more. Seeds with copious albumen.  83. Monimiaceae.

Leaves more or less deeply divided or compound, stipulate. Seeds without albumen.  103. Rosaceae.

152. Perianth of 6 free segments, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, free. Herbs. Leaves floating, peltate, exstipulate. Brasenia, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Perianth 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or more, united at the base. Trees. Leaves stipulate.  144. Sterculiaecae.

153. (69.) Ovary 1-celled.  154

Ovary, at least after fertilisation, completely or almost completely 2- or
more-celled.  177

154. Ovule 1.  155

Ovules 2 or more.  167

155. Ovule erect, ascending, attached by an erect funicle, or adnate to the ovary-wall.  156

Ovule pendulous or descending.  162

156. Ovule adnate to the ovary-wall. Style simple; stigma entire. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments. Perianth valvate in bud. Leaves without stipules. Shrubs growing upon trees.  61. Loranthaceae.

Ovary free from the ovary-wall. Trees or shrubs growing on the ground, or herbaceous plants.  157

157. Ovule straight. Embryo straight. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more.  158

Ovule incurved or inverted. Embryo curved, more rarely straight, but then stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments.  159

158. Stamens 1-5. Leaves simple or digitate, stipulate.  54. Urticaceae.

Stamens numerous. Stigmas 2. Trees. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.

159. Ovule inverted. Stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments.
Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.  226. Compositae.

Ovule incurved. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Herbs.  160

160. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate in bud. Stamens
10-30. Stigma 1. Fruit drupaceous. Cynocrambe, 70. Cynocrambaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens
5. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit opening by a lid or bursting irregularly.  161

161. Style short, with long stigmas. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers in spike- or panicle-like inflorescences. Beta, 67. Chenopodiaceae.

Style long, with 2 short stigmas. Leaves opposite, linear, stipulate.
Flowers in heads. Sclerocephalus, 75. Caryophyllaceae.

162. (155.) Ovule straight. Style simple. Stamen 1. Flowers polygamous.
Reddish-brown herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves reduced to scales. Cynomorium, 184. Cynomoriaceae.

Ovule incurved or inverted. Green plants. Leaves well developed.  163

163. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer.  164

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments or more. Leaves exstipulate.  166

164. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate.  53. Moraceae.

Anthers opening by valves. Leaves exstipulate.  165

165. Flowers unisexual. Leaves penninerved. Hypodaphnis, 84. Lauraceae.

Flowers polygamous. Leaves palminerved. Gyrocarpus, 85. Hernandiaceae.

166. Stamens 2. Styles 2. Embryo straight. Leaves radical. Gunnera, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Stamens 3-5. Styles 4, or a single style. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate.  72. Aizoaceae.

167. (154.) Ovules 2-5.  168

Ovules numerous.  174

168. Ovules adnate to the ovary-wall. Stamens 2-6. Shrubs parasitic on the stem of trees.  61. Loranthaceae.

Ovules free from the ovary-wall. Plants growing on the ground or parasitic upon roots.  169

169. Ovules suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10, rarely 4-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads.  179. Combretaceae.

Ovules inserted on a central, sometimes subparietal, placenta. Seeds albuminous.  170

170. Styles 4. Ovules 4. Stamens 4. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of calyx and corolla. Herbs or undershrubs. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Style 1. Perianth of all flowers simple.  171

171. Stigma 6-10-lobed. Stamens 5. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Octoknema, 60. Octoknemataceae.

Stigma entire or 2-5-lobed.  172

172. Stamens 8, twice as many as the perianth-segments. Embryo with inferior radicle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Grubbia, 58. Grubbiaceae.

Stamens 2-6, as many as, or fewer than, the perianth-segments. Embryo with superior radicle or undivided.  173

173. Stem and leaves or scales green. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.  56. Santalaceae.

Stem and leaves not green; stem herbaceous; leaves scale-like. Flowers unisexual, in spikes or heads. Embryo without cotyledons.  62. Balanophoraceae.

174. (167.) Placentas apical. Style wanting. Stamens 3-4, united. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stem herbaceous, not green, bearing neither leaves nor scales. Hydnora, 65. Hydnoraceae.

Placentas parietal. Style present. Stem bearing leaves or scales.  175

175. Filaments united, 8 or more. Style 1. Embryo without cotyledons.
Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Flowers unisexual.  64. Rafflesiaceae.

Filaments free. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Shrubs or trees. Leaves well developed.  176

176. Flowers unisexual. Perianth 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Style 1. Grevea, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 7-8-parted. Stamens numerous.
Styles 2-3. Bembicia. 159. Flacourtiaceae.

177. (153.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  178

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  183

178. Ovules erect or ascending.  179

Ovules pendulous or descending.  180

179. Leaves opposite or whorled. Perianth corolla-like. Ovary-cells and styles 2. Embryo curved.  219. Rubiaceae.

Leaves alternate. Perianth calyx-like. Embryo straight.  137. Rhamnaceae.

180. Perianth wanting in the male flowers. Stamens 4. Ovary almost completely
2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Corylus, 50. Betulaceae.

Perianth present in all flowers. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then, as usually, leaves exstipulate.  181

181. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in whorls, and then leaves stipulate.
Perianth-segments 5, alternating with as many stamens. Ovary-cells and styles 2. Seeds with horny albumen; embryo small.  186. Umbelliferae.

Flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles or in spikes. Leaves exstipulate.
Perianth-segments 4, rarely 3 or 5. Seeds with fleshy or mealy albumen.
Herbs or undershrubs.  182

182. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen.
Leaves undivided. Tetragonia, 72. Aizoaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen. Leaves, at least the lower ones, deeply divided. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

183. (177.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Styles 3-6. Perianth-segments more or less united. Flowers unisexual, spicate. Leaves stipulate.
Trees or shrubs.  51. Fagaceae.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell, rarely (Lecythidaceae) 2-6, but then style 1 and flowers hermaphrodite.  184

184. Perianth-segments obviously united below. Seeds albuminous. Leaves without stipules.  185

Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.  186

185. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth regular. Fruit a berry. Embryo without cotyledons. Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Cytinus, 64. Rafflesiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or fascicled in the axils of the leaves.
Perianth irregular. Stamens adnate to the style. Fruit a capsule.
Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Leaves well developed, green. Aristolochia, 63. Aristolochiaceae.

186. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Perianth irregular. Stamens numerous.
Styles 2-6, free or united at the base. Leaves stipulate. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or in racemes or heads. Perianth regular. Style 1, undivided.  187

187. Stamens 3-6. Leaves stipulate. Herbs. Ludwigia, 182. Oenotheraceae.

Stamens numerous. Leaves exstipulate. Trees or shrubs.  176. Lecythidaceae.

188. (53.) Ovary superior or nearly so.  189

Ovary inferior to half-inferior.  481

189. Ovary 1, entire or lobed.  190

Ovaries 2 or more, separate or united at the base only.  451

190. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions or containing one or more empty rudimentary cells besides the fertile one.  191

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, the partitions sometimes not quite reaching the apex; or one cell only fertile, the others empty but well developed.  273

191. Ovule 1.  192

Ovules 2 or more.  214

192. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle.  193

Ovule pendulous or descending.  205

193. Leaves stipulate. Sepals 5.  194

Leaves exstipulate.  198

194. Stigma 1, entire.  195

Stigma 1, five-lobed, or stigmas 2-3. Stamens 1-5, more or less distinctly perigynous. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided.  197

195. Flowers regular. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens
4-5, hypogynous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, undivided. Dovera, 131. Salvadoraceae.

Flowers irregular, rarely regular, but then leaves alternate and corolla with valvate aestivation or stamens more than 5. Stamens more or less distinctly perigynous.  196

196. Style basal or nearly so.  103. Rosaceae.

Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 9-10.  105. Leguminosae.

197. Stigma 5-lobed. Calyx valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Maesopsis, 137. Rhamnaceae.

Stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

198. Sepals 2, free or nearly so.  199

Sepals 3-7, free or more or less united, or an entire calyx.  201

199. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft. Trees. Leaves undivided. Didierea, 134. Sapindaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-7. Herbs or shrubs.  200

200. Corolla regular. Stamens 4-7, free or nearly so. Style 3-parted.
Embryo large, curved. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Portulacaria, 73. Portulacaceae.

Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, three-cleft (or 6, united in 2 bundles).
Style simple. Embryo small. Herbs. Leaves dissected.  86. Papaveraceae.

201. Stamens numerous. Style 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. Calophyllum, 149. Guttiferae.

Stamens 1-10, rarely more, but then styles 3 or corolla with valvate aestivation.  202

202. Stamens as many as the petals, 4, opposite and adnate to them. Stigma
1. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Shrubs or trees.  55. Proteaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous.  203

203. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  88. Cruciferae.

Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, rarely only 1, but then fertile stamens
1, 5, 8, or more. Shrubs or trees.  204

204. Flowers in axillary clusters, hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Petals hooded. Stamens 8-10, with 4-celled anthers (or
16-20 united in pairs). Style and stigma simple. Hua, 144. Sterculiaceae.

Flowers in panicles. Petals not hooded. Stamens neither with 4-celled anthers nor united in pairs.  127. Anacardiaceae.

205. (192.) Leaves stipulate. Stamens 9-10.  206

Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Polygalaceae) stipulate, but then stamens
8.  207

206. Flowers irregular. Stamens more or less perigynous. Style simple.  105. Leguminosae.

Flowers regular. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3-4, free or partly united. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.

207. Flowers distinctly irregular, hermaphrodite. Stamens 8; filaments united; anthers opening by a pore. Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so, rarely distinctly irregular, but then unisexual or with 10 stamens. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  208

208. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or more. Leaves simple or digitate.  80. Menispermaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Anacardiaceae) unisexual, but then stamens alternating with the petals or leaves pinnate.  209

209. Stamens distinctly perigynous, 4, 8, or 10. Style simple; stigma entire.
Leaves undivided. Shrubs.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Stamens hypogynous or nearly so, rarely (Anacardiaceae) distinctly
perigynous, but then stigma lobed and leaves pinnate.  210

210. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Calyx little developed, entire or obscurely toothed. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.  57. Opiliaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or more. Calyx distinctly developed.  211

211. Stamens 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens 4 or more, rarely 6, but then sepals 3 and petals 3. Shrubs or trees.  212

212. Stamens numerous; filaments united. Style thread-shaped. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite, undivided.
Shrubs. Endodesmia, 149. Guttiferae.

Stamens 4-20; if more than 10, then style short and thick, corolla with valvate aestivation, and leaves pinnate.  213

213. Ovule with ventral raphe. Stamens 10. Leaves with 1-3 transparently dotted leaflets. Eriander, 115. Rutaceae.

Ovule with dorsal raphe.  127. Anacardiaceae.

214. (191.) Ovules 2.  215

Ovules 3 or more.  231

215. Ovules or their funicle erect or ascending.  216

Ovules or their funicle pendulous or descending.  224

216. Ovules attached one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter case flowers irregular, stamens 9-10, and style terminal or nearly so.
Leaves usually stipulate.  217

Ovules attached one opposite the other or side by side. Flowers regular, more rarely irregular, but then stamens 6 or style basal. Leaves usually exstipulate.  218

217. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, hypogynous. Leaves undivided. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.

Flowers irregular, more rarely regular, but then, as usually, stamens perigynous or more than 5. Leaves usually compound.  105. Leguminosae.

218. Ovules straight. Stamens 5 or 10, more or less distinctly perigynous.
Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees.  104. Connaraceae.

Ovules incurved or inverted. Leaves simple, undivided or dissected; in the latter case herbs.  219

219. Styles 2, free or united below. Stamens 2-5, hypogynous or nearly so.
Leaves opposite. Herbs or undershrubs.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Style 1, with a single stigma. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, but then shrubs or trees.  220

220. Style basal. Stamens perigynous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.
Seeds exalbuminous.  103. Rosaceae.

Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous; rarely perigynous, but then leaves opposite.  221

221. Stamens 5, perigynous. Sepals united below. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.

Stamens 6, hypogynous. Sepals free. Leaves alternate.  222

222. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Fruit a 2-seeded nut. Herbs.
Leaves dissected. Sarcocapnos, 86. Papaveraceae.

Flowers regular. Sepals 3-6. Leaves undivided.  223

223. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Style distinctly developed. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Undershrubs.
Flowers white. Dipterygium, 87. Capparidaceae.

Perianth of 3-6 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 honey-scales. Anthers opening by valves. Style none. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. Flowers yellow. Berberis, 79. Berberidaceae.

224. (215.) Ovules suspended from a free central placenta. Stamens 4-10.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  59. Olacaceae.

Ovules attached to the wall of the ovary, usually near the apex.  225

225. Ovules one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter case flowers irregular with 9-10 stamens. Leaves usually compound and stipulate.  105. Leguminosae.

Ovules side by side or one opposite the other. Flowers regular, rarely somewhat irregular, but then stamens 3-6.  226

226. Ovules attached laterally. Stamens 3-5. Flowers usually unisexual.
Embryo large. Leaves exstipulate, usually compound.  115. Rutaceae.

Ovules attached by the apex, rarely laterally, but then stamens more than
5. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Leaves simple.  227

227. Stamens 4-5. Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipulate.  132. Icacinaceae.

Stamens 6 or more.  228

228. Stamens 6. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Leaves exstipulate.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens 10 or more. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees.  229

229. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 3-4. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.

Stamens 12 or more.  230

230. Style 1, with a single stigma. Stamens 12-20, perigynous. Sepals
5-12. Petals 5-12. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any.  103. Rosaceae.

Styles 2-6 or style 1 with 2 stigmas; in the latter case stamens more then 20. Seeds with copious albumen.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

231. (214.) Ovules basal or attached to a central placenta.  232

Ovules attached to one or more parietal placentas.  244

232. Ovules basal.  233

Ovules attached to a central placenta.  239

233. Style or sessile stigma 1, entire.  234

Styles, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2-6.  236

234. Stamens 10. Calyx closed in bud, subsequently 2-3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs.  196. Styracaceae.

Stamens 5-6. Calyx with 3-9 imbricate segments.  235

235. Flowers 5-merous, in cymes. Stamens perigynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Style present. Leaves opposite. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.

Flowers 6-merous, in racemes. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by valves. Style wanting. Leaves alternate or all radical.  79. Berberidaceae.

236. Stamens very numerous. Anthers linear. Style 2-cleft. Trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Lophira, 147. Ochnaceae.

Stamens 1-20; if more than 10, then styles 5.  237

237. Leaves and flowers clothed with glandular hairs; the former alternate.
Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free. Ovules upon a long funicle. Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo. Undershrubs. Drosophyllum, 92. Droseraceae.

Leaves and flowers without glandular hairs. Stamens 1-10. Seeds with a large or rather large embryo.  238

238. Leaves alternate. Disc present. Ovules upon a short funicle. Seeds exalbuminous.  153. Tamaricaceae.

Leaves opposite. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

239. (232.) Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Fertile stamens 3-6.  59. Olacaceae.

Ovules ascending or horizontal.  240

240. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Style simple; stigma entire or obscurely lobed.  241

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous.  242

241. Stamens 3. Leaves opposite. Herbs. Pelletiera, 191. Primulaceae.

Stamens 4-7. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.  190. Myrsinaceae.

242. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Petals perigynous. Style simple with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.  173. Lythraceae.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Petals hypogynous or nearly so.
Style simple with a 3-lobed stigma or with several stigmas, or styles
2 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.  243

243. Sepals 2. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3. Leaves alternate.  73. Portulacaceae.

Sepals 4-5. Stamens 1-10. Leaves opposite.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

244. (231.) Ovules attached to a single placenta.  245

Ovules attached to two or more placentas.  248

245. Sepals evidently united, rarely free or nearly so, and then petals 5 or leaves stipulate. Stamens usually perigynous. Stigma 1. Leaves usually compound.  105. Leguminosae.

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals 2-4. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves exstipulate, simple, but often dissected. Herbs or undershrubs.  246

246. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 2-4. Stamens numerous.
Fruit opening at one side. Embryo straight. Delphinium, 78. Ranunculaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 8. Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 6.
Fruit opening in two valves or remaining closed. Embryo more or less curved.  247

247. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Albumen abundant.
Leaves dissected. Epimedium, 79. Berberidaceae.

Stamens 6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen scanty or wanting.  88. Cruciferae.

248. (244.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or 1 sessile stigma.  249

Styles 2-6, free or more or less united with separated stigmas (not contiguous at the base), or 2-6 free sessile stigmas.  266

249. Fertile stamens as many as petals or fewer, 2-10.  250

Fertile stamens more than petals.  257

250. Fertile stamens 10. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigmas 5. Sepals 3. Trees. Warburgia, 157. Winteranaceae.

Fertile stamens 2-6.  251

251. Fertile stamens 2-4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, with curved embryo.  87. Capparidaceae.

Fertile stamens 5, rarely (Passifloraceae) 4 or 6, but then flowers unisexual.
Seeds rarely exalbuminous, and then with straight embryo.  252

252. Fertile stamens opposite the petals. Shrubs or trees.  253

Fertile stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves simple. Seeds albuminous.  254

253. Flowers irregular. Petals perigynous. Anthers opening by a single slit. Placentas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves pinnate. Moringa, 90. Moringaceae.

Flowers regular. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves simple, undivided.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

254. Sepals united below. Petals perigynous, sometimes nearly hypogynous, and then, as usual, staminodes or a corona interposed between the petals and the stamens. Flowers regular.  161. Passifloraceae.

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals hypogynous or nearly so; in the latter
case neither staminodes nor a corona within them.  255

255. Staminodes present, sometimes petal-like. Placentas 3. Flowers regular.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate.  147. Ochnaceae.

Staminodes wanting.  256

256. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate and then stem herbaceous or suffruticose.
Placentas 3.  158. Violaceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Stem woody. Flowers regular. Placentas 2, rarely
3-5. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.

257. (249.) Sepals and petals together 6 (2 sepals and 4 petals), rarely 9 (3 sepals and 6 petals). Stamens 6 or many. Stem herbaceous. Leaves more or less deeply divided.  86. Papaveraceae.

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely 9, but then stem woody and leaves undivided.  258

258. Sepals and petals together 9; sepals 3, small; petals 6, unequal. Stamens numerous, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Ovules scattered over the inner wall of the ovary. Stigma sessile or nearly so. Albumen ruminate. Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Monodora, 81. Anonaceae.

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely (Flacourtiaceae) 9, but then ovules attached to 2-10 placentas and either style distinctly developed or stamens 5-15.  259

259. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals, rarely (Capparidaceae) of 2 sepals and
6 petals or of 5 sepals and 5 petals; in the latter case ovary long-stalked.
Albumen scanty or wanting.  260

Perianth of 3-6 sepals and 4 or more petals, but not of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Ovary sessile or nearly so.  262

260. Filaments united throughout their whole length, 8. Placentas 3-5, with 2 ovules each. Calyx 4-lobed. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees.  118. Meliaceae.

Filaments free or united at the base. Placentas 2 or more, in the latter case with numerous ovules. Embryo curved. Leaves simple or digitate.  261

261. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the other two. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Placentas 2. Flowers regular or nearly so. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves simple, without stipules.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens few or many; if 6, then not four longer than the rest. Ovary usually stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Flowers mostly irregular.  87. Capparidaceae.

262. Filaments united in 3-5 bundles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds ex-albuminous.
Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate.  149. Guttiferae.

Filaments all free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous.  263

263. Anthers opening at the apex by pores or very short slits. Sepals 5.
Petals 5. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually lobed.  264

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire or toothed.  265

264. Anthers curved. Placentas 2. Petals red. Flowers and flower-stalks clothed with minute scales. Bixa, 155. Bixaceae.

Anthers straight. Placentas 3-5. Petals yellow. Flowers and flower-stalks glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Cochlospermum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.

265. Embryo distinctly curved, folded, or rolled up. Ovules usually straight.
Disc and corona usually wanting. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.
Sepals 3 or 5. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Leaves mostly opposite. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  154. Cistaceae.

Embryo straight or nearly straight. Ovules inverted. Disc or corona usually present. Anthers usually opening outwards. Leaves alternate.
Shrubs or trees.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

266. (248.) Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Land-plants.  267

Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely (Droseraceae) whorled, but then water-plants with 5 stamens and 5 styles.  268

267. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6. Style 2-3-cleft.
Seeds with abundant albumen.  152. Frankeniaceae.

Sepals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 9 or more. Seeds without albumen. Hypericum, 149. Guttiferae.

268. Herbs with glandular hairs or with whorled leaves. Sepals, petals, and stamens equal in number, 4, 5, or 8. Anthers more or less turned outwards.  92. Droseraceae.

Herbs or undershrubs without glandular hairs or woody plants; if herbs, then anthers turned inwards, at least when young. Leaves alternate or all radical.  269

269. Flowers irregular. Ovary open at the apex. Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved.  89. Resedaceae.

Flowers regular. Ovary closed.  270

270. Corolla with contorted aestivation, more or less perigynous. Calyx deciduous, callous or glandular within. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5.
Anthers turned inwards. Styles 3.  160. Turneraceae.

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted, or with valvate aestivation, very rarely with contorted aestivation, but then stamens numerous.  271

271. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely albuminous, and then placentas finally separating from the wall of the ovary. Anthers usually turned outwards.
Leaves exstipulate.  153. Tamaricaceae.

Seeds albuminous. Placentas not separating from the wall of the ovary.
Anthers turned inwards, rarely outwards, but then, as usually, leaves stipulate.  272

272. Stem erect, rarely climbing, and then stamens numerous or anthers turned outwards. Corona, if present, simple or double. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, undivided.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

Stem climbing, usually tendril-bearing, rarely erect, but then corona 3- or more-fold or ovary distinctly stalked. Stamens 4-10. Anthers turned inwards. Sepals 4-6, more or less united, imbricate in bud.
Petals as many as sepals.  161. Passifloraceae.

273. (190.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  274

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  319

274. Ovules erect or ascending.  275

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal.  288

275. Disc outside the stamens, sometimes one-sided or broken up into several glands. Leaves alternate, compound, rarely simple and then stamens
8-10.  276

Disc or separate glands within or between the stamens or wanting, rarely outside the stamens, but then leaves simple and stamens 4-6.  277

276. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4-celled.
Seeds with abundant albumen; embryo straight. Bersama, 135. Melianthaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds without albumen; embryo more or less curved.  134. Sapindaceae.

277. Petals and stamens hypogynous.  278

Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves simple, stipulate.
Shrubs or trees.  285

278. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or 6. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate.  279

Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 2. Petals 3-5.  280

279. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening outwards.
Ovary many-celled. Styles numerous.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3. Anthers opening laterally.
Ovary 2-9-celled. Style 2-9-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.  125. Empetraceae.

280. Sepals valvate in bud, 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments united. Stigmas several. Leaves simple, stipulate.  281

Sepals imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, but then only 2. Leaves exstipulate.  282

281. Anthers 1-celled. Fertile stamens numerous. Ovary 3- or more-celled.
Seeds albuminous.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled. Fertile stamens 5, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and seeds exalbuminous.  144. Sterculiaceae.

282. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Shrubs or trees.  149. Guttiferae.

Stamens 2-10. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves alternate.  283

283. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Stigma 1.  118. Meliaceae.

Leaves simple. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Embryo
curved.  284

284. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 2-6. Glands present between the stamens.  88. Cruciferae.

Sepals 5. Petals 3-5. Stamens 5-10, united at the base. Limeum, 72. Aizoaceae.

285. (277.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4-5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary 2-celled.
Style basal. Stigma 1. Parinarium, 103. Rosaceae.

Flowers regular. Petals 4-8. Stamens 4-8. Style terminal or nearly so.  286

286. Petals, stamens, and carpels 8 each. Dirachma, 107. Geraniaceae.

Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Carpels 2-5.  287

287. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens opposite the petals. Style 1, with a more or less deeply divided stigma, or several styles.  137. Rhamnaceae.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Stamens alternate with the petals. Style 1, with an entire or lobed stigma.  129. Celastraceae.

288. (274.) Flowers unisexual.  289

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  293

289. Leaves simple.  290

Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees.  293

290. Sepals 2-3, united below, valvate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-celled. Style wanting; stigma lobed. Shrubs or trees. Carpodiptera, 141. Tiliaceae.

Sepals, at least in the female flowers, 4-6, sometimes almost wholly united.  291

291. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens 5.
Anthers opening by valves. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Shrubs. Trichocladus, 101. Hamamelidaceae.

Ovary wholly superior, usually 3-celled. Styles usually 3. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  292

292. Ovules straight. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Stamens 10. Calyx-limb nearly entire. Fruit drupaceous. Panda, 106. Pandaceae.

Ovules inverted.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

293. Leaves stipulate. Ovary surrounded by scales. Fruit capsular. Spiny shrubs. Neoluederitzia, 113. Zygophyllaceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Fruit usually drupaceous.  127. Anacardiaceae.

294. (288.) Flowers distinctly irregular.  295

Flowers regular or nearly so.  298

295. Leaves compound. Receptacle expanded into a disc or elongated into a stalk. Filaments free. Trees or shrubs.  127. Anacardiaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided. Receptacle small.  296

296. Stamens 10. Shrubs or undershrubs.  119. Malpighiaceae.

Stamens 5-8.  297

297. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Petals 5, perigynous. Style 1; stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. Tropaeolum, 109. Tropaeolaceae.

Filaments united. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Petals hypogynous.  120. Polygalaceae.

298. (294.) Stamens as many as the petals or fewer or more numerous, but less than twice as many, 2-6.  299

Stamens twice as many as the petals or in greater number, rarely (Thymelaeaceae) as many as the petals, but then 8-10.  305

299. Filaments all united below. Fertile and sterile stamens together as many as the petals, 4-6. Disc not distinctly developed. Leaves undivided.  300

Filaments free or united in pairs.  301

300. Stamens all fertile. Seeds albuminous.  110. Linaceae.

Stamens partly sterile (2 fertile, 3 sterile). Seeds exalbuminous. Cottsia, 119. Malpighiaceae.

301. Anthers opening by apical pores. Petals and stamens 5, slightly perigynous.
Ovary 3-celled. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds with abundant albumen. Undershrubs. Leaves rolled inwards when young, undivided, bearing glandular hairs. Roridula, 147. Ochnaceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any.  302

302. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple.  88. Cruciferae.

Stamens 5, rarely 4, but then styles 4 and leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees.  303

303. Flowers 4-merous. Disc within the stamens. Leaves pinnate.  116. Simarubaceae.

Flowers 5-merous.  304

304. Disc within the stamens. Ovary 3- or 5-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas
3 or 5. Leaves simple.  127. Anacardiaceae.

Disc outside the stamens. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Leaves pinnate. Filicium, 134. Sapindaceae.

305. (298.) Filaments free. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.  306

Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base.  312

306. Disc present, more or less ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped.  307

Disc wanting. Leaves undivided.  310

307. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Leaves compound, exstipulate.  127. Anacardiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then 3-merous.  308

308. Leaves with glandular dots, compound, exstipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled.
Style simple.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves without dots.  309

309. Leaves stipulate, pinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, more rarely simple and undivided, and then stigma 3-parted. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style simple.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

Leaves rarely stipulate, but then undivided and stigma entire or 2-lobed.  116. Simarubaceae.

310. Sepals united into a minute, entire or toothed calyx. Petals 4-6, valvate in bud. Ovary 3-4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen.  59. Olacaceae.

Sepals free or united at the base only. Seeds without albumen.  311

311. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled.  119. Malpighiaceae.

Petals 8-10, rarely 4-5, scale-like, valvate in bud. Sepals free, petaloid.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Octolepis, 171. Thymelaeaceae.

312. (305.) Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by one slit. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaves simple, stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-12, rarely (Malpighiaceae) a few more (11-15). Anthers opening by two slits. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  313

313. Style 1, undivided with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base.  314

Styles 2-5, free or more or less united with separate (not contiguous) stigmas. Stamens 10, rarely 11-15.  316

314. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Seeds without albumen.  118. Meliaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10.  315

315. Ovary 5-celled. Disc present. Seeds albuminous. Trees. Leaves exstipulate. Saccoglottis, 111. Humiriaceae.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc wanting. Shrubs or undershrubs.  316

316. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Nectaropetalum, 110. Linaceae.

Seeds exalbuminous. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, rarely solitary.
Sepals usually with glands on the outside.  119. Malpighiaceae.

317. Styles and ovary-cells 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Styles and ovary-cells 2-4. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves undivided.  318

318. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Petals with a scale on the inside. Styles or style-branches 3-4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds usually albuminous.
Leaves alternate, stipulate. Erythroxylon, 112. Erythroxylaceae.

Flowers in racemose inflorescences. Sepals usually with glands on the outside. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Seeds exalbuminous.  119. Malpighiaceae.

319. (273.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.  320

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell.  389

320. Style 1, undivided, or 2 or more styles united to the base of the stigmas, or 1 sessile stigma.  321

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not up to the base of the stigmas, or 2 or more free sessile stigmas.  371

321. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals.  322

Stamens more than the petals.  339

322. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals.  323

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer.  325

323. Stamens 10. Ovary 10-celled. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Augea, 113. Zygophyllaceae.

Stamens 3-7. Leaves alternate.  324

324. Petals with valvate aestivation. Filaments free. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
a berry.  138. Vitaceae.

Petals with imbricate-contorted aestivation. Filaments more or less united. Ovary 3- or more-celled. Fruit a capsule.  144. Sterculiaceae.

325. Stamens 2-4.  326

Stamens 5.  333

326. Sepals 2-4. Petals 3-4.  327

Sepals 5. Petals 2-5.  332

327. Leaves marked with glandular dots, at least at the edges. Stipules wanting.  328

Leaves without glandular dots.  329

328. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disc cushion-shaped.
Stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 drupe-like, 2-celled mericarps.
Seeds with curved embryo. Chamaelea, 114. Cneoraceae.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then fruit not drupe-like.  115. Rutaceae.

329. Leaves stipulate. Ovules usually erect. Corolla imbricate in bud.
Shrubs or trees.  330

Leaves exstipulate. Ovules usually pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate. Flowers hermaphrodite.  331

330. Disc present.  129. Celastraceae.

Disc wanting. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled. Azima, 131. Salvadoraceae.

331. Leaves opposite. Petals valvate in bud. Receptacle without glands.
Shrubs or trees.  197. Oleaceae.

Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate in bud. Receptacle provided with glands. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  88. Cruciferae.

332. (326.) Anthers opening outwards. Stamens 3. Disc present. Ovary
3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.  130. Hippocrateaceae.

Anthers opening inwards. Disc reduced to separate glands or wholly
wanting. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Seeds albuminous.  107. Geraniaceae.

333. (325.) Filaments united, at least at the base.  334

Filaments free.  336

334. Filaments united nearly to the apex. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Stigma 1. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Quivisianthe, 118. Meliaceae.

Filaments united only at the base. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate.  335

335. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stigma 1. Seeds with an aril.
Shrubs. Leaves undivided. Phyllocosmus, 110. Linaceae.

Petals with imbricate aestivation. Stigmas 5. Seeds without an aril.  107. Geraniaceae.

336. Leaves gland-dotted, exstipulate, but sometimes with axillary spines.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves not dotted, simple, stipulate.  337

337. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Triumfetta, 141. Tiliaceae.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  338

338. Calyx large. Ovules pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Calyx small. Ovules erect, more rarely pendulous, but then leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering branches.  129. Celastraceae.

339. (321.) Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals, 5-8.  340

Stamens twice as many as the petals, or more.  343

340. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Disc outside the stamens. Stamens
8, rarely 5-6; in the latter case ovary 3-celled. Ovules ascending, at least one of them, or horizontal. Shrubs or trees.  341

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-7. Ovary 2- or 5-celled or transversally septate. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  342

341. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite, lobed. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.

Ovary 3-celled. Leaves alternate, pinnate.  134. Sapindaceae.

342. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate.
Stigmas 1-2. Leaves exstipulate.  88. Cruciferae.

Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Leaves stipulate.  107. Geraniaceae.

343. (339.) Stamens twice as many as the petals.  344

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.  359

344. Filaments free.  345

Filaments evidently united, at least at the base.  354

345. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  346

Calyx with imbricate aestivation.  349

346. Leaves gland-dotted, without stipules, but sometimes with axillary spines.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves not gland-dotted, usually with stipules.  347

347. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Petals valvate in bud.
Stamens perigynous. Shrubs or trees.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

Leaves alternate.  348

348. Leaves simple, stipulate. Stamens hypogynous.  141. Tiliaceae.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then, as usual, exstipulate.
Shrubs or trees.  117. Burseraceae.

349. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous.  350

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present.  352

350. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 6-toothed involucre. Petals 5. Disc cup-shaped.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Leptochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.

Sepals 4-6. Disc ring- or cushion-shaped or reduced to separate scales or wanting.  351

351. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Filaments usually provided with an appendage.
Leaves usually compound.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

Stigmas 5. Filaments without an appendage. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. Fruit beaked, splitting into 5 nutlets.  107. Geraniaceae.

352. Flowers irregular, 4-merous. Disc outside the stamens, one-sided, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-3-celled. Leaves pinnate.  134. Sapindaceae.

Flowers regular.  353

353. Bark resinous. Leaves rarely dotted. Ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscing. Seeds exalbuminous.  117. Burseraceae.

Bark not resinous. Leaves gland-dotted. Ovules usually ascending.  115. Rutaceae.

354. (344.) Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves stipulate.  355

Sepals imbricate in bud.  356

355. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petals toothed or slit, valvate in bud.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

Leaves alternate. Petals nearly always imbricate in bud.  144. Sterculiaceae.

356. Stigmas 5. Ovary lobed. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate.  107. Geraniaceae.

Stigmas 1-3. Shrubs or trees.  357

357. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Petals with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting.  110. Linaceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Stigma 1, entire or lobed.  358

358. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. Disc wanting. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then ovary 4-20-celled.
Disc usually present.  118. Meliaceae.

359. (343.) Petals with valvate aestivation. Trees or shrubs.  360

Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  362

360. Sepals free. Petals and stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.

Sepals united below. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.  361

361. Calyx entire or nearly so. Leaves alternate.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Calyx more or less deeply divided. Leaves opposite or whorled.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

362. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  363

Calyx with imbricate aestivation.  366

363. Leaves exstipulate, undivided, opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal.
Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves stipulate. Petals 5.  364

364. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two slits.  141. Tiliaceae.

Filaments evidently united.  365

365. Anthers opening by a single slit.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers opening by two slits. Stigmas 3 or 5. Dombeya, 144. Sterculiaceae.

366. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base.  367

Stem woody throughout. Leaves undivided.  368

367. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves entire.  154. Cistaceae.

Sepals and petals with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 15. Ovary 5-celled.
Stigmas 5. Fruit opening septicidally. Leaves stipulate.  107. Geraniaceae.

368. Leaves stipulate.  369

Leaves exstipulate.  370

369. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 3-5-toothed involucre. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit dehiscent. Sarcochlaena, 140. Chlaenaceae.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Fruit indehiscent.  150. Dipterocarpaceae.

370. Leaves alternate. Ovules pendulous.  148. Theaceae.

Leaves opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal.  149. Guttiferae.

371. (320.) Stamens as many to twice as many as petals, 4-12.  372

Stamens more than twice as many as petals.  382

372. Filaments free.  373

Filaments obviously united, at least at the base.  377

373. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous.  374

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present.  376

374. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8-10.  98. Cunoniaceae.

Leaves alternate.  375

375. Style 1, 2-3-cleft, with undivided branches. Stamens 5. Disc present.
Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals usually 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or nut.
Seeds exalbuminous. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Styles 2, 3, or 5, free or united at the base, usually 2-cleft. Flowers unisexual. Fruit usually a capsule.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

376. Leaves with glandular dots. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many or twice as many.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves without glandular dots, lobed, opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 8, inserted at the inner edge of the disc. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Acer, 133. Aceraceae.

377. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals.
Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous.  378

378. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves alternate, stipulate.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Sepals imbricate in bud.  379

379. Petals with a callosity or scale on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3-4. Stamens 10. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.
Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees.  112. Erythroxylaceae.

Petals without an appendage on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, more rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers in racemes or panicles.  380

380. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stamens 10. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Ovary entire. Stamens 4-5 or 10; in the latter case styles 3 or fruit
a drupe. Leaves simple, undivided.  381

381. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Small trees or climbing shrubs. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, rarely 3-4, but then stamens
4-5 or flowers in cone-like racemes.  110. Linaceae.

382. (371.) Leaves stipulate, alternate.  383

Leaves exstipulate.  386

383. Calyx imbricate in bud, 4-partite. Stamens 10. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers turned outwards, 2-celled. Flowers unisexual. Trees. Heywoodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Calyx valvate in bud.  384

384. Anthers 1-celled (one half only developed). Filaments united. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled (both halves developed, but sometimes finally confluent).  385

385. Filaments united at the base or higher up. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Filaments free or united at the base; in the latter case flowers unisexual.  141. Tiliaceae.

386. Leaves opposite, undivided. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves alternate.  387

387. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled.
Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules ascending. Style
1, two-cleft. Talinella, 73. Portulacaceae.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules pendulous. Styles
3-5, free or united at the base.  388

388. Flowers unisexual, in glomerules. Petals in the male flowers 3, valvate in bud. Anthers 4-celled. Junodia, 122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in panicles. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Anthers
2-celled.  148. Theaceae.

389. (319.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or one sessile stigma.  390

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not to the base of the stigmas, or two or more free sessile stigmas.  439

390. Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals.  391

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more.  404

391. Petals and stamens hypogynous.  392

Petals, and usually also the stamens, more or less perigynous. Leaves undivided.  399

392. Stamens 7-9, free. Sepals 3 or 5, petals 5, both with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular. Leaves entire.  154. Cistaceae.

Stamens 2-6.  393

393. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Sepals 4, petals 4. Receptacle with glands. Leaves simple, without stipules, but often with auricles at the base.  88. Cruciferae.

Ovary 3- or more-celled. Stamens 4-5.  394

394. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Filaments usually united. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate.  395

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, free or nearly so, rarely evidently united, but then leaves exstipulate. Filaments free; anthers sometimes united.  396

395. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.

Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Leaves simple.  144. Sterculiaceae.

396. Anthers united, opening at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc wanting.
Petals 3 or 5. Sepals 3 or 5, one of them spurred. Herbs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Impatiens, 136. Balsaminaceae.

Anthers free, opening lengthwise.  397

397. Flowers irregular. Stamens usually fewer than the petals. Disc present.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate, pinnate. Melianthus, 135. Melianthaceae.

Flowers regular. Stamens as many as the petals. Albumen scanty or wanting.  398

398. Disc present. Leaves stipulate, usually opposite or compound.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

Disc wanting. Staminodes in bundles alternating with the fertile stamens.
Sepals united below. Leaves exstipulate, alternate, undivided. Thomassetia, 148. Theaceae.

399. (391.) Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.  173. Lythraceae.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  400

400. Stem herbaceous. Leaves without glandular dots, exstipulate. Sepals
4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled. Subularia, 88. Cruciferae.

Stem woody. Stamens 3-5, very rarely 6-8, but then sepals 5 and petals 5.  401

401. Leaves with glandular dots, alternate, exstipulate. Stamens 5-8.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Heteropyxis, 180. Myrtaceae.

Leaves without glandular dots. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-7-celled.  402

402. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate and then, as usually, stamens 3. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Filaments dilated. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.  130. Hippocrateaceae.

Leaves alternate. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the edge of the disc.
Seeds albuminous.  403

403. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril.  129. Celastraceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Ovary 5-7-celled. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an aril. Brexia, 96. Saxifragaceae.

404. (390.) Stamens twice as many as the petals.  405

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.  416

405. Petals and stamens hypogynous.  406

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. Leaves undivided.  413

406. Filaments united in a tube, at least at the base.  407

Filaments free, rarely (Rutaceae) united in several bundles.  408

407. Sepals valvate in bud, very rarely at first imbricate; in this case many ovules in each ovary-cell and leaves undivided. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovules few in each ovary-cell, rarely many, but then leaves pinnate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Leaves exstipulate. Shrubs or trees.  118. Meliaceae.

408. Ovary distinctly stalked, entire. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile or nearly so.  409

409. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate.  141. Tiliaceae.

Calyx with imbricate, contorted, or open aestivation.  410

410. Calyx with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves undivided.
Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.  154. Cistaceae.

Calyx with imbricate, not contorted, or with open aestivation. Disc ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped.  411

411. Disc outside the stamens. Flowers usually irregular. Seeds with a copious albumen and straight embryo. Shrubs or trees.  135. Melianthaceae.

Disc within the stamens. Flowers regular.  412

412. Leaves with translucent dots, exstipulate.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves without dots, stipulate.  113. Zygophyllaceae.

413. (405.) Anthers opening by 1-2 apical pores. Leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate.  181. Melastomataceae.

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits.  414

414. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  173. Lythraceae.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.  415

415. Flowers polygamous, without bracteoles. Calyx shortly lobed. Filaments free. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with translucent dots. Psiloxylon, 180. Myrtaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx deeply divided. Anthers attached by the back. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. Leaves without dots. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

416. (404.) Petals and stamens hypogynous.  417

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous.  433

417. Stipules present, but sometimes minute and caducous.  418

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present.  428

418. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation.  419

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  425

419. Corolla with valvate aestivation.  420

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  421

420. Petals toothed or laciniate. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit at the apex. Trees. Leaves undivided. Elaeocarpus, 139. Elaeocarpaceae.

Petals entire or emarginate. Anthers opening by 2 pores or slits.  141. Tiliaceae.

421. Ovary distinctly stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile or nearly so. Petals usually with contorted aestivation.  422

422. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 1 slit or pore. Filaments united. Petals
5.  423

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2, rarely confluent slits or pores.  424

423. Leaves simple. Flowers with an epicalyx. Filaments united to the apex or nearly so. Pollen-grains spiny.  142. Malvaceae.

Leaves palmately compound. Flowers without an epicalyx. Filaments united below. Pollen-grains smooth or nearly so. Trees.  143. Bombacaceae.

424. Filaments more or less united. Staminodes present.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Filaments free, rarely shortly united at the base, but then staminodes absent.  141. Tiliaceae.

425. (418.) Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albuminous. Leaves undivided.  426

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation.  427

426. Disc present. Ovules inverted.  140. Chlaenaceae.

Disc absent. Ovules usually straight.  154. Cistaceae.

427. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Style awl-shaped. Ovules ascending. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. Sphaerosepalum, 156. Cochlospermaceae.

Ovary stalked. Seeds without albumen.  87. Capparidaceae.

428. (417.) Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Petals numerous. Ovary
6-or more-celled. Stigma sessile. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Nuphar, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Leaves cauline and radical or all cauline, not floating. Petals 4-5.  429

429. Leaves opposite. Calyx with valvate, open, or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Filaments usually united in several bundles. Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves alternate, more rarely (Cistaceae) opposite, but then calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation, filaments free, and seeds albuminous.  430

430. Leaves compound, with 1-3 leaflets, translucently dotted. Sepals united below. Ovary sessile, 5- or more-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.  115. Rutaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided, not dotted, rarely digitate or dotted, but then ovary stalked.  431

431. Ovary stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Disc usually present. Seeds exalbuminous.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile. Disc not distinctly developed. Flowers regular.  432

432. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovules usually straight.
Seeds albuminous.  154. Cistaceae.

Sepals and petals 5, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovules inverted or incurved. Trees or shrubs.  148. Theaceae.

433. (416.) Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation.  434

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves undivided. 438

434. Corolla with valvate, calyx with open aestivation. Ovary 3-8-celled.

Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, undivided. Trees or shrubs.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case calyx valvate.
Seeds exalbuminous, rarely with scanty albumen, but then leaves digitate.  435

435. Anthers opening by a single slit. Filaments united. Ovary 5-10-celled, slightly sunk in the receptacle. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Trees.  143. Bombacaceae.

Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, rarely digitate, but then ovary stalked and 2-celled.  436

436. Ovary stalked, 2-celled. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate.  87. Capparidaceae.

Ovary sessile. Embryo straight. Leaves undivided, usually opposite.  437

437. Ovary 2-6-celled.  173. Lythraceae.

Ovary 10-20-celled. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Petals linear. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sonneratia, 174. Sonneratiaceae.

438. Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Disc present.
Ovary 3-celled. Style present. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, not peltate.  140. Chlaenaceae.

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Petals numerous. Disc wanting. Ovary 6- or more-celled. Style wanting.
Herbs. Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

439. (389.) Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 3-10.  440

Stamens numerous.  446

440. Petals and stamens perigynous or inserted at the base of an hypogynous disc. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles free. Seeds albuminous.  441

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Disc wanting.  442

441. Stem herbaceous. Leaves usually radical or alternate and exstipulate.
Placentas thick. Saxifraga, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Ovules in two rows.  98. Cunoniaceae.

442. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Filaments free.
Styles free. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs.  151. Elatinaceae.

Leaves alternate or all radical.  443

443. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Leaves stipulate.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud.  444

444. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Seeds albuminous.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Trees or
shrubs. Leaves undivided.  445

445. Filaments free. Anthers opening at the apex. Style shortly 3-cleft.
Ovules in several rows. Albumen abundant. Bracteoles absent. Clethra, 188. Clethraceae.

Filaments united at the base. Ovules in two rows. Albumen scanty or wanting. Bracteoles present. Asteropeia, 148. Theaceae.

446. (439.) Petals and stamens perigynous, adnate to the ovary at the base, numerous. Filaments free. Sepals imbricate in bud. Leaves all radical, stipulate. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Petals and stamens hypogynous, free from the ovary. Petals 3-9.  447

447. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Seeds exalbuminous.  149. Guttiferae.

Leaves alternate.  448

448. Petals 8. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Styles free.
Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen. Herbs. Leaves dissected, exstipulate. Nigella, 78. Ranunculaceae.

Petals 3-5. Filaments united, at least at the base.  449

449. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Albumen scanty or wanting.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  148. Theaceae.

Sepals 3-5, valvate or open in bud. Leaves stipulate.  450

450. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers opening by two slits or pores.  144. Sterculiaceae.

451. (189.) Styles united below or throughout their whole length.  452

Styles entirely free or loosely cohering above.  457

452. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits or pores. Calyx with imbricate, more rarely with open or valvate aestivation, in the latter case leaves exstipulate.  453

453. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Trees or shrubs.  454

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Leaves exstipulate.  456

454. Receptacle more or less elongated. Stamens 10 or more. Fruits drupaceous.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, stipulate.  147. Ochnaceae.

Receptacle expanded into a disc. Leaves exstipulate.  455

455. Stamens inserted within the disc. Ovules ascending.  134. Sapindaceae.

Stamens inserted outside the disc.  116. Simarubaceae.

456. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Trees or shrubs.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-10. Leaves translucently dotted.  115. Rutaceae.

457. (451.) Ovules solitary in each carpel.  458

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.  470

458. Leaves opposite, exstipulate.  459

Leaves alternate or the uppermost whorled, or all radical.  462

459. Stamens 3-10. Carpels 3-9. Albumen scanty. Leaves undivided.  460

Stamens numerous. Carpels 2 or many. Albumen abundant.  461

460. Stamens 3-9. Petals white or reddish. Fruit dehiscent. Crassula, 95. Crassulaceae.

Stamens 10. Petals greenish, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.
Flowers in racemes. Coriaria, 126. Coriariaceae.

461. Carpels 2. Ovules ascending. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds with an aril.
Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Hibbertia, 146. Dilleniaceae.

Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds without an aril. Clematis, 78. Ranunculaceae.

462. Leaves stipulate.  463

Leaves exstipulate.  467

463. Stamens as many as the petals, 3-8, hypogynous or nearly so. Styles terminal. Flowers unisexual.  464

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more, rarely as many as the petals or fewer, but then distinctly perigynous and styles basal. Ovules inverted.  465

464. Stem erect, tree-like. Leaves lobed. Flowers in heads. Ovules pendulous, straight. Fruit dry. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.

Stem climbing. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules laterally affixed, half-inverted. Fruit fleshy. Tiliacora, 80. Menispermaceae.

465. Petals and stamens perigynous.  103. Rosaceae.

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Leaves undivided.  466

466. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, with united filaments. Disc absent. Trees. Christiania, 141. Tiliaceae.

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Disc present. Shrubs. Astrocarpus, 89. Resedaceae.

467. Disc present. Sepals 2-5. Albumen scanty or wanting. Stem woody.  116. Simarubaceae.

Disc absent. Albumen abundant, rarely scanty or wanting, but then sepals 6 or more.  468

468. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 6 or more. Stamens usually as many as petals or fewer. Fruits drupaceous. Stem usually climbing. Flowers usually in racemes.  80. Menispermaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then sepals
2-3. Stamens usually more than petals. Albumen abundant.  469

469. Stem woody. Leaves entire or toothed. Sepals 2-3. Albumen
ruminate.  81. Anonaceae.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then leaves lobed or dissected and sepals 4 or more. Albumen uniform.  78. Ranunculaceae.

470. (457.) Leaves stipulate.  471

Leaves exstipulate.  474

471. Petals and stamens perigynous.  103. Rosaceae.

Petals and stamens hypogynous.  472

472. Disc one-sided, scale-like. Ovary stalked. Stamens 10-15. Flowers irregular, 5-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Caylusea, 89. Resedaceae.

Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees.  473

473. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more. Petal-like staminodes within the stamens 5-10. Flowers regular, 5-merous.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous.
Leaves undivided.  146. Dilleniaceae.

474. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals.  475

Stamens numerous, not exactly twice as many as the petals, hypogynous.
Seeds with abundant albumen.  479

475. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3.  476

476. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely throughout, but then, as usually, ovules numerous. Albumen scanty or wanting.  95. Crassulaceae.

Stem woody throughout. Ovules 2.  477

477. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets, alternate, rarely dotted and then stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous. Ovules ascending, straight. Seeds with an aril.  104. Connaraceae.

Leaves simple or compound; in the latter case, as usually, leaves translucently dotted and stamens 3-5. Ovules inverted. Seeds without an aril.  478

478. Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 3-5. Seeds albuminous, with a thick and hard coat. Fagara, 115. Rutaceae.

Styles basal or nearly so. Stamens 5-10. Seeds exalbuminous, with
a thin coat. Leaves undivided. Suriana, 116. Simarubaceae.

479. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud.  480

480. Seeds with an aril. Sepals persistent. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  146. Dilleniaceae.

Seeds without an aril. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves more or less
deeply divided or compound.  78. Ranunculaceae.

481. (188.) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered.  482

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, rarely 2 or more distinct ovaries.  507

482. Ovules not distinctly differentiated from the placenta. Shrubs parasitic upon trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Calyx-limb little developed.
Petals 2-6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals.
Stigma 1. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.

Ovules distinctly developed. Herbs or non-parasitic shrubs or trees.  483

483. Ovule 1.  484

Ovules 2 or more.  490

484. Ovule erect, straight. Stigmas 2. Stamens numerous. Petals 3-4.
Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Leaves pinnate. Trees. Juglans, 49. Juglandaceae.

Ovule pendulous, inverted. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, rarely (Alangiaceae) more, but then petals 6-10 and flowers hermaphrodite.  485

485. Filaments wholly united. Anthers 5, twisted. Flowers unisexual.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves angled or lobed. Climbing, tendril-bearing plants.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Filaments free or united at the base only. Plants without tendrils.  486

486. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Seed exalbuminous. Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in panicles.  85. Hernandiaceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.
Seed albuminous.  487

487. Flowers 4-merous, in racemes or panicles. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Fruit a drupe. Polyscias, 185. Araliaceae.

Flowers 5-10-merous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected, and then herbs or undershrubs with the flowers in umbels.  488

488. Flowers in umbels. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Herbs or undershrubs. Fruit a nut.  186. Umbelliferae.

Flowers in heads, spikes, or cymes. Leaves undivided. Shrubs or trees. 489.

489. Flowers in cymes. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit a drupe. Embryo large. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.

Flowers in heads or spikes, 5-merous. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a nut. Embryo small.  100. Bruniaceae.

490. (483.) Ovules basal or inserted on a free central placenta.  491

Ovules parietal or inserted at the apex of the ovary-cell. 499.

491. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, 2-5.
Fruit a berry or a nut. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  492

Flowers hermaphrodite.  493

492. Flowers 4-merous. Styles or sessile stigmas 4, free. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs. Leaves undivided. Laurembergia, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Flowers 5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

493. Sepals 2. Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.

Sepals 4-8, sometimes united into an entire calyx. Style simple.
Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, rarely (Bruniaceae) undershrubs.  494

494. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Ovules 2. Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate, stipulate.  103. Rosaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 4-16. Leaves undivided.  495

495. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-16. Leaves opposite or whorled.  496

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-6. Seeds albuminous.  497

496. Leaves stipulate. Petals 5-8, toothed or lobed, valvate in bud. Anthers without appendages. Seeds albuminous. Carallia, 177. Rhizophoraceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Petals usually 4. Anthers with appendages. Seeds exalbuminous.  181. Melastomataceae.

497. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate.  59. Olacaceae.

Stamens alternating with the petals. Petals imbricate in bud.  498

498. Stigma 1. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Pleurostylia, 129. Celastraceae.

Stigmas 2. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.  100. Bruniaceae.

499. (490.) Ovules apical.  500

Ovules parietal.  502

500. Ovules numerous, affixed to 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Styles 2-3, free. Stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Fruit capsular. Seeds with abundant albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. Vahlia, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Ovules 2-6, suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds without albumen.  501

501. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs, usually climbing or prostrate.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens 8 or more, rarely 4-6, but then flowers hermaphrodite. Style simple. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.  179. Combretaceae.

502. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  503

Flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albuminous.  504

503. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 2-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves well-developed.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers 6-merous. Stamens 12 or more. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
scale-like. Pilostyles, 64. Rafflesiaceae.

504. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 5. Petals small.
Style 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Ovules many. Fruit a berry. Leaves lobed. Ribes, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or in greater number. Style simple, more rarely divided, but then ovary half-inferior. Leaves undivided or wanting.  505

505. Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary inferior. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Succulent, usually leafless plants.  167. Cactaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or collected in several bundles. Ovary half-inferior. Style simple with an entire or slightly lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided into 2-6 branches. Leafy plants.  506

506. Petals 5-6, lobed or slit, valvate in bud. Stamens twice their number.
Style simple. Ovules 6. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite or whorled. Ceriops, 177. Rhizophoraceae.

Petals 4-8, imbricate in bud. Stamens placed singly or in pairs or bundles opposite the petals; if in pairs or bundles, then style divided.
Fruit a capsule.  159. Flacourtiaceae.

507. (481.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  508

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell.  527

508. Ovules erect or ascending.  509

Ovules pendulous or descending.  513

509. Stamens 10 or more. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary 4-10-celled. Styles or style-branches 2-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate.  103. Rosaceae.

Stamens 2-5.  510

510. Flowers 2-merous. Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Circaea, 182. Oenotheraceae.

Flowers 4-5-merous.  511

511. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals, 3.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Flowers unisexual.
Tendril-bearing herbs. Leaves alternate. Cayaponia, 223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.  512

512. Stamens alternating with the petals. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation.  129. Celastraceae.

Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx with valvate aestivation.  137. Rhamnaceae.

513. (508.) Ovary 2-celled.  514

Ovary 3-15-celled.  522

514. Style 1, with a single stigma. Flowers 4-merous.  515

Style 1, with 2-3 stigmas, or styles 2.  517

515. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite, in cymes. Fruit a berry.
Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Pimenta, 180. Myrtaceae.

Stamens 4.  516

516. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Cornus, 187. Cornaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary. Fruit a nut. Seeds exalbuminous.
Herbs. Leaves radical. Trapa, 182. Oenotheraceae.

517. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals. Stigmas 2. Seeds albuminous.  518

518. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut, and then ovary half-inferior. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, rarely in racemes or panicles.  519

Fruit a schizocarp (splitting into 2 nutlets), a nut, or a drupe. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then leaves compound or divided.
Flowers in umbels, more rarely in heads, whorls, spikes, racemes, or panicles.  520

519. Leaves stipulate. Flowers usually 4-merous. Styles 2, free. Fruit a capsule. Albumen scanty.  101. Hamamelidaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then style 1. Flowers 5-merous.
Petals clawed, imbricate in bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen abundant.  100. Bruniaceae.

520. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into two nutlets, rarely a nut, and then, as usually, stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers 5-merous.
Epigynous disc usually 2-parted. Styles free.  186. Umbelliferae.

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Stem woody throughout. Epigynous disc usually entire.  521

521. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided. Flowers in umbels, spikes, or racemes. Ovules with ventral raphe.  185. Araliaceae.

Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules with dorsal raphe. Fruit a drupe.  187. Cornaceae.

522. (513.) Stem herbaceous. Fruit dry.  523

Stem woody. Fruit more or less succulent.  524

523. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 2-8. Fruit indehiscent or splitting into
2-4 nutlets. Seeds albuminous. Leaves exstipulate. Water-plants. Myriophyllum, 183. Halorrhagaceae.

Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.
Leaves stipulate. Land-plants.  103. Rosaceae.

524. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided, rarely the upper ones undivided, and then ovary-cells and styles 5. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as petals, 4-16,
rarely twice their number, 10.  185. Araliaceae.

Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or fascicles. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 1-4.  525

525. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Style simple. Flowers in racemes or fascicles.  59. Olacaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many.  526

526. Stamens as many as the petals, 4-10. Seeds albuminous.  187. Cornaceae.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-8, but the alternate ones sometimes without anthers. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Styles 3-4.
Flowers polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

527. (507.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell.  528

Ovules more than 4 in each ovary-cell.  537

528. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer.  529

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more.  533

529. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals,
2-4. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Ovary inferior. Usually herbaceous and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, free or nearly so. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs.  530

530. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovary inferior.
Style simple; stigma entire. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Olinia, 170. Oliniaceae.

Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary usually half-inferior. Leaves opposite, but stipulate, or alternate.  531

531. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a minute embryo and abundant albumen.  100. Bruniaceae.

Leaves stipulate.  532

532. Calyx large. Petals 5, usually two-cleft. Stigmas 2-3. Ovules pendulous.
Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Calyx small. Petals imbricate in bud. Style simple or wanting. Ovules erect, rarely pendulous, but then leaves, at least those of the flowering branches, opposite.  129. Celastraceae.

533. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Style 1. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate.  177. Rhizophoraceae.

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous.  534

534. Style 1, with a single stigma. Ovules in the whole ovary 4 or more.
Leaves exstipulate.  535

Style 1, with 2-5 stigmas, or styles 2-5. Sepals 5. Leaves alternate.  536

535. Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. Sepals 4-5. Filaments free or united into several bundles.  180. Myrtaceae.

Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base. Fruit indehiscent.  176. Lecythidaceae.

536. Stipules absent. Calyx with open aestivation. Filaments collected in
5 bundles. Ovules in the whole ovary 3, pendulous. Style entire or cleft at the top. Fruit a nut. Kissenia, 164. Loasaceae.

Stipules present. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Ovules ascending.
Style more or less deeply divided. Fruit a berry or a drupe.  103. Rosaceae.

537. (527.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at their base.  538

Styles 2-20, free or united below, the stigmas not contiguous at the base.  546

538. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or fewer, 2-16.  539

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals, or stamens and petals very numerous.  543

539. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, herbs with tendrils. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Fruit usually succulent and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Herbs without tendrils, or woody plants.  540

540. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens twice as many, rarely as many as the petals; in the latter case leaves with small stipules. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds exalbuminous.  182. Oenotheraceae.

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then either stamens as many as the petals, leaves without stipules, and seeds albuminous, or anthers opening by apical pores.  541

541. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, exstipulate, usually with several longitudinal nerves. Filaments bent down in bud. Anthers usually opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous.  181. Melastomataceae.

Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as the petals. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous.  542

542. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  224. Campanulaceae.

Stem woody throughout. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils or on the surface of the leaves. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril.  129. Celastraceae.

543. Petals numerous. Stigmas 4-20. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.

Petals 4-8. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  544

544. Sepals 5-8, red, with valvate aestivation. Petals crumpled in the bud.
Ovules at first basal, finally parietal. Leaves not dotted. Punica, 175. Punicaceae.

Sepals 2-4, rarely more, but then with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation.
Ovules axile.  545

545. Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base.  176. Lecythidaceae.

Leaves opposite, gland-dotted.  180. Myrtaceae.

546. (537.) Stamens 2-10.  547

Stamens numerous.  548

547. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), more rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, tendril-bearing herbs. Styles usually 3. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous.
Fruit more or less berry-like. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, and then styles 2 and stem woody, or twice as many. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous, rarely exalbuminous, but then flowers 4-merous.  96. Saxifragaceae.

548. Petals 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous.  549

Petals numerous. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs.  550

549. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals not distinctly differentiated, together
8-9. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Begonia, 165. Begoniaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals distinctly differentiated, together 10. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Shrubs. Cydonia, 103. Rosaceae.

550. Sepals nearly hypogynous, 4. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments.
Fruit bursting irregularly. Embryo straight. Leaves radical, floating, peltate or cordate. Flowers solitary. Nymphaea, 76. Nymphaeaceae.

Sepals epigynous, usually 5. Ovules basal or parietal. Fruit opening loculicidally. Embryo curved. Leaves not floating. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.

551. (52.) Ovary superior or nearly so.  552

Ovary inferior to half-inferior.  728

552. Ovary 1, entire or lobed.  553

Ovaries 2 or more, separate or cohering at the base only.  719

553. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered.  554

Ovary completely or almost completely 2- or more-celled, at least at the time of flowering (sometimes incompletely septate in the bud).  604

554. Ovule 1.  555

Ovules 2 or more.  570

555. Ovule erect or ascending.  556

Ovule pendulous or descending. Style simple.  564

556. Style 1, entire or cleft at the top into 2 or more stigmas (or branches stigmatose on the inside).  557

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Stamens 5, opposite the petals.  563

557. Stamens free from the corolla or inserted on its base.  558

Stamens inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla.  561

558. Corolla (or corolla-like perianth) with valvate or folded aestivation.
Leaves exstipulate.  69. Nyctaginaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case leaves stipulate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  559

559. Flowers 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Herbs. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Cometes, 75. Caryophyllaceae.

Flowers 4-merous. Stigma 1.  560

560. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in fascicles. Seeds albuminous. Herbs.
Leaves all radical, exstipulate. Litorella, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes or panicles. Seeds exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Salvadora, 131. Salvadoraceae.

561. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Leaves whorled.
Shrubs.  205. Verbenaceae.

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  562

562. Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla (or the petaloid staminodes). Seeds albuminous.  68. Amarantaceae.

Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla (or petaloid perianth), 4.
Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.  55. Proteaceae.

563. (556.) Sepals 2. Anthers turned outwards. Styles 3. Seeds with curved embryo.  74. Basellaceae.

Sepals 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 5. Seeds with straight embryo.  192. Plumbaginaceae.

564. Petals in the male flowers 2-4, united below, in the female 1-2, free.
Sepals in the male flowers 4, in the female 1-2. Stamens 4-10, with united filaments.  80. Menispermaceae.

Petals united below in the flowers of both sexes, or flowers hermaphrodite.  565

565. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the calyx or corolla, 4. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers 5-merous, irregular. Seeds albuminous.  566

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely
(Ericaceae) fewer, but then only 3.  567

566. Ovary 1-celled from the beginning. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire, and then corolla-lobes very unequal.  215. Globulariaceae.

Ovary originally 2-celled, one cell becoming rudimentary. Stigma entire.
Corolla-lobes almost equal. Microdon, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

567. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla (or corolla-like perianth), 4, inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. Corolla valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous.  55. Proteaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla or free from it.  568

568. Stamens 10, perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.
Flowers regular.  171. Thymelaeaceae.

Stamens 3-8, hypogynous.  569

569. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4. Corolla-lobes 3-4. Anthers opening by two pores or slits. Seeds albuminous.  189. Ericaceae.

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Corolla-lobes 3 or 5. Stamens 8. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit. Seeds exalbuminous. Securidaca, 120. Polygalaceae.

570. (554.) Ovules 2.  571

Ovules 3 or more.  578

571. Stamens 4, fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Flowers irregular.
Leaves opposite.  572

Stamens 3 or more, as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla.  573

572. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in clusters. Afromendoncia, 216. Acanthaceae.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds albuminous. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary. Linariopsis, 210. Pedaliaceae.

573. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 4-5. Leaves simple, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular.  574

Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then, as usually, leaves compound.  576

574. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovules ascending. Leaves stipulate. Waltheria, 144. Sterculiaceae.

Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla. Leaves exstipulate.  575

575. Ovules erect. Style 2-parted, rarely simple, and then herbs. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with valvate or folded aestivation.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Ovules pendulous. Style simple or wanting. Shrubs or trees.  132. Icacinaceae.

576. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, but fewer than twice as many, 4-7, usually 6. Anthers opening by pores. Corolla 4-lobed.
Leaves whorled, undivided, linear. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, or more.
Leaves alternate.  577

577. Corolla regular, 5-partite, with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10, five of them sometimes sterile. Ovules erect, straight. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves compound, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes. Connarus, 104. Connaraceae.

Corolla regular, with valvate aestivation, or irregular. Ovules inverted.
Leaves usually stipulate.  105. Leguminosae.

578. (570.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a free central placenta.  579

Ovules parietal.  587

579. Ovules 3, pendulous. Style simple. Fertile stamens as many as and opposite the corolla-lobes, 5-6, or fewer, 3. Flowers regular. Fruit
a drupe. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Olax, 59. Olacaceae.

Ovules 3, ascending, or more.  580

580. Style 3-cleft. Stamens more than corolla-lobes, 8-30, rarely fewer, 3.
Sepals 2. Corolla-lobes 5. Herbs or undershrubs.  73. Portulacaceae.

Style simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Caryophyllaceae) 3-cleft, but then sepals, corolla-lobes and stamens 5 each.  581

581. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, 3-7. Style simple.  582

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer or more numerous.  583

582. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  191. Primulaceae.

Fruit a nut, berry, or drupe. Shrubs or trees, very rarely herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves alternate, gland-dotted.  190. Myrsinaceae.

583. Stamens 5. Flowers regular.  584

Stamens 2, 4, or 8.  585

584. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Corolla deeply divided, with imbricate aestivation. Styles 1 or 3. Herbs or undershrubs.  75. Caryophyllaceae.

Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Styles 1-2.  202. Convolvulaceae.

585. Stamens 4, free from the corolla, or 8. Flowers regular, 4-merous. Stigma
1. Seeds albuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves whorled, narrow.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or 2.  586

586. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stamens 2. Style wanting. Sepals
2 or 5. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves alternate or all radical.
Herbs.  214. Lentibulariaceae.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Style present. Ovules 4.
Leaves opposite or whorled.  205. Verbenaceae.

587. (578.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. Style simple. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Leaves alternate, compound or reduced to the dilated petiole.  105. Leguminosae.

Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 588.

588. Style simple or 2-cleft.  589

Style 3-10-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.  603

589. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-4.  590

Fertile stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla.  595

590. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma 2-cleft. Herbs.
Leaves opposite, undivided.  199. Gentianaceae.

Fertile stamens 2 or 4.  591

591. Fertile stamens 2. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers irregular.  592

Fertile stamens 4.  594

592. Seeds 4, with thin albumen. Fruit a capsule with a drupaceous rind
Ovules 4-16. Stigma 2-parted. Staminodes 3. Martynia, 211. Martyniaceae.

Seeds numerous, without albumen. Ovules numerous.  593

593. Disc wanting. Ovary and fruit ovate. Placentas little projecting.
Staminodes none. Small water-plants. Leaves opposite. Dintera, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

Disc rarely wanting, and then ovary and fruit linear or oblong and placentas much projecting.  213. Gesneraceae.

594. Placentas 2. Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound.  209. Bignoniaceae.

Placentas 4. Fruit a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Herbs without green colour. Leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular.  212. Orobanchaceae.

595. (589.) Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 3-8.  596

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla, 7 or more.
Shrubs or trees.  600

596. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened, often 2-lobed apex. Placentas
2. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular or nearly so,
5-, rarely 4-merous. Juice milky.  200. Apocynaceae.

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Juice not milky.  597

597. Leaves and stem without green colour; stem herbaceous, leaves scale-like.
Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Placentas 4.  212. Orobanchaceae.

Leaves green, rarely (Gentianaceae) without green colour, but then flowers regular, stamens 5 and placentas 2.  598

598. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Stem woody. Bark resinous.
Flowers regular, 5-merous. Stigma 1. Pittosporum, 97. Pittosporaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or all radical, but then stem herbaceous.  599

599. Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually stipulate. Flowers
4-merous.  198. Loganiaceae.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then flowers 5-merous. Leaves exstipulate.  199. Gentianaceae.

600. Stamens 7-18, with united filaments. Placentas 3-5.  601

Stamens 23 or more, with free filaments. Leaves undivided.  602

601. Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 4-6. Stamens 7-9 or 14-18. Anthers opening outwards. Cinnamosma, 157. Winteranaceae.

Sepals 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening inwards or laterally.  118. Meliaceae.

602. Corolla-lobes 6. Sepals 3. Filaments and styles very short. Placentas numerous, confluent. Albumen abundant, ruminate.  81. Anonaceae.

Corolla-lobes 11-14. Sepals 2-4. Filaments and styles long. Placentas
2, two-cleft. Albumen scanty, uniform. Hoplestigma, 194. Hoplestigmataceae.

603. (588.) Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 3-5. Fruit a capsule.
Herbs or undershrubs.  162. Achariaceae.

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 10. Fruit a berry. Trees. Carica, 163. Caricaceae.

604. (553.) Ovary 2-celled.  605

Ovary 3- or more-celled.  669

605. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  606

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  621

606. Ovules erect or ascending.  607

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal.  611

607. Fertile stamens 2 or 4.  608

Fertile stamens 5 or 6.  609

608. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. Fruit capsular.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle.  205. Verbenaceae.

609. Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigma 1. Trees or shrubs.  193. Sapotaceae.

Stamens alternate with the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening inward.  610

610. Stigma 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Rochelia, 204. Borraginaceae.

Stigmas 2. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Gaertnera, 219. Rubiaceae.

611. (606.) Fertile stamens 2 or 4.  612

Fertile stamens 5 or more.  618

612. Stamens 4, free from the corolla. Corolla regular or nearly so, 2-4-lobed.
Seeds with abundant albumen.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens inserted on the corolla.  613

613. Corolla scarious, regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Fruit opening by a lid. Seeds albuminous. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious, more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens
2 or stigmas 2.  614

614. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells. Disc wanting. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet. Jasminum, 197. Oleaceae.

Corolla more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 4. Leaves simple.  615

615. Flowers regular. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Style 2-cleft.
Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves alternate. Wellstedia, 204. Borraginaceae.

Flowers more or less irregular. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then anthers opening by a single slit or pore.  616

616. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. Seeds albuminous.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled.  617

617. Fruit a capsule. Seeds borne on a hook-like process of the funicle, exalbuminous.  216. Acanthaceae.

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds not on a hook-like process of the funicle, albuminous. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Herbs.  205. Verbenaceae.

618. (611.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Stamens united at the base with one another and with the corolla. Anthers opening by a single pore.  120. Polygalaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by two slits or pores.  619

619. Flowers unisexual. Stamens free from the corolla.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves undivided.  620

620. Calyx and corolla of 2-4 divisions each. Stamens 6-8, free from the corolla or nearly so.  189. Ericaceae.

Calyx and corolla of 5 divisions each. Stamens 5, attached to the corolla; filaments free. Stigmas 2.  200. Apocynaceae.

621. (605.) Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary.  622

Ovules 3 or more in each cell of the ovary.  640

622. Fertile stamens 2-3.  623

Fertile stamens 4-30.  626

623. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells, rarely 3.
Disc wanting.  197. Oleaceae.

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens not regularly alternating with the ovary-cells.  624

624. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Style 2-cleft. Petals 2-cleft. Seeds exalbuminous.
Trees or shrubs. Tapura, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then, as
nearly always, style simple.  625

625. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, albuminous.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

626. (622.) Fertile stamens 4.  627

Fertile stamens 5-30.  634

627. Corolla with 4 divisions.  628

Corolla with 5 divisions.  632

628. Flowers more or less irregular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, without stipules.  216. Acanthaceae.

Flowers regular. Seeds albuminous.  629

629. Corolla scarious, regular. Stigma entire. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves sessile. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious.  630

630. Leaves alternate. Styles or stigmas 2. Ovules erect  202. Convolvulaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled. Shrubs or trees.  631

631. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base.  197. Oleaceae.

632. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Flowers regular or nearly so.
Corolla white. Stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous.  217. Myoporaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely the upper ones alternate, but then flowers irregular, stigma 2-partite and fruit a capsule or nut.  633

633. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs.  210. Pedaliaceae.

Seeds without albumen.  216. Acanthaceae.

634. (626.) Stamens 5.  635

Stamens 8-30.  639

635. Style (or styles) stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. Corolla with contorted aestivation.  200. Apocynaceae.

Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes.  636

636. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate or connected by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves alternate.  637

637. Ovules erect. Corolla lobed or nearly entire, usually folded in bud.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Ovules pendulous. Styles or stigmas 2. Corolla lobed, but imbricate in bud, or deeply divided. Shrubs or trees.  638

638. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Fruit a drupe. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Fruit a capsule. Lonchostoma, 100. Bruniaceae.

639. Stamens 8. Style 1. Flowers hermaphrodite. Salaxis, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens 10-30. Styles 2. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Euclea, 195. Ebenaceae.

640. (621.) Fertile stamens 1-4.  641

Fertile stamens 5-16.  658

641. Flowers more or less irregular.  642

Flowers regular.  652

642. Leaves opposite or whorled.  643

Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.  648

643. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves rarely with stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base, and then herbs or undershrubs.  644

644. Seeds with distinctly developed albumen.  645

Seeds with very scanty albumen or without any.  646

645. Seeds with funicles provided with a wart-like outgrowth. Placentas remaining attached to the beaked and recurved valves of the capsule.
Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla-lobes
5, with descending aestivation. Anther-halves not confluent. Stigma lobed. Flowers in spikes.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds without an outgrowth from the funicle or without a funicle. Placentas usually separating from the valves of the capsule. Disc more or less distinctly developed.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

646. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. Stamens 4.  210. Pedaliaceae.

Seeds without albumen.  647

647. Seeds borne on a large hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, rarely on a small cushion-shaped one, and then herbs. Fruit a capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiment. Ovules usually few. Leaves simple.  216. Acanthaceae.

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, more or less distinctly winged or marginate. Fruit a capsule, the valves usually separating from the more or less dilated dissepiment, or a nut or berry. Ovules numerous. Stamens 4. Leaves usually compound. Shrubs or trees.  209. Bignoniaceae.

648 (642.) Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower.  207. Solanaceae.

Corolla with imbricate, not folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary usually placed transversely to the median plane of the flower.  649

640. Fruit a drupe. Ovules in each ovary-cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma 1. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.
Shrubs. Oftia, 217. Myoporaceae.

Fruit a capsule, nut, or berry. Ovules usually numerous.  650

650. Seeds exalbuminous, usually horizontal and winged. Ovules numerous.
Stigmas 2. Stamens 4. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually compound.  209. Bignoniaceae.

Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected.  651

651. Albumen very thin, nearly membranous. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 2.
Stamens 4. Plants with glandular hairs. Lower leaves opposite.  210. Pedaliaceae.

Albumen distinctly developed.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

652. (641.) Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 4.  653

Corolla with valvate or imbricate, not contorted aestivation.  654

653. Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees.  200. Apocynaceae.

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  199. Gentianaceae.

654. Corolla scarious. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit dehiscing by a lid. Flowers in spikes or heads. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious. Fruit dehiscing lengthwise or indehiscent.  655

655. Anthers with confluent halves, opening by a transverse slit. Disc more or less distinctly developed.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

Anthers with distinct halves, opening by two longitudinal slits or apical pores.  656

656. Leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes dissected. Corolla usually folded in bud. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. Ovules generally numerous.  207. Solanaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then compound.
Corolla not folded. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs.  657

657. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges, simple, opposite or whorled. Ovules usually numerous.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their base.
Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc none.  197. Oleaceae.

658. (640.) Leaves opposite or whorled.  659

Leaves alternate.  662

659. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

Leaves without stipules, but sometimes connected by transverse lines; in this case herbs or undershrubs. Stamens 5.  660

660. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose at the entire apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs growing upon trees. Dermatobotrys, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

Corolla with contorted aestivation.  661

661. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  199. Gentianaceae.

Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees.  200. Apocynaceae.

662. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation.  663

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  665

663. Stamens free from the corolla. Herbs. Lightfootia, 224. Campanulaceae.

Stamens attached to the corolla.  664

664. Corolla almost entire, somewhat irregular. Trees. Humbertia, 202. Convolvulaceae.

Corolla lobed, rarely almost entire, but then herbs or undershrubs.  207. Solanaceae.

665. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex.  200. Apocynaceae.

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes.  666

666. Styles 2, free or united at the base. Disc wanting. Corolla regular
Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Herbs or undershrubs.  203. Hydrophyllaceae.

Style 1, undivided.  667

667. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stigmas 2.
Corolla slightly irregular. Shrubs.  209. Bignoniaceae.

Seeds not winged, albuminous.  668

668. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit a capsule opening lengthwise. Stigma
1. Corolla slightly irregular; tube short.  208. Scrophulariaceae.

Seeds with curved embryo. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, or a berry.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.  207. Solanaceae.

669. (604.) Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell  670

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  685

670. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer.  671

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.  679

671. Flowers unisexual, regular. Corolla divided almost to the base. Disc wanting. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous.  672

672. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers irregular.  120. Polygalaceae.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the apex; in the latter case ovary 4-celled.  673

673. Stamens free from the corolla or scarcely adhering to it, 4. Flowers regular.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube.  674

674. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, regular. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1.
Ovules pendulous or laterally affixed. Fruit opening by a lid. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Corolla not scarious.  675

675. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation, regular. Stamens 5. Leaves alternate.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  676

676. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Ovules with the micropyle directed upwards. Leaves, all or the upper ones, alternate, undivided.
Inflorescences cymose, usually one-sided and coiled when young.  204. Borraginaceae.

Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, but then ovules with the micropyle directed downwards and leaves opposite or whorled.  677

677. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided. Corolla regular,
5-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules pendulous, the micropyle directed upwards. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Myoporum, 217. Myoporaceae.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then corolla 2-lipped.
Ovules with the micropyle directed downwards.  678

678. Ovary deeply divided, more rarely slightly lobed, and then, as usually, fruit dry. Inflorescence composed of sometimes one-flowered cymes arranged in false whorls.  206. Labiatae.

Ovary entire, rarely slightly lobed, and then fruit succulent, drupaceous.
Inflorescence usually of the racemose type.  205. Verbenaceae.

679. (670.) Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous.
Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves simple, stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled.  680

680. Style 1, undivided.  681

Styles 2 or more, free or partially united.  683

681. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, 4-8. Fruit a capsule or nut. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla; in the latter case, 12 or more. Fruit a berry.  682

682. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Leaves pinnate. Leea, 138. Vitaceae.

Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Leaves undivided.  193. Sapotaceae.

683. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 10.
Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5, free. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite, but then sepals
united below and ovary-cells twice as many as the styles.  684

684. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary. Corolla with contorted or valvate aestivation.  195. Ebenaceae.

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then herbs or undershrubs, and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Flowers in racemes or panicles, unisexual.  122. Euphorbiaceae.

685. (669.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.  686

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell.  701

686. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer.  687

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.  693

687. Stamens 4.  688

Stamens 5-7, rarely (Dichapetalaceae) 2-3 only fertile.  691

688. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Seeds with scanty albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, lobed, stipulate. Pretrea, 210. Pedaliaceae.

Corolla regular, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Seeds with abundant albumen.
Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alternate.  689

689. Flowers unisexual. Corolla deeply divided. Fruit a drupe. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruit a capsule or nut.  690

690. Stamens free from the corolla or slightly adhering to it at the base.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

691. Ovary 4-8-celled. Disc wanting. Corolla deeply divided. Flowers unisexual. Ilex, 128. Aquifoliaceae.

Ovary 3-celled. Disc present.  692

692. Corolla folded in the bud. Ovules erect. Seeds albuminous. Ipomoea, 202. Convolvulaceae.

Corolla not folded in the bud. Ovules pendulous. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate.  121. Dichapetalaceae.

693. (686.) Stamens as many to twice as many as the divisions of the corolla.  694

Stamens more than twice as many as the divisions of the corolla.  698

694. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Sepals united below, valvate in bud.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely (Oxalidaceae) stipulate, but then sepals free and imbricate in bud.  695

695. Style 1, undivided.  696

Styles 2-8, free or partially united.  697

696. Stamens 8-10; filaments united; anthers opening by longitudinal slits.  118. Meliaceae.

Stamens 4-8; filaments free, rarely united, but then anthers opening by
apical pores. Leaves undivided.  189. Ericaceae.

697. Sepals free. Corolla deeply divided. Stamens 10. Filaments united in a cup at the base. Styles 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Sepals united below. Filaments free or united in several bundles. Shrubs or trees.  195. Ebenaceae.

698. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base.
Shrubs or trees.  195. Ebenaceae.

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then style 1, undivided.  699

699. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Style simple. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Corolla with contorted, calyx with valvate aestivation.  700

700. Anthers 1-celled.  142. Malvaceae.

Anthers 2-celled.  144. Sterculiaceae.

701. (685.) Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or fewer.  702

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.  708

702. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Flowers irregular.
Albumen scanty.  703

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  704

703. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stigma 1. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves whorled. Shrubs. Bowkeria, 208. Scrophulariaceae.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2.  210. Pedaliaceae.

704. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation.  705

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  706

705. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla with valvate aestivation.
Ovary 5-7-celled. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Roussea, 96. Saxifragaceae.

Leaves alternate. Corolla with folded aestivation. Embryo curved.  207. Solanaceae.

706. Stamens free from the corolla or adhering to it at the base.  189. Ericaceae.

Stamens attached on the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube.  707

707. Fruit a capsule. Disc wanting. Stamens 4. Leaves without stipules. Plantago, 218. Plantaginaceae.

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves opposite or whorled, provided with stipules or connected by transverse lines at the base. Shrubs or trees.  198. Loganiaceae.

708. (701.) Stamens 3-12.  709

Stamens numerous.  714

709. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry. Trees or shrubs.  710

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  711

710. Flowers monoecious. Calyx subentire. Corolla of the male flowers
with a long tube, of the female ones with free petals. Staminodes absent in the female flowers. Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 5.
Leaves lobed. Cylicomorpha, 163. Caricaceae.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx of free sepals. Corolla with a short tube.
Staminodes present in the female flowers. Ovary shortly stalked. Style long. Stigma 1, lobed. Leaves undivided. Cercopetalum, 87. Capparidaceae.

711. Styles 5, free. Stamens 10, united at the base. Calyx with imbricate, corolla with contorted, aestivation.  108. Oxalidaceae.

Style 1, simple or divided; in the latter case calyx with valvate aestivation.  712

712. Leaves exstipulate, undivided.  189. Ericaceae.

Leaves stipulate. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation.  713

713. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit, twisted, 5. Leaves digitate.
Trees. Ceiba, 143. Bombacaceae.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by two slits or pores.  144. Sterculiaceae.

714. (708.) Corolla of numerous divisions. Styles 5. Leaves without stipules.
Herbs. Orygia, 72. Aizoaceae.

Corolla of 5 divisions.  715

715. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Shrubs or trees.  145. Scytopetalaceae.

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.  716

716. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. Leaves stipulate.  717

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees.  719

717. Anthers 2-celled.  144. Sterculiaceae.

Anthers 1-celled. Filaments united. Embryo curved.  718

718. Leaves palmately compound. Trees.  143. Bombacaceae.

Leaves simple.  142. Malvaceae.

719. Stamens 15. Style simple, with 5 stigmas. Albumen abundant. Ficalhoa, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens more than 15. Albumen scanty or wanting.  148. Theaceae.

720. (552.) Style 1, or styles 2 or more, united at the base or apex.  721
Styles 2 or more, entirely free.  725

721. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Anthers 1-celled. Ovaries 5 or more. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate.  142. Malvaceae.

Stamens 2-5. Ovaries 2-5.  722

722. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Flowers usually irregular.
Leaves usually opposite or whorled.  206. Labiatae.

Fertile stamens 5. Flowers usually regular.  723

723. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Style or style-branches stigmatose at the apex
or between the apical lobes. Disc present. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate.  204. Borraginaceae.

Ovaries 2, rarely 3 or 5, very rarely 4, but then 2-ovuled. Style or styles stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Leaves usually opposite.  724

724. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with and adhering to the anthers. Styles 2, united at the top. Pollen-grains cohering.
Disc wanting.  201. Asclepiadaceae.

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Styles partially or wholly united. Pollen-grains free.  200. Apocynaceae.

725. Styles 2. Ovaries 2 or 4. Ovules together 4. Stamens 5. Corolla with folded or valvate aestivation. Herbs.  202. Convolvulaceae.

Styles 3 or more. Ovaries 3 or more.  726

726. Sepals 2-3. Corolla-lobes 3-6. Stamens 6 or more. Albumen abundant, ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.  81. Anonaceae.

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. Albumen scanty or wanting.  727

727. Flowers unisexual. Ovules solitary in each ovary. Fruits indehiscent.
Trees. Leaves alternate, lobed, stipulate. Platanus, 102. Platanaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary, rarely solitary, but then leaves opposite. Fruits dehiscent. Leaves exstipulate.  728

728. Ovules 2 in each ovary. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate, pinnate.
Shrubs or trees.  104. Connaraceae.

Ovules numerous, rarely 1-2 in each ovary, but then leaves opposite and undivided. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  95. Crassulaceae.

729. (551.) Ovary single, 1-celled.  730

Ovary 2- or more-celled, or 2 separate ovaries.  747

730. Ovules 1-4, not distinctly separated from the tissues of the ovary.
Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Shrubs growing upon trees. Loranthus, 61. Loranthaceae.

Ovules distinctly developed. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or more, or fewer, rarely opposite the divisions, but then ovules numerous.  731

731. Ovule 1.  732

Ovules 2 or more.  740

732. Ovule erect.  733

Ovule pendulous.  734

733. Stigmas 2. Stamens 3-5; anthers coherent. Corolla with valvate or open aestivation. Calyx little developed. Seed exalbuminous. Flowers in heads, rarely in spikes or umbels or solitary. Leaves exstipulate.  226. Compositae.

Stigmas 3. Stamens 9-10; anthers free. Corolla with contorted, calyx with imbricate aestivation. Seed albuminous. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaves stipulate. Tendril-bearing shrubs. Ancistrocladus, 166. Ancistrocladaceae.

734. Leaves alternate.  735

Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical.  737

735. Flowers unisexual. Seed exalbuminous. Climbing or prostrate plants.
Stamens 2-5.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Seed albuminous. Erect shrubs. Leaves undivided.  736

736. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigma 1. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Flowers in terminal heads. Berzelia, 100. Bruniaceae.

Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 6 or more. Stigmas 2-6.
Fruit succulent, drupaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.

737. Style 3-parted. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or trees. Viburnum, 220. Caprifoliaceae.

Style simple with 1-3 stigmas or 2-parted. Herbs or undershrubs.  738

738. Stamens 5. Corolla with valvate aestivation.  219. Rubiaceae.

Stamens 1-4. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.  739

739. Flowers in heads. Calyx surrounded by an epicalyx. Stamens 2-4.
Seed albuminous.  222. Dipsacaceae.

Flowers in cymose inflorescences, without an epicalyx. Stamens 1-3.
Seed exalbuminous.  221. Valerianaceae.

740. (731.) Ovules basal or apical or inserted upon a free central placenta.  741

Ovules inserted upon two or more parietal placentas.  745

741. Calyx of 2, corolla of 4-6 divisions. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla or more. Herbs or undershrubs. Portulaca, 73. Portulacaceae.

Calyx and corolla of 4-5 divisions each. Stamens as many or fewer.  742

742. Ovules basal or apical. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or fewer. Corolla usually with valvate aestivation.  743

Ovules inserted upon a free central placenta. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.  744

743. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens free. Ovules 4, basal. Stigma
2-lobed. Seeds albuminous. Undershrubs. Merciera, 224. Campanulaceae.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

744. Staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. Samolus, 191. Primulaceae.

Staminodes wanting. Fruit a berry or nut. Shrubs. Maesa, 190. Myrsinaceae.

745. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous. Succulent, usually leafless plants.  167. Cactaceae.

Stamens 2-11. Leafy plants.  746

746. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5-11. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate.  219. Rubiaceae.

Corolla with valvate, rarely with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 2-5.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Fruit berry- or nut-like. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves nearly always alternate.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

747. (729.) Ovaries 2, distinct. Styles more or less united above, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Stamens 5. Leaves usually opposite.  748

Ovary 1.  749

748. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with the anthers, to which the pollen united into masses adheres. Styles free below the thickened apex. Disc wanting.  201. Asclepiadaceae.

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the anthers.
Pollen of free grains.  200. Apocynaceae.

749. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  750

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell.  758

750. Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical.  751

Leaves alternate.  753

751. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-3. Ovary 3-celled.
Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs.  221. Valerianaceae.

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla.  752

752. Leaves pinnately dissected. Stamens 5. Anthers opening outwards.
Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a drupe. Sambucus, 220. Caprifoliaceae.

Leaves undivided.  219. Rubiaceae.

753. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs.  754

754. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves undivided.  59. Olacaceae.

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or more.  755

755. Flowers irregular. Corolla folded in bud. Ovules erect. Stigma 1, enclosed by a cup. Leaves undivided. Scaevola, 225. Goodeniaceae.

Flowers regular. Ovules pendulous.  756

756. Corolla with imbricate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Styles or stigmas 2. Leaves undivided.  100. Bruniaceae.

Corolla with valvate aestivation.  757

757. Flowers in cymes. Petals slightly cohering at the base. Leaves undivided. Alangium, 178. Alangiaceae.

Flowers in umbels, heads, racemes, or spikes. Petals usually united throughout their whole length. Leaves usually compound.  185. Araliaceae.

758. (749.) Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the corolla.  759

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla.  769

759. Leaves opposite or whorled.  760

Leaves alternate.  764

760. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, with free filaments.  219. Rubiaceae.

Leaves exstipulate.  761

761. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Seeds albuminous.  762

762. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Corolla with valvate aestivation.
Usually herbs.  224. Campanulaceae.

Stamens evidently inserted upon the corolla, 5. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Usually shrubs or trees.  763

763. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla with imbricate aestivation.
Style stigmatose at the apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs.  220. Caprifoliaceae.

Flowers regular. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose below the apex. Ovary 2-celled.  200. Apocynaceae.

764. Leaves stipulate, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Dichapetalum, 121. Dichapetalaceae.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then more or less deeply divided or stamens fewer than 5 or ovules numerous.  765

765. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous, regular, rarely somewhat irregular, in the latter case, as usually, stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous.  223. Cucurbitaceae.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, but then irregular. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.  766

766. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple, stigmatose beneath the thickened apex.  200. Apocynaceae.

Corolla with imbricate (not contorted) or valvate aestivation. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes.  767

767. Corolla imbricate in bud, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-4 ovules in each cell. Style simple with 2 stigmas or 2-parted. Shrubs or undershrubs.  100. Bruniaceae.

Corolla valvate in bud, rarely imbricate, but then irregular or ovules
numerous. Style simple.  768

768. Style with hairs or glands in its upper part, rarely without, and then corolla irregular or imbricate in bud. Stigma more or less deeply divided, at least after the period of flowering.  224. Campanulaceae.

Style without hairs or glands. Stigma entire, capitate. Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules. Anthers free. Corolla regular, 5-partite, valvate in bud. Undershrubs. Berenice, 96. Saxifragaceae.

769. (758.) Stamens 8-10. Seeds with a straight embryo and abundant fleshy albumen. Vaccinium, 189. Ericaceae.

Stamens numerous.  770

770. Corolla of numerous petals united at the base. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. Mesembryanthemum, 72. Aizoaceae.

Corolla of 3-6 petals. Shrubs or trees.  771

771. Petals united at the base, imbricate in bud. Filaments united at the base. Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous.  176. Lecythidaceae.

Petals united into a hood throughout their whole length, sometimes finally separating. Filaments free or nearly so.  772

772. Ovary half-inferior. Seeds albuminous. Rhaptopetalum, 145. Scytopetalaceae.

Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves gland-dotted.  180. Myrtaceae.

KEY TO THE GENERA

EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

(PHANEROGAMAE)

SUBDIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE

CLASS I. CYCADALES

FAMILY 1. CYCADACEAE

Stem simple, rarely branched at the top, woody, with mucilagineous juice. Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, forming a tuft at the top of the stem and intermingled with scales. Flowers solitary, terminal, in the shape of a cone (but sometimes overtopped by the continued growth of the stem), dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens bearing many pollen-sacs on their lower side. Ovules 2-8 to each carpel, straight, with a single coat. Seeds drupe-like, albuminous. Embryo with two more or less united cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 1.)

1. Stem growing through the female flower, covered with the remains of the old leaves. Leaf-segments one-nerved, coiled in bud. Carpels pinnately toothed or cleft, each with 4-8 ascending ovules.—Species 2, one growing wild in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various parts of Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are edible and the pith contains starch (sago). [Tribe CYCADEAE.]  Cycas L.

Stem not growing through the female flower. Leaf-segments with several nerves, straight in bud. Carpels each with 2 descending ovules. [Tribe
ZAMIEAE.]  2

2. Leaf-segments with pinnate nerves. Stem without remains of old leaves at the base. Cone-scales (stamens and carpels) imbricate.—Species 2.
South-east Africa (Natal). Used as ornamental plants.  Stangeria Th. Moore

Leaf-segments with parallel nerves. Stem covered with the remains of old leaves. Cone-scales not imbricate.—Species 20. South and Central
Africa. The pith (Kaffir-bread) and the seeds of some species are eaten and also used for making a sort of beer. Several species yield gum or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 1.)  Encephalartos Lehm.

CLASS II. CONIFERAE

FAMILY 2. TAXACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or the male umbellate, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens with 2-9 pollen-sacs. Carpels free, one-ovuled, shorter than the seeds, sometimes rudimentary. Seeds 1-2, drupe-like, surrounded by a fleshy aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.—Genera 2, species 9. (Under CONIFERAE.)

Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs and a triangular blade. Pollen-grains with air-bladders. Carpels distinctly developed. Ovule inverted, with two coats. Aril enveloping the seed. Leaves with resin-ducts.—Species
8. South and East Africa, Madagascar, Island of St. Thomas. They yield timber and bark for tanning. (Including Nageia Gaertn.) [Subfamily
PODOCARPOIDEAE.]  Podocarpus L’ Hér.

Stamens with 5-9 pollen-sacs and a peltate blade. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Carpels rudimentary. Ovule straight, with one coat.
Aril cup-shaped. Leaves without resin-ducts.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. A poisonous, medicinal and ornamental plant, with hard wood.
“Yew.” [Subfamily TAXOIDEAE].  Taxus L.

FAMILY 3. PINACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves needle-or scale-like. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth. Stamens in catkins, with 2-5 pollen-sacs below the scale-like limb. Carpels arranged in the shape of a cone or bud, leathery woody or fleshy, when ripe. Ovules 2 or more to each carpel, rarely only 1. Seeds hidden by the carpels, without an aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.—Genera 6, species 25. (Under CONIFERAE.) (Plate 2.)

1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes fascicled, needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains with air-bladders.
Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale, leathery or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel; ovules turned downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.]  2

Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3-5, very rarely 2 pollen-sacs.
Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards.
[Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.]  4

2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves solitary, flat. Pollen-sacs opening obliquely or transversely; connective without an appendage. Cones ripening the first year; scales leathery.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the preparation of turpentine. “Silver fir.”  Abies Juss.

Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in clusters of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs opening longitudinally; connective with an appendage. Cones ripening the second or third year; scales woody.  3

CYCADACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 1.

J. Fleischmann del.

Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. & Dur.

A Young plant. B Male inflorescence. C Stamen. D Pollen-sacs. E Female inflorescence. F Carpel. (A partly from De Wildeman, Notices sur des plantes utiles ou intéréssantes de la flore du Congo.)

PINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 2.

J. Fleischmann del.

Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad.

A Fruiting branch. B Male inflorescence. C Stamen. D Fruit. E Carpel. F Seed.

3. Leaves all needle-like; those of the short shoots in clusters of many; those of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short shoots, the males solitary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a terminal appendage, deciduous.—Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield timber and medicinal drugs. “Cedar.”  Cedrus Loud.

Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three, very rarely solitary; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male flowers in spikes replacing short shoots; female flowers towards the end of the branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with a terminal umbonate appendage, persistent.—Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin are used for carpenters’ and joiners’ work, for tanning and for the manufacture of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other chemical products, as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species (especially those of the stone-pine, P. Pinea L.) are edible. “Pine.”  Pinus L.

4. Fruit fleshy, berry- or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the carpels or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like.—Species 9. North and East
Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential oil, brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Arceuthos Ant. & Kotschy and Sabina Spach).  Juniperus L.

Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds winged, as many as the carpels or more.
Leaves usually scale-like.  5

5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe, 1-10-seeded.—Species
8, one of them only naturalized. North, South, and southern
East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them (especially
C. quadrivalvis Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac) which is used for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in medicine. (Including
Tetraclinis Mast. and Widdringtonia Endl.) (Plate 2.)  Callitris Vent.

Carpels 8-10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe, many-seeded.—Species
1. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental plant and sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in medicine.
“Cypress.”  Cupressus L.

CLASS III. GNETALES

FAMILY 4. GNETACEAE

Stem woody. Juice not resinous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male sometimes with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular or 2-4-parted, of the female bladder-like. Stamens 2-8. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.—Genera 3 species 8. North and Central Africa.

1. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile, linear, with
parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes; the male consisting of
a 4-partite perianth, 6 stamens with 3-celled anthers, and a rudimentary ovule. Ovule with a single coat.—Species 1; German South-west
Africa and Angola. (Tumboa Welw.) [Subfamily WELWITSCHIOIDEAE.]  Welwitschia Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby or twining. Leaves numerous, not very large. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite or a tubular, undivided perianth and
2-8 stamens with 1-2-celled anthers, without rudimentary ovules, but sometimes accompanied by sterile female flowers.  2

2. Leaves large, with a short foot-stalk, lanceolate oblong elliptical or oval, penninerved. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes or panicles, the male consisting of a tubular, undivided perianth and 2 stamens with 1-celled anthers. Ovule with two coats.—Species 2. West Africa. The young leaves are used as a vegetable. [Subfamily GNETOIDEAE.]  Gnetum L.

Leaves scale-like. Male flowers in spikes or panicles, female solitary or in pairs. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite perianth and 2-8 stamens with 2-celled anthers. Ovule with a single coat exceeding the perianth.—Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa.
The fruits of some species are eaten or used in medicine. [Subfamily
EPHEDROIDEAE.]  Ephedra L.

SUBDIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE

CLASS IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

ORDER PANDANALES

FAMILY 5. TYPHACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock and simple stems. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Inflorescences spadix-like, cylindrical, superposed, interrupted by bracts, the lower female, the upper male. Flowers unisexual, without a perianth, but usually surrounded by hairs. Stamens 2-7; connective thickened; anthers opening lengthwise by two slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Seed with abundant albumen and a long, axile embryo.

Genus 1, species 4. They are used as ornamental plants and in medicine, and yield potash and also materials for plaiting and stuffing and for the manufacture of paper and felt. The root-stock and the pollen are edible. “Reedmace.”  Typha Tourn.

PANDANACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 3.

J. Fleischmann del

Pandanus Candelabrum Beauv.

A Whole plant. B Male inflorescence. C Leaf. D Female inflorescences. E Male flower. A and D (from Palisot-Beauvois Flore d’Oware et de Benin.)

POTAMOGETONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 4.

J. Fleischmann del

Potamogeton javanicus Hassk.

A Flowering branch. B Fruiting branch. C Flower. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Fruit cut lengthwise.

FAMILY 6. PANDANACEAE

Shrubs or trees, usually with aerial roots. Leaves in three ranks, sword-shaped, usually spiny. Flowers dioecious, without bracts, arranged in solitary or panicled, spike-or head-like spadices, which are inserted in the axil of spathe-like bracts. Perianth none. Ovaries connate, 1-celled. Ovule 1, descending, inverted. Stigma 1, sessile. Fruits drupe-like, congested into a globose or ovoid head. Seed with abundant albumen. (Plate 3.)

Genus 1, species 65. Tropics. They yield timber, fibres, flowers used in perfumery, edible fruits, and medicinal drugs. “Screw-pine.”  Pandanus L.

FAMILY 7. SPARGANIACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves in two ranks, linear. Flowers unisexual, in globular heads, the lower of which are female. Perianth of membranous scales. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple, stigmas 1-2. Fruits drupe-like. Seed with a mealy albumen and a large, axile embryo. (Under TYPHACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. North-west Africa. “Bur-reed.”  Sparganium L.

ORDER HELOBIAE

SUBORDER POTAMOGETONINEAE

FAMILY 8. POTAMOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers solitary or spicate, regular, with 1-4-merous whorls. Perianth simple and little developed or wanting. Stamens 1-4. Anthers sessile, opening outwards or laterally. Carpel 1, with a 1-celled ovary, or several distinct or almost distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, very rarely 2, pendulous or laterally fixed Fruit indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.—Genera 8, species 35. (Including ZOSTERACEAE, under NAIADACEAE.) (Plate 4.)

1. Flowers in spikes, hermaphrodite or polygamous, without a perianth, but the stamens sometimes provided with a sepal-like connective.  2

Flowers solitary or in cymes, unisexual.  5

2. Spikes with a flat axis, at the time of flowering enclosed in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamen 1. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel
1. Stigmas 2, on a short style. Embryo with a very large radicle and a tail-like cotyledon. Submerged marine plants.—Species 2. North and
South Africa and Madagascar. Used for stuffing and as packing material.
“Grass-wrack.” [Tribe ZOSTEREAE.]  Zostera L.

Spikes with a cylindrical axis, at the time of flowering not enclosed in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamens 2-4. Stigma 1, undivided
or many-parted.  3

3. Spikes compound, submerged. Spikelets shorter than their bracts. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 3, rarely 4. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel 1.
Stigma divided (or provided with narrow appendages). Embryo with
a very large radicle and a straight cotyledon resembling the leaves of the plumule. Marine plants.—Species 1. Mediterranean Sea. The leaves are used for packing and thatching, and also in medicine. [Tribe
POSIDONIEAE.]  Posidonia Koen.

Spikes simple, above the water. Flowers hermaphrodite. Pollen-grains globular or bent. Carpels usually 4. Stigma simple, more or less peltate. Embryo with a curved cotyledon. [Tribe POTAMOGETONEAE.]  4

4. Spikes two-flowered. Stamens 2. Anthers with a very short appendage and kidney-shaped cells opening outwards. Pollen-grains bent. Fruit stalked. Embryo with a very thick radicle. Salt-water plants. Leaves subulate.—Species 1.  Ruppia L.

Spikes several-flowered. Stamens 4. Anthers with a sepal-like appendage and straight cells opening laterally. Pollen-grains globular. Fruit sessile. Embryo with a slightly thickened radicle.—Species 20. Used for manure; some have edible root-stocks. “Pondweed.” (Plate 4.)  Potamogeton Tourn.

5. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpels 2. Stigmas strap-shaped, longer than the style. Embryo with an accumbent cotyledon. Marine plants. [Tribe CYMODOCEAE.]  6

Perianth present, at least in the female flowers. Stamens 1-2. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 3-9. Stigma shield- or funnel-shaped, shorter than the style. Embryo with a hooked or rolled cotyledon.
Fresh- or brackish-water plants. [Tribe ZANICHELLIEAE.]  7

6. Stigma 1. Anthers inserted at slightly different heights. Ripe carpels scarcely compressed.—Species 2. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Angola.
(Halodule Endl., under Cymodocea Koen.)  Diplanthera Thouars

Stigmas 2. Anthers inserted at the same height. Ripe carpels compressed and keeled.—Species 5. North Africa, Senegambia, East Africa,
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Including Phycagrostis Ascherson)  Cymodocea Koen.

7. Perianth in the male flowers none, in the female cup-shaped and undivided.
Anthers stalked, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Carpels usually 4, slightly curved, with a peltate stigma.—Species 1. North and South
Africa, southern West Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands.  Zannichellia Mich.

Perianth in the male flowers 3-toothed, in the female consisting of 1-3 segments. Anthers sessile, opening with one longitudinal slit. Carpels
3, straight, with a funnel-shaped stigma.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria).  Althenia Fr. Petit

APONOGETONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 5.

J. Fleischmann del.

Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey.

A Plant in flower. B Female flower. C Carpel cut lengthwise.

ALISMATACEAE

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 6.

J. Fleischmann del.

Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.

A Plant in flower. B Male flower from above. C Male flower cut lengthwise.

FAMILY 9. NAIADACEAE

Herbs growing in fresh or brackish water. Leaves linear, toothed or spiny. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules, unisexual. Perianth little developed, in the male flowers simple or double, sack-like, in the female simple and sack-like or wanting. Stamen 1. Anthers 1-or 4-celled. Pollen-grains globular or ovoid. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 2-3. Seed with a hard coat, exalbuminous. Embryo straight, with a large radicle and a well developed plumule.

Genus 1, species 10. (Including Caulinia A. Braun)  Naias L.

FAMILY 10. APONOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves radical, narrow, with several longitudinal and many transverse nerves. Flowers in 1-4 spikes connected at the base, enclosed when young in a sheath, and rising above the water. Perianth of 1-3 more or less brightly coloured segments. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous, free. Anthers attached by the base, opening with two longitudinal slits. Carpels 3-8, distinct. Ovules in each carpel 2-8, basal or sutural, ascending, inverted. Fruits membranous, dehiscent. Seeds 2 or more, erect, exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. (Under NAIADACEAE.) (Plate 5.)

Genus 1, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, especially the lattice-leaf (A. fenestralis Hook. fil.) with perforated leaves. The tubers are edible and contain starch. (Including
Ouvirandra Thouars).  Aponogeton Thunb.

FAMILY 11. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE

Marsh herbs. Leaves linear, with axillary scales. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, usually green. Stamens 3-6. Anthers turned outwards; pollen-grains ovoid. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, ascending, inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. (JUNCAGINEAE, under NAIADACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 4. North, South, and West Africa. The leaves and fruits of some species are edible. (Juncago Tourn.)  Triglochin L.

SUBORDER ALISMATINEAE

FAMILY 12. ALISMATACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with milky juice. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers regular. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals, rarely in the female flowers of 3 sepals only. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3. Anthers opening outwards. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6 or more, rarely 3, distinct or united at the base. Ovules solitary in each carpel, rarely two or more, inverted. Seeds without albumen; embryo curved.—Genera 9, species 15. Tropical and North Africa. (Plate 6.)

1. Carpels on a large and distinctly convex receptacle. Inner perianth-segments petal-like, larger than, or almost as large as the outer. Stamens
6 or more. [Tribe SAGITTARIEAE.]  2

Carpels on a small and almost flat receptacle.  4

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ripe carpels numerous, slightly compressed, with many ribs.—Species 3. Central and North-west Africa. (Under
Alisma L.)  Echinodorus Engelm.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Ripe carpels much compressed laterally.  3

3. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Petals a little longer than the sepals.
Carpels many. Ripe carpels with two crest-like ribs.—Species 1.
Tropics. (Lophiocarpus Miq., under Sagittaria L.)  Lophotocarpus Th. Dur.

Flowers dioecious. Petals shorter than the sepals, white. Carpels 7-9.
Ripe carpels with 3 ribs.—Species 1. German South-west Africa.  Rautanenia Buchenau

4. Petals much smaller than the sepals or wanting. Stamens 3 or 9. [Tribe
WIESNEREAE.]  5

Petals larger than the sepals, coloured. Stamens 6, rarely 9. [Tribe
ALISMEAE.]  6

5. Flowers dioecious. Petals in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 9.
Carpels about 12.—Species 1. East Africa.  Burnatia Mich.

Flowers monoecious. Petals present, but very small and falling off early.
Stamens 3. Carpels 3-6.—Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar.
(Wisneria Mich.)  Wiesnera Mich.

6. Carpels 6-8, united at the base and spreading horizontally, containing
2 or more ovules each and opening by a lid when ripe.—Species 2. North
Africa. The root-stock is edible.  Damasonium Tourn.

Carpels 6-20, distinct, with a single ovule in each, indehiscent.  7

7. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Carpels 15-20. Pericarp bony within, hollow on either side. Leaves sagittate.—Species 3. Tropics. (Plate
6.)  Limnophyton Miq.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves ovate, cordate, or lanceolate.  8

8. Carpels 6-12, irregularly whorled, slightly compressed and 3-5-ribbed when ripe; pericarp woody within.—Species 2. Tropics and Egypt.
(Under Alisma L.)  Caldesia Parl.

Carpels 15-20, distinctly whorled, much compressed and 2-ribbed when ripe; pericarp leathery or parchment-like.—Species 1. North and
East Africa. The root-stock contains starch and is used in medicine.
“Water-plantain.”  Alisma L.

SUBORDER BUTOMINEAE

FAMILY 13. BUTOMACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers in umbel-like cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, all, or the inner ones only, petal-like. Stamens 9, very rarely fewer. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6, very rarely fewer, distinct or united at the base only, opening when ripe along the ventral suture. Ovules on irregularly branched parietal placentas, numerous, inverted. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 2, species 2. North and Central Africa. (Under ALISMACEAE.)

Perianth-segments nearly equal, all petal-like, pink, persistent. Embryo straight. Leaves linear. Juice not milky.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used as a garden plant. The root-stock is edible.
“Flowering-rush.”  Butomus Tourn.

Perianth-segments unequal, outer sepal-like, inner petal-like, white, falling off very early. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Leaves elliptical. Juice milky.—Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa. (Butomopsis
Kunth)  Tenagocharis Hochst.

FAMILY 14. HYDROCHARITACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers enclosed when young in a one-or several-flowered spathe of one or two bracts, regular, rarely somewhat irregular. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla, rarely simple. Stamens 2-12. Anthers opening outwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, more or less distinctly one-celled, with 2-15 parietal placentas, which sometimes form incomplete dissepiments. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 10, species 40. (Plate 7.)

1. Stigmas 2-5. Placentas as many, slightly raised.  2

Stigmas 6 or more. Placentas as many, much projecting and generally meeting in the centre of the ovary.  6

2. Petals none. Stamens 3. Pollen-grains filiform. Stigmas several times as long as the sepals. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.
Totally submerged marine plants. Leaves more or less distinctly stalked.—Species 2. Indian Ocean. [Subfamily HALOPHILOIDEAE.]  Halophila Thouars

Petals present, but sometimes very small and falling off very early. Pollen-grains globular. Stigmas at most twice as long as the sepals. Embryo with a not very strongly developed radicle. Freshwater plants; flowers raised above the water. Leaves sessile. [Subfamily VALLISNERIOIDEAE.]  3

3. Leaves whorled. Spathes 1-flowered. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 3.—Species
1. Upper Nile, Madagascar, Mauritius. Used in refining sugar. [Tribe HYDRILLEAE.]  Hydrilla L. C. Rich.

Leaves spirally arranged. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered.  4

4. Spathes of the male flowers 2-10-flowered, not breaking away from the stem. Stamens 3-9. Ovules inverted.—Species 3. Madagascar and
Angola. [Tribe BLYXEAE.]  Blyxa Noronha

Spathes of the male flowers many-flowered, breaking away from the stem.
Stamens 2-3. Ovules straight. [Tribe VALLISNERIEAE.]  5

5. Male flowers regular, with 3 fertile and 2-4 sterile stamens. Stigmas linear, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Leaves one-nerved. Stem elongated.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa.  Lagarosiphon Harv.

Male flowers somewhat irregular, with 2-3 fertile stamens and sometimes
a sterile one. Stigmas ovate, notched or two-toothed. Leaves several-nerved.—Species
2. North and Central Africa. Used in refining sugar.  Vallisneria Mich.

6. Leaves in two rows. Ovules inverted, inserted in the angles formed by the placentas and the wall of the ovary. Radicle of the embryo strongly developed. Marine plants. [Subfamily THALASSIOIDEAE.]  7

Leaves in rosettes. Ovules inverted, but inserted on the whole surface of the placentas, or straight. Radicle of the embryo not strongly developed. Freshwater plants. [Subfamily STRATIOTOIDEAE.]  8

7. Scape of the male flowers short, of the female long and at length spirally twisted. Male spathes several-flowered; flowers with 3 petals and 3 stamens.—Species 1. Madagascar and Red Sea. Yields fibres and edible seeds.  Enalus L. C. Rich.

Scapes moderately long, not spirally twisted. Male spathes one-flowered; flowers without petals, with 6 stamens.—Species 1. East Africa.  Thalassia Soland.

8. Placentas undivided. Ovules straight. Fertile stamens 9. Stem emitting runners. Leaves floating.—Species 1. Algeria and Madagascar.
“Frogbit.” [Tribe HYDROCHARITEAE.]  Hydrocharis L.

Placentas two-cleft. Ovules inverted. Seeds very numerous. Fertile stamens 6-12. Stem very short, without runners. Leaves at least partially submerged. [Tribe OTTELIEAE.]  9

9. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spathes one-flowered. Stigmas 6.—Species 9.
Tropics and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 7.)  Ottelia Pers.

Flowers dioecious. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered. Stigmas
9-15.—Species 10. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables.  Boottia Wall.

ORDER TRIURIDALES

FAMILY 15. TRIURIDACEAE

Small, pale, yellowish or reddish herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in racemes, regular, monoecious. Perianth of 6 petaloid, valvate segments united at the base. Stamens 3; filaments short or wanting; anthers 2-celled, opening transversely. Carpels inserted on a convex or conical receptacle,

HYDROCHARITACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 7.

J. Fleischmann del.

Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Stamen. D Pistil cut lengthwise.

GRAMINEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR. Pl. 8.

J. Fleischmann del.

Chloris Gayana Kunth

A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Spikelet. D Flower. E Empty glume above the flower.

numerous, distinct; styles lateral; ovules solitary, erect, inverted. Fruits dehiscing by a longitudinal slit.

Genus 1, species 3. West Africa and Seychelles. (Including Seychellaria
Hemsl.)  Sciaphila Blume

ORDER GLUMIFLORAE

FAMILY 16. GRAMINEAE

Stem usually herbaceous and hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate, usually linear and furnished at their base with a sheath split open on one side and ending in a ligule. Inflorescence consisting of spikelets, rarely of single flowers, usually enclosed by 2 glumes (outer or empty glumes) and arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Flowers in the axil of the flowering glume (or valve), subtended by the usually 2-keeled palea and sometimes by one or two, rarely more, minute lodicules. Perianth none. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or laterally affixed, slightly curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 1. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp usually dry and adnate to the seed. Embryo outside the copious albumen.—Genera 205, species 1600. “Grasses.” (Plate 8.)

1. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, the upper flower fertile, the lower male or barren and inserted immediately below the fertile one. Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the fertile flower, jointed below the outer glumes or not jointed; ripe spikelets falling entire from their stalk or from the rachis of the spike, sometimes together with a part of it. [Subfamily PANICOIDEAE.]  2

Spikelets either 1-flowered with the axis produced beyond the flower or jointed above the outer glumes, which therefore persist when the spikelet falls off, or 2-flowered with both flowers fertile or with a distinct interval between the flowers or with a continuation of the axis beyond the flowers, or 3- to many-flowered.  65

2. Spikelets distinctly compressed from the side. Stamens usually 6. Seed with a linear hilum. [Tribe ORYZEAE.]  3

Spikelets compressed from front to back or not distinctly compressed.
Stamens usually 1-3. Seed usually with a punctiform hilum.  7

3. Spikelets in terminal clusters of two or three, connate, at length hardened.
Stamens 3. Style undivided, papillose.—Species 1. North Africa.
One source of the Esparto-grass, which is used for plaiting and paper-making.  Lygeum L.

Spikelets in panicles. Stamens nearly always 6. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted, with feathery stigmas.  4

4. Spikelets unisexual; 1-2 sessile female and a stalked male on each branch
of the panicle. Flowering glume globose. Stamens 6. Style 1, long, 3-cleft. Leaves broad-lanceolate, stalked.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa.  Leptaspis R. Br.

Spikelets bisexual or polygamous. Styles 3, short, free or united at the very base. Leaves linear or narrow lanceolate.  5

5. Outer glumes rudimentary. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 4.
(Homalocenchrus Mieg.)  Leersia Swartz

Outer glumes distinctly developed. Stamens 6.  6

6. Flowering glume and palea slightly compressed, awnless. Leaves linear-lanceolate, more or less distinctly stalked.—Species 4. Madagascar and Natal. (Under Potamophila R. Br.)  Maltebrunia Kunth

Flowering glume and palea strongly compressed.—Species 3, two wild in
Central Africa, the third (O. sativa L., rice) cultivated in various regions.
The seeds are used for food and for the preparation of meal, starch, oil, and brandy, the straw for plaiting and for the manufacture of paper and brush-ware.  Oryza L.

7. (2.) Flowering glume and palea (if present) stiff or at length hardened, firmer than the outer glumes and awnless, at least in the hermaphrodite flowers. Lowest glume usually smaller than the others. Rachis of the spike or raceme or branches of the panicle rarely jointed. [Tribe
PANICEAE.]  8

Flowering glume and palea (if present) membranous, thinner than the outer glumes.  26

8. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Spikelets in panicles, the male in the lower portion of the panicle or in special panicles. Outer glumes in the male spikelets none, in the female 2. Lodicules 3. Leaves net-veined.—Species
2. Tropical and South-East Africa.  Olyra L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; in the latter case spikelets arranged in spikes.  9

9. Spikelets partly hermaphrodite, partly male or neuter.  10

Spikelets all hermaphrodite.  11

10. Spikelets in short spikes consisting of a lower hermaphrodite and two or three upper neuter spikelets; spikes unilateral on the flattened, leaf-like rachis of a compound spike. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Phyllorhachis Trimen.

Spikelets in a simple spike consisting of 1-2 lower female and 4-6 upper male spikelets; rachis of the spike enlarged at the base, but not leaf-like.
Stem creeping.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Thuarea Pers.

11. Spikelets in short spikes sunk in pits on a broad rachis. Stem creeping.—Species
4. Tropical and South Africa. Used for binding the sand on riverbanks or as fodder; also in medicine.  Stenotaphrum Trin.

Spikelets not sunk in pits on a broad rachis.  12

12. Spikelets surrounded or subtended singly or 2-3 together by an involucre formed of one or several bristles or spines or of 2 toothed glumes inserted below the two empty glumes.  13

Spikelets without an involucre formed of bristles, spines, or toothed glumes.
Empty glumes 1-3. Stigmas 2, feathery.  16

13. Involucre formed by two toothed glumes. Stigma 1, papillose. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Odontelytrum Hack.

Involucre formed by one or several bristles or spines. Stigmas 2, feathery.  14

14. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent involucre. Bristles of the involucre stiff and rough. Styles free from the base. Spikelets in spike-like panicles.—Species 30. Some of them (especially S. italica
Beauv.) are cultivated as cereals.  Setaria Beauv.

Axis of the spikelet jointed below the involucre or not jointed; involucre falling together with the spikelet; rarely axis jointed above the persistent involucre, but then styles united at the base.  15

15. Bristles of the involucre numerous, stiff, thickened and often united at the base. Spikelets in spikes or racemes.—Species 10. Tropics and Egypt.
Some have edible seeds; several are fodder-grasses.  Cenchrus L.

Bristles of the involucre fine, not thickened at the base.—Species 65. Some
(especially the duchn, P. typhoideum Rich.) are cultivated as cereals, as fodder, or as ornamental plants. (Including Gymnothrix Beauv. and
Penicillaria Willd.)  Pennisetum Pers.

16. Spikelets with 2 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 1 outer glume and 2 flowers.  17

Spikelets with 3 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 2 outer glumes and 2 flowers.  21

17. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and a male flower, arranged in panicles. Glumes awnless. Styles free.—Species 1. South-west Africa
(Nama-land).  Anthaenantia Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in one-sided, usually digitate or panicled spikes.  18

18. Rachis of the spike prolonged beyond the spikelets. Style 1, with 2 stigmas.—Species
3. North-west and South Africa.  Spartina Schreb.

Rachis of the spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets. Styles 2, free or shortly united.  19

19. Styles united at the base. Flowering glume papery. Upper outer glume awned. Spikelets in digitate racemes.—Species 1. East Africa.
(Stereochlaena Hack.)  Chloridion Stapf.

Styles free. Flowering glume cartilaginous.  20

20. Lower outer glume decurrent into a callous swelling. Flowering glume mucronate.—Species 6. Central Africa.  Eriochloa Kunth

Lower outer glume without a callus at the base.—Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. Used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants.
The seeds of several species (especially those of the fundi P. exile Kippist) are sometime used as food.  Paspalum L.

21. Spikelets containing two hermaphrodite flowers. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent outer glumes. Outer glumes awnless.
Spikelets arranged in panicles.—Species 6. Tropics.  Isachne R. Br.

Spikelets containing a single hermaphrodite flower and sometimes also a male flower. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the outer glumes; spikelet falling as a whole.  22

22. First (lowest) outer glume awned, as well as the second. Spikelets one-flowered, directed to one side and disposed in panicles.—Species 4.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder.  Oplismenus Beauv.

First outer glume awnless.  23

23. Second outer glume apparently removed from the first by a conical or cylindrical, strongly-haired swelling at the base, usually awned or mucronate.
Spikelets in panicles.  25

Second outer glume without a basal swelling.  24

24. First outer glume as large as or larger than the second, papery.—Species 1.
South-west Africa to Angola. (Under Panicum L.).  Leucophrys Rendle

First outer glume much smaller than the second.—Species 20. Some are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Including Monachyron Parl. and Rhynchelytrum Nees, under Panicum L.)  Tricholaena Schrad.

25. Second outer glume bearing, like the third, a long, twisted awn.—Species 1.
German East Africa.  Acritochaete Pilger

Second outer glume unawned.—Species 220. Some (especially P. miliaceum
L., millet, and P. sanguinale L.) are cultivated as cereals, others furnish vegetables, syrup, or fodder, or are used for plaiting-work or as ornamental plants. (Including Axonopus Beauv., Digitaria Pers.,
Echinolaena Desv., Sacciolepis Nash, and Syntherisma Walt.)  Panicum L.

26. (7.) Outer glumes 3, the lowest smaller than the others, the uppermost sometimes including a male flower. Rachis and branches of the inflorescence not jointed. [Tribe TRISTEGINEAE.]  27

Outer glumes 1-3; if 3, then the lowest larger than the uppermost.  30

27. Spikelets arranged in spikes. First and second outer glume minute, the third awned.—Species 3. Abyssinia.  Beckera Fresen.

Spikelets arranged in panicles. Second outer glume not very small.
Flowering glume awnless.  28

28. Lowest outer glume minute, like the second awnless, the third more or less distinctly awned. Spikelets arranged singly along the branches of the panicle.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as a fodder-grass.  Melinis Beauv.

Lowest outer glume not very small; the third awnless, rarely both the second and third awned.  29

29. Outer glumes, at least the second, awned. Spikelets arranged singly along
the branches of the panicle. (See 24.)  Tricholaena Schrad.

Outer glumes awnless, the first and second about half the length of the third and the flowering glume. Spikelets in clusters along the branches of the panicle.—Species 2. West Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants.  Thysanolaena Nees

30. (26.) Flowers unisexual. Male and female spikelets in different inflorescences, or male spikelets in the upper, female in the lower portion of the inflorescence. [Tribe MAYDEAE.]  31

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (Andropogon) unisexual, but then male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence and arranged in pairs, the male spikelets sometimes rudimentary.  33

31. Male spikelets in a terminal spike, the female at its base, enclosed singly or
2-3 together by a hardened globose bract. Style not very long, 2-cleft.—Species
1 (C. Lacryma Jobi L., Job’s tears). North-west Africa,
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally and for making ornamental articles and rosaries.  Coix L.

Male spikelets in spikes arranged in a terminal panicle, female in spikes or spadices with membranous bracts or spathes. Style very long, undivided or shortly 2-cleft.  32

32. Female spikelets in fascicled spikes with a jointed rachis. Style 2-cleft.
Fruit enclosed when ripe in a cartilagineous case.—Species 1 (E. mexicana Schrad., Teosinte), cultivated as an ornamental or fodder-plant.  Euchlaena Schrad.

Female spikelets connate into a spadix with a thick, not jointed rachis.
Fruit projecting beyond the membranous glumes, rarely enclosed by leathery glumes.—Species 1 (Z. Mays L., maize or Indian corn). Cultivated for the grain or as a fodder- or ornamental plant. The seeds are also used for the preparation of starch, oil, and spirituous drinks. The leaves and spathes yield fibre.  Zea L.

33. Spikelets in heads surrounded by 2 or 3 involucral bracts, containing a single hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes 2, membranous, awnless, the lower one short. Flowering glume larger than the outer glumes, awnless.
Stamens 2.—Species 1. North Africa and Senegambia.  Crypsis Ait.

Spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles.  34

34. Spikelets arranged singly or in clusters of 3-6, very rarely in pairs, along the continuous rachis of a spike or raceme. Outer glumes 2.
[Tribe ZOYSIEAE.]  35

Spikelets arranged in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, more rarely singly or in clusters of 3 or more, along the more or less distinctly jointed rachis of a spike or raceme or along the branches of a sometimes very narrow (spike-like) panicle. Outer glumes usually 3. [Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE.]  42

35. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, falling as a whole.  36

Spikelets solitary along the rachis, rarely in pairs.  38

36. Clusters of spikelets enclosed by a hard, urn-shaped involucre formed by the lowest outer glumes. Rachis of the spike wavy.—Species 5. Central and South Africa.  Anthephora Schreb.

Clusters of spikelets without an involucre.  37

37. Clusters containing 2-4 fertile spikelets and a barren one. Outer glumes
1-2, the upper one with hooked spines on the nerves. Rachis of the spike glabrous.—Species 4. (Nazia Adans.)  Tragus Hall.

Clusters containing 1-2 fertile and 2-3 barren, often awn-like spikelets.
Outer glume 1, with rough nerves, awned.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Hereroland).  Monelytrum Hack.

38. Styles united at the base; stigmas short, feathery. Outer glumes 2, glabrous, with a long awn or awnless. Flowering glume smaller. Spikelets diverging from the rachis.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
Used as fodder-grasses.  Perotis Ait.

Styles free or the stigmas elongated and short-haired all round.  39

39. Outer glume 1, compressed, keeled, awnless. Styles free. Spikelets pressed close to the rachis. Leaves stiff.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. (Osterdomia Neck.)  Zoysia Willd.

Outer glumes 2.  40

40. Outer glumes subulate, with a long awn, short-haired. Flowering glume somewhat shorter, with a rather long awn. Palea slightly shorter than the flowering glume, acuminate. Styles free. Fruit with a large hilum. Spikelets in pairs.—Species 1. Northern East Africa.  Tetrachaete Chiovenda

Outer glumes and flowering glume with a short awn or awnless.  41

41. Outer glumes convex, with hooked spines on the back, awnless. Flowering glume much shorter, unarmed or mucronate. Styles free; stigmas feathery. Spikelets with a flattened stalk.—Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa.  Latipes Kunth

Outer glumes compressed and keeled, not bearing hooked spines. Flowering glume broad, 3-nerved, mucronate or shortly awned. Stigmas long, short-haired all round.—Species 5. North Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants. “Foxtail grass.” (Including Colobachne
Beauv.)  Alopecurus L.

42. (34.) Joints of the rachis much thickened, forming, together with the appressed or adnate pedicels of the stalked spikelets, hollows in which the sessile spikelets are sunk. Flowering glumes awnless. Lowest outer glume leathery or hardened. Sessile spikelets hermaphrodite, stalked ones male or neuter, rarely (Ophiurus) reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore apparently absent. [Subtribe ROTTBOELLIINAE.]  43

Joints of the rachis not much thickened, nor forming hollows for the reception of the spikelets, rarely slightly concave, but then flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets awned or (Elionurus) the lowest outer glume membranous or papery and marked with two transparent balsamiferous
streaks.  48

43. Lower outer glume awned or tailed, at least in the stalked spikelets.  44

Lower outer glume neither awned nor tailed, rarely tailed in the terminal spikelet only.  46

44. Lower outer glume with a long tail (or soft awn). Racemes digitate.
Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Forming the chief element of the grass-barriers (sudd) of the upper Nile.  Vossia Wall. & Griff.

Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns, or in the stalked spikelets with a long awn, in the sessile awnless. Racemes solitary or arranged in racemes.  45

45. Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns. Joints of the rachis horizontally truncate without an appendage.—Species 7. Central Africa. Used for plaiting-work. (Rhytidachne Hack., including Jardinea Steud.)  Rhytachne Desv.

Lower outer glume in the sessile spikelets awnless, in the stalked ones with
a long awn or tail. Joints of the rachis obliquely truncate with an appendage at the tip.—Species 5. Central and South Africa.  Urelytrum Hack.

46. Lower outer glume globular, pitted. Leaves cordate at the base.—Species
1. Tropics. Used in medicine. (Including Hackelochloa O.
Ktze.)  Manisuris Swartz

Lower outer glume more or less ovate, flat or rounded on the back.  47

47. Stalked spikelets reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore apparently absent.—Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under Rottboellia L. fil.)  Ophiurus Gaertn.

Stalked spikelets containing a male flower or reduced to empty glumes.—Species
15. (Including Hemarthria R. Br.)  Rottboellia L. fil.

48. (42.) Sessile spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male, the upper male or hermaphrodite. Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.  49

Sessile spikelets 1-flowered, rarely all spikelets stalked and 1- or (Imperata)
2-flowered.  52

49. Sessile spikelets containing 2 male flowers, stalked spikelets a male and a female or hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes of the sessile spikelets awned. Flowering glumes awnless. Spikelets in compound racemes.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cyphochlaena Hack.

Sessile spikelets containing a male and an hermaphrodite flower. Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets nearly always awned. [Subtribe
ISCHAEMINAE.]  50

50. Racemes reduced to the 3 terminal spikelets, surrounded by sheathing bracts, fasciculate; fascicles arranged in panicles. Stamens 2-3.—Species
1. Islands of Réunion and Socotra. Used as an ornamental plant.  Apluda L.

Racemes consisting of numerous pairs of spikelets, solitary or digitate; one spikelet of each pair sometimes reduced to the pedicel. Stamens
3.  51

51. Stalked spikelets reduced to the pedicel. Lower outer glume tuberculate.—Species
1. Abyssinia.  Thelepogon Roth

Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.—Species 7.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder- or garden plants.  Ischaemum L.

52. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite. [Subtribe SACCHARINAE.]  53

Spikelets of two kinds, the sessile hermaphrodite, rarely female, the stalked ones male or neuter, sometimes reduced to the pedicel. [Subtribe
ANDROPOGONINAE.]  60

53. Rachis of the raceme jointed.  54

Rachis of the raceme not jointed.  57

54. Racemes more or less palmately arranged on a short main axis, rarely solitary.  55

Racemes arranged in panicles along a slender main axis, silky. Spikelets in pairs.  56

55. Spikelets solitary on the branches of the inflorescence, all sessile. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate-lanceolate.—Species 5.
Tropics.  Arthraxon Beauv.

Spikelets in pairs on the branches of the inflorescence, one sessile, the other stalked. Flowering glumes awned from the tip, rarely awnless. Leaves linear or lanceolate with a narrow base.—Species 5. South and East
Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. (Including Eulalia
Kunth)  Pollinia Trin.

56. Flowering glume produced into a bristle or awn.—Species 5. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Algeria. Some are used as ornamental plants or for plaiting mats.  Erianthus Michx.

Flowering glume unarmed like the other glumes.—Species 5. One of them
(S. officinarum L., sugar-cane) known only in a cultivated state. It is used for the manufacture of sugar, syrup, rum, and wax, also as a vegetable and a fodder-plant.  Saccharum L.

57. Spikelets in pairs along the rachis of the raceme, awnless. Outer glumes 3, membranous, silky. Stamens 1-2.—Species 1 (I. cylindrica P.
Beauv.) Sometimes a noxious weed in plantations, but also used for paper-making, and as a fodder-, medicinal or ornamental plant.  Imperata Cyr.

Spikelets scattered along the rachis of the raceme, awned.  58

58. Outer glumes 3, the two lower stiff. Flowering glume very small, ending in a long awn. Panicle spreading, hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Cleistachne Benth.

Outer glumes 2. Flowering glume rather large, with a usually short awn in a terminal notch or on the back. Panicle spike-like.  59

59. Stigmas projecting at the tip of the spikelet, short-haired all round. Outer
glumes awnless, rarely with a short awn. (See 41.)  Alopecurus L.

Stigmas projecting near the base of the spikelet, feathery. Outer glumes with usually long awns.—Species 6. North Africa, Abyssinia, and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Beardgrass.”  Polypogon Desf.

60. (52.) Racemes bearing at their base a false whorl of 4 male or neuter spikelets and subtended by a spathe-like bract, more rarely without a bract.  61

Racemes without a whorl of male or neuter spikelets at their base, rarely surrounded by an imperfect whorl of spikelets, but then racemes in pairs subtended by a common spathe.  62

61. Hermaphrodite spikelets produced at the base into an appendage decurrent along the rachis, easily separating from the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species
2. (Anthistiria L. fil.).  Themeda Forsk.

Hermaphrodite spikelets without a decurrent appendage at the base, falling together with the whorl of spikelets below them.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. (Under Anthistiria L. fil.)  Iseilema Anders.

62. Spikelets all stalked, in pairs, the longer-stalked hermaphrodite, the shorter-stalked male. Rachis of the raceme indistinctly jointed. Racemes terminal, solitary or 2-3 together.—Species 1. Tropical and South
Africa.  Trachypogon Nees

Spikelets partly sessile, partly stalked. Rachis of the raceme distinctly jointed, fragile at maturity, rarely indistinctly or not jointed, but then spikelets in clusters of three, arranged in panicles.  63

63. Lowest outer glume marked with two transparent balsamiferous streaks, usually 2-toothed. Glumes awnless. Racemes solitary; rachis nearly always silky.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.  Elionurus Humb. & Bonpl.

Lowest outer glume without balsamiferous streaks. Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets awned, very rarely awnless and then racemes nearly always panicled.  64

64. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate at the base.
(See 55.)  Arthraxon Beauv.

Flowering glumes awned from the tip or awnless. Leaves not cordate.—Species
110. The sorghum or Guinea corn (A. Sorghum Brot.) is cultivated as a cereal and used for manufacturing sugar, spirituous drinks, dyes, and brushware. Other species are used in perfumery (lemon-grass, vetiver-root) and medicine, for plaiting-work, or as fodder- or garden-plants.
(Including Anatherum Beauv., Chrysopogon Trin., Cymbopogon
Spreng., Euclaste Franch., Heterochloa Desv., Heteropogon Pers., Homopogon
Stapf, and Sorghum Pers.)  Andropogon L.

65. (1.) Leaf-blade jointed with the sheath and finally separating from it, often contracted at the base into a short stalk, usually transversely
veined. Stem generally woody. [Subfamily BAMBUSOIDEAE.]  66
Leaf-blade passing into the sheath without a joint and without a stalk, rarely transversely veined. Stem herbaceous. [Subfamily POOIDEAE.]  79

66. Stamens 3. Styles 2-3, free. Outer glumes 1-2. Pericarp dry and thin. [Tribe ARUNDINARIEAE.]  67

Stamens 6.  68

67. Spikelets 2-flowered. Upper flowering glume keeled. Herbs.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa.  Microcalamus Franch.

Spikelets many-flowered. Flowering glumes not keeled. Undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 2. East and South Africa. They yield wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments.  Arundinaria Michx.

68. Fruit a nut or a berry; pericarp thick, free from the seed. Tall shrubs or trees.  69

Fruit a caryopsis; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. [Tribe BAMBUSEAE.]  72

69. Palea rounded on the back, similar to the flowering glume. Spikelets
1-flowered. [Tribe MELOCANNEAE.]  70

Palea 2-keeled. Fruit a nut. [Tribe DENDROCALAMEAE.]  71

70. Spikelets in one-sided spikes, the axis not continued beyond the flower.
Outer glumes acuminate. Fruit a large apple-like berry. Trees.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. The fruits are edible; also the wood and the fibres are used.  Melocanna Trin.

Spikelets in panicled clusters, the axis continued beyond the flower in the form of a bristle. Outer glumes rolled inwards. Fruit a small wrinkled nut. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally.  Schizostachyum Nees

71. Spikelets 1-flowered, in scattered heads. Lodicules 2-3, large. Fruit oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cephalostachyum Munro

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, in panicled glomerules. Lodicules 1-2, very small, or absent. Fruit subglobular, beaked.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. Yields wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant.  Dendrocalamus Nees

72. Filaments united into a tube. Palea of the uppermost (hermaphrodite) flower of each spikelet usually 1-keeled.  73

Filaments free. Palea of the uppermost flower 2-keeled, rarely without a keel.  75

73. Spikelets terete. Lodicules none. Tall shrubs.—Species 5. Central
Africa.  Oxytenanthera Munro

Spikelets compressed. Herbs.  74

74. Outer glumes 2. Fruit spindle-shaped, furrowed; style much broadened at the base. Spikelets in racemes.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa.  Atractocarpa Franch.

Outer glumes 3-4. Fruit subglobular, not furrowed; style not broadened.—Species
5. Equatorial West Africa.  Puelia Franch.

75. Spikelets 1-flowered. Outer glumes 6-10. Ovary glabrous. Style
2-3-cleft or -parted. Tall shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and
Mascarenes.  Nastus Juss.

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered. Outer glumes 1-6.  76

76. Lodicules none. Spikelets 2-flowered, in clusters surrounded by two bracts. Ovary glabrous. Style undivided, hairy.—Species 1. German
East Africa.  Oreobambus K. Schum.

Lodicules 2-3. Spikelets without bracts. Ovary hairy.  77

77. Lodicules 2. Outer glume 1. Palea not winged on the keels. Styles 2, free. Spikelets many-flowered. Herbs with 4 large leaves.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Guaduella Franch.)  Microbambus K. Schum.

Lodicules 3. Outer glumes usually 2.  78

78. Palea with winged keels. Spikelets strongly flattened. Herbs.—Species
5. Equatorial West Africa.  Guaduella Franch.

Palea not winged on the keels. Spikelets slightly flattened. Tall shrubs.—Species
2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, drinks, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Bamboo.”  Bambusa Schreb.

79. (65.) Spikelets sessile in the notches on the rachis of a nearly always equal-sided spike, usually 2-ranked. [Tribe HORDEAE.]  80

Spikelets along a rachis without notches, in usually one-sided spikes or in racemes or panicles.  94

80. Spike one-sided. Spikelets solitary in each notch, 1-flowered. Outer glume 1, minute. Flowering glume awned. Stigma 1. Leaves stiff.—Species
1. Azores. “Matgrass.” [Subtribe NARDEAE.]  Nardus L.

Spike equal-sided. Stigmas 2.  81

81. Spikelets solitary in each notch of the spike.  82

Spikelets 2-6 in each notch of the spike. [Subtribe ELYMINAE.]  93

82. Spikelets with the back towards the hollows of the rachis. [Subtribe
LOLIINAE.]  83

Spikelets with the side towards the hollows of the rachis.  88

83. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, the terminal one with 2 outer glumes, the others with one.  84

Spikelets 2- to many-flowered.  86

84. Flowering glumes with a hairy callus at their base. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved.
Dwarf herbs.—Species 2. South and East Africa.  Oropetium Trin.

Flowering glumes with a glabrous, sometimes rudimentary callus.  85

85. Joints of the rachis of the spike produced into wing-like appendages.—Species
1. Island of Socotra.  Ischnurus Balf. fil.

Joints of the rachis of the spike without wing-like appendages.—Species 3.
Madagascar, South and North-west Africa.  Monerma Beauv.

86. Spikelets 2-flowered. Styles long. Outer glumes 2. Flowering glumes produced into 3 points.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Including Kralikiella Coss. et Durieu).  Kralikia Coss. et Durieu

Spikelets many-flowered. Styles very short.  87

87. Outer glumes 2, awnless. Flowering glumes with 2 points and a dorsal awn. Lodicules 2-cleft. Fruit hairy at the top.—Species 2. North
Africa. (Including Meringurus Murbeck).  Gaudinia Beauv.

Outer glumes in the terminal spikelets 2, in the lateral single. Fruit glabrous.—Species 6. North, South, and East Africa. Two species
(ray-grass) are cultivated on lawns; one (the darnel, L. temulentum L.) is poisonous. (Including Arthrochortus Lowe).  Lolium L.

88. Spikelets 1-, very rarely 2-flowered, in a slender spike; joints of the spike separating at maturity together with the lower spikelet. Outer glumes approximate in front. [Subtribe LEPTURINAE.]  89

Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, in usually stout spikes; joints of the spike separating at maturity together with the upper spikelet or not separating at all. Outer glumes opposite one another. [Subtribe TRITICINAE.]  90

89. Outer glume 1, very small. Flowering glumes awned. Stamen 1. Rachis of the spike with but slightly hollowed joints.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria).  Psilurus Trin.

Outer glumes 2, large. Flowering glumes awnless.—Species 4. North
Africa, Abyssinia, Socotra.  Lepturus R. Br.

90. Flowering glumes decurrent into a callus limited by a furrow, falling with the fruit when ripe. Fruit adhering to the palea.—Species 7. North
Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. The quitch grass (A. repens Beauv.) is used for binding the sand, as fodder, for making syrup, and medicinally.
(Including Eremopyrum Jaub. et Spach).  Agropyrum Gaertn.

Flowering glumes without a callus at the base, persisting at maturity.
Fruit free.  91

91. Outer glumes ovate, 3- to many-nerved. Fertile spikelets ventricose,
2-5-flowered. Spike usually with a terminal spikelet.—Species 13.
Ten species spontaneous in North Africa and Abyssinia, the others
(especially the wheat, T. sativum Lam. and polonicum L.) cultivated in various regions. The latter are used as cereals and for plaiting-work, other species as ornamental plants. (Including Aegilops L.)  Triticum L.

Outer glumes oblong lanceolate or subulate, 1-2-nerved. Spikelets not ventricose, 2-, rarely 3-flowered. Spike without a terminal spikelet.  92

92. Outer glumes truncate, two-keeled, with a long awn. Flowering glumes awned from below the tip. Spike very dense.—Species 2. North-west
Africa.  Haynaldia Schur

Outer glumes acuminate, one-nerved. Flowering glumes awned from the
tip. Spike rather loose.—Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and
South Africa. One of them (the rye, S. cereale L.) is cultivated as a cereal and also used as fodder, for making brandy and paper, and for plaiting-work.  Secale L.

93. Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes with an empty glume above the flower.
Flowering glume awned.—Species 8. North Africa; some species also cultivated or naturalized in Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.
The barley (H. sativum Jessen) is cultivated as a cereal and for making beer; it is also used as fodder and for medicinal purposes. Other species are used as ornamental plants.  Hordeum L.

Spikelets 2-6-flowered.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. “Lymegrass.”  Elymus L.

94. (79.) Spikelets in two rows approximated to one another, forming one-sided, sometimes panicled spikes (or spike-like racemes). [Tribe CHLORIDEAE.]  95

Spikelets in sometimes spike-like but equal-sided racemes or more frequently in panicles not consisting of one-sided spikes.  123

95. Spikelets containing 1 hermaphrodite flower.  96

Spikelets containing 2 or more hermaphrodite flowers.  108

96. Spikelets bearing no male flowers or empty glumes above the hermaphrodite flower, but sometimes ending in a short bristle.  97

Spikelets bearing above the hermaphrodite flower a male flower or one or several empty, sometimes very small or awn-like glumes.  101

97. Spikelets awned.  98

Spikelets awnless.  99

98. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with a very long awn. Spikes 1-4, terminal.—Species 3. Central Africa and Egypt.  Schoenefeldia Kunth

Flowering glume almost as long as the outer glumes, with a short awn.
Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis.—Species 4. Southern
West Africa.  Willkommia Hack.

99. Spikes solitary, terminal.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used in medicine.  Microchloa R. Br.

Spikes digitate or in racemes.  100

100. Spikes digitate, 3-5. Flowering glume usually larger than the outer glumes.—Species 5. Some are used as pasture-grasses or in medicine.
“Dogstooth.”  Cynodon Pers.

Spikes arranged along a common axis. Rachis of the spike dilated.
Flowering glume much smaller than the outer glumes.—Species 2.
East Africa.  Craspedorhachis Benth.

101. Outer glumes 4. Second outer glume and flowering glume awned. Spikes solitary, rarely 2-3 together.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. (Including Campulosus Desv.)  Ctenium Panzer

Outer glumes 2.  102

102. Spike 1, terminal.  103

Spikes 2 or more, sometimes fascicle-like.  105

103. Flowering glume many-nerved, awned. Styles united at the base, with shortly bearded, at length spirally twisted stigmas.—Species 1. Central
Africa.  Streptogyne Beauv.

Flowering glume 3-nerved. Styles free, with feathery stigmas.  104

104. Spikelets awned, imbricate, in slender spikes.—Species 6. East and
South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles.  Enteropogon Nees

Spikelets awnless, crowded, in stout spikes.—Species 1. South Africa.  Harpechloa Kunth

105. Spikes in false whorls or closely superposed.—Species 25. Some are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Plate 8.)  Chloris Swartz

Spikes all distant or the lowest only approximate.  106

106. Spikes very short and very dense. Outer glumes ciliate, with a straight awn. Flowering glume with 3 awns. Several empty glumes above the flowering glume. Low grasses.—Species 1. Northern East Africa.  Melanocenchris Nees

Spikes more or less elongated and loose. Flowering glume with 1 awn or awnless. Rather tall grasses.  107

107. Flowering glume awned, 2-toothed. Empty glume above the flowering one awn-like. Spikes very loose, at first erect.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Gymnopogon Beauv.

Flowering glume awnless. Spikes rather dense, spreading.—Species 8.
Central Africa. Some have edible seeds. (Including Cypholepis
Chiov.)  Leptochloa Beauv.

108. (95.) Spikes 1-3, terminal.  109

Spikes more than 3.  114

109. Flowering glumes with 3, sometimes very short awns. Spikelets many-flowered.
Spikes long, rather loose.—Species 4. Central Africa.  Tripogon Roth

Flowering glumes with one awn or mucro or unarmed. Spikes dense, usually short.  110

110. Flowering glumes with a rather long awn, long-haired on the back. Spikelets
2-3-flowered.—Species 6. Central and North Africa. (Including
Lepidopironia Rich.)  Tetrapogon Desf.

Flowering glumes unarmed or mucronate.  111

111. Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets 3-4-flowered. Fruit almost orbicular.
Leaves rather broad.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (Under Eragrostis
Beauv.)  Coelachyrum Nees

Spike solitary. Fruit oblong. Leaves narrow.  112

112. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas delicately membranous.—Species
3. South Africa. (Prionanthium Desv.)  Prionachne Nees

Spikelets 3- to many-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas firmly
membranous, rather stiff.  113

113. Outer glumes subequal.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Wangenheimia Moench

Outer glumes very unequal or only one present.—Species 50. Some are used for the manufacture of paper or as ornamental or fodder-plants.
Fescue.” (Including Ctenopsis De Not., Nardurus Reichb., and
Vulpia Gmel.)  Festuca L.

114. (108.) Outer glumes 4. Spikelets falling entire.  115

Outer glumes 2, usually persisting on the stalk of the spikelet.  116

115. Outer glumes 1-nerved. Flowering glumes 5-nerved. Styles short.—Species
1. South Africa.  Tetrachne Nees

Outer glumes 3-8-nerved. Flowering glumes 7-11-nerved. Styles long.—Species 2. South Africa and Angola. (Under Tetrachne Nees).  Entoplocamia Stapf

116. Outer glumes shortly awned, much longer than the flowering glumes.
Spikes short, distant, at length bent downward.—Species 2. Central
Africa and Egypt. Used as ornamental grasses. (Dineba Jacq.)  Dinebra Jacq.

Outer glumes unarmed or mucronate, shorter than the flowering glumes.  117

117. Spikelets very densely crowded. Spikes digitate, at least the upper.  118

Spikelets not very densely crowded. Spikes distant.  119

118. Spikes ending in a point. Outer glumes mucronate.—Species 6. Used as cereals, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants, and for making beer.
(Under Eleusine Gaertn.)  Dactyloctenium Willd.

Spikes terminated by a spikelet. Outer glumes usually unarmed. Pericarp usually loose.—Species 10. The coracan (E. coracana Gaertn.) is cultivated as a cereal and for the preparation of beer; other species are used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Acrachne Wight
Arn.)  Eleusine Gaertn.

119. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Pericarp more or less adhering to the palea. (See 113.)  Festuca L.

Flowering glumes keeled. Pericarp free.  120

120. Glumes thinly membranous, the outer subequal.  121

Glumes firmly membranous, glabrous, the outer conspicuously unequal.  122

121. Flowering glumes 4-toothed, shortly awned.—Species 3. East and South
Africa. (Under Diplachne Beauv.)  Leptocarydium Hochst.

Flowering glumes entire or obscurely 2-3-toothed. (See 107.)  Leptochloa Beauv.

122. Spikelets 2-8-flowered, with a jointed, ciliate axis. Lodicules very small.
Fruit linear-oblong, closely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as fodder-grasses. (Under Eragrostis L. or
Leptochloa Beauv.)  Pogonarthria Stapf

Spikelets many-flowered, with a tough axis. Lodicules rather large.
Fruit ovate, loosely enveloped by the glumes.—Species 1. East Africa
and Egypt. (Stapfiola O. Ktze., under Eragrostis L.)  Desmostachya Stapf

123. (94.) Spikelets 1-flowered.  124

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered.  153

124. Outer glumes 4, rarely 3. Palea usually 1-nerved. [Tribe PHALARIDEAE.]  125

Outer glumes 2, rarely 1 or none. Palea usually 2-nerved. [Tribe
AGROSTIDEAE.]  129

125. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, transversely veined. Spikelets in pairs on the branches of a panicle. Outer glumes 3.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Poecilostachys Hack.

Leaves linear. Flowering glume awnless.  126

126. Upper two outer glumes, or at least the uppermost, larger than the lower.
Stamens 6, rarely 3.—Species 25. South and East Africa, Mascarene
Islands, St. Helena.  Ehrharta Thunb.

Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower, more rarely equalling them. Stamens 2-3.  127

127. Upper two outer glumes awnless, smaller than the lower. Flowering glume and palea hardening. Lodicules present. Stamens 3.—Species 10.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental grasses. The seeds of Ph. canariensis L. (Canary-seeds) are used as food and in medicine.  Phalaris L.

Upper two outer glumes awned; lower two unequal. Flowering glume and palea membranous. Lodicules none. Stamens 2.  128

128. Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower.—Species 5. North-west and Central Africa. The vernal grass (A. odoratum L.) imparts a sweet scent to new-made hay.  Anthoxanthum L.

Upper two outer glumes about as large as the lower.—Species 5. South
Africa and Madagascar. “Holygrass.” (Ataxia R. Br., under Anthoxanthum
L.).  Hierochloë Gmel.

129. (124.) Stigmas shortly branched all round, protruding between the tips of the slightly gaping glumes. [Subtribe PHLEINAE.]  130

Stigmas feathery, protruding above the base of the spikelet or enclosed in it.  133

130. Flowering glume rather stiff, awned or mucronate. Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle usually bearing an empty glume.—Species 2. South Africa.  Fingerhuthia Nees

Flowering glume thinly membranous, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet rarely produced beyond the flower into a bristle without empty glumes.  131

131. Spikelets in slender simple spikes. Outer glumes obscurely keeled, unarmed. Flowering glume somewhat shorter than the outer. Leaves awl-shaped.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Mibora Adans.

Spikelets in spike-like panicles. Outer glumes distinctly keeled. Leaves
flat.  132

132. Flowering glume somewhat longer than the outer. Outer glumes unarmed.—Species
4. North Africa to Senegambia, East Africa, Madagascar.  Heleochloa Host

Flowering glume much shorter than the outer. Outer glumes mucronate or shortly awned.—Species 5. North Africa to Senegambia. Some species have edible seeds or are used as ornamental grasses. Ph. pratense
L. is a valuable fodder-grass. “Timothy-grass.”  Phleum L.

133. Flowering glume harder than the outer glumes at maturity, tightly enclosing the fruit. Axis of the spikelet not prolonged beyond the flower. [Subtribe STIPINAE.]  134

Flowering glume thinner than the outer at maturity, loosely enclosing or not enclosing the fruit, rarely harder or tightly enclosing the fruit, but then the axis of the spikelet prolonged into a bristle.  137

134. Flowering glume awnless.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Yields edible seeds and is used as an ornamental grass.  Milium L.

Flowering glume awned.  135

135. Flowering glume narrow, with a 3-branched awn, but the lateral branches sometimes very short. Lodicules 2.—Species 80. Some of them have edible seeds or are used as fodder. (Including Arthratherum Beauv.)  Aristida L.

Flowering glume with a single awn.  136

136. Flowering glume narrow, with a strong, kneed, usually twisted, persistent awn. Palea not distinctly keeled. Lodicules usually 3.—Species 15.
North Africa, northern East Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa.
The Esparto-grass (St. tenacissima L.) is used for the manufacture of paper, ropes, and in plaiting-work, other species as ornamental grasses
(feather-grass); some have edible seeds. (Stupa L., including Macrochloa
Kunth)  Stipa L.

Flowering glume broad, with a fine, short, deciduous awn. Palea 2-keeled.
Lodicules usually 2.—Species 3. North Africa, one species also introduced into South Africa. (Piptatherum Beauv.)  Oryzopsis Michx.

137. Fruit not enclosed by the glumes; pericarp usually loose and dehiscing.
Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the flower. Glumes unarmed.
Flowering glume usually longer than the outer ones.—Species 60. Some of them yield edible seeds or are used as fodder and for plaiting-work.
(Including Triachyrium Hochst. and Vilfa Beauv.)  Sporobolus R. Br.

Fruit enclosed by the flowering glume and the palea; pericarp usually adnate to the seed.  138

138. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile surrounded by the sterile, which consist of numerous glumes. Flowering glume 1-nerved, with a dorsal awn.—Species
1. North Africa and Abyssinia; also introduced into South
Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. (Chrysurus Pers.)  Lamarckia Moench

Spikelets all alike.  139

139. Outer glumes conspicuously shorter than the flowering glume. Flowering glume firmly herbaceous, 3-5-nerved, with a long, straight, terminal or subterminal awn. Panicle loose.—Species 2. East and South-east
Africa (Kilimandjaro and Transvaal). (Under Brachyelytrum Beauv.)  Pseudobromus K. Schum.

Outer glumes almost equalling the flowering glume or exceeding it.
Flowering glume membranous, rarely firmer, but then many-nerved or with a distinctly dorsal awn or awnless.  140

140. Outer glumes feathery, long. Flowering glume with two short terminal awns or with a long dorsal one. Panicles spike- or head-like.—Species 1.
North Africa; introduced in South Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. “Harestail-grass.”  Lagurus L.

Outer glumes not feathery.  141

141. Outer glumes bladdery at the base, much longer than the flowering glume.
Panicles spike-like.—Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. “Nitgrass.”  Gastridium Beauv.

Outer glumes not bladdery.  142

142. Flowering glume cleft into 9-23 awn-shaped teeth. Panicles spike-like.—Species
13. Some are used as fodder-grasses. (Including
Enneapogon Desv.)  Pappophorum Schreb.

Flowering glume with 1-3 awns or awnless.  143

143. Flowering glume with a delicate dorsal awn and two long and thin lateral awns.—Species 2. Egypt and Abyssinia.  Trisetaria Forsk.

Flowering glume awnless or with a single awn and sometimes 2 short bristles.  144

144. Flowering glume with a terminal awn, rounded on the back, sometimes keeled towards the tip. (See 113.)  Festuca L.

Flowering glume with a dorsal awn or with a short mucro or unarmed.  145

145. Flowering glume decurrent into a callus bearing a tuft of long hairs.  146

Flowering glume with a glabrous or shortly and scantily hairy callus or without a callus.  147

146. Flowering glume papery, unarmed or shortly mucronate. Spikelets large, with a glabrous and bristle-like or a club-shaped prolongation of the axis.—Species 1 (A. arundinacea Host, maram). North Africa.
Used for binding sand-dunes and as a fodder-grass; the root-stock is edible. (Psamma Beauv.)  Ammophila Host

Flowering glume membranous, awned from the back, very rarely awnless.
Spikelets rather small, sometimes with a bristle-like and usually hairy prolongation of the axis.—Species 6. Azores, mountains of tropical
Africa, South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Deyeuxia Beauv.)  Calamagrostis Roth

147. Axis of the spikelet not distinctly continued beyond the flower. Flowering glume shorter than the outer glumes.  148

Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle-like appendage
bearing sometimes empty glumes.  149

148. Palea as long as the flowering glume. Panicles few-flowered.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Agrostis L. or Colpodium Trin.)  Poagrostis Stapf

Palea shorter than the flowering glume. Panicles many-flowered.—Species
30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses. “Bent-grass.”  Agrostis L.

149. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with 2 bristles at the top and an awn on the back near the base. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet hairy, without glumes. Panicles spike-like.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Under Gastridium Beauv.)  Triplachne Link

Flowering glume slightly shorter or longer than the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet glabrous or bearing empty glumes.  150

150. Flowering glume with a very long awn. Outer glumes unequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet without glumes. Panicle loose.—Species
2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental grasses.  Apera Adans.

Flowering glume with a short or moderate awn or awnless. Outer glumes subequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet usually with empty glumes.  151

151. Lower outer glume 1-nerved. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, membranous, about as long as the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet with 1-2 empty glumes or without glumes.—Species
10. North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. Some are used as fodder-grasses.  Koeleria Pers.

Lower outer glume 3-9-nerved. Flowering glume 5- to many-nerved, leathery or longer than the outer glumes.  152

152. Fruit deeply grooved. Flowering glume leathery, rounded on the back, with a kneed dorsal awn. Outer glumes 7-9-nerved.—Species 20.
Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some (especially
A. sativa L.) are cultivated as cereals (oat) or fodder, and yield also oil and medicaments; others are used as ornamental grasses. (Including
Avenastrum Juss.)  Avena L.

Fruit not deeply grooved. Flowering glume keeled, longer than the outer ones. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved. Empty glumes above the flower 2 or more.—Species 10. Extra-tropical regions. Some are used as ornamental grasses.  Melica L.

153. (123.) Flowering glumes, at least one in each spikelet, bearing a twisted or kneed, generally dorsal awn, usually shorter than the outer glumes, rarely awnless, and then spikelets 2-flowered with a very short axis not prolonged beyond the flowers. [Tribe AVENEAE.]  154

Flowering glumes bearing a straight, terminal or subterminal awn, or unawned, usually longer than the outer glumes. Spikelets 2-flowered, the axis prolonged between the flowers or above them, or 3-many-flowered.
[Tribe FESTUCEAE.]  177

154. Spikelets 2-flowered without a continuation of the axis beyond the upper flower. Flowering glumes usually unawned.  155

Spikelets 2-flowered with a continuation of the axis beyond the upper flower, or 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes awned.  161

155. Spikelets solitary, enveloped by a spathe. Flowering glumes connate.
Style 1, undivided. Stigma papillose. (See 3.)  Lygeum L.

Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or spikes. Flowering glumes free. Styles
2, free. Stigmas feathery.  156

156. Outer glumes with a cartilaginous, pectinately-toothed keel. Panicle spike-like. (See 112.)  Prionachne Nees

Outer glumes membranous.  157

157. Outer glumes hemispherical. Panicle spike-like.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria).  Airopsis Desv.

Outer glumes not hemispherical. Panicle spreading.  158

158. Outer glumes shorter than the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes truncate or minutely toothed.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
Aira L.)  Molineria Parl.

Outer glumes somewhat longer than the flowering glumes.  159

159. Flowering glumes blunt, unarmed, hardened at maturity. Axis of the spikelet very short. (See 21.)  Isachne R. Br.

Flowering glumes 3-lobed, 2-toothed, or mucronate, usually provided with
a dorsal awn, not hardened at maturity.  160

160. Flowering glumes 3-lobed, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet somewhat elongated between the flowers.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental grass. (Under Aira L.)  Antinoria Parl.

Flowering glumes 2-toothed or mucronate, nearly always with a dorsal awn. Axis of the spikelet very short.—Species 8. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses.  Aira L.

161. (154.) Flowering glumes with a terminal awn inserted between the apical lobes or teeth.  162

Flowering glume with a dorsal awn inserted below the apex.  168

162. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower male, the upper female or hermaphrodite.  163

Spikelets 2- or more flowered; all flowers hermaphrodite or the uppermost male. Flowering glumes 5-11-nerved.  165

163. Spikelets in clusters of 3 at the tips of the branches of a raceme or panicle.—Species
13. Tropical and South Africa.  Tristachya Nees

Spikelets solitary at the tips of the branches of a panicle.  164

164. Palea auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower not distinctly toothed. Spikelets small.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used for plaiting-work.  Arundinella Raddi

Palea not auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower distinctly
toothed. Spikelets large.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.  Trichopteryx Nees

165. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a minute or bristle-like continuation of the axis. Flowering glumes with 2-4, at least partly bristle-like teeth.  166

Spikelets with 3 or more flowers, the uppermost of which is usually incomplete.
Flowering glumes with 2 rarely bristle-like teeth.  167

166. Fruit globular; pericarp crusty, almost free from the seed.—Species 5.
South Africa. (Under Danthonia DC.)  Pentameris Beauv.

Fruit oblong.—Species 40. Southern and tropical Africa. The seeds of some species are eaten or used in medicine. (Under Danthonia DC.)  Pentaschistis (Nees) Stapf

167. Spikelets falling entire with a part of their stalk. Lowest flowering glume without, the others with side-bristles.—Species 4. South Africa.
(Under Danthonia DC.)  Chaetobromus (Nees) Stapf

Spikelets not falling entire; axis jointed between and below the flowering glumes.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. The seeds of several species are eaten or used in medicine.  Danthonia DC.

168. (161.) Spikelets in spikes, many-flowered. (See 87.)  Gaudinia Beauv.

Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles.  169

169. Lower flowers male, upper hermaphrodite.  170

Lower or all flowers hermaphrodite, upper sometimes male or barren.  171

170. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the axis. Stamens
3. Styles short.—Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield fodder and edible seeds.  Arrhenatherum Beauv.

Spikelets with 3 flowers, one of which is sometimes reduced to a glume, without a continuation of the axis. Stamens in the male flowers 3, in the hermaphrodite 2. Styles long. (See 128.)  Hierochloe Gmel.

171. Axis of the spikelets jointed at the base; spikelets falling entire, 2-flowered, the upper flower usually male, the lower hermaphrodite with the flowering glume unarmed.—Species 6. North-west and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental grasses.  Holcus L.

Axis of the spikelets jointed above the persistent outer glumes.  172

172. Fruit grooved in front, usually adherent to the glumes. Spikelets large.  173

Fruit not grooved, free. Spikelets usually small.  174

173. Fruit slightly grooved. Styles inserted laterally below the summit of the ovary.—Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are poisonous, others are used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants.  Bromus L.

Fruit deeply grooved. Styles inserted at or near the summit of the ovary. (See 152.)  Avena L.

174. Flowering glumes 2-cleft or 2-toothed to 2-awned.  175

Flowering glumes irregularly and minutely toothed or 2-lobed with toothed lobes or entire.  176

175. Flowering glume of the lower flower awnless, entire. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved.
Spikelets linear-oblong.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria)  Ventenata Koeler
Flowering glume of the lower flower awned, 2-toothed. Outer glumes
1-3-nerved. Spikelets lanceolate-elliptical.—Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses.  Trisetum Pers.

170. Awns of the flowering glumes jointed, thickened towards the tip.—Species
3. North Africa. (Under Aira L.)  Corynephorus Beauv.

Awns of the flowering glumes not jointed, slender throughout.—Species
5. Azores, Canaries, high mountains of Central Africa, subantarctic islands. Used as ornamental grasses. (Under Aira L.)  Deschampsia Beauv.

177. (153.) Flowering glumes of the fertile flowers cleft in 3-23 awn-like or awn-bearing lobes. [Subtribe PAPPOPHORINAE.]  178

Flowering glumes entire or 2-lobed, rarely (Triodia) 3-lobed, bearing a single awn or unawned.  182

178. Flowering glumes 3-cleft, with 3 awns. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, in panicles.—Species 9. Southern and Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt.
Some are used as fodder-grasses.  Triraphis R. Br.

Flowering glumes 4-many-cleft, with 5 or more awns. Spikelets 2-6-flowered.  179

179. Flowering glumes with 5-9 awns springing from the back of the lobes.
Style 1, short and broad, 2-cleft. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in dense panicles.—Species 1. Egypt.  Boissiera Hochst.

Flowering glumes with 5-23 awns springing from the tips of the lobes or from the notches between them. Styles 2, free.  180

180. Flowering glumes with 9-23 awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spike-like panicles. (See 142.)  Pappophorum Schreb.

Flowering glumes with 5-7 awns or awn-like lobes.  181

181. Flowering glumes with 5-7 subequal, awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in heads.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Echinaria Desv.

Flowering glumes with 9 lobes, 5 of which are awn-like. Spikelets 4-6-flowered, in rather loose panicles.—Species 3. Central and South
Africa and Egypt. Used as fodder and in medicine. (Antoschmidtia
Steud.)  Schmidtia Steud.

182. Axis of the spikelets or flowering glumes covered with long hairs enveloping the glumes. [Subtribe ARUNDINAE.]  183
Axis of the spikelets and flowering glumes glabrous or short-haired.  185

183. Flowering glumes firmly membranous, 5-nerved, hairy like the axis of the spikelets. Ovary hairy at the top. Leaves narrow, more or less rolled up. Low grasses.—Species 1 (A. tenax Link). North Africa.
Used for making paper, in plaiting-work, as fodder, and as an ornamental plant.  Ampelodesma Beauv.

Flowering glumes delicately membranous, 3-nerved; if hairy, then axis of the spikelets glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Leaves flat and rather
broad. Tall grasses.  184

184. Flowering glumes glabrous, entire, produced into a fine point. Axis of the spikelets hairy. Lowest flower of each spikelet usually male.
Panicles lax.—Species 2. Used in house-building, for plaiting-work and divers utensils, and as ornamental grasses; the root-stock is edible and used in medicine. “Reed.” (Trichoon Roth)  Phragmites Trin.

Flowering glumes hairy, 2-toothed, with a mucro in the notch. Axis of the spikelets glabrous. Flowers all hermaphrodite or the uppermost flower or all flowers of the lower spikelets male. Panicles dense.—Species
5. North Africa, Madagascar, South Africa. Used in house-building, for plaiting-work, and as medicinal, fodder-, and ornamental plants.
Reed.” (Donax Beauv., including Neyraudia Hook. fil.)  Arundo L.

185. Stigmas shortly papillose on all sides, projecting between the tips of the flowering glumes; styles long. [Subtribe SESLERINAE.]  186

Stigmas feathery, rather short, projecting near the base of the flowering glumes; styles short or almost wanting.  191

186. Styles united at the base. Stigmas spirally twisted. Spikelets in one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, 2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered.
Glumes many-nerved; the outer ones unarmed, the flowering ones awned. Leaves transversely veined. (See 103.)  Streptogyne Beauv.

Styles free. Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles or in heads.  187

187. Spikelets in spike-like panicles, falling singly and entire, 2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered, the uppermost flower male. Glumes awned or mucronate. (See 130.)  Fingerhuthia Nees

Spikelets in heads or head-like panicles or in fascicles arranged in spike-like panicles, not falling entire.  188

188. Spikelets in fascicles arranged in slender spike-like panicles, rarely in heads, and then stamen 1. Glumes 1-3-nerved, mucronate or awned.
Spikelets 3-7-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Elytrophorus Beauv.

Spikelets in head-like panicles. Stamens 3.  189

189. Glumes 4-7-nerved, long-awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered. Panicles enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Leaves awl-shaped.—Species
1. South Africa.  Urochlaena Nees

Glumes 1-3-nerved, not awned, but sometimes mucronate. Leaves flat.  190

190. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spikes arranged in heads enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
(Under Ammochloa Boiss.)  Dictyochloa (Murb.) Camus

Spikelets 7-15-flowered. Inflorescence not enveloped by a sheath.
Species 2. North Africa.  Ammochloa Boiss.

191. (185.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper female. Axis of the spikelet elongated between the flowers, but not continued beyond them. Glumes unarmed, with faint nerves. Spikelets
in loose panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Coelachne R. Br.

Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper one male or rudimentary, or 3-many -flowered.  192

192. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved. [Subtribes TRIODIINAE and ERAGROSTINAE.]  193

Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved.  207

193. Flowering glumes 2-4-toothed or -cleft, rounded on the back, at least at the base.  194

Flowering glumes entire or obscurely toothed, rarely (Diplachne) distinctly
2-toothed and sometimes awned from the notch, but then keeled.  196

194. Flowering glumes with 3 rather obtuse lobes.—Species 1. North-west
Africa.  Triodia R. Br.

Flowering glumes with 2 acute lobes and an awn or mucro between them.  195

195. Flowering glumes with a long awn, the upper ones empty. Outer glumes unequal. Spikes approximate, almost digitate.—Species 1. South
Africa.  Lophacme Stapf

Flowering glumes with a short awn or a mucro. Outer glumes subequal.—Species
2. Central and South Africa. (Under Diplachne
Beauv.)  Crossotropis Stapf

196. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile 2-3-flowered and surrounded by the sterile consisting of numerous two-ranked glumes, arranged in one-sided spike-like panicles. Flowering glumes awned or mucronate.—Species
8. North and South Africa. Some have edible seeds or are used as fodder or ornamental grasses. “Dogstail.”  Cynosurus L.

Spikelets all alike.  197

197. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, laterally flattened, falling as a whole, containing 3-4 fertile flowers and two empty glumes above them.—Species
1. Abyssinia.  Harpachne Hochst.

Spikelets in panicles; empty glume above the fertile flowers 1 or none.  198

198. Main branches of the panicles two-ranked, usually branched at their base.  199

Main branches of the panicles not two-ranked.  203

199. Panicles spreading, with long, thin branches. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, with membranous, unarmed glumes.  200

Panicles contracted (more or less spike-like) or with very short, rather thick, but somewhat spreading branches.  201

200. Outer glumes slightly unequal. Perennial, creeping grasses, with flat leaves.—Species 1. North Africa.  Catabrosa Beauv.

Outer glumes very unequal the lower very small. Stalk of the spikelet somewhat thickened. Delicate, annual grasses with narrow leaves.—Species
2. North Africa.  Sphenopus Trin.

201. Panicles with short, rather thick, more or less spreading branches. Glumes
hard. Spikelets 3-13-flowered.—Species 5. North Africa.  Cutandia Willk.

Panicles strongly contracted, dense, more or less spike-like. Glumes membranous. Spikelets 2-5-flowered.  202

202. Upper outer glume much broader and somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. Lower outer glume very short, almost bristle-like. Flowering glumes awned below the tip.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Avellinia Parl.

Upper outer glume neither broader nor longer than the flowering glumes.
Lower outer glume almost equalling the upper one. (See 151.)  Koeleria Pers.

203. Branches of the panicle spike-like. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, usually toothed.  204

Branches of the panicle raceme-like. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, not distinctly toothed, unarmed or mucronate.  205

204. Panicles contracted, spike-like. Flowering glumes entire, acuminate.
Lodicules membranous. Fruit terete.—Species 3. South Africa and southern East Africa. (Triphlebia Stapf, under Lasiochloa Kunth).  Stiburus Stapf

Panicles lax. Lodicules fleshy.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as fodder-grasses.  Diplachne Beauv.

205. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Spikelets conical, loosely 2-4-flowered; axis jointed, fragile. Fruit oblong, broadly grooved.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used in plaiting-work and as an ornamental grass.  Molinia Schrank

Flowering glumes keeled. Spikelets not conical, densely 5-many-flowered.  206

206. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. Axis of the spikelet fragile. Fruit broadly grooved.—Species 1. Coast of East Africa.  Halopyrum Stapf

Outer glumes 1-nerved, rarely the upper one 3-nerved. Axis of the spikelet usually tough. Fruit usually ovate and not grooved.—Species 130.
Some are used as fodder- or ornamental grasses, others as sand-binders or for plaiting-work. The tef (E. abyssinica Link) is cultivated in
Abyssinia as a cereal.  Eragrostis Host

207. (192.) Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers two or more empty glumes usually forming a club-shaped body. Flowering glumes keeled. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved. (See 152.) [Subtribe MELICINAE.]  Melica L.

Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers a single empty glume or none, rarely several, but then flowering glumes rounded on the back.  208

208. Leaves broadly-lanceolate or ovate, with fine transverse veins between the nerves. [Subtribe CENTOTHECINAE.]  209

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without distinct transverse veins.
[Subtribes FESTUCINAE and BRACHYPODINAE.]  210

209. Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on the spike-like branches of a panicle.
Outer glumes 3, the uppermost sometimes bearing a barren spikelet in its axil. (See 125.)  Poecilostachys Hack.

Spikelets many-flowered. Outer glumes 2.—Species 4. Tropics.  Centotheca Desv.

210. Spikelets in glomerules arranged in panicles.  211

Spikelets not in glomerules.  212

211. Panicles one-sided. Outer glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes larger, firmer, 5-nerved, mucronate or awned, ciliate on the keel.—Species 1. North and South Africa. Used as a fodder- and ornamental grass. “Cocksfoot.”  Dactylis L.

Panicles equal-sided. Outer glumes subequal, 5-7-nerved, usually hispid.
Flowering glumes shorter, thinner, 7-9-nerved, unarmed.—Species 3.
South Africa.  Lasiochloa Kunth

212. Spikelets tightly imbricate in short spikes arranged in racemes or heads.
Flowering glumes broad, 7-9-nerved, somewhat shorter than the palea, mucronate.—Species 4. North and East Africa.  Aeluropus Trin.

Spikelets tightly imbricate in solitary spikes or not imbricate.  213

213. Spikelets very tightly imbricate, arranged in a linear false spike. Flowering glumes sharply keeled from the base, 7-nerved, unarmed.—Species 7.
North and South Africa and St. Helena. Used as ornamental plants.
(Brizopyrum Link).  Desmazeria Dumort.

Spikelets not very tightly imbricate; if rather tightly, then flowering glumes not keeled.  214

214. Styles inserted on the front of the ovary, conspicuously below the top.
Flowering glumes usually awned. Fruit linear or oblong, adhering to the palea. (See 173.)  Bromus L.

Styles inserted on the top of the ovary or close to it.  215

215. Flowering glumes much shorter than the outer ones, 2-lobed or 2-cleft.
Outer glumes with white, membranous margins.—Species 4. South and North Africa.  Schismus Beauv.

Flowering glumes slightly shorter or longer than the outer ones.  216

216. Flowering glumes cordate at the base, very concave, scarious, broader than the outer glumes. Fruit strongly compressed.—Species 5. North
Africa, Senegambia, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Quaking-grass.”  Briza L.

Flowering glumes not cordate.  217

217. Flowering glumes distinctly keeled.  218

Flowering glumes rounded on the back, sometimes slightly keeled towards the tip.  220

218. Flowering glumes shortly awned, scarious. Panicles spike-like. (See
151.)  Koeleria Pers.

Flowering glumes unawned, membranous herbaceous or cartilaginous.
Panicles usually spreading.  219

219. Flowering glumes cartilaginous at the base, herbaceous towards the tip.
Outer glumes unequal. Axis of the spikelet thickened. Panicles one-sided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Sclerochloa Beauv.

Flowering glumes membranous or herbaceous at the base or throughout.—Species
20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used as ornamental grasses.  Poa L.

220. Spikelets 2-flowered with very approximate flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the axis beyond them. Outer glumes rather stiff,
1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes somewhat shorter, blunt, awnless.—Species
10. South and East Africa.  Achneria Munro

Spikelets 2-flowered, with perceptibly distant flowers and usually membranous outer glumes, or 3-many-flowered.  221

221. Outer glumes 7-11-nerved, membranous. Flowering glumes toothed, usually awnless. Paleas narrow, 2-toothed. Spikelets usually 2-flowered.
Fruit deeply furrowed. (See 152.)  Avena L.

Outer glumes 1-5-nerved, rarely 7-9-nerved, and then flowering glumes awned and paleas broad. Spikelets usually 3-many-flowered.  222

222. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved. (See 167.)  Danthonia DC.

Flowering glumes entire, rarely toothed or 2-cleft, but then unarmed or
5-nerved. Styles very short.  223

223. Side-nerves of the flowering glumes nearly parallel, not joining the middle-nerve, sometimes obscure. Flowering glumes unarmed. Fruit oblong or ovate.  224

Side-nerves of the flowering glumes curved, converging towards the middle-nerve. Fruit oblong or linear.  225

224. Lodicules united. Styles distinctly developed. Fruit free, narrowly or not grooved.—Species 1 (G. fluitans R. Br., manna-grass). North-west
Africa. The seeds are used as food. (Under Poa L.)  Glyceria R. Br.

Lodicules free. Styles wanting. Fruit usually adherent to the palea, broadly or not grooved.—Species 4. North-west and South Africa.
(Under Glyceria R. Br.)  Atropis Rupr.

225. Paleas with rigidly ciliate keels. Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved, rather stiff. Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species
9. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses.  Brachypodium Beauv.

Paleas with finely ciliate or rough keels. Flowering glumes usually
5-nerved. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved.  226

226. Seed with a linear hilum. (See 113.)  Festuca L.

Seed with a punctiform hilum.  227

227. Spikelets upon stout stalks in one-sided panicles. Flowering glumes unarmed.—Species 2. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa.
(Under Festuca L.)  Scleropoa Griseb.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes.—Species 3. North-west Africa. (Under
Festuca L.)  Catapodium Link

FAMILY 17. CYPERACEAE

Grass-like herbs, very rarely (Schoenodendron) low trees. Stems usually triangular, rarely jointed. Leaves with a closed sheath, sometimes without a blade. Flowers in genuine or spurious spikelets arranged in spikes, heads, or panicles. Perianth much reduced or wanting. Stamens 1-6. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or naked, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, inverted. Style simple or with 2-3 branches. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed free. Embryo lateral, enclosed by the albumen.—Genera 40, species 880. “Sedges.” (Plate 9.)

1. Flowers unisexual, but sometimes (Bisboeckelerieae) apparently hermaphrodite, single female flowers being surrounded by several male ones; in this case false spikelets branched at the insertion of one of the lowest bracts.  2

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Flowers either in centripetal spikelets without a terminal flower or in centrifugal (false) spikelets branched at the insertion of the uppermost bract below the terminal flower.  13

2. Spikelets unisexual, rarely partly unisexual, partly bisexual; the female
1-flowered, the male 2- or more-flowered. Stamens 1-2, rarely 3.
[Tribe SCLERIEAE.]  3

Spikelets bisexual, rarely 1-flowered and spicate.  8

3. Perianth consisting of scales or bristles. Partial inflorescences panicled.  4

Perianth none.  6

4. Perianth of numerous bristles. Spikelets in spikes.—Species 6. Central
Africa to Transvaal.  Eriospora Hochst.

Perianth of 2-5 scales.  5

5. Perianth of 2-3 laciniate scales. Spikelets in head-like clusters. Herbs.—Species
1. West Africa.  Microdracoides Hua

Perianth of 3-5 ciliate scales. Spikelets in spikes. Small trees.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Schoenodendron Engl.

6. Female flowers in the upper portion of the partial inflorescences. Spikelets in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Eriospora Hochst.)  Fintelmannia Kunth

Female flowers in the lower portion of the partial inflorescences or in special partial inflorescences.  7

7. Style thickened and jointed at the base, deeply 3-cleft. Fruit without a distinct disc. Spikelets in panicles. Leaves broad.—Species 3.
Tropics. (Under Scleria Berg)  Acriulus Ridl.

Style not thickened at the base. Fruit very hard, surrounded by a disc at the base.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including
Diplacrum R. Br.)  Scleria Berg

8. (2.) Spikelets consisting of a terminal female flower surrounded by 3 or more male ones. Stamen 1. Female flowers not enclosed by an utricle-like
bracteole. [Tribe BISBOECKELERIEAE, Subtribe CHRYSITRICHINAE.]  9
Spikelets 1-flowered, spicate, rarely 2-flowered or consisting of a basal female flower and several male ones. Stamens usually 3. Female flowers enclosed by an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe CARICEAE.]  11

9. Male flowers 3. Style-branches 3. Spikelets numerous, in spikes which are sometimes arranged in panicles or heads.—Species 12. Tropics. (Including
Thoracostachyum Kurz)  Mapania Aubl.

Male flowers 6 or more. Spikelets in spikes arranged in heads.  10

10. Style-branches 2. Fruit not ribbed. Spikes consisting of numerous spikelets. Leaves reduced to the sheath.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Used for plaiting-work.  Lepironia Rich.

Style-branches 3. Fruit many-striate. Spikes consisting of 1-4 spikelets.—Species
3. South Africa.  Chrysithrix L.

11. Lateral spikelets consisting of one female flower and 1-6 male inserted above the female flower upon the distinctly developed axis of the spikelet; rarely male flowers reduced to empty glumes or wanting. Utricle usually 2-cleft.—Species 6. South and East Africa. (Including Hemicarex
Benth.)  Schoenoxiphium Nees

Lateral spikelets consisting only of 1 female flower and the usually rudimentary axis. Utricle closed, entire or toothed.  12

12. Axis of the spikelet projecting beyond the utricle and hooked at the tip.—Species
2. Subantarctic islands.  Uncinia Pers.

Axis of the spikelet enclosed and straight or more frequently rudimentary and usually early disappearing.—Species 80. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics.  Carex L.

13. (1.) Spikelets (false spikelets) centrifugal, with a terminal flower, branched from the uppermost bract, 1-2-, rarely 3-6-flowered.  14

Spikelets centripetal, without a terminal flower, 3-many-, rarely 1-2-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite, a male one sometimes added.  24

14. Spikelets containing 1 terminal male flower and 1-2 lateral hermaphrodite flowers. Style dilated at the base.—Species 30. South Africa.
(Elynanthus Nees, including Macrochaetium Steud.) [Tribe GAHNIEAE.]  Tetraria Beauv.

Spikelets containing only hermaphrodite flowers, a male one being sometimes added. [Tribe RHYNCHOSPOREAE.]  15

15. Glumes 2-ranked. Style-branches 3.  16

Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked.  19

16. Perianth-bristles 6, alternately unequal. Fruit crowned by the base of the style. Spikelets in heads.—Species 9. South Africa, Madagascar and
Mascarene Islands. (Under Carpha R. Br.)  Asterochaete Nees

Perianth-bristles equal or wanting.  17

17. Perianth-bristles stiff, not feathery, or wanting. Fruit not beaked.—Species
6. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Abyssinia,
North Africa. (Including Epischoenus C.B. Clarke).  Schoenus L.

Perianth-bristles feathery.  18

18. Perianth-bristles 3. Glumes 4-5. Style with a thickened, persistent base. Spikelets in spikes or solitary.—Species 3. South Africa.
(Ecklonea Steud.)  Trianoptiles Fenzl

Perianth-bristles 6. Glumes numerous. Style slightly thickened. Spikelets in panicles.—Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
(Under Schoenus L.)  Cyclocampe Steud.

19. Style-branches 1-2. Perianth of 6 or more bristles or wanting.—Species
15. (Rynchospora Vahl).  Rhynchospora Vahl

Style-branches 3.  20

20. Perianth of 3-6 bristles.  21

Perianth none.  22

21. Perianth of 3 bristles. Upper leaves with red sheaths.—Species 1. South
Africa. (Decalepis Boeck., under Tetraria Beauv.)  Boeckeleria Dur.

Perianth of 5-6 bristles. Lowest flower male.—Species 6. Madagascar and South Africa.  Costularia C. B. Clarke

22. Partial inflorescences arranged in a panicle.—Species 5.  Cladium R. Br.

Partial inflorescences arranged in a head.  23

23. Involucre of the inflorescence short. Stem leafless.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Arthrostylis Boeck.)  Actinoschoenus Benth.

Involucre of the inflorescence long. Stem leafy.—Species 1. West Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally.  Remirea Aubl.

24. (13.) Bracteoles 1-2. [Tribe HYPOLYTREAE.]  25

Bracteoles none. [Tribe SCIRPEAE.]  28

25. Bracteoles 1-2, parallel with the glume (bract), i.e. placed before or behind or before and behind it. Stamens 1-2. [Subtribe LIPOCARPHINAE.]  26

Bracteoles 2, lateral to the glume, sometimes united. Stamens 2-3.
[Subtribe HYPOLYTRINAE.]  27

26. Bracteole 1, deciduous. Stamen 1. Spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-3, subtended by a single involucral bract.—Species 2. Central and South
Africa. (Under Scirpus L.)  Hemicarpha Nees

Bracteoles 2, persistent. Stamens 1-2. Spikelets in heads surrounded by several involucral bracts.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.
(Hypaelyptum Vahl).  Lipocarpha R. Br.

27. Bracteoles united in front, longer than the glume. Spikelets solitary or in heads. Stem leafy at the base only.—Species 9. Tropical and
South Africa.  Ascolepis Nees

Bracteoles free or united behind, as long as or shorter than the glumes.
Spikelets in heads or panicles. Stem leafy throughout its length.—Species
10. Tropics.  Hypolytrum Rich.

28. (22.) Glumes distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged in heads or umbels. [Subtribe CYPERINAE.]  29

Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged
in spikes or panicles. [Subtribe SCIRPINAE.]  34

29. Perianth consisting of 6 bristles. Spikelets in panicles.—Species 1. Region of the great lakes. (Under Carpha R. Br.)  Oreograstis K. Schum.

Perianth none.  30

30. Flowers with a toothed or lobed disc at the base of the ovary. Spikelets solitary or in heads.—Species 3. South Africa. (Under Ficinia
Schrad.)  Hemichlaena Schrad.

Flowers without a disc.  31

31. Style-branches 2. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and sometimes also a male flower, arranged in heads.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. The root-stock of some species is used in perfumery and medicine; others yield fodder. (Plate 9.)  Kyllinga Rottb.

Style-branches 3, rarely 1-2, but then spikelets many-flowered.  32

32. Fertile flowers in each spikelet 1-2. Glumes with a winged keel, the lower glume enclosing the upper one. Spikelets in umbellately arranged heads.—Species 2. Tropics to Transvaal.  Courtoisia Nees

Fertile flowers in each spikelet 3 or more, rarely 1-2, but then glumes not winged or the lower glume not enclosing the upper one.  33

33. Glumes with the margins united into a cylinder at their base, long acuminate at the top. Spikelets terete, 3-4-flowered, in spikes. Stamens 2.—Species
1. South-east Africa. (Under Mariscus Gaertn. or Cyperus L.)  Cylindrolepis Boeck.

Glumes with free margins.—Species 300. The root-stocks of some (especially
C. esculentus L.) are eaten and used for the preparation of oil, perfume, and medicaments; the culms (especially of C. Papyrus L.) are used for making paper and for plaiting-work; some species serve as fodder- or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. (Including
Galilea Parl., Juncellus Griseb., Mariscus Vahl, Pycreus Beauv., and
Torulinium Desv.)  Cyperus L.

34. (28.) Style conspicuously thickened at the base.  35

Style not or slightly thickened at the base.  37

35. Perianth none. Style deciduous.—Species 75. Some are used as fodder.
(Including Abildgaardia Vahl and Bulbostylis Kunth).  Fimbristylis Vahl

Perianth consisting of 3-8 bristles. Base of the style usually persistent.  36

36. Spikelets in heads. Glumes in 5 rows.—Species 1. Tropics. (Under
Fuirena Rottb.)  Pentasticha Turcz.

Spikelets solitary.—Species 25. Some are used for plaiting-work or yield starch. (Eleocharis R. Br.)  Heleocharis R. Br.

37. Flowers with a toothed or lobed, persistent disc at the base of the ovary.
Glumes usually brown or black.—Species 65. South Africa and mountains of East Africa and Madagascar.  Ficinia Schrad.

Flowers without a disc.  38

38. Perianth-bristles 6 or more, much elongated after flowering. Spikelets solitary or in umbels.—Species 1. South Africa. The cotton-like
perianth-bristles are used for stuffing cushions. “Cotton-grass.”  Eriophorum L.

Perianth-bristles not elongated or wanting.  39

39. Glumes hairy, like the whole plant. Perianth of 3-6 toothed scales or bristles.—Species 20.  Fuirena Rottb.

Glumes glabrous.—Species 70. Some are used as ornamental plants or for plaiting-work, others have edible root-stocks, also used in medicine.
(Including Isolepis R. Br. and Schoenoplectus Reichb.)  Scirpus L.

ORDER PRINCIPES

FAMILY 18. PALMAE

Stem woody, usually simple. Leaves pinnately or palmately split, at least 2-cleft, usually collected in a crown at the top of the stem. Flowers in simple or branched spadices enveloped by spathes, usually unisexual and provided with rudimentary stamens or carpels. Perianth-segments 6, similar in texture, but often unequal in size, leathery or parchment-like, green, white or yellow. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, united at the base or adnate below to the perianth. Carpels 3, superior, distinct or united and then forming a 1-3-celled ovary; sometimes 2 carpels empty or reduced to the style. Ovules solitary in each cell, filling the cell and sometimes adhering to its wall. Fruits berry-or drupe-like. Seeds with a small embryo and horny albumen.—Genera 36, species 100. (Plates 10 and 11.)

1. Carpels 3, distinct. Fruit consisting of 1-3 smooth berries. Leaf-segments induplicate in bud. [Subfamily CORYPHOIDEAE.]  2

Carpels 3, united and forming a 1-3-celled ovary, or carpel 1.  3

2. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with 2 or more incomplete spathes. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Perianth of the female flowers as in the male.
Seed ovate, not deeply grooved; albumen ruminate. Stem short, usually branched.—Species 1 (Ch. humilis L.). North-West Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant; the leaf-buds are eaten and the fibres used for making ropes or paper or for stuffing cushions. “Dwarf-palm.”
[Tribe SABALEAE.]  Chamaerops L.

Leaves pinnate. Spadices with one complete spathe. Flowers dioecious.
Perianth of the female flowers differing from the male. Seed oblong, with a deep longitudinal groove.—Species 5. Some (especially the date-palm, Ph. dactylifera L.) have edible fruits, also used for making brandy and sugar. They yield also palm-wine, wood, and fibres for plaiting and stuffing, and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe PHOENICEAE.]  Phoenix L.

3. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with many incomplete spathes. Fruit a drupe with 1-3 distinct stones; epicarp smooth or minutely dotted.
[Subfamily BORASSOIDEAE, tribe BORASSEAE.]  4

Leaves pinnately dissected or 2-cleft. Fruit berry-like or covered with imbricate scales or containing a single stone; if fruit drupe-like and one-seeded, then spadices with 1-4 complete spathes.  8

CYPERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 9.

J. Fleischmann del.

Kyllinga alba Nees

A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).

PALMAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 10.

J. Fleischmann del.

Raphia Laurentii De Wild.

A Young plant. B Group of fruits. C Fruit. D Seed. (A from De Wildeman, Expedition Laurent).

4. Male flowers many in each pit of the spadix.  5

Male flowers solitary in each pit of the spadix.  6

5. Male flowers 20-30 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens about 30. Fruit nearly always with a single stone. Seeds deeply 2-lobed.—Species 1.
Seychelles. The fruit (“double cocoa-nut”) is eaten and used in medicine.  Lodoicea Labill.

Male flowers 10 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens 6. Fruit with 3 stones.
Seeds emarginate. Species 1 (B. flabellifer L., Palmyra palm). Tropics.
It yields timber, fibre (piassave), starch (sago), gum, vegetables, edible fruits, wine, vinegar, alcohol, sugar, and medicaments.  Borassus L.

6. Stamens 15-30. Fruit with 3 stones, very rarely with 1-2. Medium-sized trees.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. They furnish fibre for plaiting-work and are used as ornamental plants; one species has edible fruits.  Latania Comm.

Stamens 6. Fruit with a single stone. Tall trees.  7

7. Albumen ruminate. Fruit medium-sized (the size of a walnut). Stem simple.—Species 3. Upper Nile and Madagascar. They yield timber, fibre, edible pith, and alcohol. (Including Bismarckia Hildebr. &
Wendl.)  Medemia G. de Wuert. & Braun

Albumen homogeneous. Fruit large. Stem usually branched.—Species
13. Tropics to Natal and Egypt. They yield wood, fibre, edible fruits, and wine. “Dum palm.”  Hyphaene Gaertn.

8. (3.) Ovary and fruit clothed with imbricate scales. Fruit one-seeded.
Flowers with bracts and bracteoles. Leaf-segments reduplicate in bud. [Subfamily LEPIDOCARYOIDEAE, tribe METROXYLEAE.]  9

Ovary and fruit without scales. Flowers usually without bracts. [Subfamily
CEROXYLOIDEAE.]  15

9. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. [Subtribe CALAMINAE.]  10

Ovary completely 3-celled. [Subtribe RAPHIINAE.]  11

10. Stem erect. Leaves without tendrils. Spadices terminal. Seed depressed-globose.—Species
1 (M. Rumphii Mart.) Cultivated in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. It yields wood, fibre for plaiting and weaving, vegetables, and starch (sago). (Sagus Blume).  Metroxylon Rottb.

Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. Spadices lateral.—Species 6.
Tropics. The stems (cane) are used for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of walking-sticks and various utensils. “Rattan-palm.”  Calamus L.

11. Stem erect. Flowers monoecious, the male and female on the same branches of the much-branched terminal spadices. Seed oblong or ovate.—Species
10. Tropics. The leaf-stalks (false bamboo) are used for building houses and making furniture, the fibres (piassave) for plaiting, weaving, and brush-making. The stems, leaf-buds, and fruits of some species yield starch, meal, vegetables, wine, and oil. (Plates 10 and 11.)  Raphia Beauv.

Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils.  12

12. Flowers monoecious, in cymes on the primary branches of the lateral spadices; cymes consisting of one female and several male flowers.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under Calamus L.)  Oncocalamus Mann & Wendl.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in pairs on the branches of the spadices.  13

13. Spadices lateral. Spathes none.—Species 5. West Africa to the upper
Nile. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under Calamus L.)  Eremospatha Mann & Wendl.

Spadices terminal. Spathes tubular.  14

14. Seed flattened, with a thick raphe. Leaves with a short stalk and narrow segments.—Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils.
(Under Calamus L.)  Ancistrophyllum Mann & Wendl.

Seed roundish, deeply grooved, kidney-shaped in transverse section. Leaves with a rather long stalk and rather broad segments.—Species 2. West
Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under Ancistrophyllum Mann & Wendl. or Calamus
L.)  Laccosperma Mann & Wendl.

15. (8.) Fruit a drupe; endocarp very hard, with 3 pores. [Tribe COCOEAE.]  16

Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous, rarely woody. [Tribe ARECEAE.]  17

16. Flowers sunk singly in deep pits of the spadix-branches. Spadices unisexual, with 2 deciduous spathes. Stamens united high up. Fruit rather small; pericarp spongy outside; pores towards the top of the stone.—Species 1 (E. guineensis L. oil-palm). Central Africa. The stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, vegetables, and wine; the fruits are edible and used for making oil. [Subtribe ELAEIDINAE.]  Elaeis Jacq.

Flowers inserted singly or in groups of three in shallow pits or notches of the spadix-branches. Spadices bisexual, with a woody, persistent spathe. Stamens free or united at the base. Fruit large; pericarp fibrous; pores towards the base of the stone.—Species 1 (C. nucifera L., coco-nut-palm). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised on the shores of the tropics. The stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, tanning materials, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are edible and yield oil, fodder, and a drink. [Subtribe ATTALEINAE.]  Cocos L.

17. Leaves with long prickles. Spadices branched; spathes 2 or more, complete.
Corolla of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Ovary 1-celled, with a laterally affixed ovule. Stigmas 3.  18

Leaves without prickles.  23

18. Leaves with a long sheath. Spadices below the leaves. Seed with homogeneous albumen.  19

Leaves with a rather short sheath. Spadices between the leaves. Seed with ruminate albumen.  20

19. Seed obtusely triquetrous. Stamens 9.—Species 1. Seychelles.  Deckenia Wendl.

Seed ellipsoid, slightly compressed laterally. Stamens usually 12.—Species
3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used in house-building and as ornamental plants.  Acanthophoenix Wendl.

20. Leaves 2-cleft, with pinnately toothed margins.  21

Leaves irregularly pinnatisect.  22

21. Stamens 6. Seed and endocarp furrowed. Spadices with 3 spathes. Leaf-stalk prickly.—Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant.  Verschaffeltia Wendl.

Stamens 15-20. Seed and endocarp not furrowed. Spadices with 2 spathes. Leaf-stalk smooth.—Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. (Stevensonia Duncan).  Phoenicophorium Wendl.

22. Stamens 6. Seed elliptical. Spadices twice branched, with several spathes.—Species
1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant.  Roscheria Wendl.

Stamens 40-50. Seed kidney-shaped. Spadices once branched, with
2 spathes.—Species 1. Seychelles.  Nephrosperma Balf.

23. (17.) Spadices with many tubular incomplete spathes, twice branched.
Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem tree-like.—Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used as ornamental plants. The fruit is said to be poisonous.  Hyophorbe Gaertn.

Spadices with 1-4 spathes, all or the uppermost complete (i.e. completely enveloping the spadix, when young.)  24

24. Spadices with 4 spathes, simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix.
Corolla valvate in bud. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem reed-like.—Species
1. West Africa. The fruit is edible.  Podococcus Mann & Wendl.

Spadices with 1-3 spathes; if simple, then corolla of the female flowers imbricate in bud or stamens 3 or many.  25

25. Stamens numerous. Stigma 1. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla valvate in bud.
Spadices simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Stem short.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa.  Sclerosperma Mann & Wendl.

Stamens 3-6. Stigmas usually 3.  26

26. Stamens in the male flowers 3, staminodes in the female 6. Ovary with 1 fertile and 2 empty cells.  27

Stamens 6.  28

27. Stamens opposite the petals, united at the base.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Trichodypsis Baill.

Stamens alternating with the petals, free or almost free.—Species 7. Madagascar.
Used as ornamental plants. (Including Adelodypsis Becc.)  Dypsis Nor.

28. Ovary 1-celled.  29

Ovary 3-celled, but usually one cell only fertile.  34

29. Spadices simple. Leaves deeply forked. Stem short, erect.—Species 5.
Madagascar.  Haplophloga Baill.

Spadices branched.  30

30. Spadices once branched. Stigma usually 1. Stem tree-like.—Species
5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as ornamental plants.
The fibres of the leaves (piassave) are used in the manufacture of ropes and stuffs.  Dictyosperma Wendl. & Drude

Spadices 2-3 times branched. Stigmas usually 3.  31

31. Spadices twice branched. Male flowers with valvate or subimbricate sepals. Anthers sagittate, basifixed, opening outwards or laterally.
Rudimentary pistil 3-cleft. Female flowers larger than the male.
Stigmas 3, subsessile. Tall trees.—Species 1 (A. Catechu L., betel palm).
Cultivated in East Africa. It yields wood, bark for tanning, fibre, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are chewed.  Areca L.

Spadices thrice branched. Male flowers with imbricate sepals. Anthers ovoid, opening inwards. Rudimentary pistil entire.  32

32. Styles basal. Stem reed-like.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Chrysalidocarpus
Wendl.)  Neodypsis Baill.

Styles or stigmas terminal.  33

33. Leaves irregularly pinnatisect, with lanceolate segments. Stem low, reed-like.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Dypsidium Baill.)  Neophloga Baill.

Leaves regularly pinnatisect, with linear segments. Stem tall.—Species
2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. (Including Vonitra Becc.)  Phlogella Baill.

34. Spadices simple. Petals lanceolate. Anther-halves linear. Style conical.—Species
3. Madagascar.  Haplodypsis Baill.

Spadices much branched. Petals ovate or orbicular. Anther-halves oblong or ovate. Style 3-partite.  35

35. Flowers monoecious. Sepals of the male flowers orbicular. Stamens unequal in length. Stigmas awl-shaped. Albumen ruminate.—Species
5. Madagascar. Leaves used for plaiting-work.  Phloga Nor.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the male flowers elliptical. Stamens subequal.
Stigmas short and thick. Albumen homogeneous.—Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.  Ravenea Hildebr. & Bouché

ORDER SPATHIFLORAE

FAMILY 19. ARACEAE

Leaves usually net-veined. Flowers in spadices, without bracteoles. Perianth simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly, usually berry-like. Seed-coat fleshy.—Genera 33, species 150. (Plate 12.)

PALMAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 11.

J. Fleischmann del.

Raphia Laurentii De Wild.

A Inflorescence. B Male flower-buds. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Stamen. E Female flower.

ARACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 12.

J. Fleischmann del.

Hydrosme grata Schott

A Leaf. B Inflorescence and spathe. C Stalk of the inflorescence. D Inflorescence without the spathe. E Stamen. F Stamen from above. G Pistil. H Pistil cut lengthwise. (B-H partly from a drawing in the Vienna Hofmuseum.)

1. Flowers hermaphrodite.  2

Flowers unisexual.  5

2. Perianth none. Ovary incompletely 2-celled with several ascending ovules. Climbing shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate.—Species 2.
West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Raphidophora Schott).
[Tribe MONSTEREAE.]  Afroraphidophora Engl.

Perianth of 4-6 segments.  3

3. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Tall herbs. Juice milky. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves sagittate; stalk prickly.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe LASIEAE.]  Cyrtosperma Griff.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Juice not milky.  4

4. Ovule one in each cell, ascending, inverted. Seeds exalbuminous. Climbing shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate to ovate. Spathe oblong or ovate.—Species
1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. [Tribe POTHOEAE.]  Pothos L.

Ovules several in each cell, pendulous, straight. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves sessile, linear, sword-shaped.
Spathe linear, sword-shaped, forming a continuation of the flowering stem.—Species 1 (A. Calamus L., sweet-flag). Introduced in the
Mascarene Islands. Yields tanning-materials and is used in the preparation of perfumes, liquors, snuff, and medicaments. [Tribe ACOREAE.]  Acorus L.

5. Perianth present.  6

Perianth none.  8

6. Perianth cupular. Ovary 1-4-celled with 2 or more ovules in each cell.
Juice milky. Leaves sagittate; stalk not thickened near the middle.
Spathe-margins connate below.—Species 20. Central and South-East
Africa. [Tribe STYLOCHITONEAE.]  Stylochiton Leprieur

Perianth of 4 free segments. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell.
Juice not milky. Leaves pinnate; stalk with a thickened joint near the middle. Spathe-margins free. [Tribe ZAMIOCULCASEAE.]  7

7. Stamens with free filaments; anthers opening by slits. Leaves several, once pinnate. Spathe upon a short stalk.—Species 1. East Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as an ornamental plant.  Zamioculcas L.

Stamens with united filaments; anthers opening by pores. Leaf 1, thrice pinnate in the adult stage. Spathe upon a long stalk.—Species 2.
East Africa to the upper Congo.  Gonatopus Hook. fil.

8. Stamens united throughout their length or almost so.  9

Stamens free or united in pairs or at the base only.  17

9. Female (inferior) part of the spadix adnate to the spathe, 1-flowered.
Stamens 2. Floating water-plants. Juice not milky.—Species 1.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Used medicinally. [Tribe
PISTIEAE.]  Pistia L.

Female part of the spadix free from the spathe, several-flowered.
Stamens 3-8, very rarely 2. Land- or marsh-plants. Juice milky.  10

10. Stem creeping. Leaves lanceolate, parallel-veined, with numerous primary and secondary lateral veins. Ovary completely or incompletely
2-3-celled with numerous ovules.—Species 12. West Africa. [Tribe
ANUBIADEAE.]  Anubias Schott

Stem erect or tuberous. Leaves ovate, ovate-sagittate or dissected, net-veined, rarely parallel-veined with 5 primary lateral nerves.  11

11. Ovules 1-3. Spadix with barren flowers below and above the male ones.
Stem short, ascending. Leaves ovate or sagittate, entire, with about
5 primary lateral nerves and many parallel secondary ones.—Species
2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and Zanzibar. They yield fibre and edible tubers and seeds and are used in medicine.  Typhonodorum Schott

Ovules 4 or more. Leaves sagittate- or cordate-ovate and net-veined, or dissected.  12

12. Ovules 4. Female flowers with staminodes. Spadix with a terminal appendage. Stem tuberous. Leaves dissected.—Species 1. Seychelles.
[Tribe PROTAREAE.]  Protarum Engl.

Ovules more than 4. Leaves sagittate- or cordate-ovate. [Tribe COLOCASIEAE.]  13

13. Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules straight or almost so.  14

Ovules incompletely 2-3-celled. Ovules inverted. Spadix without a terminal appendage.  16

14. Ovules few, basal. Stem erect. Spadix with a terminal appendage.—Species
1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Stem and leaves are edible; also used as an ornamental plant.  Alocasia Schott

Ovules many, parietal. Stem tuberous.  15

15. Spadix with a terminal appendage. Spathe erect. Stamens 3-6.—Species
1 (C. antiquorum Schott, taro or dinde). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in Tropical and North Africa. The tubers and leaves are eaten and used in medicine; also an ornamental plant. (Under Caladium
Vent.)  Colocasia Schott

Spadix without an appendage. Spathes recurved at the top. Stamens
2-3.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. Used as an ornamental plant.  Remusatia Schott

16. Style disc-like, adnate to the styles of the neighbouring flowers. Ovules with a long funicle. Leaves leathery.—Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants or vegetables.  Xanthosoma Schott

Style none. Ovules with a short funicle. Leaves herbaceous, usually with red spots.—Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Caladium Vent.

17. (8.) Stem above ground and usually climbing or underground and creeping.
Spadix without an appendage. Ovary 1-2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell.  18

Stem underground, short and thick, more or less tuberous. Juice milky.  23

18. Juice milky. Leaves cordate or sagittate. Female inflorescence not adnate to the spathe. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe NEPHTHYTIDEAE.]  19

Juice not milky. Leaves lanceolate oblong or elliptical, acute or obtuse at the base, rarely cordate and then female inflorescence adnate to the spathe or ovary 2-celled. Seed albuminous.  22

19. Stem underground, creeping.—Species 3. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Including Oligogynium Engl.)  Nephthytis Schott

Stem above ground, climbing, woody.  20

20. Leaves perforated or dissected. Male inflorescence three times as long as the female and contiguous to it. Ovary with a strongly projecting parietal placenta.—Species 2. West Africa.  Rhektophyllum N. E. Brown

Leaves entire or lobed, not perforated. Ovary with a slightly projecting parietal or sub-basal placenta.  21

21. Leaves oblong, shortly cordate at the base. Male inflorescence twice as long as the female and contiguous to it. Stamens 2-3.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Cercestis Schott).  Alocasiophyllum Engl.

Leaves sagittate or hastate. Stamens usually 4.—Species 7. West
Africa.  Cercestis Schott

22. Stem creeping. Female inflorescence adnate to the spathe, as long as the male. Ovary conical. Style present.—Species 1. Central Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. [Tribe CALLOPSIDEAE.]  Callopsis Engl.

Stem climbing or erect. Female inflorescence free from the spathe.
Ovary subglobose. Style wanting.—Species 17. Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe CULCASIEAE.]  Culcasia Beauv.

23. (17.) Spadix covered with fertile flowers to the top. Ovary with 4 or more ovules. Leaves sagittate or hastate. Spathe funnel-shaped.—Species
10. South Africa and southern Central Africa; one species
(Z. aethiopica Spreng.) cultivated as an ornamental plant under the name of “Calla” and naturalised in the island of Madeira. (Aroides Heist.,
Richardia Kunth). [Tribe ZANTEDESCHIEAE.]  Zantedeschia Spreng.

Spadix ending in an appendage which is glabrous or covered with rudimentary flowers, rarely without an appendage, but then ovary 1-2-ovuled and leaves dissected.  24

24. Ovules inverted. Ovary usually 2-4-celled. Male and female portions of the spadix contiguous, rarely separated by a glabrous interval without barren flowers. Leaf 1, dissected. [Tribe AMORPHOPHALLEAE.]  25

Ovules straight. Ovary 1-celled. Seeds albuminous. Spadix with a terminal appendage. [Tribe AREAE.]  27

25. Spadix ending in a flowerless appendage.—Species 35. Tropics. Some have edible tubers or are used as ornamental plants. (Under Amorphophallus
Blume). (Plate 12.)  Hydrosme Schott.

Spadix covered with flowers to the top; upper flowers sometimes reduced
to barren stamens.  26

26. Ovary 1-celled. Male inflorescence as long as the female. Spathe boat-shaped.—Species
7. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers.  Anchomanes Schott

Ovary 2-celled. Male inflorescence longer than the female.—Species 2.
Equatorial West Africa. (Including Zyganthera N.E. Brown).  Pseudohydrosme Engl.

27. Spadix unisexual (containing male or female flowers only). Stamens 2-4.
Ovules basal. Leaves dissected.—Species 4. East Africa. Some are poisonous.  Arisaema Mart.

Spadix bisexual (containing both male and female flowers).  28

28. Male inflorescence contiguous to the female.  29

Male inflorescence separated from the female by a distinct interval usually covered with rudimentary flowers.  30

29. Stamen 1. Anther opening by a slit. Ovules basal. Leaves sagittate or hastate.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
The tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked, and furnish starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap.  Arisarum Targ. Tozz.

Stamens 3-4. Anthers opening by pores. Ovules basal or apical. Leaves several dissected.—Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental plants. The tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked, and furnish starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap.  Dracunculus Schott

30. Interval between the male and the female inflorescence without rudimentary flowers. Spathe divided into two chambers, one of which contains a female flower, the other one several male flowers. Stamens 2. Ovules numerous. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Ambrosinia Bassi

Interval between the male and the female inflorescence clothed with rudimentary flowers. Spathe not 2-chambered. Female flowers several.  31

31. Ovules 6 or more, parietal. Stamens 3-4. Leaves sagittate or hastate.—Species
2. North Africa. Poisonous and sometimes used as ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked and yield starch; they are also used in medicine and as a substitute for soap.  Arum L.

Ovules 1-4, basal. Stamens 1-2. Leaves linear, oblong, ovate, or dissected.  32

32. Ovule 1. Leaves several, entire.—Species 3. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and yield starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap.  Biarum Schott

Ovules 2-4. Leaf 1, dissected.—Species 2. East Africa and Angola.
Used as ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and yield starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap.  Sauromatum Schott

FAMILY 20. LEMNACEAE

Floating herbs without distinct stems or leaves, consisting of leaf-or grain-like fronds. Inflorescence seated in a cavity of the frond and consisting of 1-2 male flowers and a female. Flowers monoecious, without a perianth. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-6 basal ovules and a funnel-shaped stigma. Seed-coat fleshy.—Genera 3, species 12.

1. Fronds rootless. Inflorescence on the back of the frond, without a spathe and consisting of 1 male and 1 female flower.—Species 6. (Including
Wolffiella Hegelm., under Lemna L.) [Subfamily WOLFFIOIDEAE.]  Wolffia Horkel

Fronds with roots. Inflorescence at the margin of the frond, consisting of
2 male and a female flower enclosed by a spathe. [Subfamily LEMNOIDEAE.]  2

2. Fronds with one root each, 3-5-nerved.—Species 5. Some are used in medicine. “Duckweed.”  Lemna L.

Fronds with several roots each, many-nerved.—Species 1. (Under Lemna
L.)  Spirodela Schleid.

ORDER FARINOSAE

SUBORDER FLAGELLARIINEAE

FAMILY 21. FLAGELLARIACEAE

Climbing herbs. Leaves lanceolate, ending in a tendril. Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, free, subpetaloid, yellowish or whitish, the outer somewhat shorter than the inner. Stamens 6. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with a solitary, inverted ovule in the inner angle of each cell. Style with 3 linear, recurved stigmas. Fruit a 1-2-seeded berry. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a small marginal embryo.

Genus 1. Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used in medicine and for plaiting-work.  Flagellaria L.

SUBORDER ENANTIOBLASTAE

FAMILY 22. RESTIONACEAE

Grass-like herbs. Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers in spikelets usually arranged in spikes or panicles, regular, unisexual. Perianth of 3-6 membranous or scarious segments, imbricate in bud, rarely absent in the female flowers. Stamens 2-3. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1-3 pendulous, straight ovules. Fruit dry. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a marginal embryo.—Genera 12. Species 230. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Plate 13.)

1. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-3-celled when young. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent.  2

Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit 1-3-celled, dehiscent. Flowers dioecious.  10

2. Spikelets, all or most of them, bisexual, containing a male and a female flower, arranged in spikes. Styles 2.—Species 1. South Africa.  Phyllocomos Mast.

Spikelets unisexual.  3

3. Female spikelets 1-flowered. Styles or stigmas 2.  4

Female spikelets 2-many-flowered, very rarely 1-flowered, but then stigmas
3.  6

4. Glumes distant. Male spikelets in panicles, female in spikes.—Species
10. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Including Ceratocaryum Nees).  Willdenowia Thunb.

Glumes closely imbricate.  5

5. Female flowers on a thick stalk. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Fruits more or less distinctly stalked.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Hypodiscus Nees

Female flowers on a thin stalk or sessile. Styles 2. Fruits sessile.—Species
20. South Africa to Nyasaland.  Hypolaena R. Br.

6. Outer perianth-segments of the female flowers winged on the keel.  7

Outer perianth-segments not winged. Styles 2-3.  8

7. Style 1. Female spikelets in spikes.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony).  Thamnochortus Berg

Styles 2-3. Female spikelets solitary or in fascicles.—Species 5. South
Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Thamnochortus Berg).  Staberoha Kunth

8. Female spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-3 on the top of the stem,
2-5-flowered. Outer perianth-segments larger than the inner. Styles
2.—Species 8. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Cannomois Beauv.

Female spikelets in spikes or panicles. Outer perianth-segments as large as or smaller than the inner, more rarely larger, but then styles 3.  9

9. Leaf-sheaths persistent. Styles 3.—Species 15. South Africa.  Leptocarpus R. Br.

Leaf-sheaths deciduous, more rarely persistent, but then styles 2.—Species
30. South Africa. (Including Lamprocaulos Mast.)  Elegia L.

10. (1.) Leaf-sheaths persistent.—Species 100. South Africa. (Plate 13.)  Restio L.

Leaf-sheaths, at least the upper ones, deciduous. Spikelets few-flowered.  11

11. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Female spikelets in short spikes.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony).  Askidiosperma Steud.

Ovary and fruit 3-celled.—Species 15. South Africa.  Dovea Kunth

FAMILY 23. MAYACACEAE

Herbs. Leaves alternate, linear, 2-toothed at the apex. Flowers in axillary, 2-3-flowered umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth consisting of 3 imbricate sepals and 3 imbricate petals. Stamens 3. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, straight. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular. Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Mayaca Aubl.

RESTIONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 13.

J. Fleischmann del.

Restio compressus Rottb.

A Upper part of a plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Male flower. D Male flower cut lengthwise.

XYRIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 14.

J. Fleischmann del.

Xyris angustifolia De Wild. & Dur.

A Plant in flower. B Flower (the third sepal has fallen off). C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.

FAMILY 24. XYRIDACEAE

Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in spikes or heads with an involucre of imbricate bracts, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, one much larger than the others and deciduous. Petals 3, united below into a tube. Fertile stamens 3, adnate to the petals; staminodes 3. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled. Ovules numerous, straight. Style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular. Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen. (Plate 14.)

Genus 1, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine.  Xyris L.

FAMILY 25. ERIOCAULACEAE

Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre, very small, monoecious. Perianth membranous, simple or double, rarely in the female flowers none. Stamens 2-6. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Fruit capsular. Embryo small, at the apex of the albumen.—Genera 4, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 15.)

1. Stamens 2-3, opposite the petals. Petals of the male flowers united below, without a gland on the inside. Style-branches 6, three of which bear a stigma, rarely 3. [Subfamily PAEPALANTHOIDEAE.]  2

Stamens 4-6, very rarely fewer, but then petals free. Petals usually with
a gland on the inside near the apex. Style-branches 2-3, without alternating appendages. [Subfamily ERIOCAULOIDEAE.]  3

2. Petals of the female flowers united at their middle part.—Species 6. Central and South Africa. (Under Paepalanthus Mart.)  Syngonanthus Ruhl.

Petals of the female flowers free.—Species 3. West Africa and Mascarene
Islands.  Paepalanthus Mart.

3. Petals united into a tube, but free at the base in the female flowers. Inner involucral bracts more or less spreading. Stamens 6.—Species 8.
Tropics. Some are used in medicine. (Plate 15.)  Mesanthemum Koern.

Petals free or absent. Inner involucral bracts rarely spreading.—Species
60. Tropical and South Africa.  Eriocaulon L.

SUBORDER BROMELIINEAE

FAMILY 26. RAPATEACEAE

Herbs. Leaves radical, lanceolate. Flowers in heads with 2 large involucral bracts, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like, yellow or whitish, 6-lobed. Stamens 6, inserted in the tube of the perianth. Anthers linear, opening by two terminal pores. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 1 ascending, inverted ovule in each cell. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Embryo near the apex of the mealy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. West Africa (Liberia).  Maschalocephalus Gilg & Schum.

FAMILY 27. BROMELIACEAE

Herbs. Leaves for the most part radical, linear, toothed. Inflorescence terminal, cone-shaped. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Petals slightly cohering and bearing two scales at the base. Stamens 6, slightly adhering to the petals. Anthers linear, turned inwards. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 3-celled, with many axile, inverted ovules. Style 1; stigmas 3. Fruits berry-like, united into a cone-shaped head. Embryo near the base of the mealy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1 (A. sativus Schult., pine-apple). Cultivated and often naturalised in the tropics. The edible fruit and the fibres of the leaves are used. (Ananassa Lindl.)  Ananas Adans.

SUBORDER COMMELININEAE

FAMILY 28. COMMELINACEAE

Herbs. Leaves alternate. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, more or less distinctly separated into sepals and petals. Fertile stamens 2-6. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled. Ovules straight. Style terminal. Embryo near the apex of the more or less mealy albumen.—Genera 12, species 160. (Plate 16.)

1. Fruit indehiscent, ovate or globular. Ovary 3-celled. Petals free, white, more rarely pale pink or blueish. Inflorescence a panicle without spathe-like bracts. [Tribe POLLIEAE.]  2

Fruit dehiscing loculicidally.  3

2. Pericarp succulent. Margin of the leaves silky. Perfect stamens 3.—Species
10. West Africa and Upper Nile. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Palisota Reichb.

Pericarp crusty. Margin of the leaves nearly glabrous. Perfect stamens
3 or 6.—Species 5. Tropics.  Pollia Thunb.

3. Fertile stamens 2-3, sterile ones 0-4, often bearing empty anthers.
[Tribe COMMELINEAE.]  4

Fertile stamens 5-6. [Tribe TRADESCANTIEAE.]  7

4. Inflorescence in the axil of spathe-like bracts.  5

Inflorescence without spathe-like bracts.  6

5. Sterile stamens with linear anther-halves cohering at the base. Ovary
2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals white. Spathes on the elongate branches of a panicle.—Species 1. West Africa.  Polyspatha Benth.

Sterile stamens with cross-shaped anthers. Ovary usually 3-celled. Petals usually blue.—Species 80. Some have an edible root-stock or yield vegetables, medicaments, or dyeing-materials; others are used as ornamental plants.  Commelina L.

6. Sepals large, equal, lanceolate, acute. Petals equal. Fruit with 3 equal-sized, many-seeded cells.—Species 1. East Africa.  Anthericopsis Engl.

ERIOCAULACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 15.

J. Fleischmann del.

Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern.

A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence cut lengthwise. C Bract. D Male flower. E Male flower laid open. F Older female flower (from which the sepals have been removed excepting one). G Older female flower laid open (the ovary cut lengthwise).

COMMELINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 16.

J. Fleischmann del.

Aneilema beninense Kunth

A Flowering branch. B Flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).

Sepals small, unequal, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse. Petals unequal.
Fruit with 2 cells, more rarely with 3, one of which is smaller and 1-2-seeded.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 16.)  Aneilema R. Br.

7. Petals united below into a tube, but sometimes free at the base, blueish or reddish. Ovary 3-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell.  8

Petals free or nearly so.  9

8. Stamens inserted towards the top of the corolla-tube. Petals united from the base.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa.  Coleotrype C. B. Clarke

Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Petals free at the base.—Species
15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Cyanotis Don

9. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit ovate. Filaments glabrous.
Petals red or yellow. Inflorescence a panicle.—Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Floscopa Lour.

Ovary 3-celled.  10

10. Ovules 4-10 in each cell. Fruit oblong. Filaments glabrous. Petals whitish. Inflorescence a panicle.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Buforrestia C. B. Clarke

Ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid or globular. Stamens hairy. Inflorescence spike-, head-, or umbel-like.  11

11. Ovules 2 in each cell; in the dorsal cell sometimes solitary. Fruit subglobular.
Stamens with a narrow connective. Sepals herbaceous, green.
Inflorescence spike- or head-like. Stem long.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa.  Forrestia A. Rich.

Ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit ovoid. Stamens with a broad connective.
Sepals subpetaloid. Inflorescence umbel-like and surrounded by an involucre of two bracts. Stem short.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).  Rhoeo Hance

SUBORDER PONTEDERIINEAE

FAMILY 29. PONTEDERIACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, without bracts, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, white, yellow or blue, united below into a tube, rarely nearly free. Stamens 3 or 6, affixed to the perianth. Anthers oblong. Ovary superior, 1-or 3-celled, with numerous inverted ovules. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal, many-seeded capsule. Seeds with a ribbed testa, a copious mealy albumen, and a long cylindrical embryo.—Genera 3, species 5. Tropics.

1. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a distinct tube.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Heteranthera Ruiz & Pav.

Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Perianth blue or violet.  2

2. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a distinct tube; Filaments thread-like. Anthers attached by the back. Stigma entire or shortly lobed.—Species 1.
Tropics. Used as an ornamental plant.  Eichhornia Kunth

Perianth bell-shaped, with nearly free segments. Filament of the largest stamen toothed at the base. Anthers attached by the base. Stigma deeply cleft.—Species 1. Central Africa (Upper Nile and Kasai).
Used as an ornamental plant, and in medicine.  Monochoria Presl

FAMILY 30. CYANASTRACEAE

Herbs. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves elliptical or cordate, with curved main-nerves. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, provided with bracts. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, shortly united at the base. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth, more or less united below. Anthers linear, longer than the filaments, opening by short slits at the apex. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, deeply lobed, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending, inverted. Style simple, with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Seed with a thin testa, a copious albumen, and a transversely-ovate marginal embryo. (Under PONTEDERIACEAE or HAEMODORACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 5. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. (Schoenlandia
Cornu).  Cyanastrum Oliv.

ORDER LILIIFLORAE

SUBORDER JUNCINEAE

FAMILY 31. JUNCACEAE

Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, free, stiff, usually green. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary superior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules 3 or more, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 3, elongated. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight axile embryo and abundant albumen.—Genera 3, species 55. (Plate 17.)

1. Stem woody. Leaves at its top, stiff, serrate. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 or few ovules in each cell. Style very short. Seeds with a large embryo and appressed testa.—Species 1. South Africa. It yields fibres and vegetables and is used for plaiting-work. “Palmiet.” (Plate 17.)  Prionium E. Mey.

Stem herbaceous. Style thread-like. Seeds with a small embryo.  2

2. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 basal ovules. Leaves with a closed sheath and ciliate margins.—Species 10. North and South Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. “Wood-rush.”  Luzula DC.

Ovary 1-3-celled, with numerous parietal or axile ovules.—Species 45.
Some are used in medicine or for plaiting-work. “Rush.”  Juncus L.

JUNCACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 17.

J. Fleischmann del.

Prionium serratum Drege

A Inflorescence. B Branch of the inflorescence. C Older flower. D Younger flower cut lengthwise. E Leaf.

LILIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 18.

J. Fleischmann del.

Dracaena Perrotetii Bak.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise.

SUBORDER LILIINEAE

FAMILY 32. LILIACEAE

Perianth more or less corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely fewer. Ovary superior, usually 2-5-celled, rarely 1-celled with parietal placentas. Seeds with a small embryo and abundant, fleshy or horny albumen.—Genera 79, species 1450. (Including COLCHICACEAE and SMILACEAE.) (Plate 18.)

1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm.  2

Underground part of the stem a rootstock or not distinctly developed.  41

2. Leaves all radical, rarely also some much smaller cauline leaves present.  3

Leaves distributed along the stem or crowded at its top.  31

3. Stem arising out of a corm, very short, underground during the time of flowering, bearing 1-3 flowers at the top. Perianth with a very long, sometimes split tube. Capsule opening septicidally. [Tribe COLCHICEAE.]  4

Stem arising out of a bulb. Flowers in racemes or umbels, very rarely solitary. Perianth with a not very long tube or without a tube. Capsule opening loculicidally.  5

4. Perianth-segments free.—Species 2. Algeria and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental plants.  Merendera Ram.

Perianth-segments united below.—Species 5. North Africa. Poisonous and used as medicinal and ornamental plants.  Colchicum L.

5. Flowers in cymose umbels or heads surrounded by 2-3 bracts. Scape distinctly developed. Leaves usually linear. Perianth-segments free or united at the base only. [Tribe ALLIEAE.]  6

Flowers in racemes, corymbs, or spikes, very rarely solitary, rarely in umbels or heads surrounded by 3 or more bracts, but then scape almost wanting, leaves oblong to ovate, spreading, and perianth-segments united to the middle or higher up.  8

6. Inflorescence surrounded by narrow bracts. Radical leaves 1-3. Perianth usually yellow.—Species 10. North Africa.  Gagea Salisb.

Inflorescence surrounded by broad membranous bracts usually united at the base.  7

7. Perianth-segments united into a short tube at the base. Filaments dilated.
Ovules in each ovary-cell 6-12. Smell not alliaceous.—Species 2.
Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North Africa, the Mascarene
Islands, and St. Helena. Ornamental plants. (Milla Cav.)  Nothoscordum Kunth

Perianth-segments free or nearly free. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, rarely
3-6. Smell alliaceous.—Species 30. North Africa, Abyssinia, southern
West Africa, and South Africa. Some of them (onion, leek, garlic) are cultivated as vegetables or pot-herbs, and yield also condiments, medicaments,
and glue; others are used as ornamental plants.  Allium L.

8. Anthers attached by the base. Stem or inflorescence branched or twining.
Leaves vanishing before the time of flowering. [Tribe ASPHODELEAE,
Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.]  9

Anthers attached by the back. Stem simple. [Tribe SCILLEAE.]  10

9. Inflorescence twining, bearing flowers on its upper branches only. Seeds oblong, with a small embryo.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Bowiea Harv.

Inflorescence bearing flowers on all its branches or not branched. Seeds ovoid or globose, with a large embryo.—Species 7. South Africa to
Angola.  Schizobasis Bak.

10. Flowers in nearly sessile heads or umbels surrounded by an involucre.
Perianth-segments united into a tube below. Leaves 2, oblong or ovate.  11

Flowers in racemes or spikes, rarely solitary.  12

11. Perianth-segments very unequal. Filaments free.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Daubenya Lindl.

Perianth-segments subequal. Filaments united at the base.—Species 30.
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Massonia Thunb.

12. Perianth-segments free or nearly free.  13

Perianth-segments united into a tube below.  18

13. Seeds flattened or sharply angled, more or less distinctly winged. Perianth white, yellow, or green.  14

Seeds globose or obovoid.  15

14. Perianth persistent; inner segments somewhat shorter than the outer, connivent at the top, hood-shaped or crested.—Species 70. South and
Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Albuca L.

Perianth deciduous; segments subequal, spreading or connivent and bell-shaped.—Species 55. Some of them are poisonous or used in medicine or as ornamental plants.  Urginea Steinh.

15. Inflorescence racemose, crowned by a tuft of leafy bracts. Perianth greenish.—Species 10. South Africa to Nyasaland. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Eucomis L’Hér.

Inflorescence without a terminal tuft of bracts.  16

16. Perianth-segments convex, connivent at the top, whitish. Flowers in spikes or spike-like racemes, sessile or short-stalked, the uppermost abortive. Filaments broadened almost to the top.—Species 17. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Drimiopsis Lindl.

Perianth-segments spreading or campanulately-connivent at the base.
Flowers in racemes, long- or short-stalked, in the latter case filaments thread-shaped or broadened at the base only.  17

17. Perianth-segments 1-nerved, blue or red, rarely whitish or greenish. Stamens affixed to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped or broadened at
the base only.—Species 100. Some have edible bulbs or are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Squill.” (Including Endymion
Dumort.)  Scilla L.

Perianth-segments obscurely many-nerved, white or yellow and usually striped, rarely brownish or greenish. Stamens usually free from the perianth and with flattened filaments.—Species 90. Some have edible bulbs.  Ornithogalum L.

18. Perianth-tube cylindrical, linear or oblong in section.  19

Perianth-tube bell-, urn-, funnel-, or saucer-shaped.  23

19. Perianth-segments very short and broad, more or less ovate.  20

Perianth-segments narrow and more or less elongated.  21

20. Perianth falling off after flowering. Stamens inserted below the throat; filaments very short. Ovules numerous. Seeds flattened. Leaves awl-shaped. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Litanthus Harv.

Perianth withering. Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube; filaments thread-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds thick. Leaves strap-shaped.
Flowers in dense racemes.—Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Veltheimia Gled.

21. Seeds flattened. Anthers linear. Perianth-segments unequal, the outer spreading, the inner erect, as long as or shorter than the outer. Leaves linear, usually more than 2.—Species 60.  Dipcadi Medik.

Seeds thick. Anthers oblong. Perianth-segments equal or, if unequal, the inner usually longer than the outer. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, more rarely linear, usually 2.  22

22. Perianth-segments equal, lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Stamens inserted at the throat of the perianth. Leaves 2, oblong.—Species 10.
South Africa.  Polyxena Kunth

Perianth-segments more or less unequal in length, oblong or spatulate.
Stamens inserted in the tube of the perianth.—Species 40. South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Lachenalia Jacq.

23. Perianth-segments very short, usually blue.  24

Perianth-segments half as long as the tube or longer.  25

24. Perianth urn-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell.—Species 7. North Africa.
Several species serve as ornamental plants; the bulbs are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap.  Muscari Mill.

Perianth bell-shaped. Ovules 5-6 in each cell.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Rhodocodon Bak.

25. Perianth-segments unequal, the inner longer. Leaves 2, rarely 3-5.
(See 22.)  Lachenalia Jacq.

Perianth-segments nearly equal.  26

26. Perianth with a very short tube and spreading segments. Filaments united at the base. Leaves 2, broad. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony).  Whiteheadia Harv.

Perianth with a more or less elongated tube, very rarely with a short tube,
but with erect segments. Leaves 2, narrow, or more.  27

27. Seeds globular or obovoid, turgid. Ovules 2-6 in each cell.—Species
12. North and South Africa, southern East Africa, and Madagascar.
Some species are used in medicine, perfumery, or gardening. (Including
Bellevalia Lapeyr.).  Hyacinthus L.

Seeds flattened or angular. Ovules 6 or more in each cell. Flowers whitish.  28

28. Perianth-segments erect or converging.  29

Perianth-segments spreading or bent back.  30

29. Perianth funnel-shaped; segments half as long as the curved tube. Stamens inserted at the throat. Ovary oblong. Style subulate. Leaves large, lanceolate. Raceme dense, about 100-flowered.—Species 2. German
South-west Africa.  Pseudogaltonia Kuntze

Perianth bell-shaped; segments as long as the tube or longer. Stamens inserted below the throat. Ovary ovate. Style short, columnar.
Leaves short, linear. Raceme lax, 6-20-flowered.—Species 2. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Rhadamantus Salisb.

30. Perianth withering; segments as long as the tube, the outer oblong, the inner obovate. Stamens inserted below the throat. Seeds angular.—Species
3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Galtonia Decne.

Perianth falling off after flowering; segments somewhat longer than the tube, linear or oblong. Stamens inserted at the throat. Seeds discoid.—Species
30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Drimia Jacq.

31. (2.) Anthers turned outwards, opening outwards or laterally. Styles 3.
[Tribe ANGUILLARIEAE.]  32

Anthers turned inwards, opening inwards or laterally. Style 1, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Flowers solitary or in lax, few-flowered racemes or umbels.  37

32. Capsule opening loculicidally. Flowers long-stalked, solitary or in racemes, rarely short-stalked and then solitary and axillary. Perianth dark brown.  33

Capsule opening septicidally. Flowers sessile or short-stalked, in spikes, spike-like racemes, or heads, rarely solitary and terminal.  34

33. Perianth deciduous; segments without a gland at the base. Stamens with thickened filaments. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 10.
Tropics and northern South Africa.  Iphigenia Kunth

Perianth persistent; segments with a gland at the base. Stamens with thread-shaped filaments. Flowers in racemes.—Species 3. South
Africa, southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants.  Ornithoglossum Salisb.

34. Perianth-segments united below, persistent. Stigmas capitate. Flowers in spikes, without bracts.—Species 4. South Africa and mountains
of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Wurmbea Thunb.

Perianth-segments free, clawed. Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely solitary or in spikes; in the latter case perianth deciduous and stigmas on the inside of the styles.  35

35. Flowers in spikes, without bracts. Perianth deciduous, whitish. Ovary
3-lobed, obovate.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Including
Neodregea Wright).  Dipidax Salisb.

Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely solitary, provided with bracts. Perianth persistent.  36

36. Flowers in racemes or solitary. Stigmas lateral. Ovary triangular-cylindrical.
Perianth yellow or red. Stem distinctly developed.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Baeometra Salisb.

Flowers in heads. Stigmas minute. Ovary usually ovoid.—Species
20. South, East, and North Africa. (Erythrostictus Schlecht.)  Androcymbium Willd.

37. Flowers large, usually solitary. Perianth deciduous, bell- or funnel-shaped, usually white or reddish. Anthers linear or oblong. Stigma usually
3-lobed. [Tribe TULIPEAE.]  38

Flowers rather small, usually umbellate. Perianth persistent, finally more or less wheel-shaped with spreading segments, usually yellow. Anthers ovate or oblong. Stigma usually simple.  40

38. Perianth funnel-shaped, white; segments recurved at the apex. Anthers attached by the back. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. North Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. “Lily.”  Lilium L.

Perianth bell-shaped, usually reddish; segments more or less erect, not recurved. Anthers attached by the base. Flowers usually solitary.  39

39. Flowers drooping. Perianth-segments with a nectar-bearing pit or spot at the base. Style long.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as ornamental plants.  Fritillaria L.

Flowers erect, sometimes slightly drooping before flowering. Perianth-segments without a pit, but often with a nectar-bearing spot at the base.
Style very short.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants. “Tulip.”  Tulipa L.

40. Perianth funnel-shaped, whitish, with oblong-ovate segments. Style short; stigma 3-lobed.—Species 1. North Africa (Cyrenaica).  Lloydia Salisb.

Perianth wheel-shaped, usually yellow and with lanceolate segments. (See 6.)  Gagea Salisb.

41. (1.) Branches leaf-like, but often awl-shaped. Leaves scale-like. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, more rarely in fascicles, umbels, or racemes.
Fruit a berry. [Tribe ASPARAGEAE.]  42

Branches not leaf-like; stem usually simple. Leaves well developed.  44

42. Flowers inserted at the base of the usually linear leaf-like branches. Perianth-segments free or slightly united at the base. Stamens 6, with free filaments.—Species 80. Some of them are used as vegetables, medicinal-,
ornamental-, or hedge-plants. (Including Myrsiphyllum Willd.)  Asparagus L.

Flowers inserted on the surface or margin of the lanceolate or broader leaf-like branches. Stamens with united filaments.  43

43. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united high up. Anthers 6.
Ovary 3-celled. Style distinctly developed; stigmas 3.—Species 1.
Canary Islands, Madeira, and Azores.  Semele Kunth

Flowers dioecious. Perianth-segments free. Anthers 3. Ovary 1-celled.
Style very short; stigma lobed.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants.  Ruscus L.

44. Flowers solitary, axillary. Anthers turned outwards. Fruit capsular.
[Tribe UVULARIEAE.]  45

Flowers solitary but terminal or collected into various inflorescences.
Anthers turned inwards.  47

45. Perianth-segments free, spreading or reflexed. Style bent downwards at the base.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Poisonous and used as medicinal and ornamental plants; some of them yield starch.  Gloriosa L.

Perianth-segments united below or connivent. Style not bent downwards.  46

46. Perianth-segments free or almost so, with a nectar-bearing cavity at their base.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Littonia Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments united almost to the top into a pitcher-shaped tube, with a short spur at the base.—Species 1. South-East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Sandersonia Hook. fil.

47. Flowers solitary, in 2-3-flowered heads, in axillary cymes, or in umbels, the latter sometimes arranged in racemes.  48

Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles, which are sometimes contracted into many-flowered heads or consist of fascicles or cymes.  52

48. Stem herbaceous. Leaves radical, linear, parallel-veined. Inflorescence terminal. Fruit a capsule.  49

Stem woody at least at the base, usually climbing. Leaves cauline, oblong or broader, net-veined. Inflorescence axillary. Fruit a berry.  51

49. Flowers solitary or in groups of 2-3, surrounded by an involucre of 5-7 bracts, sessile. Perianth-segments free. Ovary-cells with a single ovule.—Species 1. North Africa. [Tribe APHYLLANTHEAE.]  Aphyllanthes L.

Flowers in umbels enclosed by 2 bracts. Perianth-segments united below.
Ovary-cells with many ovules. [Tribe AGAPANTHEAE.]  50

50. Perianth with a long tube and a corona at the throat. Style short, columnar.—Species
20. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Tulbaghia L.

Perianth with a short tube, without a corona. Style filiform. Seeds winged.—Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Agapanthus L’ Hér.

51. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united below into
a long tube.—Species 1. South Africa. [Tribe LUZURIAGEAE.]  Behnia Didrichs.

Flowers in umbels, dioecious. Perianth-segments free.—Species 9. Some of them are used medicinally. [Tribe SMILACEAE.]  Smilax Tourn.

52. Perianth-segments free or almost so, more or less spreading. Stem herbaceous.
Ovary 3-celled. [Tribe ASPHODELEAE.]  53

Perianth-segments evidently united at their base or connivent into a long tube, rarely almost free and not connivent into a tube, but then stem woody, very seldom herbaceous plants growing upon trees and having
a 1-celled ovary.  66

53. Anthers attached by the base or between the lobes of the base.  54

Anthers attached by the back.  62

54. Anthers opening by terminal pores, sometimes prolonged into slits. Filaments thickened. Perianth blue, rarely white. Fruit a berry. Leaves
2-ranked, linear. Flowers in lax panicles.—Species 2, one native in
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other one naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the berries are poisonous. [Subtribe DIANELLINAE.]  Dianella Lam.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit a capsule. Leaves in several ranks or 1-2 only present. Flowers usually in racemes.  55

55. Anthers without a pit at the base. Perianth more or less campanulate.
Seeds woolly. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves 1-3, usually a single leaf.—Species 50. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. [Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.]  Eriospermum Jacq.

Anthers attached to the filament in a small pit at the base. Perianth more or less rotate. [Subtribes ANTHERICINAE and ASPHODELINAE.]  56

56. Perianth spirally twisted after flowering, blue violet or red. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.  57

Perianth not twisted, usually white. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell.  58

57. Stamens free or the inner attached to the perianth; filaments flattened.
Perianth blue. Stem very short, 2-3-flowered.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Nanolirion Benth.

Stamens attached to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped. Stem long, many-flowered.—Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar.  Caesia R. Br.

58. Ovules many in each cell. Filaments short and broad. Perianth funnel-shaped, with erect segments.—Species 3. West Africa. (Debesia
Kuntze).  Acrospira Welw.

Ovules 4-8 in each cell. Filaments thread-shaped or slightly broadened in the middle.  59

59. Stamens as long as or longer than the perianth. Flowers almost sessile.  60

Stamens shorter than the perianth. Flowers distinctly stalked.  61

60. Perianth-segments erect. Leaves broadly elliptical.—Species 1. Southern
West Africa.  Verdickia De Wild.

Perianth-segments spreading. Leaves linear or lanceolate.—Species 15.
Central Africa. (Under Chlorophytum Ker).  Dasystachys Bak.

61. Fruit deeply 3-lobed or acutely angled. Seeds discoid.—Species 80.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Chlorophytum Ker

Fruit not distinctly lobed, obtusely angled. Filaments thread-shaped.—Species
120. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Phalangium
Juss.)  Anthericum L.

62. (53.) Anthers attached to the filament in a small dorsal pit.  63

Anthers without a dorsal pit.  65

63. Perianth wheel-shaped, with spreading 5-nerved segments, white on the inner face, violet or red on the outer. Filaments woolly. Seeds globular or ovoid.—Species 1. North-West Africa. Used in medicine.  Simethis Kunth

Perianth bell- or funnel-shaped, with more or less connivent, 1-nerved segments. Seeds triquetrous.  64

64. Perianth yellow. Filaments distinctly unequal, bent downwards. Stem bearing leaves to the middle or higher up.—Species 2. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Asphodeline Reichb.

Perianth white or reddish. Filaments subequal. Stem bearing leaves at the base only.—Species 10. North Africa, northern East Africa, and
Mascarene Islands. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants or for preparing glue.  Asphodelus L.

65. Filaments glabrous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Perianth white or yellow.—Species 9. South Africa.  Bulbinella Kunth

Filaments bearded. Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow, rarely whitish.—Species 30. South and Central Africa. Some are poisonous to cattle.  Bulbine L.

66. (52.) Stamens free from the perianth, rarely (Lomatophyllum) slightly attached to it at the base. Anthers attached to the tip of the filament in a small pit. Perianth-segments evidently united or connivent into
a narrow tube at the base. Fruit a capsule which is rarely fleshy.
Leaves leathery and all radical, or more or less fleshy. [Tribe ALOINEAE.]  67

Stamens attached to the perianth, rarely almost free, but then anthers without a pit, perianth-segments almost free, spreading or globosely-connivent, fruit a berry, and leaves not fleshy.  75

67. Leaves leathery, minutely toothed or entire, radical or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal, simple, densely racemose, upon an almost naked stalk. Perianth usually yellow or red; limb regular or nearly so, not 2-lipped. [Subtribe KNIPHOFIINAE.]  68

Leaves fleshy and usually prickly, generally inserted on a woody stem, rarely leathery, but then inflorescence subcapitate or loosely racemose or perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Inflorescence axillary, but often apparently terminal. [Subtribe ALOINAE.]  69

68. Perianth campanulate, with a short and wide tube. Flowers spreading,
rarely erect.—Species 5. South Africa to Angola. Notosceptrum Benth.

Perianth cylindrical, with a long and narrow tube. Flowers more or less drooping, rarely erect.—Species 65. South and East Africa to Katanga and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Kniphofia Moench

69. Perianth-segments erect or converging. Flowers usually large and red or yellow.  70

Perianth-segments spreading or bent back. Flowers usually small and whitish.  72

70. Perianth-tube long, curved, swollen below, cylindrical above. Perianth usually red. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Stem short. Leaves not toothed. Racemes lax, one-sided.—Species 40. South Africa.
Most of them are used as ornamental plants.  Gasteria Duval

Perianth-tube straight or almost so, cylindrical or campanulate. Perianth usually reddish-yellow. Stamens as long as the perianth or somewhat longer.  71

71. Flowers small, erect, whitish, with minute bracts. Perianth-segments free. Stamens exserted. Filaments thread-shaped. Leaves not awned.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Aloë L.)  Chamaealoë Berg.

Flowers large, spreading or drooping, yellow or red, rarely small erect and whitish, but then bracts large, filaments flattened, and leaves long-awned.—Species
160. They yield fibre, vegetables, dye-stuffs, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and are often used as ornamental plants.  Aloë L.

72. Perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Fruit dry.  73

Perianth with a regular, stellate limb. Stem woody.  74

73. Ovary and fruit conical, acuminate. Leaves leathery, jointed, dilated at the base and forming a bulb.—Species 4. South Africa to Angola.
(Under Haworthia Duval)  Chortolirion Berg.

Ovary and fruit rounded at the top. Leaves fleshy, not jointed and not forming a bulb.—Species 60. South Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Haworthia Duval

74. Perianth with short segments, whitish. Stamens equalling the perianth-tube.
Fruit dry.—Species 9. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Apicra Willd.

Perianth with long segments, red or green. Fruit fleshy.—Species 3. Mascarene
Islands. Used as ornamental plants.  Lomatophyllum Willd.

75. (66.) Anthers attached to the tip of the filament in a pit at their back.
Ovary 3-celled with many ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery capsule.
Flowers yellowish-red, large, panicled. Leaves all radical. [Tribe
HEMEROCALLEAE.]  76

Anthers without a pit. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell, or incompletely 6-celled, or 1-celled. Fruit a berry, rarely a fleshy capsule
or a nut. Flowers usually whitish.  77

76. Leaves herbaceous. Inflorescence few-flowered. Seeds ovate, angled.—Species
1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. A garden-plant.
“Day-lily.”  Hemerocallis L.

Leaves leathery. Inflorescence many-flowered. Seeds oblong, winged.—Species
1 (Ph. tenax Forst., New-Zealand-flax). Cultivated in South
Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Yields fibre and is used as an ornamental and medicinal plant.  Phormium Forst.

77. Perianth-segments globosely-campanulately converging, slightly cohering at the base. Stamens with the filaments thickened at the apex and with sagittate basifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with an incomplete partition and numerous ovules. Leaves serrate, crowded at the top of the woody stem.—Species 2. Cultivated and naturalised in the
Mascarene Islands and the island of Zanzibar. They yield fibre and starch and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe YUCCEAE.]  Yucca L.

Perianth-segments spreading towards the tip. Stamens with thread-like filaments or with dorsifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell, or 1-celled. [Tribe DRACAENEAE.]  78

78. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules. Style short or wanting. Anthers attached at or near the base, opening laterally. Flowers polygamous, in panicles formed of spikes. Leaves all radical.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. It yields fibre and is used as an ornamental plant.  Astelia Banks & Soland.

Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached by the back.  79

79. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. Style short and thick. Perianth-segments almost free. Flowers in repeatedly branched panicles. Stem woody.—Species
2. Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants. (Under
Cordyline Commers.)  Cohnia Kunth

Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Style long and slender. Perianth-segments evidently united.  80

80. Leaves all radical, springing from a short root-stock, cartilaginous. Flowers in racemes composed of fascicles. Ovary sessile with a large base.
Fruit an achene with a membranous pericarp. Seed-coat fleshy.—Species
25. Tropical and South Africa. Many of them yield fibre and are used as ornamental plants. “Bowstring-hemp.” (Sanseverinia
Petagna).  Sansevieria Thunb.

Leaves springing from a sometimes very short woody stem, herbaceous or leathery. Fruit a berry.—Species 65. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Several species yield a resin (dragon’s blood) employed medicinally and industrially; some are used for plaiting-work or as ornamental plants.  Dracaena Vand.

FAMILY 33. HAEMODORACEAE

Herbs. Leaves narrow, 2-ranked. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Perianth yellow; segments 6, petal-like, free or shortly united at the base. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments and attached at their base. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary 3-celled; two cells sometimes sterile. Style simple, with a simple stigma, rarely 3-parted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds flat. Embryo small, enclosed by the base of the albumen.—Genera 4, species 6. South Africa.

1. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell.  2

Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Flowers regular.  3

2. Ovary with 1 fertile cell. Flowers regular, glabrous, in racemes.—Species
1. Natal and Kaffraria.  Barberetta Harv.

Ovary with 3 fertile cells. Flowers irregular, hairy, in panicles.—Species 2.
Cape Colony. Used as ornamental plants. The roots contain a red dye-stuff.  Wachendorfia L.

3. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Flowers hairy, in panicles.—Species 2.
Cape Colony.  Dilatris Berg

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Flowers glabrous, solitary.—Species
1. Cape Colony.  Pauridia Harv.

FAMILY 34. AMARYLLIDACEAE

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely (Gethyllis) more. Anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior or (Walleria) almost superior, 3-celled, with slightly projecting axillary placentas. Ovules inverted. Embryo small, straight, lateral, enclosed by the fleshy albumen.—Genera 33, species 310. (Including HYPOXIDACEAE.) (Plate 19.)

1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm, rarely a short root-stock.
Leaves all radical. Flowers solitary or in umbels; inflorescence surrounded by a spathe. [Subfamily AMARYLLIDOIDEAE.]  2

Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, rarely solitary or in umbels, but without a spathe.  27

2. Perianth furnished with a corona, which sometimes is reduced to a narrow ring or a crown of hairs. [Tribe NARCISSEAE.]  3

Perianth without a corona. [Tribe AMARYLLIDEAE.]  8

3. Stamens inserted within the corona. Corona cup- or ring-shaped or consisting of 12 scales. [Subtribe NARCISSINAE.]  4

Stamens inserted on the edge of the cup- or funnel-shaped corona; corona rarely reduced to a crown of hairs.  6

4. Corona of 12 free scales. Perianth tubular, red. Fruit a berry.—Species
2. Central Africa (British East Africa and Angola).  Cryptostephanus Welw.

Corona cup- or ring-shaped, undivided or lobed. Perianth bell-, funnel-, or salver-shaped, usually white or yellow. Fruit a capsule.  5

5. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a very short tube, yellow. Corona little developed, 6- or 12-lobed.—Species 1. North-West Africa. (Carregnoa
Boiss.)  Tapeinanthus Herb.

Perianth salver- or bell-shaped, with a more or less elongated tube.—Species
10. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants, in the preparation of perfumes, and in medicine; some species are poisonous. (Including
Aurelia Gay and Corbularia Haw.)  Narcissus L.

6. Perianth salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube and linear segments, white.
Corona funnel-shaped. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell.—Species 1.
West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subtribe EUCHARIDINAE.]  Hymenocallis Salisb.

Perianth funnel-shaped. Ovary with many ovules in each cell. [Subtribe
PANCRATIINAE.]  7

7. Flowers white, regular. Corona large, cup-shaped. Stigma 1.—Species
8. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, for the preparation of starch, and in medicine.  Pancratium L.

Flowers red, slightly irregular. Corona reduced to a crown of hairs.
Stigmas 3.—Species 2. Naturalised in the West African islands St.
Thomas and Princes Island. Ornamental plants.  Hippeastrum Herb.

8. (2.) Ovules 1-6 in each cell of the ovary. Perianth-segments free or united below into a short tube. [Subtribe HAEMANTHINAE.]  9

Ovules many in each cell of the ovary.  14

9. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Spathe consisting of two narrow bracts.  10

Perianth with a distinct tube. Spathe of two broad bracts or of more than two bracts. Anthers oblong, attached by the back.  11

10. Anthers globose, attached by the base. Ovules 1-4 in each ovary-cell.
Perianth red.—Species 10. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Carpolyza Salisb.)  Hessea Herb.

Anthers oblong, attached by the back. Ovules 5-6 in each ovary-cell.—Species
5. South Africa.  Strumaria Jacq.

11. Ovules 5-6 in each ovary-cell. Perianth reddish-yellow, funnel-shaped.
Spathe of more than 2 bracts. Leaves linear.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Clivia Lindl.

Ovules 1-4 in each ovary-cell.  12

12. Spathe consisting of 2 bracts. Pedicels long. Perianth red, salver-shaped.
Fruit a capsule. Leaves linear.—Species 4. South Africa and southern
Central Africa. Used for the preparation of arrow-poison, in medicine, and as ornamental plants.  Buphane Herb.

Spathe consisting of more than 2 bracts. Pedicels short or rather short.
Fruit a berry.  13

13. Filaments shorter than the anthers. Perianth-tube very short. Umbels rather few-flowered. Leaves very long and narrow, strap-shaped.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Demeusea De Wild. & Th. Dur.

Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers. Perianth-tube long.
Umbels many-flowered. Leaves rather short.—Species 45. South and
Central Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. (Including Choananthus Rendle)  Haemanthus L.

14. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary.  15

Perianth with a distinct tube.  19

15. Perianth divided to the ovary, white, rarely reddish. Flowers regular, middle-sized, solitary or in few-flowered umbels. [Subtribe GALANTHINAE.]  16

Perianth with a short tube, usually red. Flowers more or less irregular, in umbels. [Subtribe AMARYLLIDINAE.]  17

16. Perianth-segments spreading, whitish. Anthers deeply sagittate at the base. Flowers erect, in umbels.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Lapiedra Lag.

Perianth-segments converging. Anthers slightly sagittate at the base.
Flowers drooping.—Species 3. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental plants and in medicine; the bulb is edible.  Leucoium L.

17. Filaments thickened at the base. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit obtusely angled,
3-valved.—Species 17. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Imhofia Heist.)  Nerine Herb.

Filaments thread-shaped, free. Stigma entire.  18

18. Ovules sunk in the placentas. Ovary oblong. Fruit obtusely angled, bursting irregularly. Perianth-segments oblong. Flowers drooping.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony); also naturalised in the Canary
Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Used as an ornamental plant; the bulb is poisonous.  Amaryllis L.

Ovules not sunk in the placentas. Ovary top-shaped. Fruit acutely angled, 3-valved.—Species 10. South Africa and southern Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Brunsvigia Heist.

19. Flowers solitary. [Subtribe ZEPHYRANTHINAE.]  20

Flowers in umbels occasionally reduced to a single flower. [Subtribe
CRININAE.]  22

20. Perianth with a short tube, funnel-shaped, yellow. Filaments long.
Anthers oblong, attached at the back near the base. Scape above-ground.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant.  Sternbergia Waldst. & Kit.

Perianth with a long tube. Filaments very short. Anthers linear, attached at the base. Scape underground.  21

21. Perianth salver-shaped, yellow or whitish. Stamens in a single row.—Species
9. South Africa (Cape Colony). The fruit of some is eaten or used in medicine.  Gethyllis L.

Perianth funnel-shaped, white or reddish. Stamens in 2 rows.—Species
5. South Africa.  Apodolirion Bak.

22. Perianth-tube perceptibly shorter than the limb.  23

Perianth about as long as or longer than the limb.  26

23. Flowers rather small, yellow or yellowish-white, almost regular. Perianth-segments lanceolate, slightly longer than or twice as long as the tube.
Stigmas 3.—Species 2. South and East Africa.  Anoiganthus Bak.

Flowers large, red, reddish-yellow, or reddish-white. Stigma 1, simple or 3-lobed.  24

24. Flowers almost regular. Perianth-segments elliptical, about twice as long as the tube. Umbels 6-9-flowered. Fruit oblong.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant.  Vallota Herb.

Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments 3-4 times as long as the tube.  25

25. Umbels 2-4-flowered. Scape hollow. Perianth hairy within. Fruit globose. (See 7.)  Hippeastrum Herb.

Umbels many-flowered; spathe of 2 bracts. Scape solid.—Species 2.
South Africa to Damaraland.  Ammocharis Herb.

26. Ovules sunk in the placentas, usually few in each ovary-cell. Stigma very small, capitate. Anthers linear. Scape solid.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Stenolirion Bak.) (Plate 19.)  Crinum L.

Ovules not sunk in the placentas, many in each ovary-cell. Stigma more or less distinctly 3-lobed or 3-parted. Anthers oblong. Scape hollow.—Species
25. South and East Africa and Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Cyrtanthus Ait.

27. (1.) Leaves fleshy, very long (1-2 m.), in a rosette at the base or the top of the stem. Very tall plants. [Subfamily AGAVOIDEAE.]  28

Leaves not fleshy and not very long. Smaller plants. [Subfamily HYPOXIDOIDEAE.]  30

28. Filaments longer than the perianth. Flowers in spikes or panicles, usually greenish or yellow. Leaves at the top of a very short stem.—Species
2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North and South Africa and some tropical islands. They yield fibre, fodder, drinks, medicaments, and a substitute for soap, and are also used as hedge- or garden-plants.  Agave L.

Filaments shorter than the perianth.  29

29. Filaments strongly thickened at the base. Flowers in panicles, white.
Fruit ovoid. Leaves at the top of a short stem.—Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North and South Africa and some tropical islands. It yields fibre, and is used as a hedge- or garden-plant, also in medicine. (Furcraea Vent.)  Fourcroya Schult.

Filaments slightly thickened at the base. Flowers in capitate spikes, red. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Leaves at the base of a long stem.—Species
1. Naturalised in the island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant.  Doryanthes Correa

30. Ovary inferior with many ovules in each cell. Perianth yellow, rarely white or red. Leaves all radical, usually hairy like the peduncle. [Tribe
HYPOXIDEAE.]  31

Ovary inferior with 2 ovules in each cell or half-inferior or almost superior.
Perianth blue, red, or whitish. Leaves usually radical and cauline.  32

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 19.

J. Fleischmann del.

Crinum abyssinicum Hochst.

A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise.

VELLOZIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 20.

J. Fleischmann del.

Barbacenia aequatorialis Rendle

A Inflorescence. B Flower cut lengthwise.

31. Ovary beaked. Fruit a berry. Flowers solitary or in dense spikes or heads.—Species
6. Tropical and South Africa. They yield fibre and are used medicinally and as ornamental plants; some have an edible root-stock.  Curculigo Gaertn.

Ovary not beaked. Fruit a capsule. Flowers solitary or in lax racemes or umbels.—Species 60. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Ianthe Salisb.)  Hypoxis L.

32. Ovary almost inferior with 2 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached by the back, bursting lengthwise. Perianth with a distinct tube. Fruit 1-seeded.
Flowers in panicles. Stem, leaves, and inflorescence woolly.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). [Tribe CONOSTYLIDEAE.]  Lanaria Ait.

Ovary half-inferior or almost superior, with several or many ovules in each cell. Anthers attached at the base or near it, bursting at or towards the apex. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Stem, leaves, and inflorescence glabrous. [Tribe CONANTHEREAE.]  33

33. Ovary half-inferior. Stamens more or less unequal. Flowers usually without bracteoles, solitary and terminal or arranged in racemes or panicles. Leaves, all or most of them, crowded at the base of the stem.—Species
7. South Africa to Damaraland. Some have edible root-stocks or are used as ornamental plants.  Cyanella L.

Ovary almost superior. Stamens equal. Flowers blue, with bracteoles, solitary or in pairs and axillary, or arranged in panicles. Leaves scattered along the stem.—Species 5. Southern tropical Africa. Some have edible root-stocks.  Walleria Kirk

FAMILY 35. VELLOZIACEAE

Leaves linear. Flowers solitary, terminal, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments free or nearly so, petaloid, usually white. Stamens 6. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Placentas projecting and peltately dilated. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds black, compressed. Embryo very small, enclosed by the albumen. (Under AMARYLLIDEAE.) (Plate 20.)

Genus 1. Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Xerophyta Juss., under
Vellozia Vand.)  Barbacenia Vand.

FAMILY 36. TACCACEAE

Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves all radical, large, stalked, twice pinnately divided. Flowers in an umbel-like inflorescence on a leafless scape, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth greenish-brown, bell-or urn-shaped, with a short tube. Stamens 6. Filaments hooded. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style short, umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed. Embryo small, enclosed by the albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants and for plaiting-work; the tubers yield starch (arrowroot) and are edible when cooked.  Tacca Forst.

FAMILY 37. DIOSCOREACEAE

Root-stock tuberous. Stem twining. Leaves alternate, net-veined, usually cordate. Flowers in racemes, inconspicuous, regular, unisexual. Stamens 6. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, superposed, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3. Embryo enclosed in a horny or cartilaginous albumen.—Genera 2, species 45. (Plate 21.)

Fruit a berry. Seeds not winged.—Species 3. North Africa. The tubers are eaten and used in medicine; the berries are poisonous. (Tamnus
Juss.)  Tamus L.

Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are cultivated for their edible tubers (yams) or used in medicine; others are poisonous. (Including Testudinaria Salisb.) (Plate 21.)  Dioscorea L.

SUBORDER IRIDINEAE

FAMILY 38. IRIDACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth with 6 petaloid segments. Stamens 3, inserted opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, rarely (Hermodactylus) 1-celled. Style-branches usually divided or dilated. Ovules numerous, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Embryo enclosed by the horny albumen.—Genera 39, species 600. (Plate 22.)

1. Flowers solitary, terminal, sometimes surrounded by several axillary flowers, each flower with a spathe. Perianth regular; inner and outer segments nearly equal. Leaves not exactly 2-ranked. Stem short or almost wanting. [Subfamily CROCOIDEAE.]  2

Flowers in various inflorescences, rarely spathes solitary, but 2- or more-flowered or (if 1-flowered) the outer perianth-segments very different from the inner ones. Leaves 2-ranked, folded one above the other, rarely
(Geosiris) reduced to scales. Stem distinctly developed.  5

2. Stem underground, very short. Perianth-tube very long.  3

Stem partly above ground. Perianth-tube short or moderately long.  4

3. Style-branches undivided, stigmatose inside. Perianth red or violet, rarely white with red streaks.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Syringodea Hook. fil.

Style-branches many-lobed or many-parted, stigmatose at the top.—Species
3; one of them only cultivated. North-West Africa. Used as ornamental plants; the tubers are edible. The cultivated species
(C. sativus L.) yields the saffron, which is used as a condiment and for dyeing.  Crocus L.

4. Leaves crowded at the top of the very short stem. Perianth with a rather long tube, yellow or violet. Filaments united into a tube. Style-branches dilated above, petal-like.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Used as ornamental plants.  Galaxia Thunb.

DIOSCOREACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 21.

J. Fleischmann del.

Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax

A Flowering branch. B Male flower from above. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Group of fruits.

IRIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 22.

J. Fleischmann del.

Lapeyrousia Fabricii Ker

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Ovary cut lengthwise.

Leaves scattered along the stem or crowded at its base. Filaments free, rarely united, but then perianth with a very short tube. Style-branches not petal-like.—Species 50. South and North Africa and mountains of
Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Trichonema
Ker).  Romulea Maratti

5. (1.) Spathes 1-flowered, in spikes. Style-branches well developed, generally alternate with the anthers, thread-shaped or thickened at the top, more rarely dilated and almost petal-like, but undivided. Flower usually more or less irregular. Stem leafy. [Subfamily IXIOIDEAE.]  6

Spathes 2- or more-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, but then style-branches either reduced to short teeth, or opposite the anthers, petal-like, and
2-lobed. Flowers regular, but the inner perianth-segments often very different from the outer ones. [Subfamily IRIDOIDEAE.]  23

6. Style-branches 2-parted. [Tribe WATSONIEAE.]  7

Style-branches undivided.  10

7. Flowers small. Perianth with a short tube, red or blue. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Micranthus Pers.

Flowers large or rather large. Perianth with a long or rather long tube.
Ovules many in each ovary-cell.  8

8. Perianth-tube straight or nearly so. Filaments short, inserted at the throat of the perianth.—Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 22.)  Lapeyrousia Pourr.

Perianth-tube curved. Filaments long, inserted below the throat of the perianth.  9

9. Spathes short, scarious. Perianth yellowish, with unequal segments.—Species
2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Freesia Klatt

Spathes rather long, rigid. Perianth red or white, with almost equal segments.—Species
15. South Africa, Madagascar, and Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Watsonia Mill.

10. (6.) Flowers distinctly irregular. [Tribe GLADIOLEAE.]  11

Flowers regular or almost so. Filaments and style straight. [Tribe
IXIEAE.]  18

11. Perianth curved.  12

Perianth straight.  13

12. Perianth-tube longer than the limb, filiform below, cylindrical above.
Stamens inserted in the basal part of the tube. Spathes small.—Species
20. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Anisanthus Sweet).  Antholyza L.

Perianth-tube as long as or shorter than the limb, funnel-shaped.—Species
120. Some of them have edible bulbs, others are used in medicine
or as ornamental plants.  Gladiolus L.

13. Leaves folded, usually hairy. Perianth with a long tube.—Species 30.
South Africa and Island of Socotra. Several species have edible bulbs or are used as ornamental plants.  Babiana Ker

Leaves flat, glabrous.  14

14. Perianth-segments almost free, thinly acuminate, yellowish-green. Ovules
2-3 in each ovary-cell. Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Melasphaerula Ker

Perianth-segments evidently united below, obtuse or shortly mucronate.
Ovules usually numerous.  15

15. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped (distinctly widened above). Style-branches filiform. Spathe-bracts lacerated.  16

Perianth-tube more or less cylindrical (slightly or not widened above).
Style-branches usually dilated. Spathe-bracts entire or toothed.  17

16. Perianth 2-lipped, with a long or rather long tube, yellow or violet. Style-branches short.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants.  Synnotia Sweet

Perianth regular, with a short or rather short tube, yellow, red or variegated.
Style-branches long.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. The bulbs are edible.  Sparaxis Ker

17. Spathe-bracts long, green, entire. Inflorescence spicate. Perianth nearly always with a long tube.—Species 20. South and Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Acidanthera Hochst.

Spathe-bracts short, brown, toothed at the top. Inflorescence spicate or paniculate. Perianth with a short or rather short tube.—Species
35. South and Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants; some yield edible bulbs or a substitute for saffron. (Including
Crocosmia Planch., Montbretia DC., and Tritonixia Klatt).  Tritonia Ker

18. (10.) Style-branches club-shaped.  19

Style-branches linear or subulate.  20

19. Stigmas notched. Flowers white or yellow. Spathe-bracts lacerated.
Leaves short.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Streptanthera Sweet

Stigmas entire. Flowers white or red. Spathe-bracts entire. Leaves long.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Dierama C. Koch

20. Style-branches linear, slightly dilated, short. Outer spathe-bract brown.—Species
20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Morphixia Ker).  Ixia L.

Style-branches subulate. Spathe-bracts green or brown at the tip.  21

21. Style long, with short branches.—Species 35. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Geissorrhiza Ker

Style short, with long branches.  22

22. Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Perianth red. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.—Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Schizostylis Backh. & Harv.

Underground part of the stem a corm. Filaments short.—Species 35.
South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Hesperantha Ker

23. (5.) Style-branches undivided, very short or thread-shaped or somewhat broadened at the top, but not petal-like, nearly always alternate with the stamens.  24

Style-branches more or less divided or petal-like, opposite the stamens.
Perianth with a short tube or without a tube. Fruit not enclosed by the spathe.  32

24. Perianth with a distinct tube. Filaments free. Style-branches very short. Fruit, wholly or for the greater part, enclosed by the spathe.
[Tribe ARISTEAE, Subtribe ARISTINAE.]  25

Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Style-branches usually long. Fruit not enclosed by the spathe. [Tribe SISYRINCHIEAE.]  30

25. Perianth-segments very unequal, the inner much larger than the outer, blueish, the outer black; tube short. Spathes 2-3-flowered, solitary or in corymbs.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Cleanthe Salisb.

Perianth-segments almost equal.  26

26. Stem and leaves without green colour. Leaves short, scale-like. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Perianth white, with a short tube.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Geosiris Baill.

Stem and leaves green. Leaves long, linear or sword-shaped. Perianth blue, rarely yellowish or whitish.  27

27. Spathes 3- or more-flowered, solitary or in spikes, racemes or corymbs.
Herbs. Perianth with a short tube.—Species 30. Southern and tropical
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Aristea Ait.

Spathes 1-2-flowered. Undershrubs.  28

28. Perianth with a short tube and clawed segments, blue. Filaments long.
Spathes in heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Klattia Bak.

Perianth with a long tube. Filaments short.  29

29. Perianth blue, glabrous, with a cylindrical tube. Filaments awl-shaped.
Anthers small. Spathes solitary or in corymbs.—Species 2. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. (Under Aristea Ait.)  Nivenia Vent.

Perianth greenish-yellow, hairy outside, with a funnel-shaped tube. Filaments flat. Anthers large. Spathes surrounded by empty bracts and arranged in heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as
an ornamental plant; the stem contains sugar.  Witsenia Thunb.

30. Filaments united into a tube. Perianth blue.—Species 1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental plant. [Subtribe SISYRICHINAE.]  Sisyrinchium L.

Filaments free or nearly so. Perianth yellow or red. [Subtribe LIBERTINAE].  31

31. Stem leafy. Spathes in lax corymbs. Perianth orange-coloured. Style filiform, with club-shaped, erect or spreading stigmas.—Species 1.
Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental and medicinal plant.  Belamcanda Adans.

Stem leafless. Spathes solitary or in heads. Perianth pale yellow. Style very short, with thread-shaped, recurved stigmas.—Species 6. South
Africa.  Bobartia Ker

32. (23.) Stigmas at the tip of the style-branches. Inner and outer perianth-segments almost equal. Filaments united. Underground part of the stem a bulb. [Tribe TIGRIDIEAE, subtribe CIPURINAE.]  33

Stigmas on the underside of the dilated style-branches. Inner and outer perianth-segments unequal. [Tribe MORAEEAE.]  36

33. Style-branches simple or one of them forked.  34

Style-branches divided. Perianth-segments usually crisped.  35

34. Perianth white, divided to the ovary.—Species 1. South-east Africa
(Natal).  Keitia Regel

Perianth yellow or brownish-red, with a short tube.—Species 12. South
Africa; one species also naturalised in St. Helena. Used as ornamental plants.  Homeria Vent.

35. Perianth yellow, divided to the ovary, twisting up in fading. Style-branches cylindrical, glabrous.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Hexaglottis Vent.

Perianth greenish brownish or red, with a short tube. Style-branches dilated, fringed on the margin.—Species 8. South Africa and southern
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Ferraria L.

36. Style-branches broadened, but not petal-like. Perianth blue; segments free, the inner with the edges rolled inwards and the tip recurved. Filaments free. Scape flattened.—Species 1. Angola and islands of equatorial West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subtribe
MARICINAE.]  Marica Ker

Style-branches winged, petal-like. [Subtribe IRIDINAE.]  37

37. Perianth-segments free, not bearded. Filaments usually united.—Species
60. Southern and tropical Africa. Several species have edible root-stocks, others are poisonous, many are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Dietes Salisb. and Vieusseuxia Delaroche).  Moraea L.

Perianth-segments united at the base. Filaments free.  38

38. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentas. Inner perianth-segments linear,
acuminate.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Hermodactylus Adans.

Ovary 3-celled, with axile placentas.—Species 15. North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants, some are poisonous; the root-stock of several species (orris-root) is edible and yields tanning materials, perfumes, and medicaments.  Iris L.

ORDER SCITAMINEAE

FAMILY 39. MUSACEAE

Tall herbaceous plants. Leaves with a large, oblong or ovate, penni-nerved blade. Flowers subtended by large bracts and arranged in usually spicate rows or cymes, irregular. Perianth corolla-like. Fertile stamens 5, rarely 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Style free from the stamens, 3-6-lobed. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 4, species 25. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 23.)

1. Leaves spirally arranged. Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-2 rows of flowers. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Sepals and two of the petals united below. Fruit berry-like. Seeds without an aril.—Species
15, growing wild in the tropics, besides 4 (especially M. paradisiaca L.) which are cultivated in various regions. They yield fibre (Manila hemp), tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, and edible fruits (bananas and plantains), from which also starch, sugar, vinegar, and alcoholic liquor are made. Some species are used as ornamental plants. [Subfamily
MUSOIDEAE.]  Musa L.

Leaves 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals free or the lateral ones united with the petals. Fruit capsular.
[Subfamily STRELITZIOIDEAE.]  2

2. Odd sepal posterior. Petals united at the base. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening septicidally. Seeds without an aril.—Species
1. Naturalised on the Canary Islands. An ornamental plant; the root-stock is edible. [Tribe HELICONIEAE.]  Heliconia L.

Odd sepal anterior. Petals free, at least one of them. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening loculicidally. Seeds with an aril.
[Tribe STRELITZIEAE.]  3

3. Petals very unequal, the two lateral ones elongated, connate on one side, provided with a wing-like appendage on the other, the third petal very short. Stamens 5. Aril yellow. Inflorescence few-flowered. Stem moderately tall.—Species 4. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 23.)  Strelitzia L.

Petals subequal, free, without an appendage. Stamens 6. Aril blue.
Inflorescence many-flowered. Stem very tall. Species 1 (R. madagascariensis
Sonn., traveller’s tree). Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.
The leaves are used in house-building; their sheaths retain much water; the sap also furnishes a drink. The seeds are edible and yield a fat.  Ravenala Adans.

FAMILY 40. ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbs. Stem simple, springing from a root-stock. Leaves stalked or provided with a sheath, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in spikes racemes heads or panicles, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite, very rarely dioecious. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Sepals united below. Petals subequal, united below. Fertile stamen 1. Anther 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes 1-3, petal-like, at least one of them (the lip). Ovary inferior, more or less completely 3-celled. Ovules numerous. Style enclosed in a groove of the filament. Stigma funnel-shaped. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seed with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 11, species 120. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 24.)

1. Leaves spirally arranged; sheath at first closed, articulated with the petiole. Filaments petal-like. Lateral staminodes wanting. Epigynous glands none. Stem and leaves not aromatic.—Species 35. Central
Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and in the preparation of rubber. (Including Cadalvena Fenzl). [Subfamily
COSTOIDEAE.]  Costus L.

Leaves two-ranked; sheath split open, not articulated with the petiole.
Epigynous glands present, often style-like. Stem and leaves aromatic.
[Subfamily ZINGIBEROIDEAE.]  2

2. Lateral staminodes petal-like, but sometimes adnate to the lip, which then appears 3-lobed. [Tribe HEDYCHIEAE.]  3

Lateral staminodes linear, tooth-like, or wanting; in the latter case lip not distinctly 3-lobed. [Tribe ZINGIBEREAE.]  5

3. Connective spurred. Lateral staminodes adnate below to the filament of the fertile stamen.—Species 1 (C. longa L.). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock yields starch, condiments, medicaments, perfumes, and dyeing-materials (turmeric); the leaves are used for plaiting-work.  Curcuma L.

Connective not spurred. Lateral staminodes free from the filament of the fertile stamen.  4

4. Connective with a crest-like appendage. Filament short. Lateral staminodes broad.—Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Kaempfera L.

Connective without an appendage. Filament long. Lateral staminodes narrow. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.—Species 3, two of them natives of Madagascar, the third naturalised in the tropics. Ornamental plants; the tubers yield condiments, perfumes, and medicaments.  Hedychium Koen.

5. Connective with a distinct appendage. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem.  6

Connective without a distinct appendage.  8

MUSACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 23.

J. Fleischmann del.

Strelitzia Reginae Banks ex Ait.

A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamens and inner petals.

ZINGIBERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 24.

J. Fleischmann del.

Aframomum Laurentii (De Wild. & Dur.) K. Schum.

A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.

6. Connective with a grooved beak. Lip 3-lobed.—Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock is used as a condiment, especially for the preparation of liquors, and in medicine.
“Ginger.”  Zingiber L.

Connective with an oblong or 3-lobed, not grooved appendage. Lip not distinctly 3-lobed.  7

7. Connective with an entire, oblong appendage. Filament adnate to the base of the lip. Inflorescence lax.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons) and Madagascar.  Aulotandra Gagnepain

Connective with a 3-lobed appendage. Filament free from the lip. Inflorescence dense.—Species 50. Tropics. The fruits (grains of paradise) of several species (especially A. melegueta Roscoe) are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; others serve as ornamental plants. (Under Amomum L.) (Plate 24.)  Aframomum K. Schum.

8. Filament long. Lip not distinctly clawed. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.—Species 3. Naturalised in the tropical regions. Ornamental plants.  Alpinia L.

Filament short. Lip clawed.  9

9. Lip entire, rhomboidical, adnate to the filament at the base. Epigynous glands lobed. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem. Inflorescence very dense, almost head-like, surrounded by a coloured involucre.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant, the fruit as a condiment. (Nicolaia Horan., under Amomum L.)  Phaeomeria Lindl.

Lip more or less distinctly 3-lobed, free from the filament.  10

10. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Corolla-tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Stigma small. Inflorescence springing from the base of the leafy stem, lax, paniculate.—Species 1 (E. Cardamomum White et Maton). Cultivated in the tropics and naturalised in the Mascarene
Islands. The fruits (cardamoms) are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments.  Elettaria Maton

Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx closed in bud. Inflorescence usually terminal.—Species 15. Central Africa. (Ethanium Salisb.)  Renealmia L. f.

FAMILY 41. CANNACEAE

Herbs. Leaves large, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate or formed of cymes. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled, the barren half leaf-like. Staminodes leaf-like. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with numerous inverted ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under SCITAMINEAE.)

Genus 1, species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in various regions.
They yield starch, vegetables, medicaments, and dyeing materials, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Indian shot.”  Canna L.

FAMILY 42. MARANTACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stalked, with a swelling in the upper part of the stalk, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or paniculate. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled. Staminodes 2-4, petal-like. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a curved embryo.—Genera 12, species 60. Tropics. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 25.)

1. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe MARANTEAE.]  2

Ovary 3-celled, but the ovules of 2 cells sometimes abortive. [Tribe
PHRYNIEAE.]  3

2. Corolla-tube very short. Staminodes 3, one of them with two filiform appendages. Fruit indehiscent. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.—Species 7. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Thalia L.

Corolla-tube long. Staminodes 4. Fruit dehiscent. Bracts enclosing
3 pairs of flowers each.—Species 1 (M. arundinacea L.) Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock contains starch (arrow-root).  Maranta L.

3. Staminodes 2. Fruit winged. Inflorescence spike-like, springing from the root-stock. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.—Species
1. West Africa. The fruits are edible and contain sugar.  Thaumatococcus Benth.

Staminodes 4, rarely 3.  4

4. Bracts approximated in one row, enclosing two pairs of flowers each. Ovary with 1 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under
Myrosma Benth. or Phrynium Willd.)  Ctenophrynium K. Schum.

Bracts in two opposite rows.  5

5. Flower-pairs with small, thickened, almost gland-like scales inserted above the bracts and the 2-keeled bracteoles which usually accompany the bracts.  6

Flower-pairs without gland-like scales above the bracts and bracteoles.  8

6. Ovary and fruit smooth, the latter fleshy. Leaves having the larger half all on the same side. Herbs with a simple stem. Inflorescence panicle-, very rarely spike-like.—Species 13. West Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under Phrynium Willd. or Phyllodes Lour.)  Sarcophrynium K. Schum.

Ovary and fruit covered with pointed protuberances, the latter dry. Leaves having the larger half some on the right, some on the left side. Undershrubs or climbing herbs with a branched stem. Inflorescence spike-like.  7

7. Fruit dehiscent, covered with small protuberances. Seeds with an aril.
Flower-pairs without a bracteole.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under
Trachyphrynium Benth.)  Hybophrynium K. Schum.

MARANTACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 25.

J. Fleischmann del.

Clinogyne arillata K. Schum.

A Flowering branch. B Flower.

ORCHIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 26.

J. Fleischmann del.

Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. fil.

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Flower in longitudinal section (the spur cut off near the base).

Fruit indehiscent, covered with large protuberances. Seeds without an aril. Flower-pairs with a bracteole.—Species 6. West Africa.  Trachyphrynium Benth.

8. Inflorescence springing from the root-stock and separated from the 1-leafed stem, spike-like. Inner staminodes, at least one of them, equalling the outer.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Calathea
Mey.)  Afrocalathea K. Schum.

Inflorescence terminating the leafy, sometimes very short stem or its branches.  9

9. Inner staminodes larger than the outer, the hooded one without a strap-shaped appendage. Bracts enclosing 2-4 sessile pairs of flowers each.
Inflorescence head-like. Stem branched.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon).  Ataenidia Gagnepain

Inner staminodes smaller than the outer.  10

10. Sepals very unequal. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with adnate seeds. Inflorescence consisting of 2-3 spikes. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each, persistent.—Species 1. Equatorial Africa. Used in the preparation of salt. (Under Clinogyne Benth. or Donax Lour.)  Halopegia K. Schum.

Sepals subequal. Bracts usually enclosing 2-4 pairs of flowers each.  11

11. Inflorescence head-like. Bracts persistent.—Species 2. West Africa.
(Under Calathea Mey.)  Phrynium Willd.

Inflorescence raceme- or panicle-like. Bracts deciduous.—Species 25.
West Africa, Upper Nile, and Island of Réunion. Some species yield starch or fibre. (Donax Lour., including Marantochloa Griseb.) (Plate
25.)  Clinogyne Salisb.

ORDER MICROSPERMAE

SUBORDER BURMANNIINEAE

FAMILY 43. BURMANNIACEAE

Herbs. Leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary or in cymose, usually spike-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, petaloid, united below. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments, or 6. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Fruit dry, dehiscing by slits or irregularly. Seeds albuminous; testa loose.—Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Anthers erect, opening transversely, 3. Style long, with 3 stigmas. [Tribe
BURMANNIEAE.]  2

Anthers recurved, opening lengthwise. Style short. [Tribe THISMIEAE.]  3

2. Ovary 1-celled.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Gymnosiphon Blume

Ovary 3-celled.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Burmannia L.

3. Corolla regular. Stamens 3; connective without an appendage. Stigma
3-parted.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Oxygyne Schlecht.

Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; connective with an appendage. Stigma
6-toothed.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Thismia
Griff.)  Afrothismia (Engl.) Schlecht.

SUBORDER GYNANDRAE

FAMILY 44. ORCHIDACEAE

Leaves with longitudinal nerves. Inflorescence of the racemose type. Flowers irregular. Perianth more or less corolla-like or distinguished into calyx and corolla, one of the petals or segments (the lip) distinctly differing from the others. Receptacle usually continued beyond the ovary and forming the column upon which the stigma and the anther are inserted. Fertile stamen 1, belonging to the outer whorl. Staminodes sometimes present. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous parietal ovules. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, one of them rudimentary or transformed into the rostellum, to which the pollen-masses adhere. Seeds very small, exalbuminous; embryo imperfectly developed.—Genera 96, species 1600. (Plate 26.)

1. Pollen-masses with basal, stalk-like appendages, which adhere to the sticky, gland-like appendages of the rostellum. Root thickened into tubers. [Tribe OPHRYDEAE.]  2

Pollen-masses with apical appendages or without appendages.  37

2. Anther reflected, forming an angle with the column. Lip with 2 spurs or without a spur, but sometimes saccate or bearing appendages on the back.  3

Anther erect, having the same direction as the column, rarely slightly reflected, but then lip with one spur.  14

3. Lip partly adnate to the column, usually bearing on its upper face a large appendage. Petals broad, converging and usually cohering with the middle sepal into a hood. [Subtribe CORYCIINAE.]  4

Lip free from the column, inserted at its base, rarely shortly adnate to it, but then petals not distinctly converging into a hood. [Subtribe SATYRIINAE.]  7

4. Lateral sepals united nearly to the apex.—Species 10. South Africa.  Corycium Swartz

Lateral sepals free.  5

5. Lateral sepals spurred or saccate.—Species 30. Southern and tropical
Africa.  Disperis Swartz

Lateral sepals flat.  6

6. Column short. Lip broad at the base. Connective dilated.—Species
15. South Africa. (Including Ommatodium Lindl.)  Pterygodium Swartz

Column long. Lip clawed. Connective not dilated.—Species 8. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Ceratandra Eckl.

7. Lip posticous (uppermost), produced behind into a pair of descending spurs or sacs.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including Aviceps Lindl. and Satyridium Lindl.)  Satyrium Swartz

Lip usually anticous, not spurred, but sometimes with a sac-like cavity.  8

8. Odd sepal spurred or gibbous.  9

Odd sepal neither spurred nor gibbous.  13

9. Lip more or less saccate at the base.  10

Lip flat.  11

10. Lip very small, adnate to the column. Stem rather rigid. Leaves in the middle of the stem.—Species 9. South Africa and mountains of the tropics.  Brownleea Harv.

Lip rather large, free from the column. Stem very flexible. Leaves at the base of the stem.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony).
(Under Disa Berg).  Schizodium Lindl.

11. Rostellum with 2 distinct glands, to which the pollen-masses are attached; side-lobes exceeding the middle-lobe.—Species 110. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Penthea Lindl.)  Disa Berg

Rostellum with one gland; sides-lobes, if present, not exceeding the middle-lobe.  12

12. Stigma 2-parted. Rostellum with 3 narrow, subequal lobes.—Species
10. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Under Disa Berg).  Herschelia Lindl.

Stigma entire. Rostellum more or less hood-shaped, large.—Species
15. South Africa. (Under Disa Berg).  Monadenia Lindl.

13. Petals much narrower than the odd sepal, kneed. Lip kidney-shaped.
Stigma not extended in two branches.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Disa Berg).  Forficaria Lindl.

Petals and sepals subequal. Stigma with 2 erect, linear branches.—Species
2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Pachites Lindl.

14. (2.) Stigma extended into two, usually elongated processes. [Subtribe
HABENARIINAE.]  15

Stigma not extended into processes, rather flat. Column very short.  21

15. Stigmatic processes short, adnate to the lip. Rostellum small, not prolonged into anther-channels. Column very short.—Species 10. Tropics.
(Under Habenaria L. or Platanthera Rich.)  Peristylus Blume

Stigmatic processes free  16

16. Column long, curved. Rostellum not prolonged into anther-channels.
Perianth subglobose.— Species 1. Mascarene Islands.  Acrostylia Frapp.

Column short  17

17. Rostellum or stigmatic processes 2-cleft. Base of the anther not enclosed by a channel, but prolonged into solid processes.—Species 7. Central
Africa. (Under Habenaria Willd.)  Roeperocharis Reichb.

Rostellum and stigmatic processes entire, the former prolonged at the base into two lateral anther-channels.  18

18. Anther reflected. Stigma broad.  19

Anther erect. Stigma more or less slender.  20

19. Middle-lobe of the rostellum exceeding the side-lobes. Lip linear, entire, with a long spur. Petals broad.—Species 1. Southern West Africa.
(Under Habenaria Willd.)  Barlaea Reichb. fil.

Middle-lobe of the rostellum equalling the side-lobes. Lip oblong or broader, usually lobed.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.
(Cynosorchis Thouars, including Amphorchis Thouars, Hemiperis Frapp., and Camilleugenia Frapp.)  Cynorchis Thouars

20. Stigmatic processes diverging at a right angle. Spur short.—Species 1.
North-west Africa. (Tinea Biv.)  Neotinea Reichb. fil.

Stigmatic processes nearly parallel.—Species 210. (Including Bonatea
Willd., Platycoryne Reichb., and Podandria Rolfe).  Habenaria Willd.

21. (14.) Glands of the rostellum enclosed in 1-2 pouches proceeding from the rostellum and persisting when the glands are removed. [Subtribe
SERAPIADINAE.]  22

Glands of the rostellum enclosed by the processes of the anther or naked, rarely covered by a thin pellicle proceeding from the rostellum and carried away with the glands upon removal. [Subtribe GYMNADENIINAE.]  27

22. Glands enclosed in 2 separate pouches. Lip not spurred, usually convex, gibbous and hairy.—Species 10. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage.  Ophrys L.

Glands enclosed in a common pouch.  23

23. Glands 2, free. Lip spurred.—Species 20. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage.  Orchis L.

Glands united into one.  24

24. Connective distinctly elongated. Rostellum laterally compressed. Lip not spurred; middle-lobe entire.—Species 4. North-west Africa.
They yield medicaments and mucilage.  Serapias L.

Connective not or scarcely elongated. Rostellum conical at the apex.
Lip spurred, rarely without a spur, but then with a 2-cleft middle-lobe.  25

25. Lip with a long spur and two protuberances at the base, equally 3-lobed, flat in the bud.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). It yields medicaments and mucilage. (Under Orchis L.)  Anacamptis Rich.

Lip with a short spur or without a spur, with unequal lobes, bent inwards or rolled up in the bud.  26

26. Middle-lobe of the lip very long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in the bud.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under Aceras R. Br. or
Orchis L.)  Himantoglossum Spreng.

Middle-lobe of the lip moderately long, 2-cleft, bent over the anther in the
bud.—Species 2. North Africa. (Including Barlia Parl.)  Aceras R. Br.

27. (21.) Glands of the rostellum transversely connate. Rostellum narrow.
Stigmatic surface small. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses short.
Column short. Lip with a short spur.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. (Including Bucculina Lindl., Deroemeria Reichb. fil., Monotris
Lindl., Saccidium Lindl., Scopularia Lindl., and Tryphia Lindl.)  Holothrix L. C. Rich.

Glands of the rostellum free.  28

28. Glands large, surrounded by a thin membrane, which proceeds from the rostellum and is removed together with the glands. Lip with a very short spur. Flowers very small.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.  Herminium L.

Glands naked, rarely enclosed by processes of the anther, but then small.  29

29. Petals clawed; blade deeply concave, fringed. Lip fringed, not spurred.—Species
4. South Africa. (Including Hallackia Harv.)  Huttonaea Harv.

Petals not clawed, flat or slightly concave.  30

30. Rostellum forming a narrow fold between the anther-cells.  31

Rostellum broad, triangular, placed below the anther-cells.  33

31. Column short. Stigmatic surfaces convex. Lip shortly or not spurred.
Flowers yellow or white.—Species 5. South Africa and southern East
Africa. (Schizochilus Sond.)  Gymnadenia R. Br.

Column long. Stigmatic surfaces concave.  32

32. Petals partly adnate to the column. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals subequal.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under Brachycorythis Lindl.)  Neobolusia Schlecht.

Petals inserted below the column.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
(Including Schwartzkopffia Kraenzl., under Platanthera Rich.)  Brachycorythis Lindl.

33. Lip with a spur.  34

Lip without a spur.  36

34. Lip 3-lobed, the side-lobes inflexed, covering the mouth of the spur.—Species
3. Madagascar.  Bicornella Lindl.

Lip 3-lobed, with erect or spreading side-lobes, or undivided.  35

35. Lip fringed. Anther-cells approximate and parallel.—Species 2. South
Africa.  Bartholina R. Br.

Lip entire or crenate. Anther-cells divergent.—Species 20. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. (Including Gennaria Parl., under Habenaria Willd.)  Platanthera L. C. Rich.

36. Lip 3-lobed. Column with 2 basal staminodes. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses very short.—Species 3. South Africa and southern East
Africa.  Stenoglottis Lindl.

Lip undivided. Column without distinct staminodes.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Arnottia A. Rich.

37. (1.) Pollen-masses soft, granular. Anthers usually persistent and withering.
Inflorescence terminal. Leaves rolled up in the bud, with overlapping
edges. Usually terrestrial herbs. [Tribe NEOTTIEAE.]  38
Pollen-masses firm, waxy. Anthers usually deciduous. Inflorescence lateral, more rarely terminal, but then leaves folded lengthwise in the bud.  55

38. Anther erect and greatly exceeding the rostellum, or inclined and incumbent upon the rostellum. Pollen-masses granular or powdery. Rostellum not distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses, or not distinctly cohering with them.  39

Anther about equalling the rostellum, erect, rarely incumbent, but then pollen-masses divided into a number of large angular sections. Rostellum usually distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses.  47

39. Lip distinctly articulated into 2-3 portions placed one behind the other.
Anther erect. [Subtribe CEPHALANTHERINAE.]  40

Lip not distinctly articulated, embracing the column. Anther more or less incumbent.  42

40. Lip produced into a spur. Leaves replaced by scales. Plants of a violet colour.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Limodorum L. C. Rich.

Lip not distinctly spurred. Leaves perfectly developed.  41

41. Lip saccate at the base; the terminal portion oblong and enclosed by the connivent sepals.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Cephalanthera L. C. Rich.

Lip concave, but not saccate at the base; the terminal portion broad and projecting between the spreading sepals.—Species 4. North-west
Africa and northern East Africa. (Helleborine Hill).  Epipactis L. C. Rich.

42. Sepals and petals united below. Leafless herbs. [Subtribe GASTRODIINAE.]  43

Sepals and petals free.  44

43. Sepals and petals united high up, very unequal. Lip ovate, with 2 gibbosities at the base. Column short. Anther incumbent. Root-stock branched. Flowers large, in few-flowered spikes.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons).  Gastrodia R. Br.

Sepals and petals united at the base only, subequal. Lip spatulate, not gibbous. Column long. Anther suberect. Rootstock tuberous, spindle-shaped. Flowers very small, in many-flowered racemes.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Auxopus Schlecht.

44. Stem climbing. Seed-coat crusty or winged. [Subtribe VANILLINAE.]  45

Stem erect. Seed-coat membranous, not winged. [Subtribe POGONIINAE.]  46

45. Lip adnate to the column. Fruit fleshy. Seeds not winged. Usually leafy plants.—Species 15. Tropics. Two of the species (especially
V. planifolia Andr.) are cultivated for their fruits, which are used as condiments and for the preparation of perfumes. Some species are used as ornamental plants.  Vanilla Swartz

Lip not adnate to the column. Fruit dry. Seeds winged. Leafless
plants.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.  Galeola Lour.

46. Lip spurred or saccate. Column short. Leaves wanting.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Epipogon Gmel.)  Galera Blume

Lip neither spurred nor saccate. Column long. Leaves stalked, usually separated from the flowering stem.—Species 10. Tropics to Transvaal.
(Including Apostellis Thouars, under Pogonia Juss.)  Nervilia Gaud.

47. (38.) Pollen-masses divided into a moderate number of rather large, angular segments. Leaves not folded lengthwise. [Subtribe PHYSURINAE.]  48

Pollen-masses not divided into several large segments.  53

48. Pollen-masses connected with the glands of the rostellum by a strap-shaped stalk detached from the tissue of the rostellum.  49

Pollen-masses or their appendages adhering directly to the glands of the rostellum.  50

49. Column with 2 narrow, erect arms. Sepals usually united to the middle.
Lip with two protuberances at the base and with a two-lobed blade.—Species
4. West Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands.  Cheirostylis Blume

Column without erect arms, but sometimes auricled. Sepals free.—Species
9. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Monochilus
Blume).  Zeuxine Lindl.

50. Lip similar to the other petals, oblong, slightly concave. Stigmas free, erect, one on each side of the rather long rostellum.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.  Gymnochilus Blume

Lip distinctly differing from the other petals.  51

51. Column long. Sepals connivent into a tube at the base. Lip with an oblong blade.—Species 6. Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Natal, West
Africa.  Platylepis A. Rich.

Column short.  52

52. Stigma with a papillose protuberance on each side. Lip tubercled at the base, with a distinctly limited broad blade.—Species 3. Mascarenes,
Seychelles, Comoro Islands, and Cameroons.  Hetaeria Blume

Stigma simple. Lip not tubercled, but sometimes hairy at the base; blade not distinctly separated, undivided, bent back at the tip.—Species 3.
Mascarene Islands and Madeira. Used as ornamental plants.  Goodyera R. Br.

53. (47.) Leaves firm, folded lengthwise. Flowers in panicles. Lip narrow below, broadened above. Pollen-masses affixed to a slender stalk arising from the rostellum; gland peltate.—Species 2. Tropics. (Corymbis
Lindl.) [Subtribe TROPIDIINAE.]  Corymborchis Thouars

Leaves soft, not folded, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in spikes.  54

54. Sepals and petals united into a long tube. Lip uppermost, with 2 lateral appendages. Column elongated, two-winged.—Species 1. West Africa.
[Subtribe CRANICHIDINAE.]  Manniella Reichb. fil.

Sepals and petals free or almost so, suberect. Lip below. Inflorescence
one-sided.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). [Subtribe SPIRANTHINAE.]  Spiranthes L. C. Rich.

55. (37.) Inflorescence terminal. Leaves folded lengthwise before expansion.  56

Inflorescence lateral.  65

56. Pollen-masses 8, without an appendage. Lip saccate at the base. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar and Seychelles. [Tribe GLOMEREAE.]  Agrostophyllum Blume

Pollen-masses 2-4.  57

57. Column extended below into a foot forming with the base of the perianth
a chin or spur. Pollen-masses attached to a short, sometimes scarcely perceptible stalk arising from the rostellum. Mostly epiphytic plants.
[Tribe POLYSTACHYEAE.]  58

Column not extended into a foot. Pollen-masses without appendages.
Sepals and petals usually bent backwards. [Tribe LIPARIDEAE.]  61

58. Lip spurred, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, grooved. Leaves not jointed, linear. Joints of the stem swollen.—Species 6. South Africa. (Under
Eulophia R. Br.)  Acrolophia Pfitz.

Lip not spurred. Leaves usually jointed.  59

59. Lip undivided. Chin weakly developed. Column short and thick. Stem slender.—Species 1. German East Africa.  Neobenthamia Rolfe

Lip 3-lobed.  60

60. Lateral sepals forming with the column a weakly developed chin.
Side-lobes of the lip embracing the column. Column slender. Stem slightly thickened.—Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Ansellia Lindl.

Lateral sepals forming with the column a strongly developed chin. Side-lobes of the lip small. Column short and broad. Stem usually thickened into pseudo bulbs.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Epiphora Lindl.)  Polystachya Lindl.

61. Anther erect. Leaves not jointed.  62

Anther inclined to horizontal.  63

62. Anther adnate to the rostellum; cells widely diverging, opening laterally.
Column long.—Species 1. West Africa.  Orestia Ridl.

Anther deciduous, opening inwards. Column short. Lip uppermost.—Species
4. West Africa and Comoro Islands.  Microstylis Nutt.

63. Leaves not jointed. Lip more or less distinctly clawed. Column slender.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa.  Liparis L. C. Rich.

Leaves jointed between sheath and blade. Lip not distinctly clawed.  64

64. Stem with pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade horizontally flattened.—Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. (Cestichis Thouars, under Liparis Rich.)  Stichorchis Thouars

Stem without pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade placed vertically, fleshy. Lip uppermost, concave at the base.—Species 1. Tropics.  Oberonia Lindl.

65. (55.) Leaves with convolute praefoliation (i.e. rolled lengthwise in the bud, one edge overlapping the other). Stem not swollen, or several joints
of the stem equally thickened. Mostly terrestrial herbs.  66
Leaves with conduplicate praefoliation (i.e. folded together along the midrib in the bud, their edges being applied to each other without overlapping).
Mostly epiphytic herbs.  73

66. Pollen-masses 2-4, without appendages, attached to the glands of the rostellum by a stalk produced from the latter. Leaves usually jointed.
[Tribe CYRTOPODIEAE.]  67

Pollen-masses 8, appendaged, without a stalk produced from the rostellum.
Leaves usually continuous. [Tribe PHAIEAE.]  71

67. Lip produced into a spur or pouch at the base.  68

Lip without a spur or pouch.  69

68. Sepals narrower and less coloured than the petals, usually reflected. Petals erect or spreading.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Lissochilus R. Br.

Sepals and petals equal or nearly so, spreading.—Species 130. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cyrtopera Lindl. and Orthochilus
Hochst.)  Eulophia R. Br.

69. Column with 2 basal lobes projecting upon the base of the lip.—Species 4.
East Africa.  Pteroglossaspis Reichb. fil.

Column without appendages.  70

70. Lip and lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, the former with
a narrow, the latter with a broad base.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Eulophiella Rolfe

Lip inserted on the foot of the column, the lateral sepals on the margin of the ovary, both with a narrow base.—Species 1. Madagascar and
Mascarene Islands. The pseudobulbs yield mucilage.  Cyrtopodium R. Br.

71. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence 2-3-flowered.
Lip slightly saccate. Column rather long, with short, roundish wings.
Pollen-masses affixed to a single appendage.—Species 2. West Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Pachystoma Reichb. fil.)  Ancistrochilus Rolfe

Leaves not jointed. Inflorescence usually many-flowered. Lip clasping the column or adnate to it, usually spurred.  72

72. Lip adnate to the column; blade spreading, 3-4-lobed. Column short.—Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Calanthe R. Br.

Lip free, clasping the column or broadly concave at the base. Column slender.—Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or yield dye-stuffs.  Phaius Lour.

73. (65.) Leafy stems with indeterminate apical growth; side-shoots weakly developed or wanting. Inflorescences or solitary flowers axillary.
Epiphytes without pseudobulbs. Lip continuous with the base of the
column. [Tribe SARCANTHEAE, subtribe AERIDINAE.]  74
Leafy stems with determinate apical growth; annual shoots arising laterally at their base and forming a sympodium. Mostly epiphytes with pseudobulbs. Lip more or less distinctly articulated with the foot of the column.  86

74. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals long and narrow, spreading. Pollen-masses without an appendage. Leaves broad.—Species 2. Island of
Réunion.  Bonniera Cord.

Lip spurred.  75

75. Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, forming a chin. Lip entire, smooth, shortly spurred.—Species 10. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Cameroons. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Aeranthus Lindl.

Lateral sepals inserted on the apex of the ovary. Column not prolonged into a foot.  76

76. Pollen-masses upon a single, sometimes 2-cleft or almost imperceptible stalk.  77

Pollen-masses with 2 stalks, which are entirely distinct or united by the gland only.  81

77. Stalk of the pollen-masses 2-cleft.—Species 10. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, West Africa. (Including Ancistrorhynchus Finet,
Dicranotaenia Finet, and Monixus Finet, under Angrecum Thouars).  Aerangis Reichb. fil.

Stalk of the pollen-masses simple.  78

78. Stalk of the pollen-masses broadened above or throughout, sometimes almost imperceptible. Lip with a long and thin spur.—Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Lepervenchea Cord., Radinocion Ridl., and Rhaphidorhynchus
Finet).  Angrecum Thouars

Stalk of the pollen-masses thread-like.  79

79. Lip hood-shaped, entire, covering the column. Sepals and petals connivent.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Angrecum Thou. or Saccolabium Blume).  Calyptrochilus Kraenzl.

Lip not covering the column.  80

80. Lip directed upwards. Flowers fleshy, rather small.—Species 4. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Equatorial East Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Saccolabium Blume).  Acampe Lindl.

Lip directed downwards.—Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Saccolabium Blume

81. Pollen-masses affixed to the surface of two oblong scales. Lip entire, with a long spur.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands,
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Angrecum
Thou.)  Macroplectrum Pfitz.

Pollen-masses affixed to thin, not scale-like, but sometimes very short
stalks.  82

82. Gland of the rostellum covered by scales. Petals 2-4-lobed. Lip with
a long spur, a clawed 3-5-lobed middle-lobe, and incurved sickle-shaped side-lobes.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Cryptopus Lindl.

Gland of the rostellum without scales.  83

83. Lip with a short, conical spur; side-lobes embracing the column.—Species
9. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Aeonia Lindl.)  Oeonia Lindl.

Lip with a long, thread- or club-shaped spur.  84

84. Sepals unequal, the lateral much longer than the middle one, united with the petals above. Lip deeply 3-cleft. Stem climbing.—Species
1. German East Africa.  Angrecopsis Kraenzl.

Sepals and petals subequal, free.  85

85. Sepals and petals erect. Lip entire. Pollen-masses with very short stalks.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. (Pectinaria Cord., under
Angrecum Thou., Macroplectrum Pfitz. or Mystacidium Lindl.)  Ctenorchis K. Schum.

Sepals and petals spreading.  86

86. Column bent backwards. Stalks of the pollen-masses attached to a common gland.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 26.)  Listrostachys Reichb. fil.

Column straight. Stalks of the pollen-masses usually attached to two separate glands.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Gussonia A. Rich.)  Mystacidium Lindl.

87. (73.) Pollen-masses 2, grooved, with a large transverse appendage at the base, attached to the gland of the rostellum by a broad stalk. Lip usually large. Pseudobulbs formed by several internodes, rarely by a single one or wanting. [Tribe CYMBIDIEAE.]  88

Pollen-masses 4, rarely 2, without an appendage and usually without a stalk. Lip usually small. Pseudobulbs formed by a single internode, bearing one or two leaves.  92

88. Lip distinctly spurred.  89

Lip not distinctly spurred.  90

89. Pollen-masses grooved. Stem with a pseudobulb.—Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. (Under Eulophia R. Br.)  Eulophiopsis Pfitz.

Pollen-masses not grooved. Stem without pseudobulbs.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Lemurorchis Kraenzl.

90. Pollen-masses attached to two processes of the stalk. Stem slender, without pseudobulbs, many-leaved.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant.  Grammatophyllum Blume

Pollen-masses attached to a common stalk without processes. Stem with more or less distinct pseudobulbs.  91

91. Pseudobulbs enveloped by the sheaths of the leaves inserted below and
upon them.—Species 4. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants.  Cymbidium Swartz
Pseudobulbs bearing leaves at the top only, hence not enveloped by sheaths.
Lateral sepals forming with the foot of the column a distinct chin.—Species
2. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants.  Grammangis Reichb. fil.

92. Pollen-masses attached to a scale-like stalk. Lip spurred, 3-lobed.—Species
2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Eulophia
R. Br.) [Tribe MAXILLARIEAE.]  Eulophidium Pfitz.

Pollen-masses without a stalk, rarely with a linear stalk. Lip small, not distinctly spurred, usually entire. [Tribe BOLBOPHYLLEAE.]  93

93. Pollen-masses with a stalk. Lateral sepals somewhat longer than the dorsal one. Flowers in racemes. Stem creeping.—Species 3. West
Africa. (Under Bolbophyllum Thou. or Polystachya Lindl.)  Genyorchis Schlecht.

Pollen-masses without a stalk.  94

94. Lateral sepals much longer than the dorsal one, free at the base, united towards the tip. Inflorescence almost umbel-like.—Species 1. Madagascar,
Mascarenes, East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under
Bolbophyllum Thou.)  Cirrhopetalum Lindl.

Lateral sepals shorter or somewhat longer than the dorsal one or equalling it, free or almost so. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely solitary.  95

95. Lateral sepals much shorter than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a dilated, almost leaf-like rachis.—Species 40. Tropical and South-East
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.  Megaclinium Lindl.

Lateral sepals about as long as or longer than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a cylindrical rachis.—Species 90. Tropical and South-East Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Bulbophyllum Thou.)  Bolbophyllum Thouars

CLASS V. DICOTYLEDONEAE

SUBCLASS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE

(APETALAE AND CHORIPETALAE)

ORDER VERTICILLATAE

FAMILY 45. CASUARINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like, whorled, united into a sheath. Flowers unisexual, the male in spikes, the female in heads. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of two scales, in the female absent. Stamen 1. Anther opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Style very short, with 2 thread-shaped stigmas. Fruit dry, indehiscent, enclosed by woody bracteoles. Seed 1, without albumen. Embryo straight; radicle superior.

PIPERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 27.

J. Fleischmann del.

Piper guineense Schum.

A Fruiting branch. B Part of the female spike with two flowers and their bracts. C Female flower cut lengthwise.

SALICACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 28.

J. Fleischmann del.

Salix Safsaf Forsk.

A Fruiting branch. B Part of a flowering branch. C Male flower. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Fruit. F Seed cut lengthwise.

Genus 1, species 2. Spontaneous in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, cultivated in other tropical countries. The wood (beaf-wood) and the bark are used, the latter for tanning and dyeing and in medicine.  Casuarina Rumph.

ORDER PIPERALES

FAMILY 46. PIPERACEAE

Flowers in spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Fruit a berry. Seed with a copious albumen and a small embryo.—Genera 3, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 27.)

1. Stigma 1, sometimes penicillate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate.
Herbs.—Species 65. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield vegetables or condiments or are used in medicine.  Peperomia Ruiz & Pav.

Stigmas 2-5. Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base. Usually shrubs.  2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spikes axillary, arranged in an umbel. Stipules united into a sheath. Shrubs.—Species 1. Tropics. Yields edible fruits containing an aromatic oil and is also used in medicine. (Under
Piper L.)  Heckeria Kunth

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Spikes leaf-opposed.—Species 17, two of them only in cultivation. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield spices (pepper) or are used in medicine. (Including Coccobryon
Klotzsch and Cubeba Miq.) (Plate 27.)  Piper L.

ORDER SALICALES

FAMILY 47. SALICACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, dioecious, without a perianth. Disc cup-shaped or reduced to scales. Stamens 2 or more. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Stigmas 2-4, sessile or nearly so. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs, without albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 2, species 20. (Plate 28.)

Disc cup- or urn-shaped. Stamens 4-30. Bracts jagged. Leaves, at least those of the uppermost branches, broad (ovate or broader).
Buds terminal and lateral, covered by several scales.—Species 6. North and East Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. “Poplar.”  Populus L.

Disc reduced to one or several scales or teeth sometimes cohering at the base. Bracts entire. Leaves narrow or rather broad (linear to ovate).
Buds lateral, covered by a single scale.—Species 15, two of them only naturalized. They yield timber, plaiting-, stuffing-, and tanning-materials, and medicaments. “Willow.” (Plate 28.)  Salix L.

ORDER MYRICALES

FAMILY 48. MYRICACEAE

Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers in simple or compound spikes, unisexual, without a perianth, but usually with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12, usually 4. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, thread-shaped, stigmatose on the inside. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, without albumen. (Plate 29.)

Genus 1, species 25. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores.
They yield bark for tanning, wax, and edible fruits, and are also used in medicine.  Myrica L.

ORDER JUGLANDALES

FAMILY 49. JUGLANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious, with bracteoles which are adnate to the ovary in the female flowers. Perianth 3-4-parted. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, stigmatose lengthwise. Fruit a drupe with an incompletely septate stone. Seed lobed, with a thin coat, without albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa. They yield timber, tans and dyes, edible fruits (walnuts), oil, sugar, and medicaments.  Juglans L.

ORDER FAGALES

FAMILY 50. BETULACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or catkins, with a perianth of bract-like segments or without a perianth. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled at the base. Ovules solitary in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit a nut. Seed 1, exalbuminous, with a membranous coat.—Genera 2, species 2. Extra-tropical regions. (Under CUPULIFERAE.)

Male flowers without a perianth, with 2-parted filaments and hairy anthers.
Female flowers with a small perianth and a jagged involucre free from the bract but adnate to the fruit. Fruit large. Female spikes bud-shaped, solitary. Leaves folded at the mid-rib in the bud.—Species 1
(C. Avellana L., hazel). Cultivated and naturalized in North-west
Africa. Fruits edible. [Tribe CORYLEAE.]  Corylus Tourn.

Male flowers with a 4-parted perianth, simple filaments, and glabrous anthers.
Female flowers without a perianth, enclosed by a 5-parted involucre formed by the connate bracts and bracteoles. Fruit small. Female spikes cone-shaped, at length woody, arranged in racemes. Leaves

MYRICACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 29.

J. Fleischmann del.

Myrica conifera Burm. fil.

A Fruiting branch. B Male inflorescence. C Male flower. D Group of fruits. E Female flower. F Ovary cut lengthwise. G Fruit. H Fruit cut lengthwise.

ULMACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 30.

J. Fleischmann del.

Trema guineensis Schum.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit cut lengthwise.

folded along the side-nerves in the bud.—Species 1 (A. glutinosa L., alder). North-west Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Yields timber and bark for tanning. [Tribe BETULEAE.]  Alnus Tourn.

FAMILY 51. FAGACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided lobed or pinnately cleft, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious. Perianth-segments 4-7, bract-like, more or less united. Stamens 4-20. Ovary inferior, 3-6-celled at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 3-6. Fruit a nut surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 2, species 9. Extra-tropical regions. (Under CUPULIFERAE.)

Male flowers in fascicles arranged in erect spikes. Female flowers in clusters of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Filaments long. Styles 6, thread-shaped.
Fruit enclosed in a prickly involucre. Leaves serrate.—Species
1 (C. vulgaris Lam., chestnut). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bark for tanning, and edible fruits from which starch and oil are prepared.  Castanea Tourn.

Male flowers in simple, pendulous catkins. Female flowers each surrounded by an involucre. Filaments short. Styles 3, rarely 4-5, flattened.
Fruit seated in a scaly, cup-shaped involucre.—Species 8. North-west
Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa. They yield timber, cork, tanning and dyeing materials, chemical and medicinal drugs, starch, and fodder; some have edible fruits. “Oak.”  Quercus L.

ORDER URTICALES

FAMILY 52. ULMACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes. Perianth simple, with 3-8 segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, rarely more, straight in the bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, very rarely (Ulmus) 2-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Styles or stigmas 1-2. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed with a membranous coat and with scanty albumen or without albumen.—Genera 5, species 35. (Under URTICACEAE.) (Plate 30.)

1. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the perianth-segments. Stigma 1.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth much enlarged in fruit. Leaves opposite.
Species 1. Abyssinia. [Subfamily BARBEYOIDEAE.]  Barbeya Schweinf.

Stamens as many as the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2. Flowers monoecious polygamous or hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate.  2

2. Fruit a compressed, winged nut. Embryo straight; cotyledons flat.
Flower-clusters in the axils of scale-like bracts.—Species 1 (U. campestris
L., elm). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bast, tanning and
dyeing materials, and medicaments. [Subfamily ULMOIDEAE.]  Ulmus L.

Fruit a more or less globular drupe. Embryo curved; cotyledons folded or rolled inwards. Flower-clusters or solitary flowers usually in the axils of the leaves. [Subfamily CELTIDOIDEAE.]  3

3. Stipules united. Leaves entire, penninerved. Spiny shrubs. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments of the male flowers valvate in the bud.
Embryo with narrow cotyledons.—Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa.  Chaetacme Planch. & Harv.

Stipules free. Leaves usually 3-nerved. Spineless shrubs or trees.
Flowers usually polygamous. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud, at least at the apex.  4

4. Embryo with narrow cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate at the apex only. Flowers almost sessile.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Sponia Commers.) (Plate 30.)  Trema Lour.

Embryo with broad cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate. Stigmas feathery. Upper flowers upon long stalks.—Species 20. Some of them yield timber, bast, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits. “Nettle-tree.”  Celtis L.

FAMILY 53. MORACEAE

Juice usually milky. Leaves stipulate. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer, 1-6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted or curved, rarely erect and straight. Styles 1-2.—Genera 26, species 260. (Under URTICACEAE or ULMACEAE.) (Plate 31.)

1. Stamens of the male flowers bent inwards in the bud, subsequently bent backwards. Ovule pendulous. Leaves folded in bud. Stipules not leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily MOROIDEAE.]  2

Stamens of the male flowers straight from the beginning.  14

2. Flowers in lax cymes consisting of one female flower and several male ones. Perianth with a distinct tube. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft. Trees.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe FATOUEAE.]  Bleekrodia Blume

Flowers arranged in spike- raceme- or head-like inflorescences or collected upon flattened receptacles.  3

3. Flowers on flattened and more or less expanded receptacles, rarely in spike-like inflorescences; in the latter case, as usually, male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Stamens 1-4, usually 2. [Tribe
DORSTENIEAE.]  4

Flowers in spike-, raceme- or head-like, unisexual inflorescences (containing only male or only female flowers), rarely female flowers solitary. Stamens
4. Trees or shrubs.  7

4. Flowers in false spikes containing male and female flowers or male ones only. Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. Trees. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. East Africa.  Sloetiopsis Engl.

Flowers on flattened receptacles.  5

MORACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 31.

J. Fleischmann del.

Dorstenia elliptica Bureau

A Plant in flower. B Inflorescence. C Inflorescence cut lengthwise. D Young male flower. E Older male flower. F Female flower cut lengthwise.

URTICACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 32.

J. Fleischmann del.

Fleurya aestuans Gaudich.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Older female flower. D Pistil cut lengthwise. E Fruit cut lengthwise.

5. Inflorescences unisexual, the lateral containing many male flowers, the middle one a single female flower. Receptacle covered on the outside by imbricate bracts. Male flowers with a 3-4-partite perianth and
3-4 stamens. Female flowers without a perianth. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Mesogyne Engl.

Inflorescences bisexual, containing many male flowers and one or several female ones, usually provided with bracts on the margin only. Perianth
2-lobed or wanting. Stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3.  6

6. Receptacles top-shaped, subsequently cupular, bearing many male flowers and a single central female flower. Pericarp membranous. Shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Central Africa.  Trymatococcus Poepp. & Endl.

Receptacles expanded, often divided into linear segments, bearing many male flowers and several female ones. Pericarp crusty within, fleshy outside. Herbs or low shrubs.—Species 50. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used medicinally. (Plate 31.)  Dorstenia L.

7. Female flowers solitary, axillary; male flowers in spike-like inflorescences.
Perianth 4-toothed. Trees. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. Used medicinally. [Tribe STREBLEAE.]  Maillardia Frapp. & Duchartre

Female flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences.  8

8. Female flowers in head-like, but sometimes elongated (oblong) inflorescences, the male in spike-, raceme- or head-like ones. Style simple, with a thread-shaped stigma, rarely with an abortive side-branch.
Trees. [Tribe BROUSSONETIEAE.]  9

Female and male flowers in spike-like inflorescences. Perianth of the female flowers divided to the base. Style 2-parted, with thread-shaped, equal or subequal stigmas. [Tribe MOREAE.]  12

9. Male flowers in head-like inflorescences. Perianth of the female flowers
4-lobed. Spinous plants.—Species 1. East Africa and Madagascar.
It yields a dye-wood and edible fruits. (Under Plecospermum Trecul)  Cardiogyne Bur.

Male flowers in spike- or raceme-like inflorescences.  10

10. Male flowers in lax, raceme-like inflorescences. Spinous plants. Leaves entire. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft, persistent and enclosing the fruit.—Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa. The wood is used for joiners’ work, the leaves as food for silkworms.  Maclura Nutt.

Male flowers in dense, spike-like inflorescences. Spineless plants.  11

11. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted. Fruit wholly, or for the greatest part, enclosed by the perianth. Leaves undivided.—Species
2. Central Africa. They yield timber.  Chlorophora Gaud.

Perianth of the female flowers shortly toothed. Fruit overtopping the perianth. Leaves usually lobed.—Species 1 (B. papyrifera Vent., paper-mulberry). Cultivated in North Africa. Used for making paper;
the fruit is edible.  Broussonetia Vent.

12. Stipules united. Leaves entire, with numerous transverse nerves. Ovary subglobose. Seed with leaf-like, folded cotyledons. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Pachytrophe Bur.

Stipules free.  13

13. Leaves entire, penninerved, leathery. Ovary compressed. Seed without albumen; embryo with thick cotyledons. Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Ampalis Boj.

Leaves toothed, 3-nerved at the base. Ovary ovoid or subglobose. Seed with copious albumen.—Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions. They yield timber, food for silkworms, edible fruits
(mulberries), dyes, and medicaments.  Morus L.

14. (1.) Ovule erect, straight. Trees. Leaves folded in the bud. Stipules leaving an annular scar. [Subfamily CONOCEPHALOIDEAE.]  15

Ovule pendulous, curved or inverted. Woody plants with the leaves rolled inwards in the bud, or herbaceous plants.  16

15. Leaves divided into 11-15 segments. Male flowers in false heads arranged in cymes; perianth with a distinct tube. Stamen 1. Female flowers upon a flattened, ovate receptacle. Style long.—Species 1 (M. Smithii
R. Br.). West Africa to the Upper Nile. Yields timber (cork-wood) and edible fruits. The aerial roots contain much water.  Musanga R. Br.

Leaves undivided, 3-lobed, or 5-7-parted. Male flowers in false spikes or heads arranged in cymes; perianth divided quite or nearly to the base. Stamens 2-4. Female flowers in globose or subglobose false heads. Style short.—Species 8. Central Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits.  Myrianthus Beauv.

16. Flowers in cymes arranged in spikes or panicles. Fruit dry. Herbs.
Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. Stipules free. [Subfamily
CANNABOIDEAE.]  17

Flowers upon a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. Herbs with undivided, lanceolate, penninerved leaves, or more frequently shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided or lobed, coiled in the bud. Stipules usually united and leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily ARTOCARPOIDEAE.]  18

17. Stem twining. Leaves opposite, lobed or the upper ones undivided.
Female flowers in catkins. Embryo spirally twisted, with narrow cotyledons.—Species
1 (H. Lupulus L., hop). Cultivated in the extratropical regions. It is used for making beer, as a vegetable and a fibre-plant, and in medicine.  Humulus L.

Stem erect. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, dissected. Female flowers in panicles. Embryo curved, with broad cotyledons.—Species
1 (C. sativa L., hemp). Cultivated in various regions. It yields fibre, oil, and an intoxicating drug (hashish).  Cannabis Tourn.

18. Flowers enclosed within a pouch-shaped, usually bisexual receptacle provided at the top with a small opening surrounded by bracts. Embryo
curved. Shrubs or trees.—Species 160. Some of them yield timber, bast-fibres, bark for clothing, india-rubber, shellac, vegetables, medicaments, and edible fruits (especially the figs, from F. carica L.) which are also used for making brandy and a substitute for coffee. Some species are poisonous or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe FICEAE.]  Ficus L.

Flowers collected on a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle.  19

19. Receptacles more or less cup-shaped, containing many male flowers and a single central female one. Stamen 1. Embryo straight. [Tribe
BROSIMEAE.]  20

Receptacles of two kinds, some containing only male flowers, the others only female or many female intermixed with several male. Shrubs or trees.  22

20. Perianth distinctly developed. Ovary free. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
3. Equatorial West Africa. (Including Cyatanthus Engl.)  Scyphosyce Baill.

Perianth not distinctly developed. Ovary immersed in and adnate to the receptacle. Trees.  21

21. Receptacles covered with peltate bracts on their whole surface. Male flowers with, female without bracts.—Species 2. West Africa (Congo).  Bosqueiopsis De Wild. & Dur.

Receptacles bearing bracts on the margin only. Female flowers with, male without bracts.—Species 6. Tropics. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs.  Bosqueia Thouars

22. Male flowers on a discoid or concave receptacle bearing numerous bracts on the edge or the whole surface; female flowers on a similar receptacle or solitary. [Tribe OLMEDIEAE.]  23

Male flowers on a globular or club-shaped receptacle bearing bracts at the base only and between the flowers, or destitute of bracts; female flowers on a more or less globular receptacle. [Tribe ARTOCARPEAE.]  24

23. Male inflorescences many-flowered, discoid; female 1-flowered. Male flowers with, female without a perianth.—Species 3. Central Africa.
Poisonous, used medicinally, and yielding timber and fibre.  Antiaris Leschen.

Male and female inflorescences many-flowered, more or less concave. Male flowers without, female with a perianth.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding india-rubber.  Castilloa Cerv.

24. Inflorescences without bracts at the base. Flowers monoecious. Stamen
1.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for making cloth, bast-fibres, mucilage, starch, edible fruits, and medicaments. “Breadfruit tree.”  Artocarpus Forst.

Inflorescences with some bracts at the base. Flowers dioecious. Stamens
1-5.  25

25. Female flowers surrounded each by two rows of very unequal bracts or perianth-segments, not intermixed with male flowers.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Acanthotreculia Engl.

Female flowers surrounded by subequal bracts and intermixed with some male flowers.—Species 9. Tropics. Some species have edible seeds from which also oil and meal are prepared.  Treculia Decne.

FAMILY 54. URTICACEAE

Juice not milky. Leaves usually stipulate. Flowers unisexual, rarely (Parietaria) polygamous. Perianth simple, with 1-5 segments, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Stamens in the male flowers as many as perianth-segments. Filaments broadened at the base, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or ascending, straight. Style 1 or 0. Fruit indehiscent. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, usually albuminous.—Genera 20, species 150. (Plate 32.)

1. Stamen 1. Perianth of the male flowers entire or divided in 2-3 segments, of the female entire 4-toothed or wanting. Stigma linear. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Hairs not stinging. Stipules free. [Tribe
FORSKOHLEAE.]  2

Stamens 2-5.  4

2. Flower-clusters without an involucre and not surrounded by woolly hairs.
Female flowers with a perianth.—Species 4. South and East Africa.
(Didymodoxa E. Mey.)  Australina Gaudich.

Flower-clusters with an involucre and usually surrounded by woolly hairs.
Female flowers without a perianth.  3

3. Involucral bracts free or united at the base only. Stem rough. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 5.  Forskohlea L.

Involucral bracts united high up. Stem smooth. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
5. Tropical and South Africa.  Droguetia Gaudich.

4. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, entire. Plants without stinging hairs.
Female flowers in glomerules surrounded by an involucre; perianth 4-cleft.
[Tribe PARIETARIEAE.]  5

Stipules present, very rarely rudimentary, but then leaves toothed.  6

5. Stem herbaceous. Flowers polygamous. Stigma spatulate and recurved.—Species
8. Some are used in medicine. “Pellitory.”  Parietaria Tourn.

Stem woody. Flowers unisexual. Stigma linear.—Species 1. Canary
Islands.  Gesnouinia Gaudich.

6. Plants with stinging hairs, very rarely (Fleurya) almost glabrous, and then stigma linear-oblong and shortly papillose and perianth of the female flowers 3-4-partite. Perianth-segments of the female flowers 4, rarely
1-3. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. [Tribe UREREAE.]  7

Plants without stinging hairs.  12

7. Fruit straight. Stigma penicillate. Leaves opposite. Herbs.—Species
10. They yield material for spinning and paper-making and are used as pot-herbs and in medicine. “Nettle.”  Urtica Gaudich.

Fruit oblique. Leaves alternate.  8

8. Stigma more or less capitate. Perianth surrounding the fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.—Species 20. Tropical and South-East
Africa.  Urera Gaudich.

Stigma linear or oblong.  9

9. Perianth of the female flowers reduced to a single, sometimes 2-parted, large segment, more rarely consisting of 2 unequal segments. Herbs with punctiform cystoliths.—Species 3. Tropics.  Girardinia Gaudich.

Perianth of the female flowers with 4 segments, of which 1-2 are sometimes rudimentary.  10

10. Cystoliths linear. Annual herbs. Fruit gibbous, as long as or longer than the perianth.—Species 7. South and Central Africa. They yield fibre and fish-poison. (Plate 32.)  Fleurya Gaudich.

Cystoliths punctiform. Perennial herbs or woody plants.  11

11. Fruit as long as or longer than the perianth, smooth.—Species 3. Central
Africa. (Urticastrum Heist.)  Laportea Gaudich.

Fruit much shorter than the membranous perianth. Shrubs.—Species
6. Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa.  Obetia Gaudich.

12. (6.) Stigma penicillate. Perianth of the female flowers 3-partite, rarely
4-5-partite or rudimentary, free from the ovary. Embryo with orbicular or ovate cotyledons. Cystoliths linear. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs; in this case leaves penninerved. Stipules connate. [Tribe PROCRIDEAE.]  13

Stigma filiform, rarely capitate and somewhat hairy, but then shrubs with
3-nerved leaves and perianth shortly toothed and adnate to the ovary.
Perianth of the female flowers 2-4-toothed, entire, or wanting. Embryo with elliptical or oblong cotyledons. Cystoliths usually punctiform.
Mostly woody plants. [Tribe BOEHMERIEAE.]  16

13. Leaves opposite, but sometimes the pairs consisting of unequal leaves.
Herbs.  14

Leaves alternate or subopposite, i.e., one leaf of each pair very small, stipule-like.  15

14. Flowers on a disc- or bell-shaped receptacle.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Lecanthus Wedd.

Flowers in glomerules arranged in panicles.—Species 35. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables or textile plants. (Adicea Rafin.)  Pilea Lindl.

15. Flowers on an expanded receptacle. Perianth-segments of the female flowers linear or lanceolate. Herbs. Leaves unequal-sided.—Species
15. Tropics.  Elatostema Forst.

Flowers in glomerules or heads without an involucre. Perianth-segments ovate. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 3. Tropics.  Procris Juss.

16. Female flowers without a perianth. Stigma filiform. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary glomerules.—Species 1. Naturalized on the Island of Mauritius.  Phenax Wedd.

Female flowers with a perianth.  17

17. Perianth of the female flowers free or almost free from the ovary, dry or membranous in fruit. Stipules free or nearly so. Stigma filiform.  18

Perianth of the female flowers adnate to the ovary, more or less succulent in fruit. Stipules evidently united. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.  19

18. Stigma persistent. Perianth surrounding the fruit neither winged nor ribbed. Leaves toothed.—Species 7. Tropical and South Africa.
Two of them (especially B. nivea Hook. & Arn., ramie or Chinese grasscloth plant) are cultivated as textile plants.  Boehmeria Jaqu.

Stigma deciduous. Perianth surrounding the fruit usually winged or ribbed. Leaves usually entire.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa.  Pouzolzia Gaudich.

19. Stigma filiform, deciduous.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Pipturus Wedd.

Stigma capitate, more or less penicillate.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Debregeasia Gaudich.

ORDER PROTEALES

FAMILY 55. PROTEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely (Brabeium) whorled. Stipules none. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Perianth with 4 petaloid, valvate segments, usually surrounded by excrescences of the receptacle. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, ascending and inverted, more rarely pendulous and straight, very rarely ovules 2. Style simple, with a small stigma. Fruit a one-seeded nut or drupe. Seed exalbuminous.—Genera 13, species 400. Southern and tropical Africa. (Plate 33.)

1. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; anthers stalked.
Perianth regular, divided to the base. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
[Tribe PERSOONIEAE.]  2

Stamens inserted on the middle or the upper part of the perianth-segments; anthers usually sessile. Perianth more or less deeply divided, but rarely to the base. [Tribe PROTEEAE.]  3

2. Receptacle with a short cupular excrescence at the base. Ovule pendulous.
Fruit a drupe. Flowers in fascicles arranged in racemes. Leaves whorled, undivided.—Species 1. South Africa. The fruits are edible and used as a substitute for coffee.  Brabeium L.

Receptacle with 4 scale-like excrescences at the base. Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Leaves alternate, 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.
The wood is used for torches, the seeds yield oil.  Dilobeia Thouars

3. Flowers unisexual, regular.  4

Flowers hermaphrodite.  5

4. Male flowers in spikes or racemes, female in heads. Bracts narrow.—Species
3. South Africa.  Aulax Berg

PROTEACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 33.

J. Fleischmann del.

Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br.

A Flowering branch. B Flower laid open. C Perianth-segment and stamen.

LORANTHACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 34.

J. Fleischmann del.

Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. D Anther.

Male and female flowers in heads. Bracts broad.—Species 75. South
Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments; the silvery-haired leaves of the silver-tree (L. argenteum R. Br.) also form an article of commerce.  Leucadendron Herm.

5. Flowers regular or almost so, disposed in heads which are sometimes reduced to a single flower. Perianth-segments united below, free and recurved above.  6

Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments more or less united, except the hindmost, which is separated from the others.  11

6. Leaves, at least the inferior, more or less divided.  7

Leaves all undivided.  8

7. Heads arranged in sometimes very short spikes, 4-flowered. Ovary glabrous or almost so. Fruit sessile.—Species 15. South Africa. (Nivenia R.
Br.)  Paranomus Salisb. & Knight

Heads solitary or arranged in corymbs or heads, usually many-flowered.
Ovary hairy, usually woolly or hispid. Fruit short-stalked.—Species
70. South Africa.  Serruria Salisb.

8. Heads solitary, 4- or more-flowered. Fruit sessile.—Species 20. South
Africa. (Including Orothamnus Eckl.)  Mimetes Salisb.

Heads arranged in spikes, racemes, or umbels, 1-6-flowered. Fruit with a short stalk.  9

9. Flowers somewhat irregular. Stigma lateral, or very oblique, or seated in the centre of a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Heads in lax spikes or racemes.—Species 25. South Africa.  Spatalla Salisb.

Flowers regular. Stigma terminal or nearly so, conical or club-shaped.  10

10. Style more or less lateral, not constricted at the base. Perianth-tube
4-angled. Inflorescence cylindrical.—Species 5. South Africa.  Spatallopsis Phillips

Style terminal, constricted at the base. Perianth-tube short, not 4-angled.
Inflorescence globose.—Species 12. South Africa.  Sorocephalus R. Br.

11. (5.) Anterior perianth-segments separating above. Anthers oblong or ovate. Style deciduous. Fruit glabrous. Flowers in sometimes oblong heads, usually yellow.—Species 40. South and East Africa. Some species yield timber and bark for tanning. (Plate 33.)  Leucospermum R. Br.

Anterior perianth-segments united almost to the top into a lip. Anthers linear. Style persistent. Fruit covered with dense hairs.  12

12. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Anthers obtuse.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber.  Faurea Harv.

Flowers in heads. Anthers usually with a prolonged connective.—Species
130. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber, bark for tanning, or medicaments. (Leucadendron L.)  Protea L.

ORDER SANTALALES

SUBORDER SANTALINEAE

FAMILY 56. SANTALACEAE

Terrestrial plants, sometimes parasitic on roots. Leaves undivided, exstipulate, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth simple. Stamens 3-6, as many as and inserted on the perianth-segments, equalling them or shorter. Anthers stalked, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, rarely almost superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, or ovules 2-5, pendulous from the apex of a central or subparietal placenta. Style simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without a testa, with copious fleshy albumen; radicle of the embryo superior.—Genera 6, Species 140. (Plate 34.)

1. Ovary superior. Ovule 1. Style absent; stigma 2-lobed. Stalk of the fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANTHOBOLEAE.]  Exocarpus Labill.

Ovary inferior. Ovules 2-5. Style present.  2

2. Perianth-tube above the ovary coated by a disc on the inside, or wanting.
Placenta thick, straight. Ovules recurved. Stigma 3-4-parted or
4-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. [Tribe OSYRIDEAE.]  3

Perianth-tube above the ovary not coated by a disc on the inside. Placenta thin, usually flexuous. Ovules straight. Stigma entire or obscurely
2-3-lobed. [Tribe THESIEAE.]  4

3. Leaves, at least most of them, opposite. Flowers in panicles which are sometimes composed of false umbels, 4-6-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma 4-5-lobed. Embryo with very short cotyledons.—Species
2. South Africa. They yield timber and tanning material.
(Rhoiocarpus A. DC.)  Colpoon Berg

Leaves alternate. Flowers in false umbels, which are often arranged in racemes, or the female and hermaphrodite solitary, 3-4-merous, dioecious or polygamous. Stigma 3-4-partite. Embryo with long cotyledons.—Species 8. North and East Africa to Natal. Some species yield fragrant wood (African sandalwood), tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Plate 34.)  Osyris L.

4. Flowers dioecious. Perianth-tube above the ovary very shortly campanulate; segments usually with a tuft of hairs in the male flowers.
Anther-halves elliptical. Style short.—Species 6. South Africa.  Thesidium Sond.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-tube above the ovary campanulate or cylindrical; segments with tufts or rows of hairs. Anther-halves usually oblong. Style long or rather short.  5

5. Fruit a drupe. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules. Undershrubs.—Species
7. East and South Africa.  Osyridicarpus A. DC.

Fruit a nut.—Species 120.  Thesium L.

SANTALACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 35.

J. Fleischmann del.

Osyris tenuifolia Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Male flower from above. D Male flower cut lengthwise.

OPILIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 36.

J. Fleischmann del.

Opilia amentacea Roxb.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise.

FAMILY 57. OPILIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes or umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx (or calyx-like excrescence of the receptacle) entire or obscurely 4-5-toothed. Petals (or perianth-segments) 4-5, free. Stamens equal in number and opposite to them, free or adnate at the base. Disc present. Ovary superior or nearly so, 1-celled, with a thick central placenta. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of the placenta, with no coat. Style simple. Fruit succulent. Seed without a testa; albumen abundant; embryo large, with superior radicle.—Genera 2, species 15. (Under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 35.)

Axis of the inflorescence with cushion-shaped swellings at the base of the pedicels. Flowers in short racemes or umbels. Receptacle broad, cupular. Disc lobed. Petals with inflected tips. Filaments short.
Anthers broad.—Species 5. Central Africa.  Rhopalopilia Pierre

Axis of the inflorescence without swellings. Flowers in racemes. Receptacle small.—Species 10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Groutia Guill. &
Perr., including Urobotrya Stapf). (Plate 35.)  Opilia Roxb.

FAMILY 58. GRUBBIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, narrow, entire, leathery. Inflorescences axillary, cymose. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth 4-partite, with sepaloid, valvate segments. Stamens 8, almost free from the perianth. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or at first incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous from a central or subparietal placenta, straight, with no coat. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa and fleshy albumen; embryo straight, with inferior radicle. (Under SANTALACEAE or HAMAMELIDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 4. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Grubbia Berg

FAMILY 59. OLACACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers regular. Calyx usually small. Petals or corolla-lobes 3-6, nearly always valvate in bud. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or nearly so, rarely half-inferior or almost inferior, 1-celled, usually septate at the base, rarely 2-5-celled to the top. Ovules 1-5, pendulous from the apex of a usually free placenta, inverted. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seed 1, with a small embryo and abundant albumen.—Genera 11, species 70. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 36.)

1. Ovary superior, 1-celled, sometimes septate at the base. Ovules 2-3, with no coat.  2

Ovary superior, 1-celled with 4-5 ovules, or completely or nearly completely
3-4-celled, or more or less inferior. Ovules with 1-2 coats.  5

2. Filaments united into a long tube. Stamens 4-5, as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Disc 4-5-lobed. Calyx enlarged in fruit.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Tribe APTANDREAE.]  3

Filaments free or nearly so. [Tribe OLACEAE.]  4

3. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Ovules 2. Calyx cupular, not splitting at the time of maturity.—Species 1. West Africa.  Aptandra Miers

Flowers 5-merous. Ovules 3. Calyx splitting into 3 segments at the time of maturity.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber and oily seeds which are also used in medicine.  Ongokea Pierre

4. Ovules 2. Stamens 5-10. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.—Species 6. West
Africa.  Ptychopetalum Benth.

Ovules 3. Stamens 6-12, of which 3-6 are fertile. Calyx enlarged in fruit.—Species 40. Tropics. Some species yield timber. (Plate
36.)  Olax L.

5. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-6, free or nearly so. [Tribe
ANACOLOSEAE.]  6

Stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 3-4-celled.  9

6. Ovary superior, septate at the base, with 4-5 ovules. Flowers 5-merous, in panicles.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius.  Stolidia Baill.

Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or fascicles.  7

7. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx entire or toothed. Ovary very incompletely
2-celled. Ovules 2.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Anacolosa Blume

Flowers 4-5-merous. Ovary completely or almost completely 3-4-celled.
Ovules 3-4.  8

8. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit a drupe.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.  Strombosiopsis Engl.

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a berry.—Species
7. Central Africa. (Including Lavalleopsis Van Tiegh.)  Strombosia Blume

9. Stamens 3-4 times as many as the petals, 12-20. Calyx entire, not enlarged in fruit. Juice resinous.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. Yields timber and edible oily seeds. [Tribe COULEAE.]  Coula Baill.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-12. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Juice not resinous.  10

10. Anthers globose. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Style short. Petals
5-6. Calyx much enlarged in fruit. Leaves with milky juice.—Species
3. West Africa. [Tribe HEISTERIEAE.]  Heisteria Jaqu.

Anthers linear. Ovary almost completely 3-4-celled. Style as long as the ovary. Petals 4-5. Calyx not enlarged in fruit. Leaves with watery juice.—Species 3. Tropical and South-East Africa. They yield fragrant wood, bark for tanning, edible fruits, and oily seeds, and are also used in medicine. [Tribe XIMENIEAE.]  Ximenia Plum.

OLACACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 37.

J. Fleischmann del.

Olax Durandii Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Branch of another specimen. C Flower cut lengthwise.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 38.

J. Fleischmann del.

Aristolochia bracteata Retz.

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Lower part of the flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).

FAMILY 60. OCTOKNEMATACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary racemes. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals; filaments short. Disc obscure. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with a free filiform placenta and 3 pendulous ovules. Style divided into 3-5 two-or three-cleft lobes. Fruit woody, surrounded by the fleshy receptacle. Seeds with a thin coat; embryo minute, situated at the apex of the 8-furrowed albumen. (Under OLACACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 3. Equatorial West Africa.  Octoknema Pierre

SUBORDER LORANTHINEAE

FAMILY 61. LORANTHACEAE

Shrubs, parasitic upon trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate, sometimes scale-like. Perianth simple, with 2-6 valvate segments, often surrounded at the base by a calyx-like outgrowth of the receptacle. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments and inserted on them. Ovary inferior, with 1-4 indistinctly developed ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit succulent. Seeds albuminous.—Genera, 4, species 300. (Plate 37.)

1. Receptacle with a calyx-like outgrowth surrounding the base of the perianth.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Anthers usually stalked and opening by two longitudinal slits. Style more or less filiform. Leaves well-developed.—Species 250. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 37). [Subfamily LORANTHOIDEAE.]  LORANTHUS L.

Receptacle without a calyx-like outgrowth. Flowers unisexual. Anthers sessile. [Subfamily VISCOIDEAE.]  2

2. Anthers adnate to the perianth; cells several or many, opening by pores.
Placenta basal. Flowers in clusters of 3 or more.—Species 50. Some of them yield bird-lime or are used medicinally. “Mistletoe.” [Tribe
VISCEAE.]  Viscum L.

Anthers seated on the perianth, but not adnate to it; cells 1-2, opening by longitudinal or transverse slits. Placenta central. Leaves scale-like.  3

3. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Perianth of the male flowers
2-5-parted, of the female 2-parted. Flowers dioecious, solitary.—Species
1. North-West Africa. [Tribe ARCEUTHOBIEAE.]  Arceuthobium Marsch. Bieb.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Perianth 3-parted.
Flowers monoecious, disposed in rows.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Bifaria Van Tiegh.) [Tribe PHORADENDREAE.]  Korthalsella Van Tiegh.

SUBORDER BALANOPHORINEAE

FAMILY 62. BALANOPHORACEAE

Succulent herbs without green colour, parasitic on roots, upon which their root-stock is seated. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in spadix-like spikes or heads, red, unisexual. Perianth in the male flowers of 3-6 segments, in the female 3-lobed or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, sometimes one of them abortive. Ovary inferior or naked, 1-celled. Ovules 1-3, pendulous from a central placenta or from the apex of the cell or adnate to the wall of the ovary, without coats. Style simple, sometimes very short; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed without a testa; albumen copious; embryo small, apical, undivided.—Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Fertile stamens 2. Female flowers with a 3-lobed perianth. Ovules 3.
Stigma 3-lobed, borne on a long filiform style. Spadices oblong, solitary.—Species
2. South Africa. [Subfamily MYSTROPETALOIDEAE.]  Mystropetalon Harv.

Fertile stamens 3 or more. Female flowers without a perianth, but the base of the style sometimes surrounded by a tubular outgrowth of the receptacle. Stigma entire or sessile.  2

2. Stamens free. Anthers globose, many-celled. Ovules 3. Stigma sessile.
Spadices panicled. Root-stock not resinous.—Species 1. South and
East Africa. [Subfamily SARCOPHYTOIDEAE.]  Sarcophyte Sparrm.

Stamens united. Anthers 2-4-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Spadices solitary. Root-stock resinous. [Subfamily BALANOPHOROIDEAE.]  3

3. Anthers 3-6, linear, 4-celled. Ovary linear. Ovule adnate to the wall of the ovary. Perianth-segments of the male flowers linear. Spadices hemispherical.—Species 2. Tropics. [Tribe LANGSDORFFIEAE.]  Thonningia Vahl

Anthers numerous, 2-celled. Ovule free, pendulous.—Species 1. Comoro
Islands. [Tribe BALANOPHOREAE.]  Balanophora Forst.

ORDER ARISTOLOCHIALES

FAMILY 63. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, irregular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, corolla-like, with a distinct tube. Stamens 5-24, adnate to the style. Anthers opening outwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 4-6-celled. Ovules several or many in each cell, pendulous descending or horizontal, inverted. Style or stigma 6-lobed. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a small embryo and copious albumen. (Plate 38.)

Genus 1, species 30. Some are used medicinally.  Aristolochia L.

FAMILY 64. RAFFLESIACEAE

Parasitic herbs, partly immersed in the tissue of the plants upon which they grow. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or more. Stamens 8 or more; filaments united into a column. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with 4 or more parietal placentas, or several-celled with axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigmas situated beneath its thickened apex. Fruit a berry. Seeds minute, with a hard testa, oily albumen, and undivided embryo.—Genera 2, Species 4. (CYTINACEAE.)

Ovary 1-celled, with usually 4 slightly projecting parietal placentas.
Ovules inverted. Anthers affixed beneath the thickened apex of the staminal column, opening by transverse slits. Perianth-segments free.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under
Apodanthes Poiteau). [Tribe APODANTHEAE.]  Pilostyles Guill.

Ovary more or less completely 6- or more-celled; placentas parietal, but much projecting, sometimes uniting in the middle. Ovules straight.
Anthers laterally affixed to the thickened apex of the staminal column, opening by longitudinal slits. Perianth-segments united below. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles.—Species 3. North and South Africa and
Madagascar. They have edible fruits and are used medicinally. [Tribe
CYTINEAE.]  Cytinus L.

FAMILY 65. HYDNORACEAE

Fleshy, herbaceous, leafless root-parasites with a creeping root-stock. Flowers solitary, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, fleshy, tubular, with 3-4 (very rarely 5) valvate segments. Stamens as many as and alternate with the perianth-segments, inserted in the tube; filaments united; anther-cells numerous, linear, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with many placentas hanging down from the top of the cell. Stigma sessile. Fruit succulent. Seeds with a hard testa, copious albumen, and undivided embryo. (Under CYTINACEAE).

Genus 1, species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are edible or used for tanning.  Hydnora Thunb.

ORDER POLYGONALES

FAMILY 66. POLYGONACEAE

Leaves alternate, undivided or pinnately cleft, provided at the base with a stem-clasping sheath. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments 3-6. Stamens 4-50. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1. Styles 2-4, free or united at the base. Fruit a nut. Seed with an abundant, mealy albumen and a usually lateral embryo.—Genera 9, species 120. (Plate 39.)

1. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 6, rarely 4; occasionally fewer than perianth-segments, and then stamens 4-5 and perianth-segments 5-6 in the male, 6 in the female flowers; in this case stem herbaceous and flowers monoecious. [Subfamily RUMICOIDEAE, Tribe RUMICEAE.]  2

Stamens more than perianth-segments, rarely equal in number, but then 5.
Herbs or undershrubs with hermaphrodite or polygamous flowers, or shrubs.  3

2. Perianth at the time of maturity firm, tubular, tightly clasping the fruit.
Flowers unisexual. Annual herbs.—Species 2. North and South
Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.  Emex Neck.

Perianth at the time of maturity more or less membranous, not tubular and not clasping the fruit very tightly.—Species 45. Some are used as vegetables, for tanning and dyeing, or in medicine. “Dock.”  Rumex L.

3. Seed with ruminate albumen. Shrubs with 5, 7-10, or 20-50 stamens.
[Subfamily COCCOLOBOIDEAE.]  4

Seed with homogeneous albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, more rarely shrubs with 6 or 12-18 stamens. [Subfamily POLYGONOIDEAE.]  5

4. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, the outer deciduous. Stamens
20-50. Erect shrubs or trees.—Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe
TRIPLARIDEAE.]  Symmeria Benth.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, united at the base into a tube becoming two-winged in fruit. Stamens 5-10. Mostly climbing, tendril-bearing plants.—Species 3. West Africa. [Tribe COCCOLOBEAE.]  Brunnichia Banks

5. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves small. Stamens 6 or 12-18. Filaments united at the base. [Tribe ATRAPHAXIDEAE.]  6

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stamens 8, more rarely
5-7. Filaments free, but sometimes inserted on a ring-shaped disc.
[Tribe POLYGONEAE.]  7

6. Perianth-segments 4, the inner much enlarged in fruit. Stamens 6, the outer with a callosity at the base. Stigmas 2. Fruit glabrous. Embryo lateral. Leaves ovate or orbicular.—Species 1. Egypt.  Atraphaxis L.

Perianth-segments 5-6, not enlarged in fruit. Stamens 12-18, with
a hairy appendage at the base. Stigmas 4. Fruit bristly. Embryo axile. Leaves linear or subulate.—Species 1. North Africa.  Calligonum L.

7. Perianth-segments of the hermaphrodite and female flowers united below into a narrow tube. Flowers polygamous.—Species 17. Central and
South Africa. Some are used as vegetables and for making bread.
(Including Raphanopsis Welw.) (Plate 39.) Oxygonum Burch.

Perianth-segments not united below into a narrow tube.  8

8. Seed with broad, folded cotyledons. Perianth shorter than the fruit.
Leaves cordate.—Species 1 (F. esculentum Moench, buckwheat).
Cultivated as a cereal or fodder-plant. (Under Polygonum L.)  Fagopyrum Gaertn.

POLYGONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 39.

J. Fleischmann del.

Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. and Steud.) Benth. and Hook.

A Fruiting plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit cut lengthwise.

CHENOPODIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 40.

J. Fleischmann del.

Traganum nudatum Del.

A Flowering branch. B Part of a fruiting branch,. C End of a branch. D Flower with bracts and bracteoles. E Flower cut lengthwise.

Seed with narrow, not folded cotyledons.—Species 50. Some are poisonous, others serve as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants, or yield tanning and dyeing materials.  Polygonum L.

ORDER CENTROSPERMAE

SUBORDER CHENOPODIINEAE

FAMILY 67. CHENOPODIACEAE

Stem erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves exstipulate, sometimes wanting. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish. Perianth simple, of 1-5 imbricate segments, herbaceous or membranous, persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer, inserted on the receptacle or the base of the perianth. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits, curved inwards in the bud. Ovary superior, rarely (Beta) half-inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, on a basal funicle, curved. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit dehiscing by a lid or indehiscent. Seed with a curved, peripheral embryo.—Genera 26, species 120. (SALSOLACEAE.) (Plate 40.)

1. Embryo spiral. Albumen wanting or separated in two parts by the embryo.  2

Embryo more or less ring- or horseshoe-shaped or folded together. Albumen wholly or partly enclosed by the embryo, rarely wanting.  11

2. Bracteoles small, scale-like. Perianth herbaceous or fleshy. Stigmas thread-shaped, papillose all round. Leaves glabrous, fleshy.—Species
10. Some are used as vegetables or for making soda. (Including
Chenopodina Moq., Lerchia Hall., Schanginia C. A. Mey., Schoberia C. A.
Mey., and Sevada Moq.) [Tribe SUAEDEAE.]  Suaeda Forsk.

Bracteoles equalling or exceeding the perianth. Perianth usually membranous.
Stigmas papillose on the inside. Leaves usually hairy.
[Tribe SALSOLEAE.]  3

3. Seed horizontal. Disc usually inconspicuous. [Subtribe SODINAE.]  4

Seed vertical. Disc usually lobed. [Subtribe ANABASINAE.]  6

4. Perianth 5-lobed, hardening to the top and wingless in the fruit. Filaments flattened. Disc inconspicuous. Embryo in a conical spiral. Shrubs with continuous branches and alternate leaves.—Species 2. North
Africa to the Sahara. (Plate 40.)  Traganum Del.

Perianth 4-5-parted or of 4-5 free segments, not hardening or at the base only and furnished with a horizontal wing in the fruit.  5

5. Branches jointed. Leaves scale-like, opposite, connate in pairs. Shrubs.
Perianth-segments free. Anthers blunt. Disc lobed, enlarged in the fruit. Embryo in a flat spiral.—Species 2. North Africa.  Haloxylon Bunge

Branches continuous. Disc usually inconspicuous.—Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine or furnish soda. “Saltwort.”
(Including Caroxylon Thunb.)  Salsola L.

6. Perianth of 2 inner and 3 outer segments of which two are in front and one behind. Fruiting perianth winged, not hardened. Seed compressed dorsally. Flowers solitary, more rarely in clusters, and then branches jointed and leaves opposite.  7

Perianth of 3 inner and 2 outer segments of which one is in front and one behind. Fruiting perianth more or less hardened. Seed compressed laterally. Branches continuous.  8

7. Branches jointed. Leaves opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. Filaments awl-shaped. Style short.—Species 5. North Africa and
Nubia. Some yield soda or are used medicinally.  Anabasis L.

Branches continuous. Leaves alternate. Spinous shrubs. Flowers solitary.
Filaments flattened; connective pointed. Style long. Pericarp membranous.—Species 1. North Africa.  Noaea Moq.

8. Perianth-segments united at the base, wingless in the fruit, but one of them sometimes produced into a prickle. Style long. Shrubs.  9

Perianth-segments free, winged in the fruit, at least some of them. Style short. Disc lobed. Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters.  10

9. Leaves opposite. Flowers in pairs, hermaphrodite. Disc indistinct.—Species
1. Sahara.  Nucularia Battand.

Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters, polygamous. Disc lobed.—Species
2. North Africa and Northern Central Africa.  Cornulaca Del.

10. Inner perianth-segments not winged in the fruit. Stamens with a 2-lobed connective. Shrubs.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Halogeton
C. A. Mey.)  Agathophora Fenzl

Inner and outer perianth-segments winged in the fruit. Stamens with
a blunt connective. Herbs.—Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria).
Used as a vegetable or for making soda.  Halogeton C. A. Mey.

11. (1.) Branches more or less distinctly jointed. Leaves little developed, glabrous. Flowers in clusters, usually of 3, arising in the axils of scale-like bracts or apparently sunk in hollows of the rachis and collected in cone-shaped inflorescences. Stamens 1-2. [Tribe
SALICORNIEAE.]  12

Branches continuous. Leaves well developed, usually hairy. Flowers solitary or in clusters, more rarely in spike-like inflorescences. Stamens
3-5, more rarely 1-2.  16

12. Bracts and upper leaves alternate.  13

Bracts and upper leaves opposite.  14

13. Perianth slightly flattened from the side, 4-5-toothed, surrounded by a wing-like border. Stamens 2. Ovule with a short funicle. Micropyle of the ovule and radicle of the embryo inferior. Low shrubs.—Species
1. North-West Africa (Algeria).  Kalidium Moq.

Perianth flattened from the back, 3-toothed, without a wing-like border.
Ovule with a long funicle. Micropyle and radicle superior or ascending.—Species
2. North Africa to Nubia. Yield soda.  Halopeplis Bunge

14. Bracts free, peltate, deciduous. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1, inserted in front. Ovule on a long, curved, almost ring-shaped funicle. Micropyle and radicle superior. Shrubs.—Species 1. North Africa to Eritrea. Yields soda.  Halocnemum Marsch. Bieb.

Bracts united, persistent; flower-clusters apparently sunk in hollows of the branch-joints. Perianth 3-4-toothed or -cleft. Stamen 1, inserted behind, or stamens 2. Ovule on a short funicle. Micropyle and radicle inferior.  15

15. Seed smooth or tubercled; embryo curved; albumen abundant, lateral.
Stamens 2. Stigmas 2. Shrubs.—Species 3. North and Central
Africa. They yield soda and are used in medicine.  Arthrocnemum Moq.

Seed hairy; embryo folded together; albumen scanty and central or wanting.—Species 4. Sea-coasts. They yield soda and are used in medicine.  Salicornia L.

16. Flowers unisexual, sometimes intermixed with a few hermaphrodite, of two kinds, the male and hermaphrodite with a 3-5-parted perianth and without bracteoles, the female without a perianth, but with 2 sometimes united or 2-parted bracteoles. Stamens 3-5. Leaves glabrous, mealy or cottony, usually hastate. [Tribe ATRIPLICEAE.]  17

Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes intermixed with similar unisexual ones, all with 4-5 perianth-segments.  19

17. Bracteoles small, narrow, free, unchanged in the fruiting stage, not enclosing the fruit. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 5. Shrubs.—Species
2. South Africa and St. Helena.  Exomis Fenzl

Bracteoles large, broad, usually united and hardening, completely enclosing the fruit.  18

18. Bracteoles united nearly to the top, hardened in the fruit and sometimes prolonged into 2-4 prickles. Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 4-5. Stem and leaves glabrous. Herbs.—Species 1 (S. oleracea L., spinach).
Cultivated in the extra-tropical regions. It serves as a vegetable; the seeds are sometimes used for making bread.  Spinacia L.

Bracteoles free and herbaceous, or more or less united, but not nearly to the top, and at length hardened. Stigmas 2-3. Stem and leaves clothed, when young, with bladdery hairs, afterwards mostly with a close minute whitish pubescence.—Species 20. Some are used as vegetables, for making soda, in medicine, or as ornamental plants. “Orache.” (Including
Obione Gaertn.)  Atripex L.

19. Ovary half-inferior. Perianth-segments connivent in the fruit. Fruit dehiscing by a lid. Herbs with a fleshy taproot. Bracteoles usually present.—Species 3. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one of them (B. vulgaris L., beet) also cultivated in South Africa and Madagascar.
The latter species yields sugar, vegetables, fodder, and a substitute for coffee and tobacco. [Tribe BETEAE.]  Beta L.

Ovary superior. Fruit indehiscent, rarely dehiscing by a lid, but then
perianth-segments spreading in the fruit.  20

20. Flowers with bracteoles, solitary. Perianth membranous, unchanged in the fruit; segments erect. Stigmas 2. Ovule on a long funicle.
Pericarp membranous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves subulate, rigid, pungent.—Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). [Tribe
POLYCNEMEAE.]  Polycnemum L.

Flowers without bracteoles.  21

21. Perianth 4-5-lobed, membranous. Leaves narrow, clothed with thin hairs. [Tribe CAMPHOROSMEAE.]  22

Perianth 5-parted, rarely 4-parted or 5-lobed, more or less herbaceous.
Leaves usually broad and clothed with bladdery hairs.  25

22. Perianth unequally 4-toothed, scarcely changed in the fruit. Stamens
4. Seed erect. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Flowers in spikes. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Camphorosma L.

Perianth 5-toothed, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Seed nearly always horizontal. Embryo ring-shaped. Flowers solitary or in clusters, in the axils of the leaves.  23

23. Fruiting perianth unchanged and unappendaged. Undershrubs.—Species
3. North and South Africa.  Chenolea Thunb.

Fruiting perianth winged, gibbous, or prickly.  24

24. Fruiting perianth gibbous or prickly.—Species 2. North Africa. (Echinopsilon
Moq., under Chenolea Thunb. or Kochia Roth).  Bassia All.

Fruiting perianth with one or several wings.—Species 3. South Africa to
Hereroland and North Africa to Nubia.  Kochia Roth

25. Fruit not enclosed in the perianth, dehiscing with a lid. Perianth-segments spreading, linear-oblong. Stamens 5, much shorter than the perianth.
Stigmas 2, short. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate, entire, glabrous.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria).  Oreobliton Durieu & Moq.

Fruit wholly or partly enclosed in the perianth, indehiscent. Leaves usually broad, toothed, and mealy or glandular-hairy.—Species 25.
Some of them yield edible seeds, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as vegetables or ornamental plants; several are poisonous. “Goosefoot.”
(Including Blitum L. and Roubieva Moq.) [Tribe CHENOPODIEAE.]  Chenopodium L.

FAMILY 68. AMARANTACEAE

Leaves without stipules. Perianth more or less dry, simple, of 1-5 imbricate segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules erect or suspended from a basal funicle, curved. Fruit dehiscing by a lid or indehiscent. Embryo surrounding the mealy albumen.—Genera 32, species 200. (Plate 41.)

1. Anthers 1-celled. Ovule 1. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite.
Inflorescences head-or shortly spike-shaped. [Subfamily GOMPHRENCIDEAE, tribe GOMPHRENEAE.]  2

Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily AMARANTOIDEAE.]  4

2. Stigma 1, capitate. Fertile stamens alternating with staminodes.—Species
7. Some are used as ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. (Including Telanthera R. Br.) [Subtribe FROEHLICHINAE.]  Alternanthera Forsk.

Stigmas 2-4, subulate. [Subtribe GOMPHRENINAE.]  3

3. Filaments entire.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Philoxerus R. Br.)  Iresine L.

Filaments fringed, toothed, or 3-parted.—Species 1. Tropical and South
East Africa. A weed, sometimes used as an ornamental plant.  Gomphrena L.

4. Ovule 1. [Tribe AMARANTEAE.]  5

Ovules 2 or more, very rarely ovule 1, erect; in this case filaments united below into a membranous tube and flowers hermaphrodite. [Tribe
CELOSIEAE.]  32

5. Ovule erect. Radicle of the embryo descending. Filaments free or united in a ring at the base. Flowers unisexual, polygamous, or hermaphrodite but intermixed with sterile ones. Leaves alternate. [Subtribe AMARANTINAE.]  6

Ovule pendulous. Radicle of the embryo ascending. [Subtribe ACHYRANTHINAE.]  9

6. Perianth spreading. Filaments united at the base. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. Flowers polygamous, in spikes or racemes.—Species
1. Canary Islands.  Bosia L.

Perianth erect. Herbs or undershrubs.  7

7. Flowers unisexual or polygamous; no sterile ones. Filaments free.—Species
20. Some of them have edible seeds or are used as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including Albersia Kunth, Amblogyna
Rafin., and Euxolus Rafin.)  Amarantus L.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Partial inflorescences consisting of one fertile and two sterile flowers.  8

8. Sterile flowers comb-shaped. Filaments free. Style short; stigma 2-lobed.—Species
1. Tropical and North Africa. Used as a vegetable.  Digera Forsk.

Sterile flowers wing-shaped. Filaments united at the base. Style long; stigmas 2.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Pleuropterantha Franch.

9. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract.  10

Flowers in clusters of two or more; usually some of them sterile.  20

10. Spurious staminodes (sterile processes) interposed between the fertile stamens.  11

Spurious staminodes wanting.  18

11. Perianth densely covered with silky or woolly hairs.  12

Perianth glabrous or scantily hairy.  15

12. Perianth-segments firmly leathery, silky-hairy, 3-nerved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, fleshy.—Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland. (Under
Sericocoma Fenzl).  Calicorema Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments more or less membranous.  13

13. Branches jointed. Leaves very small, opposite, ovate, acuminate. Undershrubs.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Hereroland).  Arthraerua Schinz

Branches continuous.  14

14. Perianth-segments silky, more or less thickened and hardened at the base, 1-nerved. Flowers small. Ovary hairy. Stigma capitate.—Species
8. Southern and Central Africa.  Sericocoma Fenzl

Perianth-segments woolly, not thickened. Flowers very small, in dense spikes.—Species 10. Some are used as vegetables or as ornamental plants. (Ouret Adans.)  Aerva Forsk.

15. Spurious staminodes minute, narrow, acute, unappendaged. Perianth-segments brownish-red, stiff-leathery, large, oblong, 3-nerved. Inflorescence head-like, ovoid. Leaves usually alternate. Undershrubs.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola and Congo).  Mechowia Schinz

Spurious staminodes more or less quadrate, fringed or appendaged. Leaves opposite.  16

16. Spurious staminodes fringed below the top. Perianth-segments erect, oblong, blunt, thickened below. Flowers erect, spicate. Leaves small, sessile, linear-oblong. Herbs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.
(Under Pandiaka Hook. fil.)  Argyrostachys Lopr.

Spurious staminodes fringed at the top or prolonged into appendages.
Perianth-segments pointed. Flowers usually bent downwards.  17

17. Perianth-segments red or yellow, elliptical, hardened at the base, faintly
1-5-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 7. Central Africa to
Transvaal.  Centema Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments white, green or brown, lanceolate, stiff-leathery, usually 3-ribbed.—Species 30. Some of them yield a substitute for soap or are used in medicine. (Including Achyropsis Moq. and Pandiaka
Moq.) (Plate 41.)  Achyranthes L.

18. (10.) Stamens 1-2. Perianth-segments 3-5, membranous, woolly, 1-nerved.
Herbs.—Species 1. Tropics.  Nothosaerua Wight

Stamens 4-5.  19

19. Outer perianth-segments densely clothed with silky hairs, faintly 3-nerved.
Style slender. Shrubs.—Species 2. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Chionothrix Hook. fil.

Outer perianth-segments glabrous or scantily hairy, with 3 strong ribs.
Flowers greenish.—Species 15. Central and South East Africa. (Including
Psilostachys Hochst.)  Psilotrichum Blume

AMARANTACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 41.

J. Fleischmann del.

Achyranthes angustifolia Benth.

A Flowering branch. B Branch of the inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise.

NYCTAGINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 42.

J. Fleischmann del.

Pisonia aculeata L.

A Branch with inflorescences. B Male flower. C Female flower. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Fruit. F Fruit cut lengthwise. G Group of fruits.

20. (9.) Spurious staminodes interposed between the stamens.  21

Spurious staminodes none.  26

21. Spurious staminodes small, entire. Ovary hairy. Either perianth clothed with long silky hairs or leaves alternate.  22

Spurious staminodes usually quadrate and fringed, more rarely narrow, but then perianth not clothed with long silky hairs and leaves (as nearly always) opposite.  23

22. Ovary with a horn-like appendage.—Species 6. South and Central Africa.
(Under Sericocoma Fenzl).  Cyphocarpa Lopr.

Ovary without a horn. (See 14.)  Sericocoma Fenzl

23. Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile flowers without sterile ones.
Perianth hairy. Erect shrubs.—Species 4. South and Central Africa.
(Under Sericocoma Fenzl or Cyphocarpa Lopr.)  Sericocomopsis Schinz

Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, or of 2 fertile ones only.  24

24. Stem woody, climbing. Leaves ovate. Sterile flowers reduced to long tufts of hairs. Perianth glabrous. Spurious staminodes narrow, entire or toothed.—Species 2. Equatorial regions (Uganda and Cameroons).  Sericostachys Gilg & Lopr.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, erect or ascending. Sterile flowers usually reduced to spines. Spurious staminodes usually broad and fringed.  25

25. Perianth-segments thickened and hardening at the base, yellow or red.
(See 17.)  Centema Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments not hardening.—Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Desmochaeta DC.)  Cyathula Lour.

26. (20.) Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile flowers without sterile ones, and arranged in globose heads. Perianth white, with silky hairs.
Ovary hairy. Shrubs.—Species 1. German South-West Africa.
(Under Marcellia Baill., Sericocomopsis Schinz, or Sericocoma Fenzl).  Leucosphaera Gilg

Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, the latter sometimes reduced to bristles or spines.  27

27. Perianth-segments thickened and hardened at the base, yellow or red.
Ovary glabrous. (See 17.)  Centema Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments not hardening.  28

28. Sterile flowers consisting of hooked spines.—Species 6. Tropical and
South Africa.  Pupalia Juss.

Sterile flowers consisting of not hooked spines, bristles, or hairs.  29

29. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile and 2 sterile flowers, the latter reduced to bristles or spines. Ovary hairy. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
10. Southern West Africa to Namaland. (Under Sericocoma
Fenzl).  Marcellia Baill.

Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6 sterile flowers.
Ovary glabrous.  30

30. Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6 sterile flowers, the latter reduced to branched spines. Collective inflorescence interrupted below. Style very short. Herbs.—Species 2. South Africa and
German South-West Africa. (Under Marcellia Baill. or Sericocoma
Fenzl).  Sericorema Lopr.

Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile and 6 sterile flowers, the latter reduced to long simple spines or bristles. Style thread-shaped.  31

31. Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow spines. Herbs.—Species
1. German East Africa. (Under Marcellia Baill.)  Kentrosphaera Volk.

Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow or brown, rather soft bristles. Shrubs.—Species 3. East Africa. (Under Marcellia Baill.)  Dasysphaera Volk.

32. (4.) Perianth-segments spreading. Style short, with 2-4 stigmas. Fruit succulent, baccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves ovate.—Species
1. Tropics.  Deeringia R. Br.

Perianth-segments erect. Fruit dry.  33

33. Fruit opening lengthwise. Style very short, with 2-3 stigmas. Filaments united at the base only. Leaves narrow. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Henonia Moq.

Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs or undershrubs.  34

34. Spurious staminodes longer than the stamens, 2-lobed. Style short.
Leaves narrow.—Species 10. South Africa and southern Central
Africa.  Hermbstaedtia Reichb.

Spurious staminodes shorter than the stamens or wanting.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as textile, ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants. (Including Lestiboudesia
Thou.)  Celosia L.

SUBORDER PHYTOLACCINEAE

FAMILY 69. NYCTAGINACEAE

Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth simple, but often surrounded by a calyx-like involucre, 3-6-lobed, valvate or folded in the bud, persistent. Stamens with the filaments united below; connective narrow; anthers opening laterally. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1, lateral. Fruit a nut, enclosed by the enlarged and hardened perianth. Seed albuminous.—Genera 5, species 30. (Plate 42.)

1. Seed with a straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in corymbs, inconspicuous. Involucre consisting of 2-3 small bracts.
Perianth tubular or campanulate, 4-5-toothed. Stamens 5-15.—Species
6. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 42.) [Tribe
PISONIEAE.]  Pisonia Plum.

Seed with a curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then leaves alternate or fascicled and flowers in fascicles. Stamens
1-10. [Tribe MIRABILEAE.]  2

2. Stem woody, spinous. Leaves alternate or fascicled. Flowers in fascicles.
Stamens 5-10, unequal. Ovary oblong. [Subtribe BOUGAINVILLEINAE.]  3

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, not spinous. Leaves opposite.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary ovoid or globose. [Subtribe BOERHAVIINAE.]  4

3. Clusters of flowers surrounded by an involucre of 3 large, coloured bracts.
Fruit not winged. Leaves scattered.—Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plant.  Bougainvillea Commers.

Clusters of flowers without an involucre. Fruit winged. Leaves fascicled.—Species
2. South Africa, southern West Africa, and Madagascar.
(Including Amphoranthus S. Moore).  Phaeoptilon Radlk.

4. Flowers large, surrounded by a calyx-like, 4-5-cleft involucre.—Species 1
(M. Jalapa L., marvel of Peru). Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant.  Mirabilis L.

Flowers surrounded singly or in clusters by some early deciduous bracts.—Species
20. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine.  Boerhavia L.

FAMILY 70. CYNOCRAMBACEAE

Herbs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, the lower opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers monoecious, the male in groups of 2-4 opposite the leaves, the female in axillary clusters of 3. Perianth of the male flowers 2-3-parted, valvate in bud, of the female tubular, 2-4-toothed. Stamens 10-30, free; anthers linear. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple, basal. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a curved embryo and cartilaginous albumen. (THELIGONACEAE, under CHENOPODIACEAE or URTICACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. (Theligonum L.)  Cynocrambe Gaertn.

FAMILY 71. PHYTOLACCACEAE

Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in racemes or spikes, bracteolate. Perianth 4-5-parted, herbaceous or membranous, coloured, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens 3-33, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers affixed at the back, opening by two longitudinal slits. Carpels superior. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell or in each distinct carpel, basal, curved; micropyle turned downwards and outwards. Seed with an annular embryo surrounding the albumen.—Genera 5, species 15.

1. Style 1, undivided. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 4. Anthers linear. Perianth
4-parted. Flowers in racemes. Leaves elliptical. Undershrubs.
[Tribe RIVINEAE.]  2

Styles 2 or more, free or nearly so. Perianth neatly always 5-parted.  3

2. Flowers irregular. Fruit nearly dry. Species 1. Tropics. Used medicinally. (Mohlana Mart.)  Hilleria Vell.

Flowers regular. Fruit succulent. Species 1. Naturalized in the
tropics. Used as an ornamental and a dye-plant.  Rivina Plum.

3. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Stamens 3-5. Anthers ovate or globose.
Flowers in spikes. Leaves linear.—Species 4. South Africa and southern West Africa. (Including Lophiocarpus Turcz. and Wallinia
Moq.)  Microtea Swartz

Ovary solitary, 2-16-celled, or several separate ovaries. Stamens 6-33.
Leaves lanceolate, elliptical, or ovate. [Tribe PHYTOLACCEAE.]  4

4. Carpels 2. Stamens numerous. Fruit dry, capsular. Climbing shrubs.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Barbeuia Thouars

Carpels 5-16. Fruit succulent, baccate.—Species 8, five of them spontaneous in tropical and South Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield vegetables, dyes (chiefly from Ph. decandra L.), a substitute for soap, and medicaments; some are poisonous. “Poke.” (Including Pircunia Moq.)  Phytolacca L.

FAMILY 72. AIZOACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth usually simple. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary usually several-celled. Ovules curved or inverted. Fruit dry. Seeds with a curved embryo and a usually mealy albumen.—Genera 20, species 480. (FICOIDEAE or MESEMBRIACEAE). (Plate 43.)

1. Perianth divided to the base or nearly so, free from the ovary. [Subfamily
MOLLUGINOIDEAE.]  2

Perianth with a distinct tube sometimes adnate to the ovary, simple.
[Subfamily FICOIDEAE.]  11

2. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from a basal funicle. Style 1.
Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles. Leaves whorled.—Species
7. South Africa.  Adenogramma Reichb.

Ovary solitary but 2- or more-celled, or several separate ovaries.  3

3. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Inflorescence cymose. [Tribe LIMEAE.]  4

Ovary 3-7-celled, or 3-5 separate ovaries.  5

4. Perianth of 4 thin-membranous, fringed segments, surrounded by bracts.
Stamens 4, much exceeding the perianth. Fruit capsular. Flowers in false spikes. Leaves stipulate.—Species 1. South Africa.  Polpoda Presl

Perianth of 5 herbaceous entire segments, to which 3-5 petals are sometimes added. Stamens 5-10, not or scarcely exceeding the perianth.
Fruit separating in two nutlets. Leaves exstipulate.—Species 15.
South and Central Africa. (Including Semonvillea Gay).  Limeum L.

5. Carpels separate. Ovules solitary. Perianth simple. Flowers in cymes.
Leaves opposite.—Species 5. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine.  Giesekia L.

Carpels united in the ovarial portion.  6

6. Ovary-cells one-ovuled. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles.—Species
5. South Africa and southern West Africa.  Psammatropha Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary-cells several- or many-ovuled.  7

7. Petals or petaloid staminodes numerous, united at the base. Stamens numerous. Flowers conspicuous. Leaves exstipulate, fleshy.—Species
1  Orygia Forsk.

Petals none, but the stamens sometimes intermixed with staminodes.
Leaves stipulate.  8

8. Styles linear or slightly club-shaped. Stipules membranous, entire.  9

Styles obovate or wedge-shaped. Stipules fringed or sheath-like.  10

9. Ovules with a long funicle. Seeds crowned by an appendage of the funicle.
Pericarp firm.—Species 3. Used in medicine.  Glinus L.

Ovules with a short funicle. Seeds without an appendage of the funicle.
Pericarp thin. Stamens 3-10. Glabrous herbs with narrow leaves.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used in medicine.  Mollugo L.

10. Disc cup-shaped, lobed or divided. Stamens 3-5. Stipules fringed.—Species
17. South Africa, Madagascar, St. Helena.  Pharnaceum L.

Disc none. Stipules sheath-like. Leaves thread-shaped.—Species 4.
South Africa.  Hyperstelis E. Mey.

11. (1.) Ovary superior. Petals none.  12

Ovary inferior. [Tribe MESEMBRIANTHEMEAE.]  18

12. Fruit transversely dehiscent, circumscissile. Leaves opposite. [Tribe
SESUVIEAE.]  13

Fruit longitudinally dehiscent, loculicidal or septicidal. [Tribe AIZOEAE.]  14

13. Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules solitary or few, basal or subbasal. Pericarp thick in the upper part. Seed-coat wrinkled.—Species 10. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Plate 43.)  Trianthema L.

Ovary 3-5- rarely 2-celled. Ovules numerous, axile. Pericarp thin.
Seed-coat smooth. Flowers red.—Species 6. Tropical and South
Africa. Some of them have edible seeds, or serve as vegetables. (Including
Diplochonium Fenzl and Halimus Rumph.)  Sesuvium L.

14. Stamens 4-5. Ovary-cells and styles 3.  15

Stamens 8 or more.  16

15. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Filaments long. Fruit roundish. Shrubs with silky hairs. Leaves all cauline, opposite or alternate, imbricate, triangular-ovate, without stipules. Flowers axillary, yellowish.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Plinthus Fenzl

Ovary-cells several-ovuled. Filaments short. Fruit linear-oblong. Glabrous herbs. Radical leaves lanceolate to ovate, with fringed stipules; cauline leaves whorled, filiform. Flowers in cymes, whitish-green.—Species
2. South Africa.  Coelanthum E. Mey.

16. Stamens numerous. Ovary 4-5-celled. Styles 4-5. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. Flowers yellow.—Species 12. Some of them have edible seeds.  Aizoon L.

Stamens 8-10, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and styles 2. Ovules
1 or 2 in each cell.  17

17. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Ovules basal. Stem glabrous.—Species 4. South Africa.  Acrosanthes Eckl. & Zeyh.

Stamens 8, rarely 10, but then ovary 3-5-celled, styles 3-5, and stem hairy or warty. Ovules pendulous, 1 in each cell.—Species 20. South
Africa to Angola.  Galenia L.

18. (11.) Petals (or petaloid staminodes) numerous. Stamens numerous.
Ovary 4-20-celled, with many basal or parietal ovules. Fruit a capsule.—Species 330. Some of them have edible fruits or seeds or serve as vegetables, as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for making soda.  Mesembrianthemum L.

Petals (or petaloid staminodes) none. Ovary 2-8-celled with one pendulous ovule in each cell, or ovary 1-celled. Fruit a nut or drupe.
Leaves alternate.  19

19. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 4, two of them shorter than the others and without
a stigma.—Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland).  Anisostigma Schinz

Ovary 2-8-, very rarely 1-celled. Styles as many as ovary-cells.—Species
35. Southern and Central Africa. One species (T. expansa Murr., New
Zealand spinach) is cultivated as a vegetable in various regions.  Tetragonia L.

SUBORDER PORTULACINEAE

FAMILY 73. PORTULACACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Flowers regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, free or united at the base, imbricate in the bud. Petals 4-6, free or united at the base, falling off very early. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, or fewer, or more numerous. Ovary usually superior and 1-celled. Ovules basal or affixed to a free central placenta, curved, the micropyle lateral or inferior. Style 2-8-cleft or parted, rarely (Portulaca) undivided. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo more or less curved.—Genera 6, species 35. (Plate 44.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by a lid.—Species 12. Some are used as vegetables, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants. “Purslane.” [Tribe PORTULACEAE.]  Portulaca L.

Ovary superior. Fruit dehiscing by valves or indehiscent. [Tribe CALANDRINIEAE.]  2

2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style-branches 2. Stamens numerous. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Talinella Baill.

Ovary 1-celled with 1, 3, or many ovules. Style-branches 3.  3

AIZOACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 43.

J. Fleischmann del.

Trianthema pentandrum L.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Mericarp cut lengthwise.

PORTULACACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 44.

J. Fleischmann del.

Talinum cuneifolium Willd.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Seed.

3. Ovule 1. Stamens 4-7. Petals reddish. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.—Species
3. South Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants.  Portulacaria Jacq.

Ovules 3 or more. Stamens 3 or 8-30. Fruit 3-valved. Herbs or undershrubs.  4

4. Ovules 3. Stamens 3. Corolla 5-cleft, slightly irregular, white. Calyx persistent.—Species 1. North Africa and subantarctic islands. Used as a vegetable.  Montia L.

Ovules numerous. Stamens 8-30. Corolla of 5 free or almost free petals, regular. Calyx deciduous.  5

5. Stipules present, but sometimes reduced to a tuft of hairs. Embryo slightly curved.—Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Anacampseros L.

Stipules absent. Embryo ring-shaped. Funicle of the seed with an appendage.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as vegetables.
(Plate 44.)  Talinum Adans.

FAMILY 74. BASELLACEAE

Glabrous, twining herbs. Leaves alternate, broad, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, adnate to the corolla at the base. Corolla 5-cleft or 5-parted, imbricate in the bud, persistent. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes and affixed to them at the base. Filaments straight or bent outwards in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, curved; micropyle inferior. Style 3-partite. Fruit indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo curved or spirally twisted.—Genera 2, species 4, Tropics. (Under CHENOPODIACEAE or PORTULACACEAE.)

Flowers sessile, in spikes or panicles. Filaments broadened below. Stigmas entire. Pericarp membranous. Seed subglobose. Embryo spiral.—Species
3, two spontaneous in East Africa and Madagascar, the third cultivated in various tropical countries. They are used as vegetables, in medicine, and as dye-plants.  Basella L.

Flowers short-stalked, in racemes. Filaments thread-shaped. Stigmas forked. Pericarp somewhat fleshy. Seed sublenticular. Embryo semicircular.—Species
1. Cultivated in various regions and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used as a vegetable or an ornamental plant.  Boussaingaultia H. B. & K.

SUBORDER CARYOPHYLLINEAE

FAMILY 75. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided. Perianth usually separated into calyx and corolla. Stamens 1-10. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled, superior, rarely (Sclerocephalus) half-inferior. Ovules on basal or central placentas, with a distinct funicle, curved or inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.—Genera 45, species 280. (Including PARONYCHIEAE or ILLECEBRACEAE, ALSINACEAE, and SILENACEAE.) (Plate 45.)

1. Sepals free or united up to the insertion of the stamens. Petals not distinctly clawed, sometimes wanting. Receptacle concave or small and rather flat. [Subfamily ALSINOIDEAE.]  2

Sepals united beyond the insertion of the stamens. Petals present, usually clawed. Receptacle stalk-like or small and flat. Styles free. [Subfamily
SILENOIDEAE.]  35

2. Fruit indehiscent or irregularly bursting at the base, rarely at the top.
Ovule 1, rarely ovules 2, and then sepals 5. Petals usually scale-like or wanting. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate; in the latter case styles 2.  3

Fruit opening from the top by teeth or valves. Ovules numerous, rarely 2, and then sepals 4, very rarely ovule 1; in this case leaves exstipulate and styles 3. Petals usually perfectly developed.  16

3. Flowers in clusters of 3, the middle one hermaphrodite, the side flowers male or rudimentary. Stamens nearly hypogynous. Style 1. Ovule one.
Embryo almost straight. Leaves opposite, stipulate. [Tribe PTERANTHEAE.]  4

Flowers all alike. Stamens perigynous.  6

4. Stamens 2-3. Staminodes and petals absent. Sepals 5. Stigmas 3.
Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk, with entire involucral bracts.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Dicheranthus Webb

Stamens 4-5. Clusters of flowers with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Herbs.  5

5. Sepals 4. Petals and staminodes none. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Clusters of flowers on a much broadened and hollow stalk.—Species 1. North
Africa.  Pteranthus Forsk.

Sepals 5. Petals or staminodes 5. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk.—Species 1. Northern East Africa to
Egypt.  Cometes L.

6. Leaves exstipulate. Petals none. Styles 2. Ovule 1. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and South Africa.
[Tribe SCLERANTHEAE.]  Scleranthus L.

Leaves stipulate. [Tribe PARONYCHIEAE.]  7

7. Ovule 1.  8

Ovules 2. Undershrubs.  15

8. Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2, very rarely 1, and then style very short.  9

Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 3, very rarely 1, but then style
elongated.  13

9. Stem woody, shrubby, nodose. Bracts brown. Sepals mucronate.
Petals 5, thread-shaped. Style elongated. Stigmas 2.—Species 1.
Island of Socotra.  Lochia Balf. fil.

Stem herbaceous, rarely woody at the base; in the latter case sepals obtuse.  10

10. Flowers in globose heads; involucre becoming prickly. Sepals prickly beneath the tip. Petals wanting. Ovary adnate below to the calyx-tube.
Fruit bursting at the top.—Species 1. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands.  Sclerocephalus Boiss.

Flowers in fascicles; involucre not prickly. Petals thread-shaped or wanting. Ovary free.  11

11. Sepals blunt, green. Style very short; stigmas 2. Embryo curved.
Stipules small.—Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia,
Cape Verde Islands. Some are used in medicine.  Herniaria L.

Sepals more or less hooded, with a dorsal point beneath the tip.  12

12. Seed with a straight embryo. Stigma 1, entire or 2-lobed, nearly sessile.
Stamens 5. Petals thread-shaped. Sepals white. Leaves in false whorls; stipules very small.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Used in medicine.  Illecebrum L.

Seed with a curved embryo. Stigma 1, two-lobed, or more frequently stigmas 2. Stipules large or rather large.—Species 15. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used in medicine or yield a substitute for tea.  Paronychia Juss.

13. Sepals awned. Petals awl-shaped. Style long, with 3 stigmas. Low shrubs with knotty branches. Leaves narrow.—Species 1. North
Africa.  Gymnocarpos Forsk.

Sepals blunt. Petals scale-like. Style long with 1 stigma, or short with
3 stigmas. Herbs.  14

14. Style long, with 1 stigma. Leaves whorled, obovate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Haya Balf. fil.

Style short, with 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite or alternate, narrow.—Species
3. North and South Africa and mountains of East Africa and
Madagascar.  Corrigiola L.

15. (7.) Petals 5. Stamens 5. Embryo curved. Leaves linear, fleshy.—Species
1. Nubia.  Sphaerocoma Anders.

Petals none. Stamens 1-2. Embryo straight or almost so. Leaves lanceolate, flat.—Species 2. South and Central Africa.  Pollichia Soland.

16. (2.) Styles united below. [Tribe POLYCARPEAE.]  17

Styles free from the base.  22

17. Sepals 4, concave, minutely toothed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Ovules few. Style short; stigmas 2. Flowers solitary, axillary, with two bracteoles. Leaves very small, densely crowded.—Species 1. Island of Kerguelen.  Lyallia Hook.

Sepals 5. Stamens 3-5. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 3 or 1.  18

18. Petals none. Sepals keeled, entire. Stamens 3. Leaves linear. Stipules dark red at the base.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Ortegia Loefl.

Petals 5.  19

19. Petals 2-parted.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa.  Drymaria Willd.

Petals entire, notched, or 2-toothed.  20

20. Sepals with a tooth on each side. Leaves awl-shaped. Stipules cut up into bristles.—Species 1. North Africa.  Loeflingia L.

Sepals entire.  21

21. Sepals keeled. Style short, 3-cleft.—Species 6. Some are used medicinally.  Polycarpon Loefl.

Sepals rounded on the back. Style long or rather long.—Species 25.
Some are used medicinally. (Polycarpia Webb, Polia Lour., including
Robbairea Boiss.) (Plate 45.)  Polycarpaea Lam.

22. (16.) Leaves with scarious stipules. Ovules numerous. [Tribe SPERGULEAE.]  23

Leaves without stipules. [Tribe ALSINEAE.]  25

23. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Ovules basal. Styles 3. Stamens 5.
Flowers white. Leaves oblong or ovate.—Species 5. North Africa and
Madagascar.  Telephium L.

Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules central. Flowers in raceme-like cymes. Leaves linear or subulate.  24

24. Styles and fruit-valves 3.—Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia.
Some are used medicinally. (Lepigonum Fries, Tissa Adans.)  Spergularia Pers.

Styles and fruit-valves 5.—Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in
Central and South Africa. Used as fodder. “Spurry.”  Spergula L.

25. Ovule 1. Styles 3. Stamens 10. Petals none, but usually 5 thread-like scales opposite the sepals. Fruit 3-valved to the middle. Leaves subulate. Flowers in clusters consisting of fertile and sterile flowers.—Species
1. North Africa.  Queria L.

Ovules 3 or more, rarely (Buffonia) 2.  26

26. Petals 2-parted, 2-cleft, or distinctly notched. Flowers solitary or in panicle-like cymes.  27

Petals entire, minutely toothed, obscurely notched, or wanting.  28

27. Fruit globose. Styles 2-3, rarely 4-5, alternating with the sepals.—Species
6. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics.
Some are used medicinally. “Stitchwort.”  Stellaria L.

Fruit cylindrical. Styles 5, rarely 3-4, opposite the sepals.—Species 20.
Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Cerastium L.

28. Petals minutely toothed. Styles 3. Ovules numerous. Fruit cylindrical.
Seeds peltate, compressed dorsally. Flowers in umbel-like cymes.—Species
1. North Africa.  Holosteum L.

Petals entire, slightly notched, or wanting.  29

29. Styles as many as the sepals, 4-5.  30

Styles fewer than the sepals, 2-4, very rarely 5.  32

30. Styles opposite the sepals. Stamens 8. Fruit opening at the top by 8 recurved teeth. Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. North Africa.
(Under Cerastium L.)  Moenchia Ehrh.

Styles alternating with the sepals. Stamens 4, 5, or 10. Fruit opening to the base in 4-5 valves.  31

31. Stamens as many as and alternating with the sepals. Petals none.—Species
2. Subantarctic islands.  Colobanthus Bartl.

Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals, or twice as many. Leaves subulate.—Species 7. North Africa, high mountains of Central Africa and subantarctic islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Pearlwort.”  Sagina L.

32. Styles 2. Ovules 2-4. Stamens 2-4. Sepals 4. Fruit opening to the base in 2 valves. Seeds 1-2. Leaves subulate.—Species 5. North-west
Africa.  Buffonia L.

Styles 3-5, rarely 2, but then (as usually) ovules more than 4. Sepals nearly always 5.  33

33. Valves of the fruit entire, as many as styles.—Species 8. North Africa and northern East Africa. (Including Minuartia L., under Arenaria L.) Alsine Wahlenb.

Valves of the fruit 2-toothed or 2-parted; in the latter case apparently twice as many as styles.  34

34. Seeds with an appendage at the hilum. Flowers white.—Species 2.
North-west Africa. (Under Arenaria L.)  Moehringia L.

Seeds without an appendage. Stamens 10.—Species 10. North Africa and northern Central Africa. “Sandwort.”  Arenaria L.

35. (1.) Calyx with an odd number of ribs. Petals usually with contorted aestivation. Styles or stigmas 2. [Tribe DIANTHEAE.]  36

Calyx with an even number of ribs. Petals usually with quincuncially-imbricate aestivation. Styles or stigmas 3-5. [Tribe LYCHNIDEAE.]  41

36. Calyx with scarious stripes between the lobes and with 5-35 ribs.  37

Calyx without scarious stripes, with 15-55 ribs.  38

37. Seeds peltate; embryo nearly straight. Leaves linear.—Species 2.
North Africa. (Including Dianthella Clauson).  Tunica Scop.

Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, elliptical, or ovate.—Species 2. North-east Africa to the Island of Socotra. The roots are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap.  Gypsophila L.

38. Petals with scales at the base of the blade, which are sometimes reduced to hairs. Calyx not surrounded by bracts.  39

Petals without scales at the base of the blade, but usually with a winged
claw.  40

39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales small or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.—Species 1.
North Africa.  Velezia L.

Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like outgrowths on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade. Stamens
10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves lanceolate.—Species
4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.”  Saponaria L.

40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded by bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo.—Species 1. North Africa. The roots are used as a substitute for soap. (Under Saponaria L.)  Vaccaria Medik.

Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.—Species
25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa.
Many of them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of perfumes. “Pink.”  Dianthus L.

41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit completely
1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade.  42

Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10.  43

42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules numerous.—Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South
Africa. The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.”
(Githago Desfont., under Lychnis L.)  Agrostemma L.

Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules few.—Species
3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons.  Uebelinia Hochst.

43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated, 10-20-ribbed.
Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit opening by
6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.—Species 6. North-west and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute for soap.
(Under Lychnis L.)  Melandryum Roehl.

Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base.  44

44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals greenish-white, with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales at its base.
Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.—Species 1.
North-west Africa.  Cucubalus L.

Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.—Species 75. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a substitute for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including
Eudianthe Rohrb.)  Silene L.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 45.

J. Fleischmann del.

Polycarpaea linearifolia DC.

A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Seed.

RANUNCULACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 46.

J. Fleischmann del.

Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl

A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise.

ORDER RANALES

SUBORDER NYMPHAEINEAE

FAMILY 76. NYMPHAEACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, undivided, usually peltate. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3 or more. Petals 3 or more. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 or more, distinct or united below into a many-celled ovary. Stigmas free or partly united. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 3, species 20.

1. Carpels separate, few-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Flowers red, axillary.
Leaves ovate, without stipules.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). Used medicinally. (Hydropeltis Michx.) [Subfamily CABOMBOIDEAE.]  Brasenia Schreb.

Carpels united, at least on the outside, many-ovuled. Sepals 4-5. Petals numerous. [Subfamily NYMPHAEOIDEAE.]  2

2. Sepals 4. Ovary more or less free from the calyx, but adnate to the corolla and the stamens. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with a stipule.
Leaf- and flower-stalks with 4-7 large air-canals.—Species 20. Used as ornamental and fodder-plants; the root-stock and the seeds are edible and yield a drink, medicaments, and a dye. “Water-lily.”
(Castalia Salisb.) [Tribe TETRASEPALEAE.]  Nymphaea Smith

Sepals 5. Petals smaller. Flowers yellow. Ovary free. Seeds without an aril. Leaves without stipules. Leaf- and flower-stalks with many small air-canals.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants, as fodder, and for the preparation of a drink. (Nymphaea
Salisb.) [Tribe NUPHAREAE.]  Nuphar Smith

FAMILY 77. CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Branched submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled, deeply divided into forked, linear segments. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, without bracteoles, unisexual. Perianth simple; segments 9-12, subequal, united at the base, greenish or whitish. Stamens 12-16, inserted upon a convex receptacle; anthers opening outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, straight. Style simple; stigma entire, grooved. Fruit a nut. Seed with a thin albumen; embryo with a large, many-leaved plumule.

Genus 1, species 3.  Ceratophyllum L.

SUBORDER RANUNCULINEAE

FAMILY 78. RANUNCULACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves usually divided. Perianth simple or consisting of a calyx and a corolla of free petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or separate, rarely (Nigella) united. Ovules inverted. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 11, species 140. (Plate 46.)

1. Carpels containing each a single perfect ovule and sometimes some rudimentary ones, separate, indehiscent. [Tribe ANEMONEAE.]  2

Carpels containing several perfect ovules each, dehiscing at the suture.  7

2. Petals with a pit or scale at the base or the middle.  3

Petals without a pit or scale, or wanting. Ovule pendulous.  4

3. Ovule pendulous. Carpels arranged in a spike. Sepals with a short spur, yellowish. Petals narrow. Stamens few. Pericarp without a hardened layer. Small herbs. Leaves radical, undivided, linear.—Species
2. North-west Africa. Poisonous plants. “Mousetail.”  Myosurus L.

Ovule ascending. Pericarp with a hardened layer.—Species 50. Many of them are poisonous, some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Ceratocephalus Pers. and Ficaria Dill.)  Ranunculus L.

4. Ovary and fruit with 1-3 longitudinal veins or without veins. Ovule with a single coat.  5

Ovary and fruit with 4 or more longitudinal or transverse veins. Ovule with 2 coats. Leaves alternate or all radical.  6

5. Leaves opposite. Herbs or more frequently climbing shrubs. Perianth-segments
4-8, petal-like, usually valvate in the bud.—Species 40.
Many of them are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Clematis L.

Leaves radical and alternate, or the uppermost whorled. Herbs, rarely low shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-20, imbricate in the bud.—Species
15. North, South, and East Africa. Several are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Knowltonia Salisb.)
(Plate 46.)  Anemone L.

6. Perianth simple, of 3-5 segments. Carpels inserted upon a flat receptacle, marked with longitudinal veins. Flowers in racemes or cymes.—Species
4. Poisonous plants, used for dyeing and in medicine.  Thalictrum L.

Perianth of 5 sepals and 5-16 petals. Carpels inserted upon a cylindrical receptacle, marked with transverse veins. Flowers solitary, terminal.—Species
4. North Africa. Poisonous, also used in medicine and as ornamental plants.  Adonis L.

7. (1.) Perianth consisting of 5 or more sepals and 5-8 red, not glandular petals. Stamens united at the base, slightly perigynous. Carpels several, separate, fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules longer than the inner.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. [Tribe PAEONIEAE.]  Paeonia L.

Perianth consisting of 5 petal-like, usually blue sepals and 1-8 glandular petals (nectaries). Stamens free, hypogynous. Carpels not fleshy.
Outer coat of the ovules as long as or shorter than the inner. [Tribe
HELLEBOREAE.]  8

8. Perianth regular. Petals 5-8.  9

Perianth irregular. Petals 1-4, usually 2.  10

9. Petals 5, large, with a long spur. Carpels separate. Leaves ternately dissected; segments broad. Tall, perennial herbs.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. “Columbine.”  Aquilegia L.

Petals 8, small, not distinctly spurred. Carpels more or less united.
Leaves pinnately dissected; segments narrow. Low annual herbs.—Species
6. North Africa. Some (especially N. sativa L.) yield condiments and medicaments, others serve as ornamental plants.  Nigella L.

10. Petals with a long claw, enclosed by the sepals. Upper sepal erect, helmet-shaped.
Flowers yellow.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
Poisonous and used in medicine.  Aconitum L.

Petals sessile, projecting beyond the sepals. Upper sepal spreading, spur-shaped.—Species
18. North and East Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Larkspur.”  Delphinium L.

FAMILY 79. BERBERIDACEAE

Leaves alternate or all radical. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-9, more or less petal-like and yellow, at least the inner ones. Petals (nectaries) 4-8. Stamens 4-6, free. Anthers turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more, basal or inserted along the ventral suture. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 3, species 6. North and East Africa.

1. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves undivided. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers
6-merous. Fruit a berry.—Species 4. North and East Africa.
They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments, and edible fruits which are also used for the preparation of drinks and confectionery. “Barberry.” [Tribe BERBERIDEAE.]  Berberis L.

Stem herbaceous, low. Leaves dissected. Inflorescence lateral. Fruit
a capsule. [Tribe EPIMEDIEAE.]  2

2. Flowers 4-merous. Ovules many, inserted along the ventral suture.
Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds with an aril.—Species 1. North-west
Africa.  Epimedium L.

Flowers 6-merous. Ovules few, basal. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds without an aril.—Species 1. North-west Africa. The tubers are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap.  Leontice L.

FAMILY 80. MENISPERMACEAE

Stem usually woody and twining. Leaves alternate, undivided, palmately lobed or digitate, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual, nearly always dioecious, mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals usually 6. Petals usually 6, smaller than the sepals, sometimes absent. Stamens generally as many as and opposite the petals. Anthers opening by slits. Carpels 3-30, separate, more rarely solitary. Ovule 1, pendulous or laterally affixed, half-inverted with superior micropyle, sometimes accompanied at first by a second which is soon suppressed. Fruits drupaceous.—Genera 27, species 100. (Plate 47.)

1. Sepals 4 in the male flowers, 1-2 in the female. Petals of the male flowers
2-4, united below, of the female 1-3. Stamens united. Carpels solitary.  2

Sepals 6-24, rarely (Stephania) in the female flowers only 3-4. Petals free or wanting. Carpels 3-30, free, rarely (Stephania) solitary.  3

2. Female flowers with 1 sepal and 1 petal, rarely with 2-3 petals, in cymes.
Leaves broad. Usually high-climbing plants.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Cissampelos L.

Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves usually narrow. Low-growing plants.—Species 4. South Africa.
(Under Cissampelos L.)  Antizoma Miers

3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4.  4

Sepals 9-24.  22

4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal in length.
Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.—Species 5. Central and South Africa.
(Including Homocnemia Miers and Perichasma Miers).  Stephania Lour.

Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6.  5

5. Sepals nearly equal in length.  6

Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the inner.  7

6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stigmas thick, entire.—Species 5. Central Africa. (Including
Ropalandria Stapf).  Dioscoreophyllum Engl.

Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves lobed.—Species
2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
“Calumba-root.”  Iatrorrhiza Miers

7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles. Leaves sinuated or dissected.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.  Syntriandrium Engl.

Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (Tiliacora) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and leaves undivided, very rarely (Penianthus) petals wanting.  8

8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top.
Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.—Species 2. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay.  Epinetrum Hiern

Stamens 3-9, usually 6.  9

9. Filaments free or united at the base only.  10

Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond.  17

10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits.  11

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits.  13

11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0.
Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of the style nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform albumen and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes arranged in racemes.—Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and Egypt.
They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (Cebatha Forsk.) (Plate 47.)  Cocculus L.

Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the style nearly terminal.  12

12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous, with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.—Species 2.
West Africa. (Including Heptacyclum Engl.)  Penianthus Miers

Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3.
Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and thin leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved.
Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.—Species
4. West Africa.  Kolobopetalum Engl.

13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves cordate-ovate, palmately 5-7-nerved.  14

Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or penninerved.  15

14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the female flowers 6.—Species 1. Northern Central Africa.  Tinospora Miers

Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the base.—Species
7. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Desmonema Miers

15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds straight.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Cocculus DC.)  Orthogynium Baill.

Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved.  16

16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened. Endocarp tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). (Under Tinospora Miers).  Platytinospora Diels

Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.—Species 12, Central
Africa. (Including Glossopholis Pierre, under Limacia Lour.)  Tiliacora Colebr.

17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9; scar of the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Spirospermum Thouars

Outer and inner stamens more or less united.  18

18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers. Anthers opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards. Carpels 3; endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled in racemes.—Species
1. West Africa. (Miersiophyton Engl., under Chasmanthera
Miers).  Rhigiocarya Miers

Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond.  19

19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft.
Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.)  Kolobopetalum Engl.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled, or tubercled.  20

20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers opening inwards. (See 16.)  Tiliacora Colebr.

Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes.  21

21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.)  Desmonema Miers

Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves broadly cordate.—Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible tubers.  Chasmanthera Hochst.

22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip.  23

Inner sepals free or nearly so.  24

23. Stamens 6-9. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 1. West Africa.  Synclisia Benth.

Stamens 15-30. Filaments united throughout their whole length.
Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.
(See 8.)  Epinetrum Hiern

24. Petals none.  25

Petals 3-9, usually 6.  27

25. Stamens 3. Filaments united. Anthers opening by two transverse slits. Carpels 3-4. Scar of the style near the base of the fruit. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in fascicled glomerules.—Species 2. West
Africa.  Syrrheonema Miers

Stamens 3, with free filaments, or 5-6. Anthers opening by sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Scar of the style terminal or lateral.  26

26. Carpels 3. Styles absent. Stigmas peltate. Anthers opening by confluent slits. Stem erect. Flowers in glomerules. (See 12.)  Penianthus Miers

Carpels 6 or more. Styles present. Stem climbing. Flowers in lax cymes or in panicles.—Species 12. Tropics. (Including Pycnostylis
Pierre, Rameya Baill., and Welwitschiina Engl.)  Triclisia Benth.

27. Petals 9. Stamens 21. Carpels 12.—Species 1. West Africa.  Sphenocentrum Pierre

Petals 3-6.  28

28. Stamens 3.  29

Stamens 6-18.  31

MENISPERMACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 47.

J. Fleischmann del.

Cocculus Leaeba DC.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed cut lengthwise.

ANONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 48.

J. Fleischmann del.

Anona senegalensis Pers.

A Branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stigma. D Anther. E Young fruit cut lengthwise.

29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.
Filaments united high up.  30

30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Strychnopsis Baill.

Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.—Species 5.
Madagascar. (Including Gamopoda Bak. and Tripodandra Baill.)  Rhaptonema Miers

31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female with 3 petals and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes or corymbs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.  Anisocycla Baill.

Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely.  32

32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes.  33

Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes.
Leaves undivided.  34

33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect. Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Burasaia Thouars

Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). Limaciopsis Engl.

34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female flowers present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.

Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers absent. (See 16.)  Tiliacora Colebr.

SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE.

FAMILY 81. ANONACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals 3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually numerous, rarely (Bocagea) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards. Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.—Genera 27, species 240. (Plate 48.)

1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentas.
[Tribe MONODOREAE.]  2

Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a many-celled ovary.  3

2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a wavy margin.—Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some
species are used as condiments and in medicine.  Monodora Dun.

Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the margin.—Species
15. Tropics. (Under Monodora Dun.)  Isolona (Pierre) Engl.

3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with united stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe
MILIUSEAE.]  Piptostigma Oliv.

Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4.  4

4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior hollow portion and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or connivent, rarely spreading, valvate in the bud, very rarely (Anona) the inner imbricate at the apex.
[Tribe XYLOPIEAE.]  5

Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually spreading, but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the stamens.  10

5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate with the sepals, or 6.—Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and others) from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe ANONINAE.]  Anona L.

Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.]  6

6. Ovules solitary.  7

Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6.  8

7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow bark and yellow hairs.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Under Xylopia L.)  Enantia Oliv.

Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon linear styles.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Oxymitra
Blume)  Stenanthera (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels

8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when ripe and contracted between the seeds. Trees.—Species 1. German East
Africa.  Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels

Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved when ripe.  9

9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence and the flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or scrambling shrubs.—Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine.  Artabotrys R. Br.

Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above.
Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules
2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.—Species 30.
Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments.
(Xylopicrum P. Br.)  Xylopia L.

10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at the base, subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles 2-cleft.—Species
6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.]  Hexalobus A. DC.

Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.]  11

11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.]  12

Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe UVARIINAE.]  23

12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not or scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual.  13

Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the anther-cells.  15

13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Congo).  Thonnera De Wild.

Petals 4.  14

14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female much larger than the male. Trees.—Species 2. Equatorial West
Africa.  Tetrastemma Diels

Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about as large as the male. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons).  Uvariopsis Engl.

15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes sterile.
Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.—Species 2. West
Africa (Congo).  Monanthotaxis Baill.

Petals in 2 rows.  16

16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.—Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Clathrospermum Planch.)  Popowia Endl.

Outer and inner petals spreading or erect.  17

17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated. Carpels
3, one-seeded.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Bocagea St. Hil.

Stamens numerous.  18

18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style short.
Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1 (C. odorata Hook. f. & Thoms., Ylang-Ylang).
Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which yield a perfume.  Cananga Rumph.

Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective.  19

19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs.
(See 9.)  Artabotrys R. Br.

Style short or wanting.  20

20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or clothed
with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous.  21

Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with stellate hairs. Carpels usually few.  22

21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with 2-8 seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 9. Tropics.  Unona L. f.

Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or with 2 seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules 1-2.—Species
8. Tropics. Several species yield timber.  Polyalthia Blume

22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species 2. Central
Africa. (Under Unona L. f.)  Meiocarpidium Engl. & Diels

Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.—Species 3.
Central Africa.  Uvariastrum Engl.

23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel.  24

Ovules numerous in each carpel.  26

24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle, numerous, one-seeded.
Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Sepals 3, small.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
Anona L.)  Anonidium Engl. & Diels

Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite.  25

25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate, scarcely larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9, one-ovuled; styles linear. Shrubs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.
(Under Unona L. f.)  Cleistochlamys Oliv.

Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the inner.
Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually sessile.—Species
9. West Africa. (Under Oxymitra Benth.)  Cleistopholis Pierre

26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much overlapping in the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa.  Pachypodanthium Engl. & Diels

Carpels free.  27

27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base only. Carpels about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united at the base, greatly exceeding the calyx.—Species 1. East Africa. (Asteranthopsis
O. Ktze., under Uvaria L.)  Asteranthe Engl. & Diels

Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually free.—Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments.  Uvaria L.

FAMILY 82. MYRISTICACEAE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40; filaments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending, inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril; albumen copious; embryo small.—Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 49.)

1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly developed.
Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Mauloutchia Warb.

Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent.
Aril distinctly developed.  2

2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large, in racemes or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit ovoid, dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible.  Myristica L.

Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10.  3

3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles. Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire.
Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral nerves of the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the margin; transverse veins faint.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. (Including Ochocoa Pierre).  Scyphocephalium Warb.

Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged in racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo with suberect cotyledons.  4

4. Flowers in simple, fascicle- or head-like inflorescences, subsessile. Anthers
3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.—Species 4. West
Africa. They yield timber.  Staudtia Warb.

Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or panicles.
Aril slit.  5

5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin.  6

Flowers sessile, in heads.  7

6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth cup-shaped.
Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.—Species
4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil.  Coelocaryon Warb.

Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel- or pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds yield a fat.  Virola Aubl.

7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers
2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves
of the leaves joined by arches near the margin.—Species 5. West
Africa and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under Myristica
L.) (Plate 49.)  Pycnanthus Warb.

Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen uniform.  8

8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as long as or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below; lateral nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse veins faint.—Species
1. German East Africa. (Under Brochoneura Warb.)  Cephalosphaera Warb.

Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly as strong transverse veins.—Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are used as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under Myristica L.)  Brochoneura Warb.

FAMILY 83. MONIMIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels solitary or several and then separate at the time of flowering, often sunk in the receptacle. Ovule 1. Seeds with a small embryo and fleshy albumen.—Genera 6, species 30. (Plate 50.)

1. Anthers opening by valves. Stamens numerous. Carpels 4 or more, sunk in the receptacle. Ovules erect. Perianth irregular, strap-shaped.
Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species
3. West Africa. (Plate 50.) [Subfamily ATHEROSPERMOIDEAE, tribe SIPARUNEAE.]  Glossocalyx Benth.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous. Perianth regular or nearly so. [Subfamily MONIMIOIDEAE.]  2

2. Receptacle (floral axis) small. Perianth-segments of the female flowers falling off singly. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1. [Tribe TRIMENIEAE.]  3

Receptacle large, cup- or urn-shaped, at length bursting. Perianth falling off entire and lid-like, or little developed and persistent. Carpels several or many.  4

3. Perianth of the male flowers protruding beyond the stamens. Flowers on long stalks, in lax racemes. Leaves alternate.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons).  Chloropatane Engl.

Perianth of the male flowers concealed by the stamens. Flowers on short stalks, in dense racemes. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Tropical and
South Africa. They yield timber. (Including Paxiodendron Engl.)  Xymalos Baill.

4. Receptacle cup-shaped, subsequently spreading, not enclosing the carpels.
Perianth falling off as a whole, lid-like. Stamens 10-12. Anther-halves confluent above. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in

MYRISTICACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 49.

J. Fleischmann del.

Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb.

A Part of a flowering branch. B Male partial inflorescence. C Male flower. D Fruit, the pericarp cut lengthwise.

MONIMIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 50.

J. Fleischmann del.

Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth.

A Flowering branch. B Female flower. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Carpel (the ovary cut lengthwise).

clusters, monoecious.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Mollinedia
Ruiz & Pav.) [Tribe MOLLINEDIEAE.]  Ephippiandra Decne.

Receptacle narrowly pitcher-shaped, subsequently increasing in size and enclosing the carpels. Perianth little developed. Stamens numerous.
Anther-halves separate. [Tribe MONIMIEAE.]  5

5. Stamens with a gland on each side. Carpels few, not sunk in the receptacle.
Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes, dioecious.—Species 4.
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments.  Monimia Thouars

Stamens without glands. Carpels numerous, sunk in the receptacle.—Species
20. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, dyes, or medicaments. (Ambora Juss.)  Tambourissa Sonn.

FAMILY 84. LAURACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments. Fertile stamens 4-14, perigynous. Anthers opening by 2-4 valves. Ovary superior, very rarely (Hypodaphnis) inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 15, species 75. (Plate 51.)

1. Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily LAUROIDEAE.]  2

Anthers 4-celled. [Subfamily PERSEOIDEAE.]  11

2. Anthers all turned inwards, 8-14, usually 12. Perianth 4-cleft. Flowers in umbels, dioecious or polygamous. Leafy shrubs or trees.—Species
2. North Africa. They yield timber, oil, perfumes, spices, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Laurel.” [Tribe
LAUREAE.]  Laurus L.

Anthers partly (the outer) turned inwards, partly outwards, 4-12, usually
9. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually panicled.  3

3. Stem thread-shaped, twining, parasitic. Leaves reduced to minute scales.
Perianth 6-cleft, the outer segments much smaller than the inner.
Fertile stamens 9.—Species 4. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. [Tribe CASSYTHEAE.]  Cassytha L.

Stem shrub- or tree-like. Leaves perfectly developed. Perianth with 6, rarely 4, subequal segments.  4

4. Receptacle accrescent, cupuliform, enclosing the fruit. Perianth-segments
6. Fertile stamens 9, rarely 12. [Tribe CRYPTOCARYEAE.]  5

Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit. [Tribe
APOLLONIADEAE.]  6

5. Fruit incompletely 6-celled. Pericarp adnate to the receptacle, but free from the seed. Cotyledons 6-lobed. Leaves penninerved.—Species 8.
Madagascar. They yield timber, oil, condiments, and medicaments.
(Agathophyllum Juss.)  Ravensara Sonn.

Fruit completely 1-celled. Pericarp easily separable from the receptacle, but adnate to the seed.—Species 10. Madagascar, South and East
Africa.  Cryptocarya R. Br.

6. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile stamens 4. Shrubs. Leaves linear-lanceolate.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Potameia Thouars

Perianth 6-parted or 6-cleft. Fertile stamens 6-9.  7

7. Fertile stamens 6, each with 2 glands. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Berniera Baill.

Fertile stamens 9, rarely 6, all or the outer ones without glands. Flowers in panicles.  8

8. Staminodes within the fertile stamens none. Filaments oblong or obovate, the inner ones each with 2 oblong, wholly adnate glands.—Species 3.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber.  Tylostemon Engl.

Staminodes within the fertile stamens present. Inner fertile stamens with 2 roundish glands at their base.  9

9. Perianth persistent. Leaves herbaceous.—Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber.  Apollonias Nees

Perianth deciduous. Leaves leathery.—Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield timber or edible seeds. (Afrodaphne Stapf, Hufelandia
Nees, Nesodaphne Hook., under Tylostemon Engl.)  Beilschmiedia Nees

10. (1.) Anthers 9-14 (usually 12), all turned inwards. Flowers dioecious, in umbels.—Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles.
They yield timber, a fat, and medicaments. (Tetranthera Jaqu.) [Tribe
LITSEEAE.]  Litsea Lam.

Anthers 9, the outer turned inwards, the inner outwards. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually in panicles. [Tribe CINNAMOMEAE.]  11

11. Staminodes very small and awl-shaped or wanting. Receptacle accrescent.
Flowers usually polygamous.  12

Staminodes well developed, thickened at the apex. Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent. Flowers usually hermaphrodite.  13

12. Anther-valves side by side. Ovary inferior.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). (Under Ocotea Aubl.)  Hypodaphnis Stapf

Anther-valves in superposed pairs. Ovary superior.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield timber, fat, condiments, and medicaments. (Including Mespilodaphne and Oreodaphne
Nees). (Plate 51.)  Ocotea Aubl.

13. Leaves trinerved. Perianth-segments falling singly after the time of flowering.—Species 2 (C. zeylanicum Breyn, cinnamon, and C. camphora
Nees & Eberm., camphor). Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, spices, and drugs for industrial and medicinal uses.  Cinnamomum Blume

Leaves penninerved. Perianth persisting or falling off as a whole.  14

LAURACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 51.

J. Fleischmann del.

Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Stamens. D Staminode. E Female flower cut lengthwise. F Group of fruits. G Young fruit cut lengthwise.

PAPAVERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 52.

J. Fleischmann del.

Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Petals (a the upper, b one of the lateral, c the lower). D Bundle of stamens (the third anther not visible). E Pistil (the ovary cut lengthwise).

14. Perianth yellow, with oblong segments, deciduous. Fruit large, greenish.—Species
1 (P. gratissima Gaertn., avocado-pear). Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruit, from which also a fat and a dye are prepared, and is used in medicine.  Persea Gaertn.

Perianth white, with ovate segments, persistent. Fruit small, blackish.—Species
1. Canary Islands and Azores. Yields timber. (Under
Persea Gaertn.)  Phoebe Nees

FAMILY 85. HERNANDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous or monoecious. Perianth 4-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-5, alternating with the inner perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 7. Tropics. (Under LAURACEAE or COMBRETACEAE.)

1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted.
Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.—Species 1. East Africa, Angola,
Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily GYROCARPOIDEAE.]  Gyrocarpus Jaqu.

Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre, hermaphrodite or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid and more or less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled. [Subfamily
HERNANDIOIDEAE.]  2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with 2 scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Illigera Blume

Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers
6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees.
Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more male.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in medicine.  Hernandia L.

ORDER RHOEADALES

SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE

FAMILY 86. PAPAVERACEAE

Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily albumen.—Genera 11, species 50. (Including FUMARIACEAE.) (Plate 52.)

1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2, tripartite
(or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen bearing a two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not milky.
[Subfamily FUMARIOIDEAE.]  2

Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers.  5

2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them, dehiscent,
3- or more-seeded.—Species 9. South and North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Cysticapnos Adans.)  Corydalis DC.

Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not appendaged.  3

3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on each side. Leaves fleshy.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Sarcocapnos DC.

Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each side, or triquetrous, or globular.  4

4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.)  Trigonocapnos Schlecht.

Fruit globular or compressed, erect.—Species 15. North, South, and East
Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
“Fumitory.” (Including Discocapnos Cham. & Schlechtend. and
Platycapnos Bernh.)  Fumaria L.

5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not milky.—Species
7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
[Subfamily HYPECOIDEAE.]  Hypecoum L.

Stamens numerous. [Subfamily PAPAVEROIDEAE.]  6

6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2. Stigma subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed, 1-celled,
2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.]  Hunnemannia Sweet

Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect.  7

7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and borne upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds appendaged.
Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally.
“Celandine.” [Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.]  Chelidonium L.

Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and opposite
to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so. [Tribe PAPAVEREAE.]  8

8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves
2-4. Juice yellow.  9

Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or indehiscent.
Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16.  10

9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in 2 erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.—Species 2.
North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the seeds yield oil.  Glaucium Juss.

Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4 connivent lobes. Fruit 1-celled.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Roemeria Medik.

10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice yellow.—Species 1.
Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil.  Argemone L.

Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.—Species 12.
North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. P. somniferum L. yields opium, oil, and edible seeds. “Poppy.”  Papaver L.

SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE.

FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, rarely (Cercopetalum) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, rarely (Dipterygium) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 20, species 260. (Plate 53.)

1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily CAPPARIDOIDEAE.]  2

Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees.  14

2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with
a long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.]  3

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.]  4

3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon
a convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.—Species 10. East Africa,
Madagascar and Mauritius.  Thylachium Lour.

Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated,
stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.—Species 50. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including Niebuhria DC. and Streblocarpus Arn.)  Maerua Forsk.

4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2.
Leaves digitate.—Species 2. South Africa.  Bachmannia Pax

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting, but then leaves undivided.  5

5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube- or strap-shaped appendage. Stamens
4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine.
(Including Schepperia Neck.)  Cadaba Forsk.

Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and sterile stamens together 10 or more.  6

6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves undivided.  7

Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous.  9

7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported upon a long stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals 3, rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.—Species 6. Central Africa.  Courbonia Brongn.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more.
Sepals 4, rarely 5.  8

8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.—Species 3. West Africa.  Buchholzia Engl.

Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.—Species
30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The fruits and roots of some are eaten or used medicinally.  Boscia Lam.

9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens
10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile ovules. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. West Africa.  Cercopetalum Gilg

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous.  10

10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united in two bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as many sterile stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species
3. East Africa.  Cladostemon A. Br. & Vatke

Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore.  11

11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like. Stamens
5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Pteropetalum Pax).  Euadenia Oliv.

Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more.  12

12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or open.
Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon a

CRUCIFERAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 53.

J. Fleischmann del.

Heliophila amplexicaulis L. fil.

A Plant with inflorescences. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruiting branch. E Seed cut lengthwise.

CAPPARIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 54.

J. Fleischmann del.

Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond.

A Branch with flowers and fruits. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Seed.

long gynophore, 1- or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 placentas. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 6. Tropics. Some species yield timber, edible fruit, or medicaments.  Crataeva L.

Petals imbricate in aestivation; sepals usually valvate. Disc and androphore little developed or wanting.  13

13. Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple and undivided, and then petals numerous. Petals clawed. Ovary with a long stalk, 1-celled.—Species
25. Central Africa.  Ritchiea R. Br.

Leaves simple, undivided. Petals 4, very rarely 5.—Species 50. Some of them yield timber, salad, condiments (capers from C. spinosa L.), edible fruits, and medicaments; some are poisonous.  Capparis L.

14. (1.) Fruit indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary with a very short stalk, 1-celled. Ovules 1-2. Style short. Undershrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. [Subfamily
DIPTERYGIOIDEAE.]  Dipterygium Decne.

Fruit dehiscing by 2 or more valves. Ovules 4 or more.  15

15. Fruit 1-seeded, dehiscing by many valves. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens
40-60. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Ovules 4-6. Style long. Shrubs.
Flowers fascicled.—Species 2. East Africa. [Subfamily CALYPTROTHECOIDEAE.]  Calyptrotheca Gilg

Fruit several- or many-seeded, dehiscing by 2 valves which separate from the persistent placentas. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovules numerous.
[Subfamily CLEOMOIDEAE.]  16

16. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals violet. Stamens 10-12, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary with a long stalk. Herbs. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under Cleome L.)  Chilocalyx Klotzsch

Calyx-tube none.  17

17. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like androphore, 6, all fertile. Ovary stalked.
Herbs. Leaves digitate.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa and
Egypt. Yields vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant. (Pedicellaria Schrank).  Gynandropsis DC.

Stamens inserted upon the receptacle, which is not prolonged into a distinct androphore.  18

18. Stamens numerous or intermixed with staminodes. Herbs. Leaves digitate.—Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables. (Including
Dianthera Klotzsch and Tetratelia Sond., under Cleome L.)
(Plate 53.)  Polanisia Raf.

Stamens 4-6, all fertile.  19

19. Disc reduced to 4 small glands. Ovary sessile. Style long. Trees.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Cleomodendron Pax

Disc ring- or saucer-shaped, sometimes produced into scales. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Cleome L.

FAMILY 88. CRUCIFERAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely the lower opposite, simple, but often divided, without stipules, but frequently with auricles at the base. Flowers without bracteoles, usually in racemes, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4, rarely 0. Stamens 6, of which 4 are longer, rarely 2-4, hypogynous, rarely subperigynous. Glands at the base of the stamens more or less developed. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or transversely septate, very rarely 3-celled. Ovules parietal, curved. Style simple, with 1-2 stigmas. Fruit dry, usually 2-valved. Albumen scanty or wanting. Embryo curved.—Genera 88, species 420. (Plate 54.)

1. Hairs, all or some of them, branched, at least at the base. Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. [Tribe HESPERIDEAE.]  2

Hairs simple or wanting.  37

2. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad.  3

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long.  19

3. Fruit-valves with a horn-like appendage. Radicle of the embryo accumbent.  4

Fruit-valves without an appendage, but the style sometimes appendaged.  7

4. Fruit-valves with a basal appendage. Seeds margined. Style appendaged at the base. Petals violet. Lateral sepals gibbous at the base.
Herbs covered with glandular tubercles.—Species 1. North Africa.  Lonchophora Dur.

Fruit-valves with an apical appendage. Seeds not margined. Petals white, yellow, or red. Plants without glandular tubercles.  5

5. Fruit-valves with a forked appendage. Petals pink. Leaves linear, entire. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Parolinia Webb

Fruit-valves with an entire appendage.  6

6. Fruit-valves with a blunt appendage below the apex. Petals red. Leaves oblong or ovate, sinuate or toothed. Undershrubs with star-shaped hairs.—Species 5. East Africa.  Diceratella Boiss.

Fruit-valves with a pointed appendage at the apex. Petals white or yellow. Leaves linear. Herbs with 2-cleft hairs.—Species 1. North
Africa.  Notoceras R. Br.

7. Lateral glands alone present, one on each side of the lateral stamens.
Stigmatic lobes usually long and erect, but sometimes united.  8

Lateral and median (anterior and posterior) glands present, sometimes blended into a ring. Stigmatic lobes usually short and spreading or indistinctly developed.  14

8. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Style with a dorsal gibbosity; stigma not sharply limited. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.—Species
15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Stock.”  Matthiola R. Br.

Plants without glandular tubercles. Stigma more or less sharply limited
at the base.

9. Longer filaments united to the top. Sepals connivent. Petals linear, white or pink. Seeds minute, in two rows. Bracts leaf-like. Leaves divided into narrow segments.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt).  Leptaleum DC.

Longer filaments free or slightly cohering.  10

10. Seeds thick; radicle incumbent. Fruit-valves more or less convex.
Petals white or pink.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Maresia Pomel).  Malcolmia R. Br.

Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.  11

11. Fruit-valves convex, with a faint middle-nerve, constricted between the seeds. Sepals saccate at the base. Petals pink. Hairs stellate.—Species
3. North Africa. (Under Farsetia Desv. or Malcolmia R. Br.).  Eremobium Boiss.

Fruit-valves flat, sometimes keeled.  12

12. Fruit-valves projecting inwards between the seeds, thick, obtusely angled.
Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Sepals erect. Petals pink.—Species 3.
North and East Africa.  Morettia DC.

Fruit-valves not projecting between the seeds.  13

13. Petals purple, narrow. Sepals erect, not saccate. Stigma acutely 2-lobed.
Seeds winged. Leaves narrow. Hairs 2-cleft.—Species 13. East and North Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Farsetia Desv.

Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. Fruit-valves with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row.—Species 15. North, East, and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-cress.”  Arabis L.

14. (7.) Median glands 4. Style 2-lobed; stigma dilated, not sharply limited.
Fruit-valves convex or keeled.  15

Median glands 2, usually confluent with the lateral ones into a ring.
Style short, truncate or somewhat depressed at the apex; stigma usually sharply limited.  16

15. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Wallflower.” (Including Dichroanthus
Webb).  Cheiranthus L.

Seeds thick; radicle incumbent.—Species 5. North Africa to Abyssinia.
Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine.  Erysimum L.

16. Partition of the fruit with two bundles of fibres; valves with a strong midrib. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
4. North Africa to Abyssinia. (Under Sisymbrium L.).  Descurainia Webb & Berth.

Partition of the fruit without bundles of fibres. Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish.  17

17. Fruit-valves flat, with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row; radicle accumbent. (See 13.).  Arabis L.

Fruit-valves more or less convex, with a strong middle-nerve.  18

18. Seeds with an accumbent radicle, in 2 rows.—Species 1. South Africa.
(Under Arabis L.).  Turritis L.

Seeds with an incumbent radicle, usually in 1 row.—Species 2. East,
South, and North Africa, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Arabis L. or
Sisymbrium L.).  Stenophragma Celak.

19. (2.) Fruit 1-seeded.  20

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  22

20. Sepals petal-like. Petals reddish. Glands none. Ovary 3-celled. Style very short. Fruit elliptical, much compressed. Shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Schlechteria Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Petals yellow or whitish. Glands present. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit orbicular. Herbs.  21

21. Filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Style none. Fruit flat, without a partition. Radicle accumbent. Fruit-stalk bent back. Leaves linear.
Hairs star-shaped.—Species 2. North Africa.  Clypeola L.

Filaments not appendaged. Style thread-shaped. Fruit thick, with a rudimentary partition. Radicle incumbent. Fruit-stalk erect or spreading. Cauline leaves sagittate. Hairs 2-3-cleft.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. (Vogelia Medik.)  Neslia Desv.

22. Fruit 2-4-seeded.  23

Fruit many-seeded.  30

23. Petals yellow.  24

Petals white or reddish.  26

24. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Filaments without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit with laterally compressed, boat-shaped valves and a linear partition. Seeds 2-3; radicle incumbent.
Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1.
Island of Socotra.  Lachnocapsa Balf.

Sepals not saccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes.  25

25. Median and lateral glands present. Filaments without an appendage.
Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit winged, 4-celled, indehiscent. Seeds 4; funicle very short. Embryo spirally twisted; radicle incumbent. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Leaves toothed.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally.  Bunias L.

Median glands absent. Filaments usually appendaged. Stigma obscurely lobed. Fruit dehiscing in two valves. Embryo not spiral; radicle accumbent. Plants without glandular tubercles.—Species 13. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine or as ornamental plants.
(Including Meniocus Desv.)  Alyssum L.

26. Fruit-valves with a large, wing-like appendage near the top, projecting inwards between the seeds. Style long. Seeds 4. Leaves toothed.—Species
1. North Africa. “Rose of Jericho.”  Anastatica L.

Fruit-valves without an appendage.  27

27. Fruit-valves boat-shaped, laterally compressed; partition narrow. Stigma sessile. Seeds 4.—Species 2. North Africa. (Including Hinterhubera
Reichb. and Hornungia Reichb.)  Hutchinsia R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or convex, dorsally or not compressed; partition broad.  28

28. Fruit-valves strongly convex; partition thick, woody. Fruit elliptical, tapering into the style. Seeds 2. Median glands wanting. Flowers short-stalked.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Euclidium R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or slightly convex; partition thin, membranous.  29

29. Median glands wanting. Partition of the fruit without fibres. Fruit orbicular. Spinous undershrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
(Under Alyssum L.).  Ptilotrichum C. A. Mey.

Median and lateral glands present. Partition of the fruit with scattered fibres.—Species 6. North and South Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and
St. Helena. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Koniga
Adans., under Alyssum L.)  Lobularia Desv.

30. Petals yellow.  31

Petals white or red.  34

31. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Shorter filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Fruit elliptical, flat. Seeds numerous, winged.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Farsetia Desv.)  Fibigia Medik.

Sepals not saccate.  32

32. Filaments, at least some of them, with an appendage, more rarely without, but then, as usually, seeds 2-8. Fruit-valves marked with a mid-rib at the base. (See 25.)  Alyssum L.

Filaments without an appendage. Seeds 10 or more. Fruit-valves with the mid-rib extending to the top.  33

33. Fruit ovate or elliptical, with rather flat valves and a faint middle-nerve.
Radicle accumbent.—Species 5. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Erophila DC.)  Draba L.

Fruit obovate or pear-shaped, with very convex valves and a strong middle-nerve.
Radicle incumbent. Leaves sagittate.—Species 3. North
Africa. They yield oil and medicaments.  Camelina Crantz

34. Petals red. Stigma 2-cleft. Seeds winged. Hairs 2-cleft. (See 13.).  Farsetia Turr.

Petals white. Stigma entire or notched. Seeds not winged.  35

35. Valves of the fruit flat or slightly convex, with a faint middle-nerve; partition broad. Radicle accumbent. Leaves undivided. (See 33.)  Draba L.

Valves of the fruit boat-shaped; partition narrow. Radicle incumbent.  36

36. Fruit broadened or notched at the apex.—Species 1. North Africa and northern East Africa, also naturalized in South Africa and the islands of St. Helena and St. Thomas. Used medicinally. “Shepherds purse.”  Capsella DC.

Fruit rounded or pointed at the apex. (See 27.).  Hutchinsia R. Br.

37. (1.) Stigma equally developed all round. Style-apex entire, rarely notched at right angles to the placentas. Cotyledons usually folded or twisted.
[Tribe THELYPODIEAE.]  38

Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. Style-apex entire or 2-lobed. [Tribe SINAPEAE.].  45

38. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad.  39

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad. Cotyledons transversely folded or spirally twisted.  42

39. Fruit without a partition, oblong, with convex, angled valves. Seed-coat spongy. Cotyledons neither folded nor twisted; radicle accumbent.
Leaves roundish.—Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. Used as a vegetable and in medicine.  Pringlea Hook. fil.

Fruit with a partition. Cotyledons folded or twisted; radicle incumbent.  40

40. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals white. Fruit oblong. Seeds flat. Cotyledons twice inflected lengthwise. Leaves reniform-cordate.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Chamira Thunb.

Sepals erect, not saccate. Cotyledons rolled inwards or folded transversely.  41

41. Seeds turgid, separated by transverse partitions. Fruit linear. Petals blue or red. Leaves linear.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Carponema Sond.

Seeds flat, not separated by transverse partitions, but the fruit often constricted between the seeds.—Species 60. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 54.)  Heliophila L.

42. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed winged. Leaves thread-shaped.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony).  Palmstruckia Sond.

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  43

43. Fruit dehiscent, rather flat, with usually more than 2 seeds. (See 41.)  Heliophila L.

Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Leaves linear or lanceolate.  44

44. Fruit compressed dorsally; valves with elevated ridges radiating from the centre. Style long. Seeds flat; cotyledons folded. Petals red.—Species
2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Cycloptychis E. Mey.

Fruit compressed laterally; valves ventricose; dissepiment very narrow.
Style short. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons involute. Petals yellow or red.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Brachycarpaea DC.

45. (37.) Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad.  46

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long.  77

46. Fruit transversely divided into two or more fertile cells. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. [Subtribe BRASSICINAE.]  47

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes produced into a seedless beak.  59

47. Fruit with 2 transverse cells (joints).  48

Fruit with 3 or more transverse cells.  56

48. Upper joint of the fruit 3-4-seeded, flat. Seeds oblong. Petals yellow. Undershrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).  Hemicrambe Webb

Upper joint of the fruit 1-seeded.  49

49. Fruit-valves flat, usually 1-nerved.  50

Fruit-valves convex.  51

50. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, connate.—Species 7. North Africa.  Moricandia DC.

Sepals spreading, not saccate. Stigmatic lobes short. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and
Island of St. Thomas; one species also naturalized in South Africa.
The seeds of some species are used as a condiment.  Diplotaxis DC.

51. Beak of the fruit flat, sharp-edged. Valves usually 3-nerved.  52

Beak of the fruit cylindrical or conical, terete or but slightly flattened.  53

52. Petals red. Lateral sepals saccate. Seeds ovoid. Fruits erect. Leaves dissected.—Species 2. North Africa. (Under Erucaria Gaertn.)  Reboudia Coss. & Durieu

Petals yellow or whitish with violet veins. Seeds globose. Leaves lyrate.—Species 5. North Africa, one species also cultivated in the
Mascarene Islands. The white mustard (S. alba L.) yields salad, oil, condiments, and medicaments. (Under Brassica L.)  Sinapis L.

53. Lower joint of the fruit indehiscent, narrower than the upper one, 3-4-seeded.
Petals yellow. Lateral sepals saccate.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. (Under Rapistrum Desv.)  Cordylocarpus Desf.

Lower joint of the fruit dehiscing in two valves, as broad as the upper one, rarely narrower, but then petals violet.  54

54. Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Petals yellow or white, sometimes with violet veins.—Species 25, five of them only cultivated or naturalized. Some species yield vegetables, salad, oil, condiments, or medicaments, especially B. oleracea L., cabbage,
B. campestris L., rapeseed, B. Napus L., turnip, and B. nigra Koch, black mustard. (Including Melanosinapis Schimp. & Spenn.)  Brassica L.

Seeds ovoid or oblong. Leaves pinnatipartite.  55

55. Fruit-valves net-veined with a strong midrib. Cotyledons truncate.
Sepals spreading. Petals white or yellow.—Species 6. North and
East Africa. (Including Hirschfeldia Moench, under Brassica L.)  Erucastrum Presl
Fruit-valves with several longitudinal nerves. Sepals connivent. Petals violet.—Species 4. North Africa. (Including Hussonia Coss.)  Erucaria Gaertn.

56. Seeds pendulous.  57

Seeds partly (the upper ones) erect.  58

57. Fruit flat or 4-angled. Stem very short. Leaves radical. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 3. North-west Africa. (Raffenaldia
Godr.)  Cossonia Durieu

Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers racemose.—Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized in South Africa, the second (R. sativus L.) cultivated and naturalized in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and medicaments.
“Radish.” (Raphanus L.)  Rhaphanus L.

58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Hispid herbs.
Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least the lower, subtended by bracts.—Species 4. North Africa to Nubia.  Enarthrocarpus Labill.

Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected.
Flowers without bracts. (See 55).  Erucaria Gaertn.

59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma sessile.
Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.—Species 5.
North Africa. Woad (I. tinctoria L.) yields a dye, other species are used medicinally.  Isatis L.

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  60

60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib.  61

Fruit-valves convex or keeled.  67

61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none.
Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet or purple. Glabrous plants.  62

Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent, glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but then radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate.  63

62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear. Petals with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, entire.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including Oudneya R. Br.)  Henophyton Coss. & Durieu

Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately divided. (See 50.).  Moricandia DC.

63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately divided.  64

Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row.  65

64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.—Species 2. North
Africa.  Ammosperma Hook. fil.

Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved.
Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.).  Diplotaxis DC.

65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or elliptical, not winged.
Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately divided.—Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Bittercress.” Cardamine L.

Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves usually undivided.  66

66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See 13.)  Arabis L.

Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Seeds in two rows, ovoid.
Sepals spreading. Petals white. Leaves undivided. (See 18.)  Turritis L.

67. (60.) Median glands absent. Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve.
Cotyledons convex or folded; radicle incumbent. Sepals erect or converging. Petals yellow or violet. Glabrous plants.  68

Median and lateral glands present, sometimes blended into a ring, rarely
(Nasturtium) median glands absent, but then fruit-valves with a faint or scarcely visible midnerve. Sepals erect or spreading. Petals white or yellow, sometimes with red or violet veins.  69

68. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes cohering. Cotyledons folded. (See 50.)  Moricandia DC.

Petals yellowish. Stigmatic lobes short or imperceptible. Seeds in a single row, oblong. Cotyledons convex. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. North Africa to Nubia. Used as a vegetable.  Conringia Heist.

69. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Sepals not saccate.  70

Radicle of the embryo incumbent; cotyledons usually folded.  71

70. Fruit-valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in a single row. Petals yellow.—Species 3. North, East, and South Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used as vegetables, salad, or fodder. “Wintercress.”  Barbarea R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve not reaching to the top. Seeds usually in two rows.—Species 15. Some of them (especially N. officinale
R. Br., watercress) yield salad, condiments, and medicaments. (Including
Roripa Scop.)  Nasturtium R. Br.

71. Cotyledons not folded. Fruit not beaked; valves with 1-3 strong ribs.
Glands confluent into a ring.  72

Cotyledons folded. Fruit usually beaked.  73

72. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Seeds striate. Petals white.
Leaves broad-cordate, toothed.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used medicinally. (Under Sisymbrium L.)  Alliaria Adans.

Style-apex notched beneath the stigma. Petals usually yellow.—Species
25. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Including Kibera
DC. and Nasturtiopsis Boiss.)  Sisymbrium L.

73. Fruit with a flat, sharp-edged beak, dehiscing in two valves. Seeds globular. Herbs with lyrate leaves.  74

Fruit with a cylindrical or conical, terete or slightly flattened beak, or without a beak.  75

74. Fruit-valves with a single strong longitudinal nerve. Seeds in 2 rows.
Sepals converging. Fruits erect, pressed against the stem.—Species 4.
North Africa and northern East Africa. The seeds are used as a condiment or in medicine. (Including Rytidocarpus Coss.)  Eruca Lam.

Fruit valves with 3 longitudinal nerves. Seeds in 1 row. Sepals spreading.
(See 52.).  Sinapis L.

75. Seeds oblong. Fruit-valves with a strong midrib. Lateral sepals saccate.
Petals yellow. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 6. Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Brassica L.)  Sinapidendron Lowe

Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Herbs.  76

76. Fruit indehiscent, spongy. Leaves lyrate. (See 57.)  Rhaphanus L.

Fruit dehiscing in two valves. (See 54.)  Brassica L.

77. (45.) Fruit indehiscent, transversely divided into 2-7 cells (joints), the lowest cell sometimes seedless.  78

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes prolonged into a seedless beak.  82

78. Fruit 3-7-jointed, oblong, flat. Style rather long. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Sepals erect or connivent, the lateral saccate.
Stem very short. Leaves radical, lyrate. Flowers solitary, axillary.
(See 57.)  Cossonia Durieu

Fruit 2-jointed. Flowers racemose.  79

79. Fruit compressed, the lower joint with a pendulous, the upper with an erect seed. Stigma sessile. Radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet or rose-coloured.—Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally.  Cakile Gaertn.

Fruit not essentially compressed. Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons folded.
Petals white or yellow.  80

80. Upper joint of the fruit with a partition and an erect seed; lower joint
1-2-seeded or seedless. Sepals spreading. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
7. North Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa.
(Including Ceratocnemon Coss. et Balansa, Didesmus Desv., Otocarpus
Durieu, and Rapistrella Pomel).  Rapistrum Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit without a partition, one-seeded; lower joint seedless. Sepals not saccate. Petals white.  81

81. Upper joint of the fruit tubercled, beaked. Seed erect or pendulous from the top of the cell. Cotyledons not lobed. Sepals suberect. Filaments not toothed. Leaves lobed.—Species 2. North-west Africa. (Including
Kremeria Coss.).  Muricaria Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit ribbed or smooth, not beaked. Seed pendulous from the long, ascending funicle. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Sepals spreading.—Species
7. North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables
(sea-kale).  Crambe L.

82. (77.) Fruit prolonged into a broad beak. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow, often marked with violet veins.  83

Fruit not distinctly beaked.  87

83. Fruit indehiscent, 1- or 3-celled, with a single perfect seed and usually a rudimentary one below it. Seed oblong. Herbs. Leaves toothed, lobed, or cleft.  84

Fruit dehiscing in 2 valves, completely or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds, but the seed of one cell sometimes rudimentary (in this case shrubs). Seeds globose or nearly so. Cotyledons folded.  85

84. Fruit 1-celled, with an oblique, sword-shaped beak.—Species 1. North-east
Africa (Egypt).  Schimpera Hochst. & Steud.

Fruit 3-celled, with a broad, hollow, chambered beak.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria).  Myagrum L.

85. Fruit with 2 seeds. Longer filaments united in pairs. Small shrubs.
Leaves entire.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Vella L.

Fruit with 6 or more seeds. Filaments free. Herbs. Leaves divided, at least some of them.  86

86. Fruit with 6-8 seeds and a leaf-like beak. Leaves twice pinnately dissected.—Species
1. North Africa.  Carrichtera Adans.

Fruit with many seeds and a sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyrate or undivided.
(See 74.)  Eruca Lam.

87. (82.) Fruit 1-seeded.  88

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  91

88. Fruit slightly or not compressed, ovoid, with a crusty rind. Seed globular.
Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. Petals white. Filaments without an appendage. Glands confluent. Radical leaves pinnately divided. Fruit-stalks spreading-erect.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria).  Calepina Adans.

Fruit much compressed. Leaves undivided.  89

89. Sepals petal-like. Petals rose-coloured. Filaments without an appendage.
Glands wanting. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit elliptical. Radicle accumbent.
Shrubs. Leaves entire. (See 20.)  Schlechteria Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Herbs or undershrubs.  90

90. Petals rose-coloured. Longer filaments with a tooth-like appendage.
Median glands wanting. Apex of the style truncate beneath the stigma.
Fruit discoid, winged.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants.  Aethionema R. Br.

Petals yellow. Filaments without an appendage. Median and lateral
glands confluent into a ring. Apex of the style more or less 2-lobed beneath the stigma. Fruit with 6 longitudinal nerves. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 59.)  Isatis L.

91. (87.) Fruit 2-seeded.  92

Fruit 4- or more-seeded.  99

92. Fruit much compressed from the back, oblong, with a soon vanishing partition and flat, net-veined valves. Seeds horizontal, winged; radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet. Leaves pinnatisect.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt).  Ricotia L.

Fruit compressed from the side, and then with a narrow partition, or not compressed; partition well developed.  93

93. Fruit distinctly compressed laterally.  94

Fruit not distinctly compressed.  97

94. Fruit moderately compressed, with a lanceolate or elliptical partition, opening by 2 valves. Seeds pendulous; radicle incumbent, rarely obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals white, more rarely yellowish or wanting.—Species 20.
Some of them (especially L. sativum L., garden-cress) yield salad, oil, and medicaments.  Lepidium L.

Fruit strongly compressed, with a linear partition.  95

95. Seeds horizontal, inserted in the middle of the cell. Radicle short, accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals yellow. Median and lateral glands present.—Species 6. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Biscutella L.

Seeds pendulous from the top of the cell. Petals, when present, white, red or violet.  96

96. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo.
Style very short. Fruit reniform, wrinkled, indehiscent.—Species 7.
Some of them are used medicinally. (Senebiera Poir.)  Coronopus Gaertn.

Radicle accumbent; cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo.
Style distinctly developed. Fruit ovate. Outer petals larger than the inner. Median glands wanting.—Species 4. North-west Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Candytuft.”  Iberis L.

97. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, globular, prickly, with a pierced partition.
Style subulate, with short, blunt lobes. Seeds globose, with a thread-shaped funicle. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals yellow. Herbs.
Leaves pinnatisect.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Succowia Medik.

Fruit indehiscent, with a thick partition. Style conical. Seeds with a very short funicle.  98

98. Fruit angular-subglobose, tubercled. Style very short, with short lobes.
Seeds oblong. Radicle obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Sepals spreading. Petals yellow.
Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Egypt).  Ochthodium DC.

Fruit ovoid. Style rather long, with long lobes. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect.
Petals rose-coloured. Spinous shrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 2.
North Africa to Nubia.  Zilla Forsk.

99. (91.) Fruit compressed from the back or not compressed; hence partition as broad as the fruit.  100

Fruit laterally compressed; partition narrower than the fruit.  104

100. Seeds 4, in a single row, flat, with a long free funicle; radicle accumbent.
Fruit with a soon vanishing partition; valves flat, without a distinct median nerve; style very short. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet. Only two lateral glands present. Leaves pinnately dissected.
Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 92.).  Ricotia L.

Seeds more than 4, nearly always in two rows. Fruit with a persistent partition. Sepals not saccate.  101

101. Seeds flat, winged. Funicle adnate to the partition at the base. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Fruit with a stalk-like appendage at the base; valves slightly convex. Petals rose or violet. Leaves undivided or lobed.—Species 2. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Savignya DC.

Seeds turgid or flat but not winged. Funicle free. Radicle accumbent.
Petals white or yellow.  102

102. Fruit-valves with a very faint median nerve not reaching the top, or without
a distinct median nerve, convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex lobed.
Median and lateral glands developed. (See 70.)  Nasturtium R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a distinct median nerve reaching the top. Median glands wanting.  103

103. Fruit-valves distinctly convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Petals white. Filaments curved.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. (Under Cochlearia L.)  Kernera Medik.

Fruit-valves rather flat. Style-apex lobed or depressed beneath the stigma. Glands 4. Leaves undivided. (See 33.)  Draba L.

104. (99.) Median and lateral glands present. Sepals erect. Fruit winged.
Style long. Seeds numerous. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded.
Leaves undivided.  105

Median glands absent. Style short, rarely long, but then radicle accumbent.
Cotyledons not folded.  106

105. Petals white, with dark veins. Fruit obcordate. Style-apex shortly and obtusely lobed. Hispid herbs.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Psychine Desf.

Petals violet or red. Fruit ovoid. Style-apex distinctly and acutely
lobed. Glabrous herbs.—Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia.  Schouwia DC.

106. Stamens more or less perigynous. Petals white. Seeds 4-6. Cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo.  107

Stamens hypogynous. Cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo.  108

107. Filaments with an appendage at their base. Fruit winged above. Style short. Seeds 4. Radicle accumbent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or pinnatipartite.—Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as vegetables.  Teesdalia R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Fruit not winged. Style absent.
Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent. Leaves linear.—Species 1. High mountains of East Africa.  Subularia L.

108. Filaments, at least the longer ones, with a tooth-like appendage. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals rose-coloured. Style short. Radicle incumbent. Flowers in racemes. (See 90.).  Aethionema R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Sepals not saccate.  109

109. Flowers solitary in the axils of the radical, undivided leaves. Petals rose-coloured. Fruit-valves wingless, separating from the laterally dilated placentas. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Ionopsidium Reichb.

Flowers in racemes. Fruit-valves separating from the narrow or thickened but not dilated placentas, or fruit indehiscent.  110

110. Fruit-valves not winged. Fruit oblong or ovate. Petals white. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 27.)  Hutchinsia R. Br.

Fruit-valves winged.  111

111. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or rose. Leaves undivided.—Species
6. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used medicinally. “Penny-cress.”  Thlaspi L.

Radicle incumbent.  112

112. Fruit oblong or elliptical. Stigma sessile. Petals white or yellow.
Leaves undivided.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including
Pastorea Tod.)  Bivonaea DC.

Fruit obcordate. Stigma borne upon a short style. Funicle free. Petals white. (See 36.).  Capsella DC.

SUBORDER RESEDINEAE

FAMILY 89. RESEDACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular. Sepals 4-8. Petals 2-8, free, rarely 0. Disc hypogynous, one-sided, rarely wanting. Stamens 3-40, free or united at the base. Carpels 2-6, superior and usually stalked, open at the top, distinct or united and then forming a 1-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with a curved embryo.—Genera 6, species 45. (Plate 55.)

1. Carpels 5-6, distinct or cohering at the base only. Petals 5. Leaves lanceolate, entire.  2

RESEDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. APR.

Pl. 55.

J. Fleischmann del.

Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Petal. D Stamens. E Ovary cut lengthwise and across. F Fruit. G Seed cut lengthwise. H Part of a branch with clusters of leaves.

DROSERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 56.

J. Fleischmann del.

Drosera Burkeana Planch.

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Petal. D Flower without the corolla (the calyx cut lengthwise). E Style. F Older flower. G Older flower cut lengthwise. H Seed.

Carpels 2-4, united at least to the middle, forming a 1-celled ovary open at the top with parietal placentation; if carpels united to the middle only, then petals 4.  3

2. Carpels with a single descending ovule attached in the middle of the cell, stellately spreading when ripe. Shrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria).  Astrocarpus Neck.

Carpels with 2-3 basal ovules. Herbs.—Species 3. North and Central
Africa.  Caylusea St. Hil.

3. Petals none. Sepals 6. Stamens 10-30, hypogynous. Stigmas 3.
Fruit berry-like, closed at the top. Shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species
5. North Africa and northern East Africa.  Ochradenus Del.

Petals 2-8. Fruit capsular, open at the top.  4

4. Petals 2. Disc wanting. Stamens 3-10, hypogynous. Ovary sessile.
Stigmas 4. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 6. South Africa and
North Africa to Nubia. (Plate 55.)  Oligomeris Cambess.

Petals 4-8. Disc present.  5

5. Petals perigynous, 6-8. Stamens perigynous, numerous. Disc double.
Stigmas 2-3. Shrubs.—Species 2. North Africa and northern
East Africa.  Randonia Coss.

Petals hypogynous, 4-7. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary stalked. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 30. North Africa and northern East Africa; one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species (especially
R. luteola L.) yield a dye, oil, and medicaments, others (especially R. odorata L.) are used as ornamental plants and in perfumery. “Mignonette.”
(Including Luteola Tourn.).  Reseda L.

SUBORDER MORINGINEAE

FAMILY 90. MORINGACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stipules gland-like or wanting. Flowers in panicles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Petals 5, perigynous, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with 5 staminodes. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Ovary short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. (Under CAPPARIDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 6. Five species spontaneous in northern East Africa,
Madagascar, and Egypt; the sixth (M. oleifera Lam., horse-radish-tree) cultivated and sometimes naturalized on the coasts of the tropics.
This species yields gum, fibre, tanners’ bark, fodder, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments.  Moringa Juss.

ORDER SARRACENIALES

FAMILY 91. NEPENTHACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, terminating in a pitcher. Flowers regular, dioecious. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4 or more, with united filaments; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Stigmas 4, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a straight, axile embryo and fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. Used as ornamental plants. “Pitcher plant.”  Nepenthes L.

FAMILY 92. DROSERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually covered with glandular hairs and rolled up in the bud. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-8-lobed or parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-8, usually 5, free, clawed, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 4-20, as many as or more than the petals, hypogynous or nearly so, free. Anthers usually turned outwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules numerous (10 or more), inverted. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a small embryo.—Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 56.)

1. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free, with capitate stigmas. Ovules basal or nearly so. Undershrubs. Leaves linear, glandular-hairy, rolled up in the bud. Flowers in corymbs.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Morocco).  Drosophyllum Link

Stamens 4-8. Styles or style-branches 2-5, with not much thickened stigmas. Ovules parietal. Herbs.  2

2. Blade of the leaves jointed to the stalk, folded lengthwise, surrounded by bristles, without glands at the edges. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens 5. Styles 5, free, with branched stigmas.
Ovules few, affixed at the middle of the placentas. Floating water-plants.—Species
1. Upper Nile.  Aldrovanda L.

Blade of the leaves not jointed, flat, rolled up in the bud, bearing long-stalked glands at the edges. Ovules numerous.—Species 13. Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used in the preparation of liquors and in medicine. “Sundew.” (Plate 56.)  Drosera L.

ORDER ROSALES

SUBORDER PODOSTEMONINEAE

FAMILY 93. PODOSTEMONACEAE

Aquatic herbs resembling mosses or algae. Flowers solitary or in cymes, usually enclosed when young in a spathe, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales, rarely larger and 3-parted. Stamens 1-4, hypogynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with a central placenta. Ovules numerous, sub-sessile, inverted. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 9, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.)

PODOSTEMONACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 57.

J. Fleischmann del.

Tristicha alternifolia Tul.

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise.

HYDROSTACHYACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 58.

J. Fleischmann del.

Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss.

A Plant in flower. B Male flower with its bract. C Female flower, and ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed.

1. Flowers without a spathe, regular. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1.
Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.) [Tribe TRISTICHEAE.]  Tristicha Thouars

Flowers at first enclosed in a spathe, irregular. Perianth of 2, rarely of
3 small scales. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles 1-2.
Leaves usually dissected.  2

2. Style 1, very short; stigma entire. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3-4; filaments free or nearly so. Stem elongate. Spathe close to the flower.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola). [Tribe MARATHREAE.]  Angolaea Wedd.

Styles 2, free or united at the base. Stamens 2, rarely (Winklerella) 3, but then filaments united about halfway up. [Tribe PODOSTEMONEAE.]  3

3. Filaments free or nearly so. Ovary stalked.  4

Filaments obviously united.  5

4. Fruit with unequal valves, the persistent valve 5-nerved, the deciduous one 3-nerved. Stem little branched. Leaves linear or the lower with two teeth at the base.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Ledermanniella Engl.

Fruit with two equal, persistent, linear, 5-nerved valves. Stem much branched. Leaves divided in 2-5 narrow segments.—Species 2.
West Africa. Used as salad.  Dicraeanthus Engl.

5. Ovary and fruit 1-celled, the latter with somewhat unequal valves. Flowers drooping.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as salad.
(Including Isothylax Baill.)  Sphaerothylax Bisch.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled.  6

6. Fruit with unequal valves, one of which falls off, and with prominent ribs.
Pollen-grains united in pairs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Podostemon Mich.

Fruit with equal valves.  7

7. Fruit smooth, without distinct ribs. Pollen-grains separate. Flowers drooping.—Species 3. Southern Central Africa. (Leiocarpodicraea
Engl., under Dicraea Thouars).  Leiothylax Warm.

Fruit with prominent ribs.  8

8. Fruit 2-toothed at the top, with boat-shaped valves, one of them or both falling off. Pollen-grains separate.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Winklerella Engl.

Fruit with persistent valves. Pollen-grains united in pairs.—Species 9.
Tropics. (Under Podostemon Mich.)  Dicraea Thouars

FAMILY 94. HYDROSTACHYACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Stem tuberous. Leaves with a sheath and a ligule. Flowers in spikes, bracteate, without a perianth, dioecious. Stamen 1, with separated anther-halves (or 2 with united filaments), hypogynous. Anthers turned outwards. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under PODOSTEMONACEAE.) (Plate 58.)

Genus 1, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Hydrostachys Thouars

SUBORDER SAXIFRAGINEAE

FAMILY 95. CRASSULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Stem and leaves usually succulent. Leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals 3-20, free or united below, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments free. Anthers turned inwards. Carpels as many as the petals, free or united at the base, usually with a scale-like appendage. Ovules numerous, rarely (Crassula) 1-2 in each carpel. Fruit-carpels follicular. Seeds with a very scanty albumen or without albumen.—Genera 10, species 400. (Plate 59.)

1. Petals free or nearly so.  2

Petals united below into a distinct, usually long tube.  5

2. Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 3-9, usually 5. Sepals free or nearly so. Petals white or reddish. Leaves opposite.—Species 180.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Bulliarda DC., Dinacria Harv., Helophytum Eckl. & Zeyh., and Tillaea
L.)  Crassula L.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals, rarely (Sedum) equalling the sepals in number, but then leaves alternate.  3

3. Flowers 4-5-merous, very rarely 6-7-merous. Sepals free or nearly so. Leaves usually scattered.—Species 25. North Africa and high mountains of East Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants.  Sedum L.

Flowers 6-20-merous, very rarely 5-merous. Sepals more or less united.
Leaves usually rosulate.  4

4. Scale-like appendages of the carpels broad, petaloid. Petals linear-lanceolate, inconspicuous, reddish or yellowish.—Species 10. North-west
Africa. (Petrophyes Webb).  Monanthes Haw.

Scale-like appendages of the carpels small or wanting. Petals lanceolate, brightly coloured.—Species 70. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “House-leek.”
(Including Aeonium Webb, Aichryson Webb, and Greenovia
Webb & Berth.)  Sempervivum L.

5. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite.  6

Flowers 5-6-merous.  8

CRASSULACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 59.

J. Fleischmann del.

Kalanchoë laciniata DC.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of carpels. D Fruit. E Seed.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 60.

J. Fleischmann del.

Brexia madagascariensis Thouars

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.

6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn- or almost bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate.
Undershrubs.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Crassuvia Comm.)  Bryophyllum Salisb.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small.  7

7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube- or bell-shaped; segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens
8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.—Species 15. Madagascar.
(Under Kalanchoe Adans.)  Kitchingia Bak.

Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but then corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla usually salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely truncate.—Species
45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an aromatic resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.)  Kalanchoë Adans.

8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely 12.—Species 40.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Echeveria DC., Mucizonia DC., Pistorinia DC., and Umbilicus DC.)  Cotyledon L.

Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite.  9

9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about the middle.
Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous herbs.—Species 1.
South Africa.  Grammanthes DC.

Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite to the base.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or undershrubs.—Species
4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Rochea DC.

FAMILY 96. SAXIFRAGACEAE

Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11, species 25. (Including GROSSULARIACEAE.) (Plate 60.)

1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily SAXIFRAGOIDEAE.] 2
Stem woody, rarely (Berenice) herbaceous above, but then style simple.
Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal.  3

2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves opposite, entire.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.  Vahlia Thunb.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled, with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.—Species 9. North
Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants.  Saxifraga L.

3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or incompletely
2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence often barren with enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.—Species 1 (H. Hortensia DC.)
Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St. Helena, Réunion). An ornamental plant. [Subfamily HYDRANGEOIDEAE.]  Hydrangea L.

Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2.  4

4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 2.
North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (R. Grossularia L., gooseberry) yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared. (Including
Grossularia A. Rich.) [Subfamily RIBESOIDEAE.]  Ribes L.

Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers unisexual. [Subfamily ESCALLONIOIDEAE.]  5

5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed.
Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Grevea Baill.

Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or
2-parted.  6

6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma.
Fruit a berry or drupe.  7

Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an entire stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate.  8

7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately connivent, rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disc.
Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry. Embryo shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands.  Roussea Smith

Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit a drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed. Low trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.—Species 2.
East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible. (Venana
Lam.) (Plate 60.)  Brexia Thouars

8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the base. Seeds linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Island of Réunion.  Berenice Tul.

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at the top, when young). Shrubs or trees.  9

9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in bud.
Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled, female solitary.—Species 1. South Africa.  Montinia L.f.

PITTOSPORACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 61.

J. Fleischmann del.

Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruiting branch. E Fruit. F Seed cut lengthwise.

CUNONIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 62.

J. Fleischmann del.

Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed.

Ovary half-inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Seeds albuminous. Leaves glandular-serrate. Flowers in panicles or in umbel-shaped cymes.  10

10. Sepals subulate. Petals ovate. Filaments thin. Seeds oblong. Shrubs with thin branches. Flowers small, polygamous.—Species 2. South
Africa and southern East Africa.  Choristylis Harv.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals linear or oblong. Filaments thick.
Trees with thick branches. Flowers rather large.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.  Forgesia Comm.

FAMILY 97. PITTOSPORACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free or nearly so. Petals 5, free or united below. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Disc none. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Ovules numerous, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a single coat. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a hard albumen and a small embryo situated near the hilum. (Under SAXIFRAGACEAE.) (Plate 61.)

Genus 1, species 35. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Pittosporum Banks

FAMILY 98. CUNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers in spike-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath the disc. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 or more to each cell. Styles 2-3, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 3, species 17. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under SAXIFRAGACEAE.) (Plate 62.)

1. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 3-cleft or 3-toothed, shorter than the calyx.
Disc perigynous, deeply 4-5-lobed. Connective acuminate. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Trees. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Stipules free. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Platylophus Don

Calyx imbricate in bud. Disc 8-10-lobed. Stipules united in pairs.
Flowers in clusters arranged in spikes or racemes.  2

2. Disc perigynous, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 10. Ovary
2-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds compressed, with a narrow wing.
Leaves compound, with 3 or more leaflets.—Species 1. South Africa.
Yields timber.  Cunonia L.

Disc hypogynous, free from the ovary. Seeds hairy.—Species 15. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, tans, dyes, and medicaments. (Plate 62.)  Weinmannia L.

FAMILY 99. MYROTHAMNACEAE

Balsamiferous shrubs. Leaves opposite, folded fan-like, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in spikes, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens 3-8; connective produced into a point; anthers attached at the base, opening by lateral slits; pollen-grains cohering in groups of four. Ovary lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 3-4, free, short and thick, with broadened stigmas. Fruit capsular or separating into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with copious albumen. (Under HAMAMELIDEAE or SAXIFRAGACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. The resin is used as a fumigant and in medicine. (Including Myosurandra Baill.)  Myrothamnus Welw.

FAMILY 100. BRUNIACEAE

Undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, undivided, without stipules, rarely (Staavia) with gland-like stipules. Flowers in heads, more rarely in spikes or racemes or solitary, hermaphrodite, 5-merous, very rarely 4-merous. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Petals free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (Lonchostoma) almost superior, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1-3. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds with a copious albumen and a minute embryo next the hilum.—Genera 12, species 55. South Africa. (Plate 63.)

1. Anthers linear or oblong, with parallel, wholly adnate cells. Petals clawed, the claw without distinct glands. Ovary and receptacle (calyx-tube) glabrous. Style 1, with 2-3 punctiform stigmas. [Tribe AUDOUINIEAE.]  2

Anthers sagittate or cordate, with partly free and divergent cells. [Tribe
BRUNIEAE.]  4

2. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6. Stigmas 3. Connective prolonged beyond the anther-cells, strap-shaped. Receptacle obconical. Petals red.
Flowers in head-like spikes. Bracteoles 7-10.—Species 1. Cape
Colony.  Audouinia Brongn.

Ovary 2-celled or later on 1-celled. Ovules 4 or 8. Stigmas 2. Connective not prolonged. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Flowers solitary or in racemes.  3

3. Ovary inferior. Receptacle obconical or cupular. Sepals hairy, deciduous.
Petals lanceolate. Flowers solitary.—Species 5. South Africa.  Thamnea Soland.

Ovary half-inferior. Ovules 4. Receptacle globular-urceolate. Sepals glabrous, persisting in fruit. Petals obovate, white. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles 6.—Species 1. Cape Colony.  Tittmannia Brongn.

BRUNIACECAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 63.

J. Fleischmann del.

Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.

HAMAMELIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 64.

J. Fleischmann del.

Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. and Zeyh.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (the petals cut off excepting one). C Cross-section of ovary.

4. Anthers sagittate. Petals sessile or with a glandless claw. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit consisting of 2 dehiscing parts.
Flowers in spikes.  5

Anthers cordate. Petals clawed, the claw with 2 glands.  6

5. Petals with the claws united into a tube. Sepals, anthers, and ovary hairy. Ovary almost superior. Bracteoles 2.—Species 3. Cape
Colony.  Lonchostoma Wickstr.

Petals sessile, free. Flowers glabrous. Sepals very short. Ovary almost inferior. Styles free. Bracteoles 4-8.—Species 3. Cape Colony.  Linconia L.

6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Glands at the base of the petals crest-like. Flowers hairy. Fruit indehiscent.  7

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, or a single style with 2 stigmas. Glands at the base of the petals tubercle- or pouch-like.  8

7. Sepals short and broad, triangular. Stamens curved inwards, shorter than the petals; anthers shortly cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary, spicately arranged. Bracteoles thread-shaped.—Species 1. Cape Colony.
(Under Berzelia Brongn.)  Mniothamnea Oliv.

Sepals awl-shaped. Stamens curved outwards, longer than the petals; anthers deeply cleft. Flowers in heads. Bracteoles club- or spoon-shaped.—Species
9. South Africa.  Berzelia Brongn.

8. Fruit one-seeded, usually indehiscent.  9

Fruit consisting of two dehiscent, usually one-seeded parts. Flowers in heads.  10

9. Receptacle obconical. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals short, with a very short, 2-tubercled claw. Stamens shorter than the petals, equal. Anthers adnate, shortly cleft. Style short and thick, kneed.—Species
8. South Africa. (Under Brunia L.)  Pseudobaeckea Nied.

Receptacle cylindrical. Sepals free above the ovary. Petals long, with
a long claw bearing a 2-lobed pouch. Stamens longer than the petals, unequal, the anterior longer. Anthers versatile, deeply cleft. Style long or rather long, almost straight. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers in heads.—Species 4. South Africa.  Brunia L.

10. Style 1, short and thick; stigmas 2, obliquely terminal, slightly thickened.
Anthers pointed at the apex. Receptacle rather long. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals oblong, shortly clawed, 2-tubercled at the base. Bracteoles thread-shaped.—Species 9. South Africa.  Staavia Thunb.

Styles 2, free or more or less cohering, but then long and thread-shaped; stigmas simple, terminal. Anthers rounded at the apex.  11

11. Sepals united beyond the ovary, triangular. Petals oblong, with a short claw bearing two tubercles at the base. Styles free, kneed above.
Bracts broad, shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles linear.—Species 8.
South Africa. (Under Berardia Sond.) (Plate 63.)  Raspalia Brongn.

Sepals free above the ovary, linear. Petals strap-shaped, with a long claw bearing two tubercles in the upper part. Styles more or less cohering, long, almost straight. Bracts narrow, longer than the flowers. Bracteoles spatulate or sickle-shaped.—Species 5. South Africa. (Berardia
Brongn.)  Diberara Baill.

FAMILY 101. HAMAMELIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, 4-5-merous. Petals narrow, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Fertile stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodes. Filaments free. Anthers opening by lateral slits or by valves. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.—Genera 3, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 64.)

1. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Staminodes none.
Anthers ovoid., opening by valves. Shrubs. Stipules short and narrow.
Flowers in many-flowered heads.—Species 3. South and East Africa.
(Plate 64.)  Trichocladus Pers.

Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous. Sepals short. Ovary inferior or almost so.  2

2. Staminodes none. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Trees. Flowers in many-flowered heads, 4-merous.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Franchetia Baill.

Staminodes as many as and alternate with the stamens. Anthers oblong.
Shrubs. Stipules long and broad. Flowers in 3-8-flowered head-like spikes.—Species 15. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Some species yield timber and medicaments.  Dicoryphe Thouars

SUBORDER ROSINEAE

FAMILY 102. PLATANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; stipules connate. Flowers on a thickened receptacle in spicately arranged globose heads, monoecious. Sepals 3-8, free, hairy. Petals the same number, nearly hypogynous. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals; connective peltate; anthers opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Carpels the same number, free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, straight. Fruit consisting of achenes densely crowded in a head. Seed with scanty albumen; cotyledons linear.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa as avenue-trees. They also yield timber. “Plane.” Platanus L.

FAMILY 103. ROSACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Receptacle (floral axis) more or less concave, saucer-, cup-, urn-, or tube-shaped, in the male flowers sometimes very small. Stamens curved inwards in the bud, usually numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or free, or inferior and then more or less united. Ovules inverted.—Genera 32, species 230. (Including AMYGDALACEAE and POMACEAE.) (Plate 65.)

1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and usually connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  2

Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes tightly enclosed by it.  10

2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens 10.
Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily
NEURADOIDEAE.]  3

Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle succulent. [Subfamily POMOIDEAE.]  4

3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves lobed.—Species
2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa.  Neurada L.

Flowers large. Epicalyx none.—Species 6. South Africa.  Grielum L.

4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled. Fruit small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.—Species 3. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally.  Cotoneaster Medik.

Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1.  5

5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells twice as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each.
Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental plant.  Amelanchier Medik.

Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each.  6

6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels 5.
Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. Leaves undivided.—Species 1 (C. vulgaris Pers., quince). Cultivated in
North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine.
(Under Pyrus L.)  Cydonia Tourn.

Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell).  7

7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of them sterile and covering the fertile one.  8

Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp.
Carpels 2-5.  9

8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens
10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.—Species
1. Madeira.  Chamaemeles Lindl.

Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed or divided and deciduous.—Species 5. North-west Africa.
They yield timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including
Crataegus L.)  Mespilus L.

9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves undivided, persistent.—Species 1 (E. japonica Lindl., loquat). Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible fruits.
(Under Photinia Lindl.)  Eriobotrya Lindl.

Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.—Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (P. communis
L., pear, and P. Malus L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits, from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Pyrus L., including Malus Tourn. and
Sorbus L.).  Pirus Tourn.

10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily ROSOIDEAE.]  11

Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit
a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  25

11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube- or urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit.  12

Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup- or saucer-shaped), not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous.  21

12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6, large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnate.—Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.]  Rosa Tourn.

Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe SANGUISORBEAE.]  13

13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels 2-4.  14

Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or of the calyx only.  15

14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals broad.
Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in racemes.—Species
1. South Africa.  Leucosidea Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (Brayera Kunth)  Hagenia Gmel.

15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal.
Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. North and
South Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in medicine.  Agrimonia L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx.  16

16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5.
Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or digitate.—Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including Aphanes
L.)  Alchimilla L.

Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate.  17

17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes or heads.  18

Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very small. Shrubs or trees.  20

18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used medicinally.  Acaena Vahl

Receptacle without bristles.  19

19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.—Species 10.
North Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs.
(Under Poterium L.)  Sanguisorba L.

Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured, smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.—Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally. (Sarcopoterium Spach).  Poterium L.

20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.—Species 2. Canary Islands and
Madeira.  Bencomia Webb

Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.—Species 40. South Africa and southern Central Africa.  Cliffortia L.

21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules 2.
Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (Ulmaria Tourn., under
Spiraea L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE].  Filipendula L.

Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE].  22

22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style subterminal.
Epicalyx none.—Species 30. Many of them yield edible fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe RUBINAE.]  Rubus L.

Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always present.  23

23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves pinnatisect.—Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.]  Geum L.

Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.]  24

24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent receptacle.
Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.—Species 5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild in the Azores,
Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments.  Fragaria L.

Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry (sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species
10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as ornamental plants.  Potentilla L.

25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers regular.
[Subfamily PRUNOIDEAE.]  26

Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE.]  27

26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. Central and South-east
Africa.  Pygeum Gaertn.

Petals petaloid.—Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa, the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits
(plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Including Amygdalus L., Armeniaca Juss., Cerasus Juss., and
Persica Tourn.)  Prunus L.

27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at or near the base of the bell- or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe
CHRYSOBALANINAE.]  28

Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of the flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or less tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.]  29

28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical. Stamens
10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally.  Grangeria Comm.

ROSACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 65.

J. Fleischmann del.

Parinarium congoënse Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Flower from above. D Unripe fruit.

CONNARACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 66.

J. Fleischmann del.

Connarus Smeathmannii DC.

A End of branch with young fruits. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed with aril.

Receptacle not swelling on one side; carpel central. Stamens numerous.
Fruit with an irregularly 5-angled stone. Flowers in panicles.—Species
3. Central Africa. They yield tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits (cocoa-plums).  Chrysobalanus L.

29. Filaments united in a long strap. Anthers 10-20. Ovary completely
1-celled.—Species 17. Central Africa. Some species yield timber
(Griffonia Hook. fil.)  Acioa Aubl.

Filaments free or united at the base only.  30

30. Receptacle prolonged above into a scale-like appendage. Stamens 6-7.
Ovary completely 1-celled. Stipules large.—Species 3. West Africa.  Magnistipula Engl.

Receptacle without a scale-like appendage. Stipules small.  31

31. Ovary completely 1-celled. Fertile stamens 3-10. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
3. East Africa and Madagascar.  Hirtella L.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 10-20. Fruit usually 2-seeded.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, medicaments, and edible fruits, from which also oil, glue, and an inebriating drink are prepared. (Parinari
Aubl.) (Plate 65).  Parinarium Juss.

FAMILY 104. CONNARACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, but sometimes with 3 leaflets only, exstipulate. Flowers in fascicles, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5, free, rarely slightly united, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10, free or united at the base. Carpels 1-5, free, superior. Ovules 2 to each carpel, erect or ascending, straight. Ripe carpels dry, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, rarely indehiscent, usually solitary. Seeds with an aril often adnate to the testa.—Genera 12, species 140. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 66.)

1. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe CONNAREAE.].  2

Sepals valvate in the bud. Seeds albuminous. Stamens 10. Carpels 5.
[Tribe CNESTIDEAE.]  8

2. Ripe carpel indehiscent, nearly always 2-seeded. Seeds with a large, adnate aril. Calyx hardened in fruit. Petals greatly exceeding the sepals. Stamens 10, very unequal, surrounded by a disc. Carpel 1.
Flowers in clusters, springing from the old wood.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa (Gaboon). (Anthagathis Harms).  Jollydora Pierre

Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise, usually 1-seeded.  3

3. Fruit-carpels narrowed at the base into a distinct stalk. Seeds attached to the ventral suture, with a free aril. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.—Species
18. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 66.)  Connarus L.

Fruit-carpels not stalked. Seeds attached at their base. Carpels (at the
time of flowering) 3-5.  4

4. Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in fruit, small, usually flaccid.  5

Calyx conspicuously enlarged and hardened in fruit, leathery to woody.
Stamens 10. Carpels 5.  6

5. Leaves trifoliolate.—Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Agelaea Sol.

Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Stamens 10. Carpels 5.
Styles 2-cleft at the apex. Calyx persistent.—Species 7. Tropics.
Some are poisonous. (Under Rourea Aubl.)  Byrsocarpus Schum. & Thonn.

6. Calyx tightly clasping the fruit, herbaceous at the time of flowering. Styles short; stigmas capitate. Seeds with very convex cotyledons.—Species
40. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used in medicine.  Rourea Aubl.

Calyx not clasping the fruit. Stamens very unequal. Styles long.  7

7. Stem twining. Inflorescence paniculate. Calyx leathery at the time of flowering. Seeds with flat cotyledons.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa.  Paxia Gilg

Stem erect. Inflorescence racemose-fasciculate. Anther-halves distant from one another, the pollen-sacs placed crosswise.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. (Jaundea Gilg).  Yaundea Gilg

8. (1.) Ripe carpel indehiscent, not stalked, with a crusty pericarp. Seeds enveloped by a thin aril. Carpel 1. Stamens 5-7, alternating with as many glands. Calyx deeply divided, persistent, but not enlarged in fruit. Low trees. Leaves unifoliolate. Flowers in clusters.—Species 2.
West Africa.  Hemandradenia Stapf

Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise.  9

9. Receptacle prolonged into a stalk-like androphore. Sepals red, free. Petals yellow, clawed, with 2 glands above the claw. Styles long. Erect shrubs.—Species 1. Northern West Africa (Liberia).  Dinklagea Gilg

Receptacle not prolonged. Petals without glands. Mostly climbing shrubs.  10

10. Sepals united to the middle, ovate-triangular. Petals linear, four times as long as the calyx, rolled inwards at the tip. Stamens very unequal.
Styles long; stigmas lobed.—Species 6. West Africa.  Spiropetalum Gilg

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals not more than twice as long as the calyx.
Styles short; stigmas capitate.  11

11. Fruit-carpels glabrous on the inside, short-haired on the outside, prolonged into a stalk at the base. Seeds without a distinct aril, but with
a fleshy testa. Embryo long and narrow. Petals longer than the calyx.—Species 10. West Africa.  Manotes Sol.

Fruit-carpels covered with long stiff hairs on the inside and usually also on the outside. Seeds with a very small adnate aril at the base. Petals as long as or shorter or somewhat longer than the calyx. Stamens subequal.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Cnestis Juss.

FAMILY 105. LEGUMINOSAE

Leaves usually compound and stipulate. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules inserted at the ventral suture. Style simple, but sometimes with a tooth near the apex. Stigma entire. Fruit 1-, 2-, or transversely several-celled, opening in two valves or along the ventral suture, or separating transversely in two or more joints, or indehiscent.—Genera 261, species 3300 (FABACEAE, including PAPILIONACEAE, CAESALPINIACEAE and MIMOSACEAE.) (Plate 67.)

1. Petals valvate in bud. Flowers regular. Leaves twice pinnate, rarely
(Acacia) reduced to the broadened stalk. [Subfamily MIMOSOIDEAE.]  2

Petals imbricate in bud or wanting. Flowers more or less irregular (sometimes nearly regular.)  28

2. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Unarmed trees. [Tribe PARKIEAE].  3

Calyx with valvate aestivation.  4

3. Flowers in long spikes, yellowish. Fertile stamens 5, sterile ones 10-15.—Species
3. West Africa. They yield timber, oil, and edible seeds.
(ovala-seeds)  Pentaclethra Benth.

Flowers in globular or club-shaped heads. Fertile stamens 10.—Species
7. Tropics. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, vegetables, medicaments, edible fruits, from which a drink is prepared, and oily seeds, which are also used as a condiment, a substitute for coffee, a fish-poison, and for improving bad water.  Parkia R. Br.

4. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals.  5

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs.  25

5. Anthers without glands. [Tribe MIMOSEAE.]  6

Anthers crowned, at least in the bud, by a sometimes caducous gland.
Stamens 10.  9

6. Fruit dehiscing by two valves which separate from the persistent sutures.
Petals united below.  7

Fruit dehiscing by two valves which do not separate from the sutures, or indehiscent.  8

7. Fruit and seeds slightly 4-angled, the former prickly. Petals red. Stamens
8-10. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in heads.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Schranckia Willd.

Fruit and seeds flat.—Species 20. Tropics to Egypt, one species naturalized. Some yield timber or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants.  Mimosa L.

8. Fruit broadly linear. Seeds placed transversely. Petals free, white.
Stamens 10. Ovary stalked. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads.—Species 1 (L. glauca Benth.). Naturalized in the Tropics. It yields timber, fodder, edible fruits, ornamental seeds, and medicaments.  Leucaena Benth.

Fruit narrowly linear. Seeds placed obliquely or longitudinally.—Species
7. One of them naturalized in the Tropics, the others natives of Madagascar.
Seeds used as ornament. (Acuan Medik.)  Desmanthus Willd.

9. Seeds albuminous. [Tribe ADENANTHEREAE.]  10

Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe PIPTADENIEAE.]  19

10. Flowers in heads.  11

Flowers in spikes or racemes.  12

11. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite, partly (the lower) male or neuter. Ovary stalked. Ovules numerous. Fruit obliquely-oblong, opening by two valves. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules membranous, cordate.—Species 1. Tropics. Used as a vegetable.  Neptunia Lour.

Flowers all hermaphrodite. Ovary sessile. Ovules 1-2. Fruit sickle-shaped, indehiscent. Shrubs. Stipules spinous, recurved.—Species
1. South Africa.  Xerocladia Harv.

12. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite and yellow, partly (the lower) neuter and white or red. Fruit not winged. Shrubs or trees.—Species
12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield ebony-like wood and medicaments. (Cailliea Guill. & Perr.)  Dichrostachys DC.

Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly male or female, or all hermaphrodite; no neuter flowers. Trees.  13

13. Fruit winged or distinctly 4-angled, transversely septate, indehiscent.  14

Fruit neither winged nor distinctly 4-angled.  16

14. Fruit 2-winged. Ovary stalked. Flowers sessile.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mauritius.  Gagnebina DC.

Fruit 4-winged or 4-angled. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Flowers stalked.  15

15. Fruit 4-winged.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, a substitute for soap, poison, and medicaments.  Tetrapleura Benth.

Fruit 4-angled. Leaves with 4-5 pairs of pinnae.—Species 1. Central
Africa.  Amblygonocarpus Harms

16. Fruit distinctly dehiscing in two valves.  17

Fruit indehiscent.  18

17. Seeds few, very flat, winged, with a long funicle.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa.  Newtonia Baill.

Seeds numerous, thick, red. Leaflets numerous.—Species 1 (A. pavonina
L.). Naturalized in the tropics. It yields timber, gum, dyes, medicaments, and edible oily seeds, which are also used as ornaments.  Adenanthera L.

18. Calyx large, tube- or urn-shaped, with ovate, acute teeth. Stamens inserted at the base of the petals. Leaves with one pair of pinnae and several pairs of very large oblong leaflets. Spikes arranged in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Yields timber and medicaments.  Calpocalyx Harms

Calyx small, bell-shaped, with short segments. Stamens free. Leaves with 2-5 pairs of pinnae and small or rather small leaflets.—Species 3.
North and Central Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits. (Including
Anonychium Benth.)  Prosopis L.

19. (9.) Flowers in heads. Ovary sessile, with many ovules. Fruit transversely septate. Trees.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and a substitute for soap. (Under Parkia R.Br.)  Xylia Benth.

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Shrubs or trees.  20

20. Flowers sessile.  21

Flowers short-stalked.  23

21. Calyx saucer-shaped, cleft to the middle. Petals free. Disc cupular, thick. Fruit large, elliptical, 1-celled. Seeds winged, with a long funicle. Trees. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of pinnae. Spikes panicled.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber.  Fillaeopsis Harms

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly toothed. Disc inconspicuous or wanting.  22

22. Petals obviously united below. Fruit 1-celled, opening in two valves.—Species
13. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some species yield ebony-like wood.  Piptadenia Benth.

Petals free or nearly so. Fruit with thick, persistent sutures, the valves splitting transversely into one-seeded joints. Endocarp separating from the exocarp and persisting round the seeds. Shrubs.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially E. scandens L. with fruits attaining a yard in length) yield soap-bark, fibre, vegetables, fish-poison, and edible oily seeds which are also used in medicine and as ornaments. (Gigalobium P.Br., Pusaetha L.)  Entada Adans.

23. Disc cupular, thin. Ovary stalked. Seeds winged. Trees. Leaves with one pair of pinnae. Flowers with a very short stalk.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. (Including Cyrtoxiphus Harms)  Cylicodiscus Harms

Disc inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs.
Leaves with 3-12 pairs of pinnae.  24

24. Calyx-teeth more or less unequal. Buds oblique. Fruit woody, transversely septate, opening in two valves. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of pinnae.—Species
1. German East Africa.  Pseudoprosopis Harms

Calyx-teeth equal. Fruit leathery, with persistent sutures, the endocarp separating from the exocarp. Leaves with 6-12 pairs of pinnae.—Species
5. South Africa and southern Central Africa. They yield fish-poison and are used in medicine.  Elephantorrhiza Benth.

25. (4.) Filaments free or the inner united into a ring. Petals white or yellow.—Species
80. They yield timber, fibre, soap-bark, gum (especially from A. Senegal Willd., Verek), tanning and dyeing materials, perfumes, oil, and medicaments; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Vachellia Arn.) [Tribe ACACIEAE.]  Acacia Willd.

Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. Petals white or red.
Flowers in heads. Unarmed plants. [Tribe INGEAE.]  26

26. Fruit strongly curved or coiled, thick, leathery, separating into one-seeded
joints or indehiscent. Petals united beyond the middle. Trees.—Species
3. Tropics; one species naturalized. They yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and medicaments.  Pithecolobium Mart.

Fruit straight or nearly so.  27

27. Fruit dehiscing elastically. Petals united to the middle. Shrubs.—Species
5. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments, and are used also as ornamental plants.  Calliandra Benth.

Fruit dehiscing in two straight and thin, not elastic valves, or indehiscent.
Petals united to the middle or beyond.—Species 45. Tropical and
South-east Africa; several species also cultivated in Egypt. Some species (especially A. Lebbek Benth.) yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Zygia Benth.)  Albizzia Durazz.

28. (1.) Petals 1-6, the posterior one (the one next the placenta) inside of all in the bud, not forming a papilionaceous corolla, or wanting altogether.
Embryo usually with a straight radicle. [Subfamily CAESALPINIOIDEAE.]  29

Petals 5, the posterior outside in bud, usually constituting a papilionaceous corolla. Sepals united below. Stamens 10, more rarely 5-9. Embryo usually with an inflexed radicle. Leaves simple, unifoliolate, digitate, or once pinnate. [Subfamily PAPILIONATAE.]  104

29. Calyx undivided or shortly lobed in the bud, usually more deeply divided at the time of flowering.  30

Calyx, already in the bud, divided down to the receptacle or nearly so.  39

30. Stamens 1-10. Corolla of 5 petals, nearly regular. Trees or shrubs.  31

Stamens 16 or more. Corolla of 6 petals, or of a single petal, or wanting.
Calyx undivided in bud. Leaves imparipinnate or unifoliolate. Trees.
[Tribe SWARTZIEAE.]  37

31. Leaves undivided, 2-lobed, 2-parted, or of 2 leaflets. [Tribe BAUHINIEAE.]  32

Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets. Stamens 10.  34

32. Ovary and fruit with a very long stalk, the fruit turgid. Ovules few.
Style short. Stamens 10. Petals red. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided, penninerved or faintly trinerved.—Species 3. West Africa. (Bandeiraea Welw.)  Griffonia Baill.

Ovary and fruit with a short or rather short stalk, the fruit not turgid.  33

33. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very long. Petals yellowish. Stamens 10, partly sterile. Leaves undivided, ovate or elliptical. Racemes many-flowered.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Bauhinia L.)  Gigasiphon Drake

Receptacle (calyx-tube) not very long.—Species 40. Tropical and
South Africa, and Egypt. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials, edible roots, oily seeds, and medicaments, or
serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 67.)  Bauhinia L.

34. Leaves once pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. Calyx campanulate, subequally 5-lobed. Petals subequal, white or red. Ovules numerous.
Fruit opening by two valves. Shrubs. Flowers solitary or in racemes.—Species
8. Madagascar and East Africa.  Cadia Forsk.

Leaves twice pinnate. [Tribe DIMORPHANDREAE.]  35

35. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Ovules 2. Style very short. Fruit with a thin, leathery rind, indehiscent. Seeds suborbicular. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2. Central Africa to Transvaal. They yield gum.  Burkea Hook.

Ovary stalked. Ovules more than 2. Fruit with a thick, leathery rind.
Flowers in racemes. Trees.  36

36. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals with a long claw. Stamens with a glandular connective. Style long. Fruit long, wavy, indehiscent. Leaflets small.—Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles.  Brandzeia Baill.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Stamens with a glandless connective. Style short. Fruit oblong, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds oblong. Leaflets large.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and poisons especially used in ordeals. “Sassy tree.” (Fillaea Guill. & Perr.).  Erythrophloeum Afz.

37. (30.) Corolla of 6 petals, almost regular. Stamens 16-18. Ovary sessile.
Ovules 2. Leaves unifoliolate.—Species 2. West Africa to the
Great Lakes. They yield timber.  Baphiopsis Benth.

Corolla reduced to a single petal or wanting. Ovary stalked. Ovules more than 2. Leaves pinnate.  38

38. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very short, almost wanting. Petal 1. Fruit linear.—Species
2. Tropics. Yielding timber. (Tounatea Aubl.).  Swartzia Schreb.

Receptacle bell-shaped. Petals none. Fruit ovate.—Species 1 (C. africana Lour.). Central Africa. Yields timber, gum, edible fruits, and medicaments.  Cordyla Lour.

39. (29.) Leaves, at least some of them, twice pinnate. [Tribe CAESALPINIEAE.]  40

Leaves all once pinnate, rarely simple.  52

40. Common petiole very short, ending in a spine; rachis of the pinnae very long, flattened, leaf-like; leaflets very small. Stipules spinous.
Trees or shrubs. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, subequal, yellow.
Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, tardily dehiscing or indehiscent. Seeds oblong, placed lengthwise, albuminous.—Species 2, one of them a native of South Africa, the other naturalized in the tropics.
They yield timber, bast for paper-making, a substitute for coffee, and medicaments, and serve also as garden- or hedge-plants.  Parkinsonia L.

Common petiole distinctly developed; rachis of the pinnae not leaf-like.  41

41. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Petals 5, subequal, yellow.
Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, membranous or thin-leathery. Seeds transverse, ovoid, exalbuminous.—Species
3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (Melanosticta
DC.)  Hoffmannseggia Cav.

Stem woody throughout, shrub- or tree-like.  42

42. Flowers sessile, in elongate panicled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with semiorbicular lobes. Petals 5, equal, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. Stamens
10, unequal. Anthers basifixed. Ovules 2-3. Trees.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons).  Stachyothyrsus Harms

Flowers more or less stalked, in racemes or panicles.  43

43. Flowers polygamous. Calyx slightly imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, subequal, white or greenish. Stamens 6-10. Seeds transverse, albuminous.
Trees. Leaves without stipules.—Species 2, one a native of
Central Africa, the other naturalized in North Africa. Used as hedge-plants and yielding timber.  Gleditschia L.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 10.  44

44. Petal 1, greenish-yellow. Calyx valvate in bud. Ovules very numerous.
Styles long. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Aprevalia Baill.

Petals 5.  45

45. Sepals united high up, excepting one, valvate in bud. Petals unequal, red. Ovules numerous. Fruit straight, turgid, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds transverse. Trees. Bracts coloured.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant.  Colvillea Boj.

Sepals free above the receptacle.  46

46. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals yellow or red. Ovules numerous. Style thread-shaped. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Seeds transverse, oblong, albuminous. Trees. Stipules indistinct. Flowers large.—Species
3. Tropics; also cultivated in various regions. Ornamental plants. “Flame-tree.”  Poinciana L.

Sepals imbricate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous.  47

47. Ovule 1, very rarely ovules 2. Seed 1, placed lengthwise. Fruit winged at the top, indehiscent. Petals subequal, white or yellow. Spinous climbing shrubs. Flowers small.—Species 1. Abyssinia. (Cantuffa
Gmel.).  Pterolobium R.Br.

Ovules 2 or more. Seeds placed transversely.  48

48. Fruit woody, not winged, 2-seeded, opening by two valves. Ovary short-stalked,
2-ovuled. Stigma peltate. Stamens hairy at the base. Petals unequal. Receptacle oblique.—Species 2. German East Africa.
(Under Peltophorum Vog.).  Bussea Harms

Fruit membranous or leathery.  49

49. Fruit winged at both sutures, indehiscent. Stigma broad-peltate. Filaments hairy at the base. Petals subequal, yellow. Trees—Species 1.
Central Africa and northern South Africa.  Peltophorum Vog.

Fruit winged at one suture only or not winged. Stigma small, sometimes
concave.  50

50. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very oblique. Petals subequal, yellow. Stamens bent downwards.—Species 5. West
Africa and Madagascar.  Mezoneurum Desf.

Fruit not winged. Receptacle not very oblique.  51

51. Fruit membranous, lanceolate, dehiscing in the middle of the valves.
Seeds oblong. Sepals subequal. Petals oblong, subequal, yellow.
Stamens erect, hairy at the base. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2-3.
Trees.—Species 1 (H. campecheanum L.). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields timber (log-wood), dyes, gum, and medicaments, and serves also as a garden- and hedge-plant.  Haematoxylon L.

Fruit leathery, dehiscing at the sutures or indehiscent. Seeds ovoid or globose. Petals yellow or red. Stamens bent downwards. Ovules few.—Species 10, of which 7 are natives of tropical and South Africa,
3 naturalized there as well as in Egypt and Madeira. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, oily seeds, and medicaments, and are also used as garden- and hedge-plants. (Including Guilandina L.).  Caesalpinia L.

52. (39.) Anthers attached by the base or nearly so, rarely by the back, and then opening by apical pores. Seeds usually albuminous. [Tribe
CASSIEAE.]  53

Anthers distinctly attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits.
Seeds usually exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs.  58

53. Petals 1-2 or 0. Ovules 2-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Trees.
Leaves unequally pinnate.  54

Petals 3-5.  55

54. Stamens 2-3.—Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber and edible fruits from which an intoxicating drink is prepared.  Dialium L.

Stamens 8-10. Petals none.—Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber.  Andradia Sim

55. Petals 3, narrow, yellow. Fertile stamens 2; anthers opening by a terminal pore. Staminodes 3, petaloid. Ovules 4-5. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber.  Distemonanthus Benth.

Petals 5. Stamens 4-10.  56

56. Sepals 4. Petals unequal, red. Stamens 4-5, some of them with cohering anthers. Ovules 2. Fruit 4-winged. Leaves unequally pinnate.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. (Oligostemon Benth.)  Duparquetia Baill.

Sepals 5. Leaves equally pinnate or simple.  57

57. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. Filaments thickened above.
Anthers opening below the top. Ovules few. Fruit fleshy, with transverse partitions. Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Baudouinia Baill.

Leaves pinnate.—Species 40. They yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments (especially senna-leaves),

fodder, vegetables, edible fruits, and a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental plants. Cassia L.

58. (52.) Ovules 2, rarely 3 or 1, occasionally in some flowers 4. Ovary or its stalk usually free at the base of the receptacle, more rarely adnate to it. [Tribe CYNOMETREAE.]. 59

Ovules 4 or more, occasionally in some flowers only 3. Ovary or its stalk usually adnate to the receptacle by the back. Leaves pinnate. [Tribe AMHERSTIEAE.] 80

59. Petals none. 60

Petals 1-5. 64

60. Sepals 6, very small and unequal. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate. Bracteoles large.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Congo). Dewindtia De Wild.

Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8-10 or 4. Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Bracteoles small or wanting. 61

61. Sepals 5, distinctly imbricate in bud. Stamens 10. Ovary sessile. Stigma acute. Bracteoles present.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber. (Under Copaiba Mill. or Hardwickia Roxb.) Oxystigma Harms

Sepals 4. 62

62. Stamens 4, inserted on the outside of a spathe-like disc cleft on one side. Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovary nearly sessile. Bracteoles present.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). Stemonocoleus Harms

Stamens 8-10. 63

63. Ovary sessile. Fruit sessile, drupe-like, indehiscent. Bracteoles present.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, fragrant resin, arrow-poison, and medicaments. The fruits of one species are edible, of another poisonous. “Dattock.” Detarium Juss.

Ovary stalked. Fruit stalked, oblique, with a leathery rind, dehiscing by two valves. Bracteoles none.—Species 9. Central Africa. They yield timber, a resin (copal) used for making ornaments, lacs and varnishes, dye stuffs, medicaments, and edible seeds. (Copaiba Mill.) Copaifera L.

64. Petals 1-2. Bracteoles large. Trees. Leaves pinnate. 65

Petals 5. 67

65. Stamens 3. Sepals 4, small, scale-like. Petals 1, orbicular.—Species 10. Central Africa. Cryptosepalum Benth.

Stamens 10. 66

66. Sepals reduced to minute teeth or wanting. Leaves with a single pair of leaflets.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Aphanocalyx Oliv.

Sepals 5, three of them very small, the other two larger and connate. Petal 1, spatulate. Filaments united at the base, excepting one. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets.—Species 2. West Africa. Monopetalanthus Harms

67. Fertile stamens 3. Ovules 3. Bracteoles large. Tree—Species 20.
Central Africa. Some species yield timber. (Vouapa Aubl.)  Macrolobium Schreb.

Fertile stamens 10, rarely (Cynometra) more.  68

68. Petals very unequal. Leaves pinnate.  69

Petals equal or nearly equal.  71

69. Corolla of 1 large and 4 very small petals. Receptacle shortly cup-shaped.
Bracteoles minute. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of leaflets.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa.  Eurypetalum Harms

Corolla of 3 large and 2 small petals.  70

70. Bracteoles petal-like. Receptacle cup- or top-shaped.—Species 4.
West Africa. (Under Cynometra L.)  Hymenostegia Harms

Bracteoles sepal-like, hairy outside, equalling the bracts. Receptacle funnel-shaped. Sepals 4. Shrubs. Leaves with 3-4 pairs of leaflets.—Species
1. West Africa.  Loesenera Harms

71. Sepals 5, very unequal, the lowest very large. Receptacle very short.
Trees. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cymbosepalum Bak.

Sepals 4-5, equal or nearly equal.  72

72. Receptacle (calyx-tube) long and narrow. Sepals 4. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle.  73

Receptacle short and usually broad.  75

73. Bracteoles large, petaloid, enclosing the bud. Receptacle with a thick disc on one side. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with 2-4 leaflets.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons.)  Plagiosiphon Harms

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, or wanting. Leaves simple or pinnate with many leaflets.  74

74. Leaves simple. Shrubs.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons).  Zenkerella Taub.

Leaves abruptly pinnate. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).
The bark is used as a condiment.  Scorodophloeus Harms

75. Ovule 1. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle. Sepals 4.
Trees. Leaves simple.—Species 1. East Africa.  Podogynium Taub.

Ovules 2, rarely 3. Leaves abruptly pinnate.  76

76. Filaments united into a ring at the base, unequal, hairy. Sepals 5. Ovary glandular. Trees. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in terminal, many-flowered racemes.—Species 1. East Africa.  Stuhlmannia Taub.

Filaments free. Bracteoles none.  77

77. Flowers in panicles. Sepals short. Petals white. Filaments hairy at the base. Fruit flat, lanceolate, opening by two valves. Trees.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Yields timber.  Umtiza Sim

Flowers in racemes or corymbs. Sepals usually long.  78

78. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered corymbs. Filaments hairy at the base. Fruit flat, ovate, beaked, opening by two valves. Low, glandular shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). The seeds are edible.  Cordeauxia Hemsl.

Flowers in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves or from the old wood.  79

79. Fruit lanceolate, flat, bursting in the middle of the valves, but remaining closed at the sutures. Sepals 5. Corolla yellow. Filaments erect, hairy at the base. Stalk of the ovary free. Trees. (See 51.)  Haematoxylon L.

Fruit more or less ovate and turgid, opening in two valves. Filaments usually glabrous.—Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. Some species yield timber and resin (copal).  Cynometra L.

80. (58.) Petals reduced to minute scales or wanting. Trees.  81

Petals well developed.  87

81. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persisting during the time of flowering.
Calyx consisting of 1-5 scale-like sepals, or replaced by a 10-lobed disc, or wanting altogether.  82

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. Calyx of 4-5 well-developed sepals.  83

82. Disc fleshy. Petals 5, awl-shaped. Stamens 5-6. Stipules small, connate.—Species
4. West Africa.  Didelotia Baill.

Disc none. Stamens 10-20, more or less united at the base. Ovules few.
Fruit oblong or linear, opening in two valves. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species
20. Central Africa. The seeds of some species are eaten and the bark is used as a substitute for cloth. (Under Didelotia Baill.)  Brachystegia Benth.

83. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 5. Disc expanded. Ovary in its centre, subsessile. Ovules numerous. Style very short; stigma peltate.
Fruit linear, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous. Leaves equally pinnate.
Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Bracteoles very small, deciduous.—Species
1 (C. Siliqua L., carob-tree). North Africa. The fruits are edible, and used as fodder and for preparing brandy and medicaments; the seeds serve as a substitute for coffee.  Ceratonia L.

Sepals 4. Stamens 8-10. Disc not expanded.  84

84. Petals 5, scale-like. Stamens 10. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in panicles.—Species 12. Central and South Africa. They yield timber, gum, and edible seeds from which meal is prepared. (Theodora Medik.)  Schotia Jaqu.

Petals none.  85

85. Stamens 8, alternatingly unequal. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous.
Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in compound racemes. Bracteoles
linear.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).  Hylodendron Taub.

Stamens 10, rarely 8, but then equal in length. Ovary short-stalked.
Ovules few.  86

86. Stamens unequal, 10. Fruit oblong, winged, indehiscent. Seeds pendulous.
Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in simple racemes.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Apaloxylon Drake

Stamens equal in length. Fruit broad-oblong to orbicular, dehiscing in two valves. Leaves unequally pinnate.—Species 5. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Apalatoa Aubl.)  Crudia Schreb.

87. (80.) Well developed petal 1; sometimes 2-4 rudimentary petals in addition. Trees.  88

Well developed petals 3-6. Leaves abruptly pinnate.  93

88. Petal sessile. Sepals 4. Leaves abruptly pinnate.  89

Petal with a long claw.  90

89. Receptacle minute. Sepals scale-like. Petal orbicular. Stamens 3, short. Ovary with a short stalk. Ovules 4. Stigma truncate. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persistent at flowering. (See 65.)  Cryptosepalum Benth.

Receptacle rather large, narrowly top-shaped. Sepals large, coloured.
Petal oblong. Stamens 10, long. Ovary with a long stalk. Ovules numerous. Stigma capitate. Bracteoles falling off early.—Species 3.
West Africa. They yield timber and an aromatic resin.  Daniella Benn.

90. Fertile stamens 3.  91

Fertile stamens 5-10.  92

91. Bracteoles enclosing the bud, persisting at flowering. Petal folded together in the bud. Flowers small or middle-sized. (See 67.)  Macrolobium Schreb.

Bracteoles shorter than the bud, falling off during the time of flowering.
Receptacle elongated. Sepals 4. Fruit oblong. Flowers rather large.—Species
1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. It yields timber, edible seeds, and medicaments. (Under Afzelia Smith).  Intsia Thouars

92. Fertile stamens 6-8. Sepals 4. Bracteoles shorter than the bud. Seed with an aril.—Species 4. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber; the aril is edible, the seeds are poisonous and used medicinally.
(Under Intsia Thouars)  Afzelia Smith

Fertile stamens 5 or 10. Sepals usually 5. Petal folded in bud, whitish.
Bracteoles enclosing the bud.—Species 15. Central Africa. The wood and the bark are used, the latter for making cloth.  Berlinia Soland.

93. (87.) Sepals 6-7. Petals 6, subequal. Fertile stamens 6-8, barren ones
4-7. Trees.—Species 1. East Africa.  Englerodendron Harms

Sepals 4-5.  94

94. Sepals 5. Trees.  95

Sepals 4.  96

95. Petals more or less unequal, white or yellowish. Stamens 5 or 10. Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. (See 92.)  Berlinia Soland.

Petals subequal, red. Stamens 10. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Seeds pendulous.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Bathiaea Drake

96. Fertile stamens 3. Petals unequal, 3 of them larger than the other two.
Trees.  97

Fertile stamens 10 or more.  98

97. Filaments united nearly half their length. Petals yellowish or red-striped.
Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. Bracteoles narrow, falling off early.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which drinks and medicaments are prepared, and oily seeds.  Tamarindus L.

Filaments free. Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud.
(See 67.)  Macrolobium Schreb.

98. Stamens numerous, united at the base. Anthers linear. Petals subequal.
Bracteoles enclosing the bud. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa.  Polystemonanthus Harms

Stamens 10.  99

99. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud.  100

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early.  101

100. Petals very unequal, 3 large, 2 very small. Filaments united at the base.
Ovules numerous. Leaves with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in panicles.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and resin.
(Under Daniella Benn.)  Cyanothyrsus Harms

Petals subequal. Ovules few. Shrubs. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles petaloid. (See 73.)  Plagiosiphon Harms

101. Filaments, excepting one, united high up. Petals pink, narrow; blade passing gradually into the claw. Sepals unequal, subvalvate in bud.
Receptacle very short. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaflets 7-9, alternate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Tessmannia Harms

Filaments free or united at the base.  102

102. Petals sessile or nearly so, subequal, red. Leaves with 2-16 pairs of leaflets. Flower in panicles. (See 84.)  Schotia Jacq.

Petals with a long or rather long claw. Trees.  103

103. Sepals slightly imbricate. Petals subequal. Filaments, excepting one, united at the base. Leaves with 1-4 pairs of leaflets. Flowers large, in racemes.—Species 7. West Africa to the Great Lakes.  Baikiaea Benth.

Sepals much imbricate. Petals white. Filaments free. Ovules few.
Leaves with one pair of leaflets. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2.
Tropics. They yield timber and resin (copal) which is used for turnery and carving and for making lacs and varnishes. (Under Hymenaea L.)  Trachylobium Hayne

104. (28.) Filaments free or nearly so. Shrubs or trees.  105

Filaments, all or all excepting one, united into a tube or sheath.  126

105. Stamens 4-5. Filaments very short. Anthers attached by the base, opening at the top; 2-3 of them united. Ovary 4-winged. Ovules 2.
Stigma terminal. Calyx-lobes 4, unequal. Petals 5, shorter than the calyx, unequal, red. Leaves pinnate. (See 56.)  Duparquetia Baill.

Stamens 8-10. [Tribes SOPHOREAE and PODALYRIEAE.]  106

106. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous.  107

Leaves pinnate or palmately trifoliolate.  112

107. Calyx shortly toothed, not slit. Corolla whitish; petals of the keel slightly cohering. Ovules few. Shrubs with arched or climbing branches. Stipules ovate or lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Bracteoles large, enclosing the flower, persistent.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Dalhousiea Grah.

Calyx shortly toothed but slitting as the flower expands, on one or both sides, or deeply cleft. Bracteoles not enclosing the flower, rather large but deciduous, or small.  108

108. Calyx shortly toothed, but deeply slit in one or two places. Corolla white or yellow; petals of the keel free or nearly so. Ovules few.  109

Calyx subequally 4-5-cleft. Stipules awl-shaped or wanting.  110

109. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary long-stalked. Calyx slit on one side. Corolla white; petals of the keel free. Fruit long-stalked, falcate-ovate, turgid. Seeds oblong, with a thick aril. Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles small.—Species 1. West Africa.  Leucomphalus Benth.

Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovary nearly sessile. Fruit compressed.
Seeds ovate or orbicular.—Species 50. Tropical and South-east
Africa. Some of them yield timber (camwood), dye-stuffs, or edible fruits. (Including Bracteolaria Hochst.)  Baphia Afz.

110. Petals of the keel free. Flowers in 5-10-flowered racemes.—Species 1.
West Africa.  Ormosia Jacks.

Petals of the keel united. Flowers solitary or in 2-4-flowered fascicles.  111

111. Corolla yellow; keel shortly beaked. Fruit compressed. Leaves sessile, without stipules. Flowers solitary.—Species 10. South Africa. The leaves are used as a substitute for tea or as a medicament.  Cyclopia Vent.

Corolla red or reddish-white; keel blunt. Ovary sessile. Fruit turgid.
Leaves short-stalked, with deciduous stipules. Hairy plants.—Species
20. South Africa.  Podalyria Lam.

112. (106.) Leaves palmately trifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous.  113

Leaves pinnate.  115

113. Petals subequal, yellow, those of the keel united. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Fruit oblong, not septate. Erect shrubs. Leaves sessile, leathery, exstipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, with bracteoles. (See 111.)  Cyclopia Vent.

Petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit linear. Leaves stalked,
stipulate. Flowers in racemes.  114

114. Standard shorter than the wings. Petals yellow. Fruit septate between the seeds. Erect shrubs. Leaves herbaceous; stipules connate.
Flowers without bracteoles.—Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and medicinal.  Anagyris L.

Standard as long as or longer than the wings. Petals clawed, yellowish-white.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers with small, deciduous bracteoles.—Species 3. West Africa. (Giganthemum Welw.)  Camoënsia Welw.

115. Corolla nearly regular; petals subequal.  116

Corolla papilionaceous; petals conspicuously unequal, at least one of them (the standard) very different from the others.  118

116. Petals entire. Anthers linear, Ovules more than 2. (See 34.)  Cadia Forsk.

Petals 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Anthers ovate. Ovules 1-2.  117

117. Petals shortly lobed. Ovary short-stalked. Leaflets 9-11. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Dicraeopetalum Harms

Petals deeply left. Ovary long-stalked. Leaflets 13-19. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).  Amphimas Pierre

118. Petals of the keel united.  119

Petals of the keel free.  121

119. Petals long-clawed, red. Ovary sessile. Ovules few. Fruit compressed, not winged, leathery, dehiscing in two valves. Trees. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.—Species 1. South Africa and St.
Helena. Yields timber and is used as an ornamental plant.  Virgilia Lam.

Petals short- or not clawed, white, yellow or violet. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit tardily or not dehiscing.  120

120. Fruit compressed, winged at the upper suture, membranous. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals yellow; those of the keel curved. Flowers in racemes.
Bracteoles none.—Species 9. South and Central Africa.  Calpurnia E. Mey.

Fruit terete or nearly so, constricted between the seeds, 4-winged or wingless, leathery, woody or fleshy.—Species 6. Tropical and South-east
Africa. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants.  Sophora L.

121. Standard broad-oblong or narrow-ovate, clawed and auricled. Calyx very shortly toothed. Filaments slightly united at the base, excepting one. Ovary long-stalked, hairy. Style very short, almost straight.
Ovules numerous. Trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Under Cadia Forsk.)  Pseudocadia Harms

Standard broad-ovate or orbicular. Ovary short-stalked or almost
sessile.  122

122. Calyx shortly toothed or entire. Stigma terminal. Fruit almost terete, constricted between the seeds.  123

Calyx deeply cleft. Fruit flat.  124

123. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the curved receptacle (calyx-tube).
Standard suborbicular, slightly exceeding the other petals. Filaments free. Flowers in racemes arising from the old wood.—Species 5.
Central Africa.  Angylocalyx Taub.

Stalk of the ovary not adnate to the receptacle. Style curved at the apex. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. (See 120.)  Sophora L.

124. Ovule 1. Stigma terminal. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets 5-7.—Species
1. East Africa.  Platycelephium Harms

Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets 7-13.  125

125. Stigma terminal. Corolla blue. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets curved and pointed.—Species 1. South Africa.  Bolusanthus Harms

Stigma lateral. Corolla red or green. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2.
West Africa. They yield timber.  Afrormosia Harms

126. (104.) Filaments all, or the alternate ones, broadened at the apex. [Especially tribe LOTEAE.]  127

Filaments not broadened at the apex.  147

127. Filaments monadelphous, i.e., all united into a tube or sheath, at least when young.  128

Filaments diadelphous, i.e., united into a sheath, excepting one, which is free from the others, at least at the base, but sometimes connate with them in the middle or slightly cohering with them at the very base.  131

128. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the broadened stalk, usually ending in a tendril or bristle. Stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals short-clawed. Anthers all alike.
Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Style-apex bearded on the inner face. Fruit opening by two valves. Herbs.—Species 35. North
Africa and the mountains of the tropics. Several species yield edible tubers or seeds, vegetables, fodder, medicaments, or perfumes; some are poisonous or used as ornamental plants. (Including Orobus L.)  Lathyrus L.

Leaves unequally pinnate, digitate, or unifoliolate. Style glabrous.  129

129. Leaflets minutely toothed, 1 or 3, very rarely more. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Calyx-lobes long, subequal. Petals short-clawed. Anthers usually of two kinds. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.—Species
60. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine.  Ononis L.

Leaflets entire. Stipules small or wanting. Flowers in heads or umbels, sometimes almost solitary. Petals long-clawed. Anthers all alike.
Fruit not or tardily dehiscing.  130

130. Ovary sessile. Ovules 2. Fruit protruding beyond the calyx, linear,
shortly or not beaked, slightly 4-angled, spirally coiled. Silky herbs.
Flowers in umbels, very small, reddish-yellow, without bracteoles.—Species
1. Abyssinia.  Helminthocarpum A. Rich.

Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit enclosed by the calyx or slightly protruding; in the latter case beaked. Flowers in heads or nearly solitary.—Species 12. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species (especially A. Vulneraria L.) are used as fodder-, dyeing-, medicinal-, or ornamental plants. (Including Cornicina Boiss., Dorycnopsis
Boiss., and Physanthyllis Boiss.)  Anthyllis L.

131. (127.) Keel beaked.  132

Keel blunt or somewhat pointed.  138

132. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2. Calyx deeply and equally divided.
Corolla yellow. Fruit spirally coiled, flat, margined, indehiscent.
Herbs. Lowermost leaves simple, with adnate stipules, upper pinnate, without stipules. Flowers in few-flowered heads.—Species 1. North
Africa. (Circinus Medik.)  Hymenocarpos Savi

Ovary sessile. Ovules more than two. Calyx more or less unequally divided. Flowers solitary or in umbels.  133

133. Leaves simple, undivided. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Upper calyx-teeth united high up. Petals long-clawed, yellow. Fruit spirally coiled, almost terete, ribbed. Herbs.—Species 5. North Africa and
Abyssinia.  Scorpiurus L.

Leaves pinnate, sometimes apparently digitate.  134

134. Fruit jointed.  135

Fruit not jointed. Herbs or undershrubs.  136

135. Joints of the fruit and seeds curved. Fruit more or less flattened, with the upper edge notched at each seed. Corolla yellow. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets.—Species 9. North Africa.  Hippocrepis L.

Joints of the fruit and seeds straight, oblong. Fruit not or slightly flattened. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, stipulate.—Species 12.
North Africa. Some species are poisonous or used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Coronilla L.

136. Leaves with many leaflets. Stipules small, membranous. Corolla yellow. Fruit flat, slightly curved. Seeds quadrate. Glabrous herbs.—Species
1. North Africa. (Bonaveria Scop., Securidaca Gaertn.).  Securigera DC.

Leaves with 4-5 leaflets, of which the 1-2 lowest have usually the appearance of stipules. Stipules very small or wanting. Keel gibbous on each side. Seeds globular or lenticular.  137

137. Fruit longitudinally 4-winged or 4-angled.—Species 5. North Africa.
Used as fodder or as vegetables. (Under Lotus L.)  Tetragonolobus Scop.

Fruit neither 4-winged nor 4-angled.—Species 50. Some of them are used as vegetables, fodder, or ornamental plants. (Including Heinekenia
Webb, Lotea Medik., and Pedrosia Lowe).  Lotus L.

138. (131.) Petals, at least the lower, adnate below to the staminal tube.
Standard oblong or ovate. Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnate or palmate; leaflets 3-5, usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in umbels, heads, or spikes.—Species 70.
North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of them are used as fodder or in medicine. “Clover.”  Trifolium L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. Leaflets entire, rarely toothed, but then more than 5. Stipules usually free or wanting.  139

139. Leaves unifoliolate, stipellate; stalk winged. Flowers in spikes. Calyx-lobes unequal. Uppermost stamen free at the base, but united with the others in the middle. Ovary sessile. Ovules 3-4.—Species 4.
Central Africa. (Under Desmodium Desv.)  Droogmansia De Wild.

Leaves pinnate, digitate, or reduced to the usually broadened stalk.  140

140. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the stalk. Leaflets entire. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Style-apex broadened and bearded. Fruit 2-valved.
Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs.  141

Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate. Ovary sessile or nearly so.  142

141. Style-apex laterally compressed with reflexed edges, hence grooved above. Corolla white or red; wings adhering to the keel. Herbs with tendrils. Leaflets 2-6.—Species 3. North Africa, also cultivated in the tropics. They yield fodder and edible seeds (peas), from which also starch is prepared.  Pisum L.

Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the edges bent downwards or straight. (See 128.).  Lathyrus L.

142. Stem woody throughout. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in racemes or fascicles. Upper calyx-teeth united for the greatest part.
Corolla red or violet; wings slightly adhering to the keel; standard with a callus at the base. Fruit linear, flat.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. The seeds of some species are used as a fish-poison.  Mundulea DC.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only.  143

143. Flowers in racemes. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla blue; standard suborbicular, with a callus and two auricles; keel somewhat longer than the wings and the standard. Uppermost stamen cohering with the others at the base. Style-apex bearded. Ovules 2. Twining undershrubs.—Species
1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro).  Spathionema Taub.

Flowers solitary or in umbels or heads.  144

144. Leaflets toothed. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary. Corolla white or blue. Fruit ovate to oblong, turgid, 2-valved.—Species 2. North
Africa and Abyssinia; one species also cultivated in Angola. They yield edible seeds (chick-peas) and are used medicinally.  Cicer L.

Leaflets entire. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely solitary, but then
corolla yellow.  145

145. Leaflets numerous. Leaf-stalk long. Flowers very small, in heads or umbels. Keel nearly straight. Fruit jointed.—Species 6. North
Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as fodder.
“Birds-foot.” (Including Arthrolobium Desv.)  Ornithopus L.

Leaflets 3-5, the lower usually stipule-like. Leaf-stalk short or wanting.  146

146. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular, with a long claw. Fruit jointed.
Undershrubs with long silky hairs. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or
2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). (Ludovicia Coss.)  Hammatolobium Fenzl

Corolla white or red; standard oblong or ovate, short-clawed; wings coherent towards the apex, longitudinally folded or transversely gibbous; keel gibbous on each side. Fruit continuous, terete, 2-valved.
Stipules very small or wanting.—Species 6. North Africa. (Including
Bonjeania Reichb.)  Dorycnium Vill.

147. (126.) Anthers of two kinds, five shorter and attached by the back, the others longer and attached by the base, or the alternate ones rudimentary.  148

Anthers all alike.  205

148. Leaves digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. [Tribe GENISTEAE.]  149

Leaves pinnate, but sometimes with three leaflets.  195

149. Uppermost stamen free or nearly so.  150

Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath.  158

150. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves stipulate.  151

Stem woody throughout. Leaves usually exstipulate.  154

151. Keel with a straight beak. Anthers bearded. Stigma lateral. Fruit linear. Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers in axillary racemes.—Species
2. Southern West Africa. (Under Indigofera L.)  Rhynchotropis Harms

Keel with a spirally twisted beak or without a beak. Anthers not bearded.
Stigma terminal. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate.  152

152. Keel spirally beaked. Fruit oblong. Flowers opposite the leaves, solitary or 2-3 together. Bracteoles 2.—Species 2. South Africa to
Amboland.  Bolusia Benth.

Keel curved inwards, not beaked. Flowers in axillary or terminal inflorescences. Bracteoles none.  153

153. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovules several. Fruit linear. Leaves digitate.
Corolla reddish.—Species 1. East Africa.  Parochetus Hamilt.

Keel blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate. Gland-dotted plants.—Species 60.
Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Psoralea L.

154. Keel with a lateral gibbosity or spur. Anthers distinctly unequal. Leaves simple.  155

Keel without a lateral appendage. Anthers nearly equal.  156

155. Keel beaked. Corolla yellowish-green, shorter than the calyx. Ovule
1. Flowers in small terminal heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony).  Lathriogyne Eckl. & Zeyh.

Keel blunt. Corolla red or white, longer than the calyx.—Species 10.
South Africa.  Amphithalea Eckl. & Zeyh.

156. Corolla blue, red, or white. Ovule 1. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate, stipulate. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Corolla yellow. Ovules 2 or more. Leaves simple, exstipulate.  157

157. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the lowest very large and petaloid. Standard ovate or oblong; wings oblong. Inflorescence surrounded by large bracts.—Species 4. South Africa.  Liparia L.

Calyx-lobes about equal. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracts not very large.—Species 15. South Africa.  Priestleya DC.

158. (149.) Filaments united into a sheath which is slit above.  159

Filaments united into a tube which is closed all round.  180

159. Style bearded or ciliate on the inside towards the apex.  160

Style glabrous inside.  161

160. Fruit flat, oblong or ovate, stalked, downy, 2-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Priotropis Wight & Arn.

Fruit turgid.—Species 220. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Some yield fibres, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.  Crotalaria L.

161. Ovule 1.  162

Ovules 2 or more.  163

162. Leaves stipulate. Flowers ebracteolate, blue, pink or white. Keel incurved. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, adhering to the pericarp. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Leaves exstipulate. Flowers bracteolate, red, yellow or white. Keel almost straight, gibbous at each side. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.
Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Silky-hairy shrubs. Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers usually in pairs in the axils of the leaves.—Species
8. South Africa.  Coelidium Vog.

163. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate, usually exstipulate.  164

Leaves digitate, with 3, rarely 5-7 leaflets, usually stipulate.  171

164. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the 1-3 lowest usually narrower than the rest.  165

Calyx-lobes about equal.  169

165. Petals adnate at the base to the staminal tube, yellow; wings auricled at the base; keel with a blunt spur at each side. Ovules 2. Shrubs clothed with long hairs. Leaves stalked, linear. Flowers axillary.
Bracteoles leaf-like.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Walpersia Harv.

Petals free from the staminal tube.  166

166. Petals red, long-clawed, glabrous. Fruit ovate, turgid. Prostrate undershrubs clothed with long reddish-brown hairs. Leaves imbricate sessile, lanceolate. Flowers in short racemes.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Euchlora Eckl. & Zeyh.

Petals yellow, rarely white or red, but then short-clawed and leaves fascicled.  167

167. Leaves in tufts of 3 or more, usually thread-shaped.—Species 150. South
Africa.  Aspalathus L.

Leaves scattered, flat. Petals yellow. Fruit linear or lanceolate, more or less flattened.  168

168. Plant hairy. Leaves stalked.—Species 90.  Lotononis DC.

Plant glabrous.—Species 30. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Rafnia Thunb.

169. Leaves more or less distinctly stalked, narrow, usually thread-shaped.
Flowers in racemes, yellow. Fruit linear. Funicle very short.—Species
25. South Africa.  Lebeckia Thunb.

Leaves sessile.  170

170. Leaves many-nerved, flat, stiff. Calyx 5-cleft, with pungent segments.
Corolla yellow; standard villous. Fruit linear or lanceolate, slightly flattened.—Species 15. South Africa.  Borbonia L.

Leaves one- or few-nerved, usually thread-shaped and in tufts. Fruit obliquely-ovate or -lanceolate. Funicle filiform. (See 167.)  Aspalathus L.

171. (163.) Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-toothed or 2-parted, the lower
3-toothed or 3-parted. Corolla yellow. Fruit linear.  172

Calyx not 2-lipped, all segments subequal or the 4 upper ones united in pairs.  174

172. Keel longer than the standard and the wings. Calyx deeply two-lipped.
Fruit flat, somewhat constricted and with thin partitions between the seeds, not glandular. Undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small.—Species 4. South Africa.  Dichilus DC.

Keel shorter than the standard. Leaves stipulate.  173

173. Fruit glandular-hairy or viscid, flat, usually constricted between the seeds. Calyx tubular, usually shortly two-lipped. Shrubs or undershrubs.
Flowers in spikes or racemes. Bracteoles mostly leaf-like.—Species
12. South Africa.  Melolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.

Fruit hairy, but not glandular. Calyx deeply two-lipped. Standard suborbicular. Bracteoles usually small.—Species 60. (Tephrothamnus
Sweet, including Macrolotus Harms)  Argyrolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.

174. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the upper 4 united in pairs, the lowest separate and narrow.  175

Calyx-lobes about equal.  177

175. Keel and style straight. Standard spatulate. Bracteoles bristle-like.—Species
3. South Africa. (Pleiospora Harv.)  Phaenohoffmannia O. Ktze.

Keel and style curved inwards. Bracteoles none.  176

176. Fruit flattened, repeatedly folded and twisted from side to side. Corolla yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Stigma oblique. Herbs.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Listia E. Mey.

Fruit slightly flattened or turgid, straight or curved. (See 168.)  Lotononis L.

177. Fruit winged, flat, ovate or oblong, stalked, indehiscent. Petals long-clawed, yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Ovary stalked. Ovules few. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes.—Species 7. South Africa.
(Viborgia Thunb.)  Wiborgia Thunb.

Fruit not winged. Ovules usually numerous.  178

178. Fruit ovate, 1-3-seeded. Corolla white, yellowish, or red; standard with a long claw, clothed with long hairs. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes or heads, without bracteoles.—Species 10. South Africa.  Buchenroedera Eckl. & Zeyh.

Fruit linear, lanceolate, or oblong.  179

179. Seeds with a very short funicle. Fruit linear. Corolla yellow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes.
(See 169.)  Lebeckia Thunb.

Seeds with a long funicle. Fruit flattened or slightly inflated. Leaves usually stipulate. (See 168.)  Lotononis L.

180. (158.) Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. Corolla blue, rose, or white. Bracteoles none. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Ovules 2 or more.  181

181. Calyx 2-lipped.  182

Calyx subequally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Leaves 1- or 3-foliolate.  191

182. Calyx deeply 2-lipped.  183

Calyx slightly 2-lipped. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or wanting.  188

183. Leaves reduced to scales or spines. Spinous shrubs. Calyx and corolla yellow. Fruit oblong or ovate, 1-4-seeded.—Species 6. North
Africa; one species (U. europaeus L.) also naturalized in South Africa, the Mascarenes, and St. Helena. This species is used as a garden- or hedge-plant and furnishes a dye-stuff, fodder, and a substitute for tea.
“Furze.”  Ulex L.

Leaves digitate, with 2-9 leaflets.  184

184. Leaflets 5-9. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Keel beaked; wings cohering at the apex.—Species 10. North and Central Africa. They
yield manure, fodder, vegetables, medicaments, and edible seeds which serve also as a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental plants.  Lupinus L.

Leaflets 2-4. Stipules usually free. Wings free.  185

185. Leaflets 2 or 4, very rarely 3. Lateral calyx-lobes much shorter than the others. Fruit jointed, bristly or spiny, indehiscent. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
3. Tropical and South Africa. Used as fodder.  Zornia Gmel.

Leaflets 3. Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves.  186

186. Fruit covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Corolla yellow; keel curved inwards.
Shrubs.—Species 7. North and Central Africa.  Adenocarpus DC.

Fruit not glandular, but usually hairy.  187

187. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs.—Species 15. North
Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Sarothamnus Wimm., Spartocytisus Webb, and
Teline Medik.)  Cytisus L.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Corolla yellow. (See 173.)  Argyrolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.

188. (182.) Calyx sheath-like, split on one side after flowering. Corolla yellow; keel and wings adnate below to the staminal tube; keel acuminate, curved inwards; wings obovate. Stigma oblique.
Fruit linear. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs or trees. Leaves unifoliolate, without stipules.—Species 1 (S. junceum
L., Spanish broom). North Africa. Yields fibres and medicaments and is used as an ornamental plant.  Spartium L.

Calyx not sheath-like. Keel obtuse or free from the staminal tube.  189

189. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Fruit linear or oblong, flat.
Petals free from the staminal tube. Shrubs. (See 187.)  Cytisus L.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum.  190

190. Keel distinctly curved inwards; wings and keel free from the staminal tube; standard suborbicular. Fruit linear or oblong, flat, covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate, with small stipules. Flowers in racemes, yellow. (See 186.)  Adenocarpus DC.

Keel straight or nearly so, blunt, gibbous at each side; wings and keel usually adnate to the staminal tube; the former oblong; standard ovate. Fruit usually inflated. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 40.
North Africa. Some species yield fibres, dyes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Retama Boiss.)  Genista L.

191. (181.) Calyx deeply divided. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked.
Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. (See
129.)  Ononis L.

Calyx shortly toothed. Filaments not broadened above. Ovary sessile
or nearly so. Leaflets entire.  192

192. Calyx obscurely toothed, coloured. Corolla yellow, free from the staminal tube. Fruit thickened or winged at the upper suture. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves digitate, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.—Species 3. North Africa.
Used medicinally.  Calycotome Link

Calyx distinctly toothed. Corolla red, blue, or white.  193

193. Petals with a long claw, blue or violet; wings and keel adnate at the base to the staminal tube. Fruit oblong, glandular-hairy. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate on the young branches, unifoliolate on the older. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Bracteoles small, leaf-like.—Species 1.
North Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally.  Erinacea Boiss.

Petals with a short claw or sessile, free from the staminal tube. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Unarmed plants. Leaves trifoliolate.
Flowers in racemes or panicles.  194

194. Keel shorter than the standard. Corolla red or violet. Fruit linear, many-seeded. Shrubs. Bracteoles bristle-like.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Hypocalyptus Thunb.

Keel longer than the standard. Corolla red or white. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded. Undershrubs.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony).  Loddigesia Sims

195. (148.) Leaves equally pinnate.  196

Leaves unequally pinnate.  197

196. Leaflets 4. Flowers solitary or in spikes. Calyx with a long, narrow tube and unequal lobes. Corolla yellow or whitish; keel beaked.
Filaments all united. Ovules 2-3. Fruit oblong, inflated, continuous within, indehiscent, ripening beneath the soil. Stem herbaceous.—Species
1 (A. hypogaea L., ground-nut). Cultivated.
The seeds are edible and yield oil; the leaves are used as a vegetable or as fodder.  Arachis L.

Leaflets numerous. Flowers in racemes. Calyx with a wide tube, truncate or with subequal lobes. Keel blunt or somewhat pointed.
Filaments united, excepting one. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, with transverse partitions.—Species 15. Tropics to Natal and Egypt.
Some species yield timber, fibre, fodder, or medicaments, or serve as garden- or hedge-plants.  Sesbania Pers.

197. Leaflets 3.  198

Leaflets numerous.  203

198. Leaflets with stipels.  199

Leaflets without stipels.  201

199. Filaments all united. Corolla red; standard unappendaged; keel almost straight, blunt, shorter than the wings. Style short and thick. Flowers very small. Twining herbs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east
Africa. Used medicinally.  Teramnus Swartz

Filaments united, excepting the uppermost, which is free at least at the base. Standard auricled at the base; keel curved. Flowers large or rather large.  200

200. Uppermost stamens free at the base, but united with the others at the middle. Corolla red; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Twining shrubs.—Species 1. Tropics.  Dioclea H. B. & K.

Uppermost stamens free throughout. Corolla red or yellowish-green; keel as long as or longer than the wings.—Species 20. Tropics.
Some of them yield poisons, medicaments, vegetables, fodder, and dyes, or serve as ornamental plants. (Stizolobium P. Br.).  Mucuna Adans.

201. Stipules free, stem-clasping. Corolla red, blue, or white; keel blunt.
Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Corolla red or yellow; keel usually beaked. Ovules 2 or more.  202

202. Leaflets toothed. Calyx with a short tube and subequal segments.
Fruit dehiscing by two valves, usually terete. (See 129.)  Ononis L.

Leaflets entire. Calyx with a thread-shaped tube and unequal segments, four of which are connate. Corolla yellow. Ovules 2-3. Base of the style persistent. Fruit flat, separating in two joints or indehiscent.
Herbs. Flowers usually intermixed with feathery bristles.—Species
5. Tropical and South Africa.  Stylosanthes Swartz

203. (197.) Stem woody. Corolla white or red; wings free. Stamens diadelphous at the base, at first monadelphous at the middle. Ovary stalked.
Style hairy at the apex. Fruit flat.—Species 1 (R. Pseudacacia L.).
Naturalized in North Africa. Yields timber and medicaments and is used as an ornamental plant. The bark and the leaves are poisonous.  Robinia L.

Stem herbaceous. Corolla blue, yellow, or whitish. Ovary sessile.  204

204. Filaments united, excepting one, or all united into a sheath split above.
Wings free. Fruit oblong or ovate, flat or constricted between the seeds.—Species 2. North Africa. They yield medicaments (liquorice), dyes, and material for papermaking.  Glycyrrhiza L.

Filaments all united into a closed tube. Wings slightly adhering to the keel. Style glabrous. Fruit linear, subterete.—Species 1. North
Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plant.
“Goats rue.”  Galega L.

205. (147.) Leaves abruptly pinnate. [Especially tribe VICIEAE.]  206

Leaves imparipinnate, digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting.  220

206. Calyx distinctly two-lipped, the upper lip entire or shortly 2-toothed, the lower one entire, 3-toothed, or 3-parted. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular. Fruit jointed. Flowers in racemes.  207

Calyx equally or subequally toothed or divided, or entire.  210

207. Bracts very large, imbricate, hiding the flowers and fruits. Bracteoles none. Flowers very small. Filaments all united. Ovules 2. Herbs.
Stipules produced at the base into a spur-like appendage.—Species 9.
Central Africa.  Geissaspis Wight & Arn.

Bracts not hiding the flowers, usually small and deciduous. Bracteoles present.  208

208. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx. Filaments all united. Ovules more than two.—Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Damapana
Adans., including Kotschya Endl.)  Smithia Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx.  209

209. Ovary sessile. Uppermost stamen free. Keel obtuse. Fruit ring-shaped or spirally twisted, flat, glabrous except at the shortly spinous sutures, 2-valved. Herbs. Leaves with 2-4 pairs of leaflets. Stipules spurred at the base. Bracts not spurred.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Cyclocarpa Afz.

Ovary stalked. Fruit straight, curved, or spirally twisted; in the latter case covered with glandular hairs.—Species 60. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species (especially the ambatch, A. Elaphroxylon
Taub.) yield cork-wood, fibre, and medicaments. (Including Herminiera
Guill. & Perr.)  Aeschynomene L.

210. Style hairy, usually bearded lengthwise. Fruit more or less flattened,
1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs.
Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting.  211

Style glabrous.  214

211. Staminal tube obliquely truncate at its mouth.  212

Staminal tube evenly truncate.  213

212. Style bearded on the inner face. Flowers small. Corolla bluish-white; keel somewhat pointed. Uppermost stamen free. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules 2. Seeds flat.—Species 3. North Africa; also cultivated in northern Central Africa. The seeds of L. esculenta
Moench (lentils) are used as food, for the preparation of starch, and in medicine. (Under Ervum L.)  Lens Gren. & Godr.

Style hairy all round or on the back only; in the latter case flowers large or middle-sized. Seeds globose or slightly flattened.—Species 40.
North and East Africa; some species also naturalized in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. They yield fodder, edible fruits and seeds
(especially beans from V. Faba L.), and medicaments; some are used as ornamental plants. “Vetch.” (Including Ervum L. and Faba
Tourn.)  Vicia L.

213. Style-apex compressed laterally, with the margins bent upwards, hence grooved above. Ovary subsessile. Ovules more than 2. Corolla white or red; keel blunt. Uppermost stamens free at the base.
Leaves with 1-3 pairs of leaflets. (See 141.)  Pisum L.

Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the margins straight or bent downwards.
(See 128.)  Lathyrus L.

214. Stamens 9. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla white or pink; standard adhering to the staminal tube at its base; wings oblong, shorter than the keel. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves ending in a bristle. Bracteoles present.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Several species
(especially A. praecatorius L.) yield fibres, poisonous ornamental seeds
(crab-eyes), and medicaments.  Abrus L.

Stamens 10.  215

215. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a tuft of hairs. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely chambered, opening by two valves. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs, clothed with appressed hairs fixed at the middle. Bracteoles none.—Species
320. Tropical, South, and North-east Africa. Several species yield a dye (indigo), or are used in medicine or as ornamental plants.  Indigofera L.

Connective without an appendage.  216

216. Fruit indehiscent, not jointed. Calyx-teeth obscure or wanting. Standard auricled at the base; petals of the keel free. Alternate filaments with
a scale at the base. Trees. Leaflets alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Xanthocercis Baill.

Fruit dehiscent or jointed. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  217

217. Fruit jointed, dehiscing on one side or indehiscent. Corolla yellow; standard orbicular. Stamens usually all united. (See 209.)  Aeschynomene L.

Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves.  218

218. Fruit transversely septate. Bracteoles bristle-like, deciduous. Uppermost stamen free. (See 196.).  Sesbania Pers.

Fruit longitudinally septate or 1-celled. Wings adhering to the keel.  219

219. Fruit 1-celled, compressed. Petals with a short claw. Herbs. Leaves ending in a bristle or a tendril. Bracteoles none. (See 212.).  Vicia L.

Fruit 2-celled, rarely 1-celled but then turgid.—Species 70. North and
East Africa to Transvaal and the Cape Verde Islands. Several species yield fodder, tragacanth-gum, manna-like exudations, or edible seeds which are also used as a substitute for coffee. (Including Acanthyllis
Pomel, Erophaca Boiss., and Phaca L.)  Astragalus L.

220. (205.) Leaves unifoliolate, simple, or wanting.  221

Leaves digitate or pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets  251

221. Leaves exstipulate or wanting  222

Leaves stipulate.  224

222. Branches leaf-like. Leaves usually wanting. Trees. Corolla red. Fruit turgid, indehiscent.—Species 5. Madagascar. They yield timber.
(Including Neobaronia Bak.)  Phylloxylon Baill.

Branches not leaf-like. Leaves present. Shrubs. Corolla yellow. Fruit flat, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with an outgrowth near the
hilum.  223

223. Flowers in heads surrounded by large imbricate bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe very large, petaloid. Standard ovate or oblong; wings oblong.
(See 157.)  Liparia L.

Flowers solitary or in racemes, umbels, or heads with small or medium-sized bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe equalling or slightly exceeding the others. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracteoles bristle-like.
(See 157.)  Priestleya DC.

224. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only.  225

Stem woody throughout.  241

225. Uppermost stamen united with the others at least in its lower half.  226

Uppermost stamen free from the others throughout or at the base.  229

226. Ovule 1. Ovary sessile. Style slender. Calyx-teeth long and pointed.
Petals shortly clawed. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, ovate, indehiscent.
Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves.—Species 6. South Africa
(Cape Colony).  Hallia Thunb.

Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.  227

227. Style bearded. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Seeds with an aril. Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole.
(See 128.)  Lathyrus L.

Style glabrous. Leaves unifoliolate.  228

228. Style short and broad. Ovary sessile. Petals red, long-clawed. Fruit compressed. Leaflets entire. Stipules awl-shaped. Flowers very small, in axillary racemes.—Species 5. Central Africa to Transvaal.  Microcharis Benth.

Style awl-shaped. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Calyx deeply divided. Petals short-clawed. Leaflets toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves. (See 129.)  Ononis L.

229. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young, free at the base, later sometimes free throughout.  230

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly from the base.  234

230. Fruit jointed.  231

Fruit not jointed.  232

231. Upper calyx-lobes separate. Wings small; standard subsessile. Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-3. Leaflets without stipels. Flowers in axillary, few-flowered racemes, with small bracteoles.—Species 5. Nileland and
Island of Socotra.  Taverniera DC.

Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Wings oblong, adhering to the keel. Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets usually with stipels.—Species 40.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (Meibomia Moehr.)  Desmodium Desv.

232. Flowers very small, in pairs in the axils of the leaves, with minute bracteoles.
Fruit oblong, with a membranous pericarp, indehiscent.
Leaflets without stipels.—Species 2. South Africa to Angola.  Sylitra E. Mey.

Flowers not very small, in usually terminal or leaf-opposed racemes.
Fruit with a more or less herbaceous pericarp, dehiscing by two valves.  233

233. Flowers with rather large bracteoles, violet. Ovary shortly stalked.
Stigma penicillate. Fruit 4-winged, septate. Stem twining. Leaflets with stipels. Stipules spurred.—Species 4. Tropics. The roots and the fruits are used as vegetables. (Botor Adans.)  Psophocarpus Neck.

Flowers without bracteoles. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets without stipels, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.—Species 130.
Some of them yield dyes, poisons, and medicaments. (Cracca L., including Pogonostigma Boiss. and Requienia DC.)  Tephrosia Pers.

234. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit with transverse partitions.
Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the middle.  235

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely affixed by the middle.  236

235. Keel beaked. Anthers bearded at base and apex. Style boat-shaped below. Ovules 4-6. Fruit short-stalked, turgid. (See 151.)  Rhynchotropis Harms

Keel blunt or somewhat pointed, gibbous or spurred on each side. Style thread-shaped. Fruit sessile or nearly so. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

236. Ovule 1.  237

Ovules 2 or more.  238

237. Leaflets with stipels. Flowers in racemes, with broad bracteoles. Calyx-lobes narrow, subequal. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.—Species 2.
Madagascar.  Leptodesmia Benth.

Leaflets without stipels. Leaves gland-dotted. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp adnate to the seed. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

238. Ovules 2. Corolla usually yellow.  239

Ovules 3 or more. Corolla usually red.  240

239. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-lobes separate or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants.—Species 55. Tropical and South Africa. The roots of one species are used in making beer.  Eriosema DC.

Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed at or nearly in the middle. Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants.—Species
100. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. (Dolicholus Medik.)  Rhynchosia Lour.

240. Calyx-lobes long, stiff, very unequal, the two upper ones united high up.
Style thread-shaped, glabrous. Fruit jointed, indehiscent. Leaves
unifoliolate, usually stipellate. Stipules membranous. Flowers small, in racemes, with bracteoles.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa.
(Fabricia Scop.).  Alysicarpus Neck.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Style flattened, bearded towards the apex.
Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with a small aril.
Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers without bracteoles. (See 128.)  Lathyrus L.

241. (224.) Filaments all united into a tube split on one or on both sides.
Bracteoles present.  242

Filaments united into a tube, excepting one which is free, at least at the base.  240

242. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Standard suborbicular. Fruit jointed.
Seeds oblong. Shrubs, usually erect. Flowers in few-flowered racemes.—Species 10. Tropics. (Diphaca Lour., including Arthrocarpum
Balf. f.)  Ormocarpum Beauv.

Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3. Anthers basifixed. Fruit not jointed, indehiscent. Seeds reniform. Trees or climbing shrubs. Flowers in cymes arranged in many-flowered raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences.—Species
65. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber (Senegal-ebony) and gum-resin. (Amerimnon P.Br., including
Ecastaphyllum Rich.)  Dalbergia L. f.

243. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young.  244

Uppermost stamen free throughout.  245

244. Fruit jointed, indented at one or at both sutures. Leaflets usually with stipels. (See 231.).  Desmodium Desv.

Fruit not jointed, very thinly or not septate, opening by two valves.
Standard clawed, suborbicular. Ovary sessile. Stigma usually hairy.
Leaflets usually with numerous parallel side-nerves and without stipels. Bracteoles none. (See 233.)  Tephrosia Pers.

245. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs.
Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none.  246

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle.  247

246. Fruit separating into joints. Petals red, clawed. Ovules numerous.
Leafstalk not jointed at the apex.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands.  Bremontiera DC.

Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Standard sessile or short-clawed; keel gibbous or spurred on each side. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

247. Bracteoles present. Trees. Petals yellow, more rarely white marked with violet; those of the keel free or slightly cohering. Ovules 2-4.
Fruit compressed, more or less winged, indehiscent.—Species 15.
Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber (rose-wood) and a resin (kino) used for tanning and dyeing and for medicinal purposes, also edible fruits and seeds.  Pterocarpus L.

Bracteoles wanting. Shrubs.  248

248. Ovule 1. Petals blue, red, or white; standard short-clawed; keel curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Ovules 2 or more.  249

249. Ovules 3 or more. Petals red. Fruit subterete, constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Spinous shrubs. Racemes with the rachis ending in a spine.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. The resinous exudations (Persian manna) are used for food and in medicine.  Alhagi Desv.

Ovules 2. Petals red or yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.  250

250. Fruit compressed. Seeds with a linear hilum. (See 239.)  Eriosema DC.

Fruit turgid. Seeds with a short hilum.—Species 5. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. (Moghania
St. Hil.)  Flemingia Roxb.

251. (220.) Leaflets 3.  252

Leaflets 4 or more.  330

252. Leaves digitate.  253

Leaves pinnate.  264

253. Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. Ovules numerous. Bracteoles bristle-like.  254

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base.  257

254. Filaments united into a closed tube. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or hairy shrubs.  255

Filaments united into a sheath split above. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Glabrous undershrubs, shrubs, or trees.  256

255. Calyx-lobes unequal, the upper approaching in pairs. Standard spatulate; wings obliquely ovate. Anthers slightly unequal. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, dehiscing by two valves. Tall shrubs with brownish hairs. Flowers in head-like spikes. (See 175.)  Phaenohoffmannia O. Ktze.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Standard ovate or oblong; wings narrow; petals of the keel scarcely cohering. Fruit linear or lanceolate, dehiscing at the upper suture. Decumbent herbs. Flowers very small, solitary or in short racemes.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Rothia Pers.

256. Keel longer than the standard. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded.
Undershrubs. (See 194.)  Loddigesia Sims

Keel shorter than the standard. Fruit linear, many-seeded. Shrubs or trees. (See 194.)  Hypocalyptus Thunb.

257. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young.  258

Uppermost stamen free. Bracteoles absent.  260

258. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate below to the staminal tube.
Fruit not jointed, scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or umbels. Bracteoles absent. (See 138.)  Trifolium L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets entire.  259

259. Flowers very small, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, with small bracteoles. Petals yellowish. Fruit oblong; pericarp membranous.
Undershrubs. (See 232.)  Sylitra E. Mey.

Flowers not very small, in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals usually red. Fruit dehiscing by two valves; pericarp more or less herbaceous.
(See 233.)  Tephrosia Pers.

260. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a small point. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely septate, dehiscing by two valves. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

Connective without an appendage.  261

261. Ovule 1. Keel curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Ovules 2 or more.  262

262. Ovules 2. Petals free from the staminal tube; standard auricled at base. Fruit turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Shrubs. (See 250.)  Flemingia Roxb.

Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, but then lower petals adnate to the staminal tube. Wings exceeding the keel. Herbs. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk.  263

263. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube. Keel blunt. Ovules 2-8. Fruit scarcely dehiscent. (See 138.)  Trifolium L.

Petals free from the staminal tube, red. Keel somewhat pointed, curved.
Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.
Flowers solitary. (See 153.)  Parochetus Hamilt.

264. (252.) Leaflets with stipels. [Especially tribe PHASEOLEAE.]  265

Leaflets without stipels.  310

265. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only.  266

Stem woody throughout.  303

266. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. Flowers small, red, in racemes, with the rachis not thickened.—Species 20.
Tropical and South-east Africa; one species (G. hispida Maxim., soy-bean) only cultivated. The latter yields edible oily seeds.  Glycine L.

Uppermost stamen free or almost so, or united with the others in the middle only.  267

267. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, free at the base, but united with the others in the middle.  268

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so.  272

268. Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Bracteoles present. Wings usually free from the keel.
Fruit not jointed, opening in two valves.  269

Flowers in racemes with the rachis not thickened, or in fascicles, or solitary. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit compressed.  271

269. Fruit 4-angled or 4-winged. Seeds oblong. Stigma villous. Corolla violet. Bracteoles rather large, falling off tardily. Stipules spurred.
(See 233.)  Psophocarpus Neck.

Fruit 2-3-angled or 2-winged. Stigma small. Bracteoles small, falling off early. Stipules small.  270

270. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper much larger than the lower. Seeds ovate or orbicular.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. The seeds of several species are eaten and used for dyeing and in medicine.  Canavalia Adans.

Calyx-lobes not very unequal, the upper united higher up, but not considerably larger than the lower. Seeds oblong.—Species 1. East
Africa.  Pueraria DC.

271. Fruit more or less distinctly jointed. Bracteoles usually present. (See
231.)  Desmodium Desv.

Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Stigma usually penicillate.
Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Bracteoles wanting.
(See 233.)  Tephrosia Pers.

272. Style hairy above.  273

Style glabrous or hairy at the base only, sometimes with a hairy stigma.  287

273. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes with the rachis not thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Keel curved. Ovules numerous.
Fruit linear.  274

Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion of the pedicels.  277

274. Calyx tubular; upper lobes united high up. Corolla white, blue, or violet; wings oblong, adhering to the much shorter and pointed keel. Ovary stalked. Style broadened above, bearded lengthwise.—Species 5.
Tropics. Used as medicinal, dyeing, and ornamental plants.  Clitoria L.

Calyx campanulate. Wings obovate. Ovary almost sessile.  275

275. Upper calyx-teeth united to the middle. Corolla red or violet; standard equalling the wings, spurred or gibbous on the back; keel not beaked.
Style-apex broadened, hairy round the stigma. Fruit flat. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Climbing herbs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in West Africa. Used as a medicinal and ornamental plant. (Bradburya Rafin., under Clitoria L.)  Centrosema DC.

Upper calyx-teeth united wholly or for the greatest part. Standard not spurred at the back, but auricled at the base. Style-apex slightly or not thickened. Fruit more or less inflated. Seeds with an outgrowth
near the hilum.  276

276. Style with a crown of hairs beneath the large ovoid stigma. Wings longer than the keel, but shorter than the standard. Stipules long-spurred.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Congo).  Vignopsis De Wild.

Style bearded on the inner face towards the top, or penicillate round the small terminal stigma. Wings adhering to the keel.—Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and edible fruits or seeds, or serve as ornamental plants.  Dolichos L.

277. Keel spirally twisted. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc. Stigma lateral or oblique.  278

Keel more or less curved inwards, but not spiral.  279

278. Keel with a long spur; wings free. Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3.
Style with a pointed dorsal appendage at the apex. Flowers violet or whitish, without bracteoles.—Species 3. Central Africa. One species (Ph. venenosum Balf., Calabar bean) has poisonous seeds used in ordeals and medicinally.  Physostigma Balf.

Keel without a spur, but sometimes with two gibbosities; wings adhering to the keel. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules numerous. Style without a dorsal appendage at the apex.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east
Africa; one species (Ph. vulgaris L.) cultivated also in extra-tropical regions. The fruits and seeds of some species (beans) are eaten and used for preparing starch and medicaments, those of others are poisonous. Several species are used as ornamental or fodder-plants.  Phaseolus L.

279. Stigma lateral, situated beneath the apex of the style.  280

Stigma terminal, but sometimes oblique.  283

280. Style-apex bent down towards the stigma. Stigma globose, blunt or notched. Wings oblong, equalling the blunt keel. Fruit flat. Leaflets usually toothed.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield fibre used for rope-making, and edible roots and seeds, from which also starch and medicaments are prepared. (Cacara Thouars).  Pachyrrhizus Rich.

Style-apex bent back. Fruit turgid.  281

281. Fruit subglobular, 1-2-seeded, ripening under ground. Ovules 2-3.
Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow; keel blunt. Creeping herbs. Racemes
1-3-flowered.—Species 1 (V. subterranea Thouars). Cultivated in Tropical and South Africa. Yields edible fruits and oily seeds.  Voandzeia Thouars

Fruit linear, several- or many-seeded, ripening above ground. Ovules several or many.  282

282. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, with acuminate segments. Keel pointed; wings auricled. Undershrubs with erect or ascending branches.—Species 1.
South Africa. (Under Vigna Savi).  Otoptera DC.

Calyx 4-5-toothed or 5-cleft. Keel blunt or beaked.—Species 65.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species yield fibre used for rope-making, and edible fruits or seeds. (Including Liebrechtsia
De Wild.)  Vigna Savi

283. Stigma very oblique. Style-apex wedge-shaped, hairy. Calyx-teeth very short and broad. Keel blunt. Fruit linear.—Species 5. Central and South-east Africa. (Under Vigna Savi).  Sphenostylis E. Mey.

Stigma slightly oblique or straight.  284

284. Upper lip of the calyx entire. Style bearded lengthwise. Fruit oblong,
2-4-seeded.  285

Upper lip of the calyx notched.  286

285. Keel almost straight, blunt. Standard oblong, straight, folded over the other petals. Corolla yellow-green. Style flat at base, hairy above.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Dolichos L.)  Chloryllis E. Mey.

Keel sharply bent upwards, pointed. Standard orbicular, bent back, expanded. Corolla white or red. Style flat and bearded above.—Species
1 (L. vulgaris Savi). Tropical and South-east Africa; also cultivated in Egypt. It yields edible fruits and seeds, fodder, and medicaments, and serves also as an ornamental plant. (Under Dolichos
L.)  Lablab Savi

286. Ovules 2. Style flattened and hairy above. Keel pointed. Upper calyx-teeth united to about the middle. Glandular plants.—Species
10. Central Africa. (Under Dolichos L.)  Adenodolichos Harms

Ovules 3 or more. Style thread-shaped. Keel shortly beaked. Glandless plants. (See 276.)  Dolichos L.

287. (272.) Ovules 1-2.  288

Ovules 3 or more.  295

288. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a short point. Calyx-teeth subequal. Corolla usually red; keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit more or less turgid, with transverse partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

Connective without an appendage. Fruit more or less compressed.  289

289. Ovule 1. Calyx-teeth about equal, bristle-like. Keel obtuse. Fruit enclosed by the calyx. Bracts broad. (See 237.)  Leptodesmia Benth.

Ovules 2, rarely ovule 1, but then calyx-teeth unequal (the upper ones more or less united).  290

290. Bracteoles present.  291

Bracteoles absent. Corolla usually yellow; standard auricled at the base.  293

291. Style hairy at the base, bent almost at a right angle above the middle.
Ovary surrounded at the base by a cupular disc. Calyx-teeth and bracteoles ending in a club-shaped gland. Corolla spotted with violet. Fruit 1-celled. Leaflets toothed.—Species 5. Central
Africa. (Under Rhynchosia Lour.)  Eminia Taub.

Style glabrous, slightly curved. Fruit transversely chambered.  292

292. Corolla yellowish; keel as long as the wings; standard not auricled.
Flowers two or several together in the axils of the leaves, subsessile.
Fruit ripening under ground.—Species 1. West Africa. Cultivated for its edible seeds.  Kerstingiella Harms

Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings; standard slightly auricled.
Flowers in axillary racemes or false-racemes. Fruit ripening above ground. (See 266.)  Glycine L.

293. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Standard oblong or ovate; wings shorter than the keel, auricled at the base. Style downy below.—Species 4.
Tropics.  Cylista Ait.

Calyx-lobes about equal, but the two upper ones sometimes more or less united.  294

294. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth free or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants. (See 239.)  Eriosema DC.

Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed in the middle.
Upper calyx-teeth more or less united. Standard orbicular or obovate.
Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants. (See 239.)  Rhynchosia Lour.

295. (287.) Calyx entire or obscurely toothed, gibbous at the base. Corolla yellow or red. Ovary surrounded at the base by a tubular disc.
Style broadened in the middle. Fruit flattened, 2-valved. Twining herbs. Bracteoles present.—Species 1. South and East Africa and
Madagascar.  Dumasia DC.

Calyx distinctly toothed.  296

296. Upper sepals wholly united; hence calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft. Twining herbs.  297

Upper sepals more or less separate; calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft.  298

297. Calyx-lobes short. Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings. Rachis of the inflorescence not thickened at the insertion of the pedicels.
Bracts striate.—Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa.  Shuteria Wight & Arn.

Calyx-lobes long. Corolla yellow; keel as long as or longer than the wings. Rachis of the inflorescence thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Bracts bristle-like.—Species 2. East Africa to Natal and Mascarene Islands.  Galactia P. Browne

298. Wings free from the keel. Flowers small, red. Leaflets large.  299

Wings adhering to the keel.  300

299. Fruit septate between the seeds, oblong. Seeds globose. Ovules 3-5.
Style thickened below. Standard auricled at the base.—Species 1.
German South-west Africa.  Neorautanenia Schinz

Fruit not septate between the seeds, flat, with transversely veined valves.
Seeds reniform. Style awl-shaped. Upper calyx-lobes united high up.
Hairy plants.—Species 5. Central and South-east Africa (Anarthrosyne
E. Mey.)  Pseudarthria Wight & Arn.

300. Bracteoles wanting. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Connective ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

Bracteoles present.  301

301. Standard spurred or gibbous at the apex of the claw. Style broadened above. Fruit flat. Seeds oblong. Stem twining. Flowers large.
Bracteoles larger than the bracts. (See 275.)  Centrosema DC.

Standard neither spurred nor gibbous. Flowers small or medium-sized.  302

302. Fruit jointed, flat, usually indehiscent. (See 231.)  Desmodium Desv.

Fruit not jointed, but septate between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves.
Corolla red; standard auricled at the base; wings exceeding the keel.
Bracts bristle-like. (See 266.)  Glycine L.

303. (265.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle. Calyx-lobes blunt and very short. Fruit not jointed, indehiscent.—Species
30. Tropics. Some species yield timber, dyes, fish-poison, and medicaments.  Lonchocarpus H. B. & K.

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so, rarely (Desmodium) united with the others in the middle, but then calyx-lobes pointed.
Fruit jointed or dehiscent.  304

304. Connective of the stamens produced in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs.
Calyx-teeth subequal. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

Connective without an appendage.  305

305. Standard with two auricles at the base.  306

Standard without an appendage at the base.  308

306. Calyx-teeth blunt, nearly equal. Corolla usually red; keel beaked.
Bracteoles deciduous.—Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Strongylodon Vog.

Calyx-teeth pointed, unequal, the upper united high up. Corolla yellow; keel blunt. Bracteoles none.  307

307. Standard oblong or ovate; keel longer than the wings. Ovary and base of the style hairy. Style thread-shaped. Ovules 2.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Baukea Vatke

Standard orbicular; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Ovary and base of style glabrous or downy. Style thickened in the middle and at the apex. Ovules numerous.—Species 1 (C. indicus Spreng., pigeon-pea). Tropics, also cultivated. Yields edible, pea-like fruits
and seeds, medicaments, fodder, food for silkworms, and manure.  Cajanus DC.

308. Style bearded above. Upper calyx-teeth almost entirely united. Wings adhering to the shorter and pointed keel. Fruit not jointed. Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.)  Clitoria L.

Style glabrous.  309

309. Fruit separating into joints, when ripe. Flowers usually small. Wings adhering to the keel. (See 231.)  Desmodium Desv.

Fruit not jointed. Flowers large. Wings much shorter than the standard, sometimes wanting. Ovary stalked.—Species 20. Tropical and
South Africa. Several species yield wood, vegetables, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.  Erythrina L.

310. (264.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base.  311

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base.  314

311. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, not jointed, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants.
Bracteoles absent. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Ovules 2 or more. Fruit linear or oblong, dehiscent or separating into joints.  312

312. Staminal tube split. Ovary sessile. Fruit breaking up into several joints. Shrubs. Bracteoles persistent. (See 242.)  Ormocarpum Beauv.

Staminal tube closed. Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Herbs or undershrubs. Bracteoles absent.  313

313. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point. Ovary sessile. Corolla red; keel blunt. Fruit slightly 4-angled, transversely septate.
Stipules bristle-like. Flowers small, in racemes, without bracteoles.—Species
2. Central Africa.  Cyamopsis DC.

Connective without an appendage. Ovary stalked. Calyx deeply divided. Standard suborbicular. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. (See 129.)  Ononis L.

314. Bracteoles present. Calyx-teeth subequal. Wings short. Ovary stalked. Ovules few.  315

Bracteoles absent.  316

315. Keel beaked. Standard clawed, auricled. Uppermost stamen free.
Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds subglobular. Twining shrubs.
Rachis of the raceme thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. (See
306.)  Strongylodon Vog.

Keel not beaked. Standard scarcely clawed. Uppermost stamen at first united with the others in the middle. Fruit breaking up into several joints. Seeds reniform. Erect undershrubs. (See 231.)  Taverniera DC.

316. Petals, at least the lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube. Herbs.
Leaflets usually toothed. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or umbels. (See 138.)  Trifolium L.

Petals free from the staminal tube.  317

317. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a point, or a tuft of
hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved inwards, gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely septate. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

Connective without an appendage.  318

318. Ovule 1. Corolla red, blue, or white; standard clawed. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants.
Stipules stem-clasping, not adnate. Bracts membranous. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Ovules 2 or more, rarely ovule 1, but then fruit more or less curved or coiled, corolla usually yellow, standard almost sessile, and stipules adnate to the leafstalk.  319

319. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, united with the others in the middle. Corolla red or white; standard suborbicular, clawed; wings adhering to the keel. Stigma usually hairy. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets entire, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.
Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, more rarely in axillary racemes or clusters. Bracts distinctly developed. (See 233.)  Tephrosia Pers.

Uppermost stamen free from the base, rarely united with the others in the middle, but then standard oblong or ovate, sessile or nearly so, corolla usually yellow, fruit not or tardily dehiscent, leaflets usually toothed, stipules adnate to the leafstalk, inflorescence axillary, and bracts minute or wanting.  320

320. Ovules 1-2.  321

Ovules more than 2.  325

321. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper two almost wholly united, the side ones small, the lowest the longest, enlarged after flowering, scarious.
Corolla reddish-yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit falcate-ovate, enclosed by the calyx, 1-seeded, 2-valved. Twining undershrubs. (See 293.)  Cylista Ait.

Calyx-lobes about equal, but the upper ones sometimes more or less united, not or scarcely enlarged after flowering.  322

322. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, more or less flattened, straight or nearly so. Upper calyx-teeth usually more or less united. Standard auricled at base. Leaflets usually entire.  323

Fruit not or very tardily dehiscing, turgid or curved to spiral, exceeding the calyx. Upper calyx-teeth scarcely or not united. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk.  324

323. Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle attached in the middle or nearly so. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or decumbent, rarely erect plants. (See 239.)  Rhynchosia Lour.

Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the funicle attached at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth not or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining
plants. (See 239.)  Eriosema DC.

324. Fruit straight, globular or ovoid, thick, wrinkled. Flowers in slender, more or less spike-like racemes, yellow, rarely white. Herbs.—Species
10. North Africa and Abyssinia; several species also naturalized in South Africa. Used as fodder or in medicine.  Melilotus Juss.

Fruit more or less curved (sickle- or kidney-shaped) or spirally coiled, usually flattened. Flowers in short racemes or in heads.—Species
35. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa; several species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Some of them (especially
M. sativa L., lucern) are used as fodder, or medicinal plants, and for making paper and brush-wares, others are noxious as burs.  Medicago L.

325. Upper calyx-lobes more or less, sometimes entirely united. Corolla yellow. Standard suborbicular, auricled at base. Fruit linear or oblong, constricted between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets entire, gland-dotted.  326

Upper calyx-lobes not or scarcely united. Standard oblong or obovate.
Fruit dehiscing at the upper suture or indehiscent, rarely tardily dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk.  328

326. Upper calyx-lobes shortly united. Keel exceeding the wings. Fruit oblong, curved, turgid, 1-celled. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Viscid, twining herbs or undershrubs.—Species 1. South
Africa and Madagascar.  Fagelia Neck.

Upper calyx-lobes united for the greater part or entirely. Fruit compressed and transversely septate.  327

327. Fruit oblong, blunt or shortly pointed. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules persistent. Flowers in fascicles or short racemes.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
(Under Atylosia Wight & Arn.)  Cantharospermum Wight & Arn.

Fruit linear, ending in a long point. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Style broadened in the middle and towards the apex. Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Stipules deciduous, awl-shaped. Flowers in racemes. (See 307.)  Cajanus DC.

328. Flowers in long, more or less spike-like racemes. Ovules few. Fruit oblong to globose, thick, straight, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded. Herbs.
(See 324.)  Melilotus Juss.

Flowers solitary or in short racemes, heads, or umbels.  329

329. Fruit linear or oblong, straight or slightly curved. Herbs.—Species 25.
North Africa, Nile-land, and South Africa. T. foenumgraecum L. is cultivated for its seeds, which are used as food, fodder, vermin-poison, in medicine, and in the manufacture of cloth; it is also used as a vegetable.  Trigonella L.

Fruit spirally twisted, more rarely sickle- or kidney-shaped. (See 324.)  Medicago L.

330. (251.) Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only.  331

Stem woody throughout.  347

331. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base, at least when young.  332

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base.  336

332. Filaments united into a closed tube, at least when young. Corolla red, blue, or white. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.  333

Filaments united into a sheath split on one or both sides. Corolla yellow, sometimes veined with red. Fruit breaking up into joints, more rarely indehiscent.  335

333. Stem twining. Leaflets 5-7, stipellate. Bracteoles present. Uppermost stamen finally separating from the others. (See 266.)  Glycine L.

Stem erect or decumbent. Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles absent.
Uppermost stamen remaining united with the others.  334

334. Leaflets 5-7. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla red; standard sessile; wings free. Connective ending in a short point. Fruit septate.
(See 313.)  Cyamopsis DC.

Leaflets numerous. Stipules semi-sagittate. Corolla blue or white; standard short-clawed; wings adhering to the keel. Connective without an appendage. Fruit 1-celled. (See 204.)  Galega L.

335. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, with 2 or more flat joints.
Calyx 2-lipped. (See 208.)  Smithia Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx. Ovary stalked. (See 209.)  Aeschynomene L.

336. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young.  337

Uppermost stamen free throughout.  339

337. Standard clawed. Wings adhering to the keel. Ovules several or many, very rarely only 2. Stigma usually penicillate. Fruit linear, rarely oblong or ovate, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually with many parallel side-nerves. Flowers white or red, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, rarely in axillary fascicles or racemes; in this case ovules numerous. Bracteoles absent. (See 233.)  Tephrosia Pers.

Standard nearly sessile. Wings short. Ovules 1-3. Fruit oblong to orbicular, indehiscent, very rarely dehiscing by two valves. Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes.  338

338. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, feathery. Corolla red; keel adhering to the staminal tube. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, oblong or ovate. Unarmed, hairy plants. Stipules connate.—Species 2.
North Africa.  Ebenus L.

Calyx-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube. Fruit projecting beyond
the calyx, hemispherical or spirally twisted.—Species 10. North
Africa and Abyssinia. Sainfoin (O. sativa Lam.) is cultivated in various regions for fodder, sometimes also as a medicinal or ornamental plant.  Onobrychis Gaertn.

339. Style bearded lengthwise towards the top. Fruit 2-valved.  340

Style glabrous above or penicillate round the stigma.  343

340. Style thread-shaped, bearded on the outside or all round. Calyx-teeth subequal. Petals red or white, clawed; standard exceeding the wings and the keel. Seeds kidney-shaped, with a filiform funicle.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 40. South Africa to Angola. Some are used medicinally. (Coluteastrum Heist.)  Lessertia DC.

Style flattened, bearded on the inner side.  341

341. Calyx-teeth unequal, the two upper ones united high up. Corolla blue or white. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Leaflets usually stipellate. Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.)  Clitoria L.

Calyx-teeth about equal. Seeds with a small aril covering the hilum.
Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting.  342

342. Staminal tube obliquely truncate. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules 2. Aril ovate or oblong. Flowers small, bluish-white. (See 212.)  Lens Gren. & Godr.

Staminal tube evenly truncate. Keel shorter than the wings, usually blunt. Ovules 3 or more. Aril usually linear. (See 128.)  Lathyrus L.

343. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs.
Fruit transversely septate, 2-valved. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle.  344

344. Leaflets stipellate, 5-7. Flowers in terminal racemes, without bracteoles.
Fruit jointed, enclosed by the calyx; joints ovate, slightly flattened.—Species
1. Central Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant.  Uraria Desv.

Leaflets not stipellate. Fruit jointed, with orbicular or quadrate flattened joints, or not jointed.  345

345. Fruit breaking up into joints, flat. Wings clawed, auricled, shorter than the scarcely clawed standard. Flowers in axillary racemes, with bristle-like bracteoles.—Species 12. North Africa. Some are used as fodder- or ornamental plants.  Hedysarum L.

Fruit not jointed, usually septate lengthwise.  316

346. Fruit sessile, linear, flat, longitudinally 2-celled, indehiscent, the valves boat-shaped with a wavy and toothed keel. Hairy herbs. Leaflets emarginate. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers in axillary spikes or fascicles, bluish or whitish.—Species 1. North Africa and
Abyssinia.  Biserrula L.

Fruit not flat and with wavy and toothed valves, tardily dehiscent.
(See 219.)  Astragalus L.

347. (330.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base into a tube usually split in one or two places, rarely (Dalbergia) wanting.  348

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base.  354

348. Fruit breaking up into two or more joints, very rarely reduced to a single ovate, not winged joint. Calyx usually two-lipped. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes with red stripes or veins. Standard suborbicular.
Erect shrubs.  349

Fruit not jointed, indehiscent, more or less distinctly winged, rarely not winged but curved. Ovules few. Trees or climbing, very rarely erect shrubs.  351

349. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, jointed. Seeds 2 or more, reniform or orbicular, flat. Calyx two-lipped. Racemes short.
Bracteoles persistent. (See 208.)  Smithia Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx.  350

350. Joints of the fruit 2 or more, oblong, usually striate. Ovary sessile, with several or many ovules. Racemes few-flowered. Bracteoles persistent. (See 242.)  Ormocarpum Beauv.

Joints of the fruit quadrate to semiorbicular, not striate. Ovary usually stalked. (See 209.)  Aeschynomene L.

351. Staminal tube closed all round. Calyx subtruncate, very shortly or obscurely toothed. Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets opposite—Species
15. Tropics. Some are poisonous. (Deguelia Aubl., including Leptoderris Dunn)  Derris Lour.

Staminal tube split in one or two places. Leaflets usually alternate.  352

352. Anthers attached by the base, with erect cells opening by a short apical slit, or with divergent cells opening lengthwise. Calyx-lobes unequal.
Ovary stalked. Seeds kidney-shaped. Flowers in copious panicles composed of cymes. (See 242.)  Dalbergia L. f.

Anthers attached by the back, opening by parallel longitudinal slits.
Fruit more or less oblique or curved.  353

353. Bracteoles persistent. Calyx bell-shaped, obtuse at base. Corolla violet; standard silky outside. Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-2. Fruit thick-leathery, crescent-shaped, not winged. Seed 1, kidney-shaped.
Small spiny trees.—Species 1. West Africa.  Drepanocarpus G. F. Mey.

Bracteoles deciduous. Calyx more or less top-shaped at the base. Corolla yellow, more rarely white marked with violet; standard glabrous.
Ovules 2-6. Fruit membranous or leathery, hardened in the middle, more or less distinctly winged. (See 247.)  Pterocarpus L.

354. (347.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least when young.  355

Uppermost stamen free throughout.  361

355. Wings free from the keel. Ovules more than two. Fruit 2-valved.
Leaflets usually with stipels.  356

Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets usually without stipels.  357

356. Flowers in axillary racemes, without bracteoles. Corolla white. Ovary stalked, not surrounded by a disc. Style hairy at the apex. Stipules spine-like. (See 203.)  Robinia L.

Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, with bracteoles. Corolla red, bluish, or white. Ovary usually surrounded at the base by a disc.
Style glabrous.—Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, and poison.  Millettia Wight & Arn.

357. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Shrubs.
Bracteoles absent.  358

Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or climbing shrubs. Bracteoles present.  359

358. Petals acuminate, red; standard lanceolate; keel beaked. Style glabrous.—Species 10. Madagascar.  Chadsia Boj.

Petals obtuse or subacute, white or red; standard suborbicular; keel not beaked. (See 233.)  Tephrosia Pers.

359. Fruit winged. Seeds flat. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. (See 351.)  Derris Lour.

Fruit not winged.  360

360. Fruit with a thick-leathery, almost woody pericarp, oblique-oblong, not thickened at the sutures. Seed 1, kidney-shaped, rather thick. Ovary subsessile, with 2 ovules. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in racemes, reddish.—Species 1. Seychelles. The wood and the oily seeds are used. (Galedupa Lam.)  Pongamia Vent.

Fruit with a membranous or leathery pericarp. Seeds flat. (See 303.)  Lonchocarpus H. B. & K.

361. (354.) Stem shrubby, erect or climbing.  362

Stem tree-like.  371

362. Style bearded lengthwise towards the apex. Ovules numerous. Fruit indehiscent or dehiscing at the top only. Flowers in axillary racemes.  363

Style glabrous, or hairy at the base only, or bearing a penicillate stigma.  365

363. Style bearded on the back or all round. Stigma terminal. Corolla red or white; keel blunt, shorter than the standard. Fruit finally dehiscing at the top. (See 340.)  Lessertia DC.

Style bearded on the inner side only. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, indehiscent.  364

364. Stigma terminal. Corolla red; keel pointed, exceeding the standard.
Bracteoles present.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Sutherlandia R. Br.

Stigma placed beneath the hooked apex of the style. Corolla yellow; keel blunt; standard with two callosities on the inner side.—Species
2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They (especially C. arborescens L. bladder senna) are used as ornamental plants and yield a dye and
medicaments.  Colutea L.

365. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a short point, or a tuft of hairs.
Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit 2-valved. Hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles absent. (See 215.)  Indigofera L.

Connective without an appendage. Bracteoles usually present.  366

366. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.)  Psoralea L.

Ovules 2 or more.  367

367. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellowish. Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles, with large persistent bracteoles.—Species 8. West Africa.  Platysepalum Welw.

Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally
4-5-toothed, or almost entire.  368

368. Wings adhering to the keel.  369

Wings free from the keel.  370

369. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit flat, narrowly winged, transversely chambered or 1-celled, indehiscent. Usually climbing plants.
(See 351.)  Derris Lour.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, more rarely 1-celled, but turgid, finally dehiscing by two valves. (See
219.)  Astragalus L.

370. Inflorescence axillary. Corolla yellowish. Ovary sessile. Ovules free.
Fruit leathery, suborbicular, not winged, indehiscent. Seed 1, oblong or ovate. Climbing plants. Leaflets without stipels.—Species 3.
West Africa.  Ostryocarpus Hook. fil.

Inflorescence terminal. Ovary usually surrounded by a disc. Fruit linear or oblong, tardily dehiscing by two valves. Seeds orbicular or reniform. (See 356.)  Millettia Wight & Arn.

371. (361.) Calyx 2-lipped, with large entire lips. Corolla yellow; wings free; petals of the keel free. Ovary subsessile, surrounded by a lobed disc. Ovules 3-4. Bracteoles small, deciduous.—Species 1.
West Africa (Congo).  Dewevrea Mich.

Calyx 2-lipped with divided lips, or more or less equally 4-5-toothed.  372

372. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellow. Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles large, persistent.
(See 367.)  Platysepalum Welw.

Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally
4-5-toothed, or almost entire.  373

373. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.  374

Fruit indehiscent. Ovules 2-6.  375

374. Leaflets alternate, gland-dotted on the lower face. Petals gland-dotted.
Ovary long-stalked. Ovules 3-4. Fruit woody, turgid.—Species 2.
Central Africa.  Schefflerodendron Harms

LEGUMINOSAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 67.

J. Fleischmann del.

Bauhinia macrantha Oliv.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther from the side and the front. D Staminodes. E Stigma. F Ovary. cut lengthwise. G Fruit.

GERANIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 68.

J. Fleischmann del.

Monsonia biflora DC.

A Whole plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Sepal. D Cross-section of ovary. E Unripe fruit. F Ripe fruit. G Mericarp.

Leaflets opposite. Petals not gland-dotted. Fruit more or less leathery and flattened. Inflorescence terminal. (See 356.)  Millettia Wight & Arn.

375. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Corolla red or white; standard distinctly clawed; petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit drupe-like with a woody endocarp and a more or less fleshy exocarp.
Seed 1. Inflorescence terminal.—Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine. (Vouacapoua Aubl.)  Andira Lam.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes marked with red or violet. Fruit more or less distinctly winged, with
a membranous or leathery pericarp. Leaflets alternate or subopposite.
(See 247.)  Pterocarpus L.

ORDER PANDALES

FAMILY 106. PANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in fascicled racemes, or in false racemes formed of fascicles, or in panicles, unisexual. Calyx small, slightly toothed. Petals 5, large, oblong, red. Stamens 10. Ovary superior, slightly lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, straight. Stigmas 3-4, sessile or nearly so, oblong. Fruit a drupe; stone with many pits and cavities, 3-4-seeded. Seeds with a large axile embryo and an oily albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. (Porphyranthus
Engl.)  Panda Pierre

ORDER GERANIALES

SUBORDER GERANIINEAE

FAMILY 107. GERANIACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate, rarely 4, valvate in bud. Petals 2-8, more or less distinctly perigynous, imbricate in bud. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the petals, some frequently sterile, the outer opposite the petals. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary lobed, 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, rarely 8-celled with 1-ovuled cells. Fruit beaked, the carpels separating at maturity. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 6, species 350. (Plate 68.)

1. Sepals 4, valvate in bud. Petals 8, white. Stamens 8, opposite the petals, free. Ovary 8-celled, with 1 ascending ovule in each cell. Tails
(awns) of the carpels not recurved at maturity. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, with 4 bracteoles.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. [Tribe
DIRACHMEAE.]  Dirachma Schweinf.

Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 2-5. Stamens 10 or 15, some frequently
sterile. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Tails (awns) of the carpels curved or twisted backwards at maturity. [Tribe GERANIEAE.]  2

2. Flowers irregular, with a spur-like appendage along the pedicel and without glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5-7, rarely 2-4.—Species
250. Southern and tropical Africa; two species also naturalized in North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants, some have edible roots or yield perfumes or medicaments.  Pelargonium L’Hér.

Flowers regular or almost so, without a spur-like appendage, with glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5, 10, or 15.  3

3. Stamens 10, all or 5 of them fertile.  4

Stamens 15, all fertile.  5

4. Tails of the carpels spirally twisted, hairy. Fertile stamens 5. Petals entire. Flowers usually in umbels.—Species 40. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some are used medicinally; hygrometres are made from the carpel-tails. “Storks-bill.”  Erodium L’Hér.

Tails of the carpels arched, generally glabrous. Fertile stamens usually 10.
Petals mostly notched. Flowers usually solitary or in pairs.—Species
30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental plants or yield tanning and dyeing materials or medicaments. “Cranes-bill.”  Geranium L.

5. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Stem herbaceous.—Species 25. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 68.)  Monsonia L.

Filaments free almost to the base. Stem fleshy, armed with spines formed from the persistent leafstalks.—Species 7. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some species yield an aromatic resin. (Under Monsonia L.)  Sarcocaulon DC.

FAMILY 108. OXALIDACEAE

Leaves alternate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free or united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 5 of them sterile. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening inwards. Glands at the base of the stamens present. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules axile. Styles 5, free. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.—Genera 3, species 160. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 69.)

1. Fruit a berry. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate, sensitive. Flowers in cymes.—Species 2. Cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits, which are also used for preparing a scouring water.  Averrhoa L.

Fruit a capsule. All stamens fertile. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  2

OXALIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 69.

J. Fleischmann del.

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.

A Plant in flower. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Fruit-valve. E Seed. F Seed cut lengthwise.

LINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 70.

J. Fleischmann del.

Hugonia acuminata Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Tendrils.

2. Valves of the fruit finally spreading. Leaves pinnate, sensitive.—Species
15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Oxalis L.) (Plate
69.)  Biophytum DC.

Valves of the fruit persisting around the central column. Leaves usually digitate.—Species 140. Some are used as salad or fodder or for preparing chemical drugs and medicaments. (Including Bolboxalis Small).  Oxalis L.

FAMILY 109. TROPAEOLACEAE

Twining, succulent herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, peltate. Flowers solitary, axillary, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, the hindmost spurred. Petals 5, yellow or red, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8, free; anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1, with 3 stigmas. Fruit separating in 2-3 nutlets. Seeds without albumen. (Under GERANIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1 (T. majus L., Indian cress). Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. Ornamental plant, also yielding salad, condiments, and medicaments.  Tropaeolum L.

FAMILY 110. LINACEAE

Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 2-10-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.—Genera 7, species 60. (Plate 70.)

1. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, furnished with glands at their base. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Petals deciduous. Fruit capsular.
Herbs or undershrubs, very rarely shrubs. [Tribe LINEAE.]  2

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals, 10, rarely the same number,
5, but then without glands at their base and style simple. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe HUGONIEAE.]  4

2. Sepals 3-toothed at the tip. Petals very small, white. Flowers 4-merous.
Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. “Alseed.”  Radiola Gmel.

Sepals entire. Flowers nearly always 5-merous.  3

3. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla yellow. Stamens partly (2-4 of them) with, partly without glands. Styles 3. Stigmas kidney-shaped.
Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Ornamental plant. (Under Linum L.)  Reinwardtia Dumort.

Stipules gland-like or wanting. Stamens all furnished with glands.—Species
25. North, East, and South Africa and Madagascar. L. usitatissimum L. is cultivated for fibre and oil and yields also fodder and
medicaments; other species are used as ornamental plants. “Flax.”  Linum L.

4. Styles 5, free or united at the base. Stamens 10. Petals deciduous.
Fruit a drupe.—Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Plate 70.)  Hugonia L.

Style 1, undivided or 2-3-cleft at the top.  5

5. Style shortly 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens
10. Anthers linear or oblong. Petals elongated, with a glandular pit at the claw.—Species 2. East Africa.  Nectaropetalum Engl.

Style 3-cleft or undivided. Ovary 3-5-celled.  6

6. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens
10. Anthers ovoid or globose. Petals short. Inflorescence racemose, cone-shaped when young, with roundish vaulted bracts.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons).  Lepidobotrys Engl.

Style undivided. Stamens usually 5. Corolla persistent. Fruit capsular.
Inflorescence racemose with small bracts, or paniculate.—Species
5. Central Africa. (Under Ochthocosmus Benth.)  Phyllocosmus Klotzsch

FAMILY 111. HUMIRIACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, yellow or greenish, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Stamens 10, at first united below, with a prolonged connective and 1-celled anther-halves. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc, superior, 5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared. (Aubrya Baill., under Humiria
Aubl.)  Saccoglottis Mart.

FAMILY 112. ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in clusters, regular, hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, with a callosity or an appendage on the inner face, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 10. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled, usually a single cell fertile. Ovules 1-2, pendulous, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3, rarely 4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen, rarely without albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 2, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under LINACEAE.) (Plate 71.)

Petals scarcely clawed, provided with a longitudinal callosity. Filaments united into a ring. Ovary with 3-4 two-ovuled cells. Fruit 3-4-celled.
Leaves opposite. Stipules 2.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa.  Aneulophus Benth.

Petals distinctly clawed, with a usually 2-cleft scale. Filaments united into a cup. Ovary with 1 fertile one-ovuled cell and 2 empty ones.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 71.

J. Fleischmann del.

Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Petal from within. D Stamen from front and back. E Cross-section of ovary. F Fruit. G Fruit cut lengthwise.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 72.

J. Fleischmann del.

Balanites aegyptiaca Del.

A Branch with flowers and young fruits. B Part of branch with spines. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Ovary and disc cut lengthwise. E Cross-section of ovary. F Fruit. G Fruit cut lengthwise.

Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate
71.)  Erythroxylon P. Browne

FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely (Neoluederitzia) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens 1-3 times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at the base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled, lobed, angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (Seetzenia) styles 5.—Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 72.)

1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary 3-5-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without an appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple and undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies BALANITOIDEAE and NITRARIOIDEAE.]  2

Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several- or many-seeded.
Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all alternate, but then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets.  3

2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather long; stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves with two leaflets. Spiny plants.—Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara,
Egypt. They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily seeds, and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and for preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (Agialid Adans.)
(Plate 72.)  Balanites Del.

Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top. Ovary
3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style very short; stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave, induplicate-valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves simple, undivided, fleshy.—Species 2. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be inebriating. “Nitre bush.”  Nitraria L.

3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies TETRADICLIDOIDEAE and PEGANOIDEAE.]  4

Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite.
Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE.]  5

4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals
3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely
3-celled, 6-ovuled.—Species 1. North-east Africa.  Tetradiclis Stev.

Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5, linear. Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed, with undivided, many-ovuled cells.—Species 1. North Africa. The seeds are used medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing.  Peganum L.

5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the latter case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell.  6

Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous.  8

6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious. Ovary surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.—Species 1. South-west
Africa (Namaland).  Neoluederitzia Schinz

Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or undershrubs.  7

7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas. Prostrate undershrubs. Leaflets 3.—Species 2. South and North-east
Africa.  Seetzenia R. Br.

Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc obscure.
Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from ascending funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.—Species 15. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Fagonia Tourn.

8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets. Flowers large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed, with 5 glands projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens 10, unappendaged.
Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. Shrubs.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland).  Kelleronia Schinz

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones.  9

9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous.
Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.—Species 1.
South Africa.  Augea Thunb.

Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud.  10

10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped. Disc
5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10, appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa.  Sisyndite E. Mey.

Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each.  11

11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very short, with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into nutlets, bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs.
Flowers cymose, 5-merous.—Species 12. Some of them have edible
seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Tribulus Tourn.

Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.—Species
55. Some of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison.  Zygophyllum L.

FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4, alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two 2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under SIMARUBACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under Cneorum
L.)  Chamaelea Tourn.

FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE

Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (Empleuridium) without dots. Petals free, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned upwards.—Genera 33, species 320. (Including AURANTIACEAE and XANTHOXYLEAE.) (Plate 73.)

1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when ripe, more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily RUTOIDEAE.]  2

Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet.  19

2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than
2 in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.]  3

Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (Pelea) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each carpel.  4

3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire.
Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.—Species
2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra.  Thamnosma Torr.

Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.—Species 8. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments.
“Rue.” (Including Desmophyllum Webb and Haplophyllum Juss.)  Ruta L.

4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually compound.
[Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.]  5

Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.]  7

5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided.
Flowers polygamous.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Melicope
Forst.)  Pelea A. Gray

Stamens 3-5.  6

6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united.
Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.—Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some are used medicinally.  Evodia Forst.

Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments. (Including Pterota P. Br., under
Zanthoxylum L.)  Fagara L.

7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.]  8

Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  9

8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc 4-lobed.
Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like, three-edged, without glandular dots.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony).  Empleuridium Sond.

Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle.
Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the top.
Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, glandular-serrate.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally.  Empleurum Soland.

9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons.
Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk. Staminodes linear, glandulose. Trees.—Species 2. East and South Africa.
[Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.]  Calodendron Thunb.

Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons.
Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.]  10

10. Staminodes 5.  11

Staminodes none.  15

11. Style long. Stigma small.  12

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences terminal.  13

12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped anthers.
Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed. Carpels
2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and axillary.—Species
100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 73.)  Agathosma Willd.

Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the axils of the leaves.—Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Some are used medicinally.  Barosma Willd.

13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a stalked gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed. Ovary covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.—Species 25.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea.  Adenandra Willd.

Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw.
Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland.  14

14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile gland.
Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their channelled claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.—Species 6. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Coleonema Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short. Staminodes very small.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.

15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw.  16

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous.  17

16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in clusters, white.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Phyllosma Bolus

Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.—Species
10. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Macrostylis Bartl. & Wendl.

17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Some are used medicinally.  Diosma L.

Petals clawed, hairy within.  18

18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers with a terminal gland. Flowers very small.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape
Colony).  Euchaetis Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals obovate. (See 14.)  Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.

19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or nearly so. [Subfamily TODDALIOIDEAE, tribe TODDALIEAE.]  20

Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily AURANTIOIDEAE, tribe AURANTIEAE.]  27

20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.]  21

Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base only,
1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled.  22

21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Cameroons).  Eriander H. Winkl.

Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style short, with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.—Species 18. Tropical and
South Africa. (Under Toddalia Juss.)  Teclea Del.

22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds exalbuminous.
Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.]  23

Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not or obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.]  24

23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with equal cotyledons.
Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in racemes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).  Diphasia Pierre

Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles, unisexual.—Species
4. West Africa.  Oricia Pierre

24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous. Trees.
Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Gaboon).  Araliopsis Engl.

Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with
3 leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets.  25

25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.—Species 1.
Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (Cranzia Schreb.)  Toddalia Juss.

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous.
Embryo straight or almost so.  26

26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. East Africa.  Toddaliopsis Engl.

Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.—Species 30. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Toddalia Juss.)  Vepris Comm.

27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.]  28

Ovary 5- or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with
1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.]  32

28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  29

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants.  30

29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves, 3-, rarely
4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and lobed cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits.  Triphasia Lour.

Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply divided. Leafstalk winged.—Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.  Limonia L.

30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves unifoliolate.—Species
1. West Africa.  Glycosmis Correa

Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally pinnate.  31

RUTACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 73.

J. Fleischmann del.

Agathosma ciliata Link

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Petal. D Stamen. E Staminode. F Flower cut lengthwise. G Cross-section of ovary. H Fruit.

SIMARUBACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 74.

J. Fleischmann del.

Irvingia Barteri Hook. fil.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.

31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong. Flowers rather large.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics.
Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments.  Murraya L.

Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers rather small.—Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Myaris Presl).  Clausena Burm.

32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp leathery.
Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.—Species 4. Cultivated; also naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental plants and afford wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially oranges and citrons) from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are prepared.  Citrus L.

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp hard. Leaves with 3 leaflets.  33

33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.—Species 1. Region of the great lakes.  Balsamocitrus Stapf

Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves herbaceous.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in medicine.  Aegle Correa

FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers in spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary. Ovules 1-2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin albumen or without albumen.—Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under RUTACEAE.) (Plate 74.)

1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without an appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with
a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Tropics.
[Subfamily SURIANOIDEAE.]  Suriana L.

Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled.
Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily
SIMARUBOIDEAE.]  2

2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe SIMARUBEAE.] 3
Filaments without a scale at the base.  9

3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or oval.  4

Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear.
Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe
MANNIINAE.]  8

4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.—Species 2. Central Africa.
[Subtribe HARRISONIINAE.]  Harrisonia (R.Br.) Juss.

Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes.
[Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.]  5

5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute scale at the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody.
Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally.  Samadera Gaertn.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.  6

6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.
Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly 5-lobed.
Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields arrow-poison and is used in medicine.  Quassia L.

Calyx 2-4-lobed or -cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles.  7

7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets oblong or obovate.—Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds yield a fat. (Under Quassia L.)  Odyendea (Pierre) Engl.

Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely 6-9.
Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.—Species 4. Central Africa.
They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments.  Hannoa Planch.

8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries united below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Pierreodendron Engl.

Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free.
Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Mannia Hook. fil.

9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to the styles. Flowers usually polygamous.  10

Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees.  12

10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the base. Stigma subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.]  Soulamea Lam.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves pinnate.  11

11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short. Fruit consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.—Species 5. Central
Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.]  Brucea J. S. Muell.

Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4 leathery mericarps suspended from a central column.—Species 5. Central
Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.]  Kirkia Oliv.

12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Poisonous.  Perriera Courchet

Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite.  13

13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed. Anthers oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Nectaropetalum Engl.)  Peglera Bolus

Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles.
[Tribe IRVINGIEAE.]  14

14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with
a thin fleshy layer.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.  Klainedoxa Pierre

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled.  15

15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled, 2-seeded, with a thin fleshy layer.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
Irvingia Hook. fil.)  Desbordesia Pierre

Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick fleshy layer.—Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds (dika). (Including Irvingella van Tiegh.) (Plate
74.)  Irvingia Hook. fil.

FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or attached laterally. Style simple or wanting; stigma lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with a superior radicle and usually folded or twisted cotyledons.—Genera 7, species 160. Tropical and South Africa. (Under TEREBINTHACEAE). (Plate 75.)

1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals, and stamens inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate in bud. Ovary
2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a 2-3-celled stone; one cell only fertile.—Species 110. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield timber and odorous resins (especially myrrh) which are used for preparing varnish, incense, and medicines. Some are also used as hedge plants. (Balsamea Gled., Balsamodendron Kunth. including Hemprichia Ehrenb. and Hitzeria Klotzsch).  Commiphora Jacq.

Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of which the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees.  2

2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled stone, indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile.  3

Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones.  5

3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with a lateral style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather thick.
Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided cotyledons.
Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled; one cell
sterile.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Pachylobus Don or Santiria
Blume)  Santiriopsis Engl.

Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose.  4

4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal style or style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy. Embryo with
a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled.
Sepals united at the base.—Species 13. West Africa. They yield timber, resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under Canarium L.)
(Plate 75.)  Pachylobus Don

Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually thick, woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short radicle and slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united high up.—Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi) used in medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds.  Canarium L.

5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary
5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin.  Aucoumea Pierre

Disc situated inside the stamens.  6

6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or ovoid.
Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and resin. (Marignia Comm.)  Protium Burm.

Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones, dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Central Africa.
The resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in medicine.  Boswellia Roxb.

FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.—Genera 23, species 150. (Including AITONIEAE, CEDRELEAE, and PTAEROXYLEAE.) (Plate 76.)

1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves pinnate. [Subfamily CEDRELOIDEAE]  2

Filaments more or less united into a tube.  3

2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.—Species 2. South and
East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood).  Ptaeroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary and fruit 5-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cedrelopsis Baill.

BURSERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 75.

J. Fleischmann del.

Pachylobus edulis G. Don

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Staminode. F Cross-section of ovary.

MELIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 76.

J. Fleischmann del.

Trichilia retusa Oliv.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Anther.

3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens
8-10. [Subfamily SWIETENIOIDEAE.]  4

Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. [Subfamily MELIOIDEAE.]  9

4. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube.
Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. West
Africa.  Pynaertia De Wild.

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate.  5

5. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal tube campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals imbricate in bud.—Species 7. Central Africa.  Lovoa Harms

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell.  6

6. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.—Species 2. Southern
West Africa.  Wulfhorstia C. DC.

Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted aestivation.  7

7. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.—Species 15. Central
Africa. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (Including Leioptyx
Pierre, under Swietenia L.)  Entandophragma C. DC.

Disc cup- or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by longitudinal ridges.  8

8. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the fruit, winged below.—Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and gum. (Under Cedrela L.)  Pseudocedrela Harms

Disc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous in each cell, winged all round.—Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber (African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments.  Khaya Juss.

9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled. Anthers
8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds large, pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky.  10

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small or medium-sized; testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or membranous.  11

10. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate, with 1-3 pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax, few-flowered.—Species
3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark, and oily seeds. (Under Carapa Aubl.)  Xylocarpus Koen.

Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 to
each ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate, with many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.—Species
4. Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. Carapa Aubl.

11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-12.  12

Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas.  19

12. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely or almost included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaflets
6-25.  13

Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top of its lobes, or in the notches between them.  14

13. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the base of the lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate. Stigma
2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo exserted.—Species
1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Under Melia L.)  Azadirachta Juss.

Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2- or more-seeded capsule or berry. Radicle included.—Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber.
(Including Bingeria A. Chev. and Heckeldora Pierre).  Guarea L.

14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers inserted between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or drupe.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.—Species 2. Madagascar and
Comoro Islands.  Cipadessa Blume

Filaments united high up, rarely (Trichilia) at the base only, but then fruit a capsule and seeds exalbuminous.  15

15. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile. Anthers inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube. Disc stalk-like.
Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Symphytosiphon Harms

Ovary 2-3-celled.  16

16. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted at the tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style long.
Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with fleshy albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged stalk and 3 woolly leaflets.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).
Used medicinally. (Nelanaregam Adans.)  Naregamia Wight & Arn.

Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets, rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous.  17

17. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk winged.
Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube, which are divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style short.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used medicinally.  Pterorhachis Harms

Leaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at the
entire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous.  18

18. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube entire or shortly toothed.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (Including
Charia C. DC.)  Ekebergia Sparm.

Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal tube usually more or less deeply divided.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Plate 76.)  Trichilia L.

19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes.
Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.  20

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens united high up.  21

20. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma small.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. (Aitonia Thunb.,
Carruthia O. Ktze.)  Nymania Lindb.

Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma usually thick.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Calodryum Desv., Grevellina Baill., and Quivisia Comm.)  Tourraea L.

21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers 10-12, inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen.—Species 4, two natives of Central Africa, the others (especially M. Azederach L., beadtree or Persian lilac) cultivated as ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They yield timber, gum, oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the preparation of liquors. The fruits are poisonous.  Melia L.

Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous.  22

22. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8.  23

Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10.  24

23. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation.
Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal tube. (See 10.)  Xylocarpus Koen.

Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal tube.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Quivisianthe Baill.

24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the top of its teeth. Disc ring- or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed stigma. Leaflets opposite. (See 18.)  Ekebergia Sparm.

Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included. Leaflets usually alternate.  25

25. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate in bud.
Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later 1-celled.—Species
4. West Africa.  Turraeanthus Baill.

Petals free, or united at the base only.  2

26. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.)  Guarea L.

Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.)  Carapa Aubl.

SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE

FAMILY 119. MALPIGHIACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished with glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually clawed and toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 16, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 77.)

1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without glands.
Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes.  2

Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged.  3

2. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers glabrous.
Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin, with small stigmas. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe GALPHIMIEAE.]  Galphimia Cav.

Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves alternate or subopposite.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe TRICOMARIEAE.]  Echinopteris Juss.

3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals more or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.]  4

Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small dorsal wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe HIRAEEAE.]  10

4. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile. Sepals with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves mucronate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cottsia Dubard & Dop

Styles 2-3. Stamens 10-15.  5

5. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens
10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate.  6

Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually opposite.  7

6. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost semi-circular, cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing. Bracteoles awl-shaped.—Species
1. West Africa.  Rhinopteryx Nied.

MALPIGHIACEAE.

FLOW PL. AFR.

Pl. 77.

J. Fleischmann del.

Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.

A Part of branch with fruits. B Leaf. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Mericarp. E Mericarp cut lengthwise.

POLYGALACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 78.

J. Fleischmann del.

Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.

A Branch with flower-buds. B Flower (from which one of the lateral sepals has been removed). C Flower without the perianth, cut lengthwise. D Group of fruits. E Fruit cut lengthwise.

Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal wing.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.)  Acridocarpus Guill. & Perr.

7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10.
Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed glands.—Species 4. Central and South-east Africa.  Sphedamnocarpus Planch.

Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas obliquely truncate, hooked, or broadened.  8

8. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs. Stamens
11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Tricomariopsis Dubard & Dop

Stigmas not broadened. Stamens 10.  9

9. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals with a distinct claw. Sepals with glands.—Species 1. West Africa.  Heteropteris Juss.

Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate tip.
Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.—Species 1.
Madagascar. (Under Sphedamnocarpus Planch.)  Banisterioides Dubard & Dop

10. (3.) Styles shorter than the ovary. Stigma terminal. Petals with a short claw. Calyx without glands. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing.  11

Styles longer than the ovary.  12

11. Ovary 2-celled. Petals slightly toothed. Leaves alternate.—Species
1. East Africa.  Diaspis Nied.

Ovary 3-celled. Mericarps with an air-cavity extending all round. Leaves usually opposite and crowded upon dwarf-shoots.—Species 4. East
Africa.  Caucanthus Forsk.

12. Petals sessile, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, very long, with the stigma on the inside of the thickened apex. Mericarps with an undivided side-wing.—Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile.  Flabellaria Cav.

Petals clawed.  13

13. Petals with a very short claw, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, rather short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, in umbels. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.—Species 5. Madagascar.  Microsteira Bak.

Petals with a long or rather long claw. Style long. Flowers usually hermaphrodite.  14

14. Stigma at the inside of the thickened style-apex. Styles 3, all perfectly developed. Calyx without glands. Petals more or less toothed or fringed. Mericarps with a shield-shaped, usually notched side-wing.—Species
25. Tropical and South Africa.  Triaspis Burch.

Stigma small, at the slightly or not thickened style-apex. Usually a single style perfectly developed.  15

15. Flowers distinctly irregular. Calyx with a large gland. Petals fringed.
Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.—Species 2, one a native of West
Africa, the other one naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. (Gaertnera Roxb.)  Hiptage Gaertn.

Flowers more or less regular. Calyx with several small glands or without glands. Petals entire. Mericarp with a stellate, many-parted side-wing.—Species
17. Madagascar, East and South-east Africa.  Tristellateia Thouars

SUBORDER POLYGALINEAE

FAMILY 120. POLYGALACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence racemose, bracteolate. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, the two inner usually petal-like. Petals 3-5, more or less adnate to the staminal tube, the lowest more or less concave and boat-shaped. Stamens 5-8. Filaments more or less united. Anthers attached by the base, at length one-celled, opening towards the apex. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft, usually curved and flattened.—Genera 6, species 240. (Plate 78.)

1. Petals 5, all well-developed, unappendaged. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled.  2

Petals 3, 4, or 5, two of which are rudimentary. Stamens 6-8. Ovary
1-2-celled.  3

2. Petals unequal, clawed, the lowest boat-shaped. Stigma capitate. Fruit
a drupe. Seeds ellipsoid.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments.  Carpolobia Don

Petals subequal, sessile, the lowest not boat-shaped. Stigma punctiform.
Fruit a nut. Seeds globose.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under
Carpolobia Don)  Atroxima Stapf

3. Ovary 1-celled; a second rudimentary cell sometimes present. Stigma entire or lobed. Sepals unequal. Concave petal with an appendage.
Stamens 8. Fruit a winged nut. Seeds without an aril, exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. They yield bast-fibres, soap-bark, oily seeds, and medicinal drugs; the roots are said to be poisonous. (Lophostylis Hochst.) (Plate 78.)  Securidaca L.

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe.  4

4. Sepals subequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 7, rarely
8. Style almost straight. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril, albuminous.—Species
60. South Africa to Nyasaland.  Muraltia Neck.

Sepals unequal, the two inner usually wing-like.  5

5. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Style almost straight. Stamens 7, rarely 8. Filaments united quite or nearly to the top. Concave

DICHAPETALACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 79.

J. Fleischmann del.

Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 80.

J. Fleischmann del.

Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Stamens and disc. D Fruit. E Female flower cut lengthwise. F Cross section of ovary.

petal with an appendage. Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). The fruits are edible. (Mundtia Kunth).  Mundia Kunth

Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or 7.—Species 170. Some of them yield fibres or fat from the seeds, others serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Milkwort.”  Polygala L.

SUBORDER DICHAPETALINEAE

FAMILY 121. DICHAPETALACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Inflorescence cymose. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Disc present, but sometimes reduced to separate glands. Stamens 5, sometimes only 2-3 fertile. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 2-3-celled, usually superior. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral. Style 2-3-cleft or undivided with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds 1-2, exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 75. Tropical and South Africa. (CHAILLETIACEAE.) (Plate 79.)

Petals unequal, united below into a long tube, 2-cleft, imbricate in bud.
Sepals united below, unequal. Fertile stamens 2-3. Disc semi-annular.—Species
2. Central Africa.  Tapura Aubl.

Petals equal, free or united at the base, rarely higher. Fertile stamens
5.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous.
(Chailletia DC.) (Plate 79.).  Dichapetalum Thouars

SUBORDER TRICOCCAE

FAMILY 122. EUPHORBIACEAE

Flowers unisexual. Stamens hypogynous, rarely (Bridelia) perigynous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or naked, usually 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, or 2 side by side, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral; micropyle usually covered by an outgrowth of the placenta. Fruit generally separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seeds usually albuminous; embryo axile, radicle superior.—Genera 122, species 1200. (Including DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE.) (Plate 80.)

1. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily CROTONOIDEAE.].  2

Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Juice not milky. [Subfamily PHYLLANTHOIDEAE.].  76

2. Inflorescence consisting of partial inflorescences having the appearance of a single flower and containing one female flower and several or many male ones surrounded by a lobed involucre with glandular appendages.
Petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-4-celled. Juice milky. [Tribe
EUPHORBIEAE.].  3

Inflorescence not consisting of partial inflorescences looking like a single
flower.  11

3. Male flowers with a cupular, entire or 3-6-lobed perianth. Female flowers with a 3-4-toothed or -cleft perianth. Trees or shrubs.  4

Male flowers without a perianth.  5

4. Involucre of the partial inflorescences split at one side and consisting of 4 or more bracts. Ovary 3-celled. Style 3- or 6-cleft. Trees.—Species
3. Tropics. Poisonous and used medicinally.  Anthostema Juss.

Involucre closed all round and consisting of 4 bracts. Ovary 4-celled.
Style 4-parted.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.  Dichostemma Pierre

5. Involucre of the partial inflorescences with unequal lobes and with an appendage, in the axil of which the glands are inserted. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Pedilanthus Neck.

Involucre with equal lobes, but sometimes surrounded by a one-sided gland.  6

6. Involucre irregular, with a single gland sometimes embracing the partial inflorescence and split at one side only.  7

Involucre regular, with several glands sometimes united into a ring or cup.  9

7. Involucre with a narrow gland not enveloping the partial inflorescence.
Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up. Spiny shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.  Stenadenium Pax

Involucre with a broad gland enveloping the partial inflorescence. Herbs.  8

8. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united at the base.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under Monadenium Pax).  Lortia Rendle

Female flowers without a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres united high up.—Species 10. Central Africa.  Monadenium Pax

9. Glands of the involucre united into a ring or cup.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are poisonous.  Synadenium Boiss.

Glands of the involucre separate.  10

10. Fruit a drupe.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under Euphorbia L.)  Elaeophorbia Stapf

Fruit a capsule.—Species 320. Many of them are poisonous, some yield timber, gum, rubber, oil, and medicaments, or serve as garden- or hedge-plants. “Spurge.”  Euphorbia L.

11. (2.) Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Calyx 4-6-partite, imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Corolla present, at least in the male flowers.
Inflorescence spike- or raceme-like. Leaves and young shoots clothed with scales or stellate hairs.—Species 100. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species are poisonous, some yield gum-lac, incense-wood, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe CROTONEAE.]  Croton L.

Filaments straight in the bud.  12

12. Calyx of the male flowers with valvate or closed aestivation. [Especially tribe ACALYPHEAE.]  13

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation.  59

13. Corolla present in the male flowers.  14

Corolla absent in the male flowers.  24

14. Petals of the male flowers more or less united. Rudimentary pistil cup-shaped or wanting. Style-branches 2. Flowers dioecious. Hairy undershrubs, shrubs, or trees.  15

Petals of the male flowers free from each other, but sometimes (Caperonia) adnate to the staminal tube; in this case rudimentary pistil club-shaped and style with many branches.  17

15. Petals united high up. Calyx bursting irregularly. Disc of 5 glands alternating with the petals. Stamens 12-20. Rudimentary pistil absent. Climbing shrubs with reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 3-7-nerved.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa. Fibre-yielding plants.  Manniophyton Muell. Arg.

Petals united at the base only. Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5.
Undershrubs or trees.  16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers turned inwards. Disc within the stamens.
Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Young shoots with rusty-brown hairs.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Schubea Pax

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers turned outwards. Glands alternating with the stamens; a cupular disc also present within them. Undershrubs.
Young shoots with white hairs. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland).  Gilgia Pax

17. Style many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers club-shaped.
Stamens 5-10, united below. Petals adnate to the staminal tube.
Disc indistinct. Flowers in racemes. Herbs or undershrubs, usually hispid.—Species 9. Tropics. Several species yield fibre.  Caperonia St. Hil.

Style 2-4-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers 2-3-cleft or wanting.  18

18. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, hairy or cottony. Flowers in racemes, monoecious. Male flowers without a disc.—Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments.
“Turnsole.” (Tournesolia Scop.)  Chrozophora Neck.

Stem woody. Male flowers usually with a disc reduced to separate glands.  19

19. Young branches and leaves clothed with scales. Inflorescence spicate or racemose. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 15-20.—Species 12. West
Africa.  Crotonogyne Muell. Arg.

Young branches and leaves glabrous, downy, or clothed with star-like hairs. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; in the two
former cases stamens 6-14.  20

20. Young branches and leaves clothed with 2-cleft or star-like hairs. Trees.
Leaves palmately nerved. Flowers in panicles, monoecious. Stamens
8-20. Fruit a drupe.—Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and edible oily seeds (“candle-nuts”).  Aleurites Forst.

Young branches and leaves clothed with simple hairs, or glabrous. Shrubs.
Inflorescence spicate or racemose, more rarely paniculate, but then leaves pinnately nerved. Fruit a capsule.  21

21. Flowers in panicles, dioecious. Calyx 2-3-partite in the male flowers,
4-partite in the female. Corolla in the female flowers falling off very early, or wanting. Stamens numerous, free. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches downy, at least when young.—Species 2.
West Africa (Cameroons).  Grossera Pax

Flowers in spicate or racemose inflorescences. Stamens 6-13.  22

22. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 10, united at the base.
Anthers attached by the back. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches glabrous.—Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro
Islands.  Tannodia Baill.

Flowers dioecious.  23

23. Branches glabrous. Anther-halves suspended from the connective.—Species
2. West Africa and Comoro Islands.  Agrostistachys Dalz.

Branches hairy. Styles 2-cleft. Leaves stalked.—Species 2. East
Africa.  Holstia Pax

24. (13.) Styles united to about the middle or beyond.  25

Styles free or united at the base only.  32

25. Styles united nearly to the top into a usually hollow column.  26

Styles united about to the middle, undivided. Ovary 3-celled.  31

26. Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Anthers 3-4-celled.
Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Trees or shrubs.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Mappa Juss.)  Macaranga Thouars

Calyx of the female flowers 4-12-partite. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary
3-4-, rarely 5-celled.  27

27. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the female flowers 4-partite. Ovary 4-celled, winged. Style rather long, columnar, with a 4-lobed stigma. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons).  Tetracarpidium Pax

Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers 5-12-, rarely 4-partite.
Seeds usually without an outgrowth.  28

28. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite, of the female 5-6-partite. Stamens 3, with united filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Style united into a globose body. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Sphaerostylis Baill.

Calyx of the male flowers 4-6-partite. Stamens 4-30.  29

29. Stamens 4-6. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar. Ovary
3-celled. Trees or shrubs, with stellate hairs. Leaves undivided, palmately nerved. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar and
Comoro Islands. (Including Niedenzua Pax).  Adenochlaena Baill.

Stamens 8-30, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Rudimentary pistil none. Shrubs or undershrubs, usually climbing.  30

30. Flowers in cymes surrounded by two large, brightly coloured bracts.
Anther-halves parallel. Style columnar.—Species 15. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used for dyeing, in medicine, or as ornamental plants.  Dalechampia L.

Flowers in racemes, without conspicuous bracts. Anther-halves spreading.
Climbing plants. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Central and South
Africa.  Plukenetia L.

31. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually climbing, often with stinging hairs. Stamens 3, rarely more.—Species 45. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Ctenomeria
Harv.)  Tragia L.

Stem woody throughout. Stamens numerous, free.—Species 20. Tropics.
The fruits of some species are used for tanning.  Pycnocoma Benth.

32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous, separate, globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers monoecious.—Species 1 (R. communis L., castor-oil-plant). Spontaneous in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An ornamental plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used in medicine.  Ricinus L.

Filaments not branched.  33

33. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted. Filaments
6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs.  34

Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular.  35

34. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female flowers 3-5, small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate, female spicate, paniculate, or solitary.—Species 80. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Acalypha L.

Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6, broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female.
Flowers spicate.—Species 4. West Africa.  Mareya Baill.

35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening.  36

Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs.  57

36. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle.  37

Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely in the middle.  50

37. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs.  38

Stamens numerous.  43

38. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout.
Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very short,
2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles, monoecious.—Species
2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber (para-rubber):
(Siphonia Schreb.)  Hevea Aubl.

Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the base only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided.  39

39. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments free, bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers monoecious.
Shrubs with stellate hairs.  40

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the base.
Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious.  41

40. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles free.—Species
1. Island of Socotra. (Under Cephalocroton Hochst.)  Cephalocrotonopsis Pax

Sepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the base.—Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and German
South-west Africa.  Cephalocroton Hochst.

41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.
Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male inflorescences catkin-like, springing from the old wood.—Species 5. Tropics. Some yield dye-stuffs.  Lepidoturus Baill.

Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male inflorescences spike- or panicle-like, axillary.  42

42. Styles united at the base, two-cleft. Trees. Leaves penninerved.—Species
2. Madagascar. (Including Orfilea Baill., under Alchornea
Swartz)  Lautembergia Baill.

Styles free, undivided.—Species 10. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some of them yield dye-stuffs.  Alchornea Swartz

43. (37.) Styles laciniate. Ovary nearly glabrous. Disc in the male flowers consisting of glands situated outside the stamens, in the female indistinct.
Sepals 5. Trees. Leaves penninerved, without stipules.
Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters arising from the old wood, the female in axillary racemes.—Species 1. East Africa.  Crotonogynopsis Pax

Styles two-cleft or undivided, but usually ciliate within. Ovary usually hairy. Disc indistinct in the male flowers. Sepals 2-4, very rarely 5.
Flowers in spikes or panicles.  44

44. Styles two-cleft.  45

Styles undivided.  47

45. Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Disc indistinct. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves palminerved.—Species
5. Central Africa.  Neoboutonia Muell. Arg.

Flowers monoecious, all or the female in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers
4-5-partite. Disc distinctly developed in the female flowers. Trees.
Leaves penninerved.  46

46. Disc of the female flowers expanded. Styles thick. Leafstalk rather
short. Stipules lanceolate, persistent.—Species 1. West Africa.  Necepsia Prain
Disc of the female flowers cupular. Styles awl-shaped. Leafstalk very short. Stipules awl-shaped, deciduous. Spikes unisexual.—Species 1.
Madagascar. (Under Alchornea Swartz)  Palissya Baill.

47. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Stamens numerous. Styles thickish, united at the base. Shrubs. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers in axillary spikes, monoecious.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Neopycnocoma Pax

Calyx of the male flowers 3-5-partite.  48

48. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes, monoecious. Calyx 4-partite. Styles 4.
Stem herbaceous. Leaves broad.—Species 2. Southern West Africa
(Amboland).  Pseudotragia Pax

Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles. Stem woody.  49

49. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite. Styles thin.—Species 1. Central
Africa.  Argomuellera Pax

Leaves broad, palminerved. Flowers usually dioecious.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including Echinus Lour.)  Mallotus Lour.

50. (36.) Anther-halves attached at the middle. Stamens 6-12. Calyx
5-partite. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft. Herbs.
Flowers in cymes.—Species 8. South Africa. (Including Paradenocline
Muell. Arg.)  Adenocline Turcz.

Anther-halves attached at the base or the top. Styles undivided or many-cleft.  51

51. Anther-halves attached at the top, pendulous, spreading downwards.
Styles 2, rarely 3, undivided. Herbs or undershrubs.  52

Anther-halves attached at the base, erect, spreading upwards.  54

52. Stamens 8-20. Disc of the female flowers reduced to two scales. Calyx
3-partite. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. North Africa; also introduced in South Africa. Used as dye-plants, pot-herbs, and in medicine.
“Mercury.”  Mercurialis L.

Stamens 2-7. Disc none. Flowers monoecious. Leaves alternate.  53

53. Calyx of the female flowers 3-partite. Stamens 2-3. Leaves narrow, entire. Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. South Africa.  Seidelia Baill.

Calyx of the female flowers reduced to a single scale or absent. Stamens
4-7. Leaves broad, more or less toothed. Flowers in racemes.—Species
2. South Africa.  Leidesia Muell. Arg.

54. Stem herbaceous. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-10. Disc of the female flowers reduced to 3-4 linear scales. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles undivided.—Species
1. Central Africa.  Micrococca Benth.

Stem woody. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then calyx of the female flowers valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled.  55

55. Styles undivided. Disc of the female flowers entire or lobed. Stamens 5
or more, usually numerous.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield timber or are used in medicine.  Claoxylon Juss.

Styles many-cleft. Stamens 3-12. Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. Stipules spiny.  56

56. Disc of the female flowers consisting of numerous, more or less ciliate scales; also 3 staminodes present. Sepals of the female flowers broad.
Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. Female flowers in pendulous spikes.—Species 1. Southern West Africa.  Poggeophyton Pax

Disc of the female flowers consisting of 2 narrow scales; no staminodes.
Fruit a drupe. Female flowers in clusters.—Species 8. Central
Africa.  Erythrococca Benth.

57. (35.) Disc of the female flowers formed of 3 petal-like scales. Styles recurved, appressed to the ovary, united at the base, 2-cleft. Ovary
3-celled. Stamens 3. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers dioecious, the male ones in spikes, the female solitary or 2-3 together. Leaves pinnately nerved.—Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber.  Hasskarlia Baill.

Disc absent. Styles erect or spreading. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles.  58

58. Calyx of the female flowers 3-5-partite. Stamens numerous. Anthers
4-celled. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles long and thin, 2-parted. Seed-coat leathery. Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.—Species
3. Central Africa.  Cleidion Blume

Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Connective not prolonged. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Styles undivided, usually short and thick. Seed-coat crustaceous. Leaves usually palmately nerved. (See 26.).  Macaranga Thouars

59. (12.) Corolla present in the male flowers.  60

Corolla absent in the male flowers.  66

60. Flowers in corymb- or panicle-like inflorescences composed of cymes, nearly always monoecious. Stamens 5 or more, all or the outer opposite the petals, all or the inner united below. [Tribe JATROPHEAE.]  61

Flowers solitary or in clusters or panicles, dioecious. Stamens free, but often inserted on a stalk-like process of the receptacle. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe CLUYTIEAE.]  62

61. Flowers dioecious. Petals free. Stamens 16-17, the five outer nearly free, the inner irregularly united. Seeds without an outgrowth. Leaves undivided.—Species 2. East Africa.  Neojatropha Pax

Flowers monoecious. Stamens in 2-6 whorls, usually 8-10. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.—Species 50. Central and South Africa; two species cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Several species yield gum, oil, and medicaments; some are poisonous or used as garden- or hedge-plants.  Jatropha L.

62. Stamens 5. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Petals free. Flowers
solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves undivided.  63
Stamens 12 or more. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Flowers in panicles.  64

63. Stamens opposite the sepals, inserted upon a flat receptacle, free. Fruit
a drupe.—Species 1. West Africa.  Microdesmis Planch.

Stamens opposite the petals, inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Fruit
a capsule.—Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Cluytia L.

64. Petals free. Stamens free. Fruit a capsule. Leaves undivided, pinnately nerved. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo).  Mildbraedia Pax

Petals united below. Fruit a drupe. Leaves lobed or dissected, palmately nerved at the base. Trees.  65

65. Leaves lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Givotia Griff.

Leaves dissected.—Species 3. West Africa. Yield timber and fat from the seeds.  Ricinodendron Muell. Arg.

66. (59.) Stamens 1-4, rarely more, and then ovary many-celled. Disc little developed or wanting. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
Style-branches undivided. [Tribe HIPPOMANEAE.]  67

Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 2-4-celled. Style-branches two-cleft or lobed. Sepals 4-8. Shrubs or trees.  74

67. Stamens 8 or more. Calyx cup-shaped, almost entire. Ovary many-celled.
Style columnar, many-branched at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Trees. Inflorescence spicate; bracts adnate to the rachis throughout their whole length, at first enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers monoecious.—Species
1 (H. crepitans L., sandbox-tree). Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental tree, yielding oil and medicaments; the fruits are used as sand-boxes; the juice is poisonous.  Hura L.

Stamens 1-4. Ovary 2-4-celled. Bracts adnate to the rachis of the inflorescence by their base only.  68

68. Stamens 1-3, the filaments entirely or almost entirely united. Shrubs or trees. Flowers monoecious.  69

Stamens 2-4, the filaments free or united at the base only. Styles free or united at the base. Ovary 2-3-celled.  71

69. Calyx 3-lobed. Stamens 1-3; filaments free at the top, connective not broadened. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles united high up. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds with a large outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers in panicles.—Species
3. Central Africa.  Maprounea Aubl.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 2-3; filaments united into a short column.
Anthers turned outwards. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth.  70

70. Calyx-segments broad. Connective broadened, peltate. Styles united high up. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. Tropics.  Omphalea L.

Calyx-segments narrow. Connective not broadened. Styles free or
united at the base. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Excoecariopsis Pax

71. Calyx of the male flowers 2-3-toothed or -lobed. Inflorescence terminal.
Bracts with two glands. Flowers monoecious.  72

Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted. Fruit a capsule with a persistent central column.  73

72. Ripe carpels separating from a 3-parted central column. Seeds without an outgrowth.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber; one species (S. sebiferum Roxb.) is cultivated for its oily seeds.
(Including Conosapium Muell. Arg.).  Sapium P. Browne

Ripe carpels separating from the base of the pericarp, leaving no central column. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous.  Stillingia L.

73. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Leaves alternate.—Species
3. Central Africa. (Cnemidostachys Mart.)  Sebastiania Spreng.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers usually dioecious.
Inflorescences usually lateral.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Taenosapium Muell. Arg.)  Excoecaria L.

74. (66.) Flowers in racemes, monoecious, with a disc. Sepals of the male flowers evidently united below. Stamens 10, free. Leaves palmately divided, sometimes alternating with undivided ones.—Species 3.
Cultivated in the tropics. M. Glaziovii Muell. Arg. yields rubber,
M. utilissima Pohl and M. dulcis Pax (cassava or mandioc-plants) furnish vegetables, medicaments, and edible roots, from which meal, starch (tapioca), and a spirituous drink are prepared.  Manihot Adans.

Flowers in glomerules, dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then without a disc. Sepals of the male flowers free or nearly so. Leaves undivided.
[Tribe GELONIEAE.]  75

75. Sepals 5. Filaments free. Male flowers without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Ceratophorus
Sond., including Suregada Roxb.)  Gelonium Roxb.

Sepals of the female flowers 7-8, the inner petaloid. Filaments united.—Species
1. West Africa.  Chaetocarpus Thwait.

76. (1.) Calyx of the male flowers with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5-7.
Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Shrubs or trees.  77

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation.  81

77. Petals absent. Disc none. Styles 2, undivided. Ovary-cells 2, each with an incomplete partition.—Species 1. West Africa.  Martretia Beille

Petals small. Disc outside the stamens. Styles 2-parted. Ovary-cells undivided. [Tribe BRIDELIEAE.]  78

78. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens borne upon a short androphore.
Leaf-veins of the third order almost parallel.  79

Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Disc of the female flowers cup-shaped. Fruit a
capsule. Leaf-veins of the third order netted.  80

79. Disc of the female flowers bottle-shaped, enclosing the ovary to the top.
Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under Bridelia
Willd.)  Neogoetzea Pax

Disc of the female flowers double, the outer cup-shaped, adhering to the calyx, the inner consisting of 5 scales. Fruit usually a drupe.—Species
25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield dye-stuffs.
(Including Gentilia Beille)  Bridelia Willd.

80. Receptacle of the male flowers elevated, forming a short androphore.—Species
10. Tropics.  Cleistanthus Hook.

Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Flowers clustered, dioecious.—Species
1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.  Stenonia Baill.

81. (76.) Anthers 4-celled, even after opening, numerous. Filaments united.
Male flowers with 5 sepals and 3 valvate petals. Ovary 3-4-celled.
Styles 3, undivided. Carpels enlarging and separating after the time of flowering. Downy shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in axillary glomerules.—Species 1. South-east Africa. [Tribe JUNODIEAE.]  Junodia Pax

Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening.  82

82. Seeds with a very small embryo. Fruit an oblong drupe. Ovary 2-celled.
Styles 2, undivided. Male flowers with 9-18 free, central stamens, without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil. Corolla none. Flowers dioecious, in racemes. Trees.—Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe
DAPHNIPHYLLEAE]  Daphniphyllum Blume

Seeds with a large embryo. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3; if 2, then stamens 2-6 or surrounding a central disc. [Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE.]  83

83. Corolla present, at least in the flowers of one sex.  84

Corolla absent.  95

84. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals, petals, and carpels
4-5. Flowers dioecious, in glomerules. Trees.—Species 1. South
Africa. Yields timber.  Heywoodia Sim

Stamens 4-5. [Subtribe ANDRACHNINAE.]  85

85. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Petals exceeding the sepals in the male flowers, absent in the female. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6, each surrounded at the base by a gland; anthers opening transversely. Ovary 4-5-celled. Shrubs. Flowers in glomerules.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland).  Bricchettia Pax

Flowers 4-6-merous. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil.  86

86. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, two-cleft. Disc cup-shaped, lobed in the male flowers, entire in the female. Stamens inserted upon a short androphore.
Petals exceeding the sepals. Flowers fascicled, monoecious. Shrubs.—Species
1. Seychelles. (Under Savia Willd.)  Wielandia Baill.

Ovary 3-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3.  87

87. Styles very short, undivided.  88

Styles well developed, two-cleft.  90

88. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or fascicles. Petals short. Rudimentary pistil 3-lobed. Stigmas thick. Seeds solitary in each cell, exalbuminous, with thick-fleshy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs.—Species 6. Tropics.  Amanoa Aubl.

Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Trees.  89

89. Panicles terminal. Petals small. Disc of the male flowers of separate glands. Rudimentary pistil obconical, flattened at the top. Seeds with
a spongy coat, scanty albumen, and flat cotyledons.—Species 2.
Equatorial regions.  Megabaria Pierre

Panicles axillary. Petals large. Disc of the male flowers cupular. Rudimentary pistil narrowed above. Seeds with copious albumen.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa.  Centroplacus Pierre

90. Stamens inserted upon a prolonged, stalk-like receptacle. Petals shorter than the sepals. Disc and ovary densely woolly. Seeds with scanty albumen and folded cotyledons. Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, the male ones fascicled, the female solitary.—Species 1. South Africa.  Lachnostylis Turcz.

Stamens inserted upon a receptacle which is not stalk-like.  91

91. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Seeds exalbuminous, with folded cotyledons.
Trees or shrubs. Flowers in fascicles.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. (Pentabrachium Muell. Arg.)  Actephila Blume

Stamens inserted inside the disc round the rudimentary pistil. Seeds with copious albumen.  92

92. Male flowers without a corolla, with 4 sepals and 6 stamens. Female flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals. Flowers dioecious, the male in glomerules, the female solitary. Shrubs or trees.—Species 1. West
Africa (Congo).  Neochevaliera Beille

Male flowers with a corolla, rarely without, but then with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Flowers dioecious, the male in spikes, racemes, or panicles, or monoecious.  93

93. Lobes of the disc alternating with the petals. Flowers monoecious, in glomerules or the female solitary. Shrubs.—Species 8. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under Savia Willd.)  Petalodiscus Baill.

Lobes of the disc opposite the petals. Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or fascicles.  94

94. Flowers monoecious. Anther-halves adnate lengthwise. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar or 3-partite. Styles short. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.—Species 6.  Andrachne L.

Flowers dioecious. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thick connective.
Rudimentary pistil thick, usually obovate. Styles long.
Shrubs or trees.—Species 9. West Africa and Madagascar.  Thecacoris Juss.

95. (83.) Leaves digitate. Male flowers in glomerules, with a 5-8-partite calyx. Trees. [Subtribe BISCHOFIINAE.]  96

Leaves simple, undivided.  98

96. Leaflets 1-3. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 14-15.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola).  Aristogeitonia Prain

Leaflets 5-7. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4-10.  97

97. Leaves opposite. Leaflets stalked. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. West
Africa. Yields timber (African teak).  Oldfieldia Hook.

Leaves alternate. Leaflets sessile. Male flowers with a 6-8-cleft calyx and 6-8 stamens. Female flowers solitary, with 3 bracteoles, a disc consisting of 6-7 scales, a 2-celled ovary, and 2 short, thick, undivided styles. Fruit a drupe.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Paivaeusa Welw.

98. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the male in fascicles or panicles, the female solitary. Stamens numerous. Disc none. Fruit
a capsule. Trees. [Subtribe TOXICODENDRINAE.]  99

Leaves alternate.  100

99. Sepals 2-5. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Styles united high up.—Species 1. Southern East Africa (Mosambic).
Yields timber.  Androstachys Prain

Sepals 5-12. Stamens inserted upon a flat receptacle. Styles united at the base only.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Fruit poisonous. (Hyaenanche Lamb.)  Toxicodendron Thunb.

100. Male flowers in catkins, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely in heads or umbels with a calyx-like involucre. Flowers dioecious. [Subtribe
ANTIDESMINAE.]  101

Male flowers in axillary glomerules, fascicles, or short cymes, rarely in umbels without an involucre.  112

101. Male flowers in umbels or heads with a calyx-like involucre, female solitary.
Male flowers without a disc, but with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens
4-5. Ovary 2-4 celled. Styles branched. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent.
Trees.—Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber or edible fruits.  Uapaca Baill.

Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles without an involucre.  102

102. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs.  103

Ovary 2-5-celled.  105

103. Styles 3, 2-lobed. Male flowers with a disc. Stamens 2-5.—Species
25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs.  Antidesma L.

Style 1, undivided. Male flowers without a disc.  104

104. Sepals in the male flowers 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Disc of the female flowers ring-shaped.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Cometia Thouars

Sepals in the male flowers 6-8. Stamens numerous. Disc none.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil.  Plagiostyles Pierre

105. Ovary 2-celled. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Trees or shrubs.  106

Ovary 3-, rarely 4-5-celled.  108

106. Ovary and fruit winged. Styles long, undivided. Disc none. Stamens
4-6.—Species 12. Central and South Africa.  Hymenocardia Wall.

Ovary and fruit not winged. Styles short.  107

107. Disc in the male flowers consisting of 5 scales, in the female cup-shaped, entire. Stamens 5. Fruit one-seeded.—Species 4. West Africa and
Upper Nile.  Maesobotrya Benth.

Disc, especially in the female flowers, little developed or absent. Styles shortly lobed. Fruit several-seeded.—Species 10. West Africa.  Baccaurea Lour.

108. Disc indistinct or wanting. Styles short, very shortly lobed. (See 107.)  Baccaurea Lour.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5.  109

109. Disc entire or nearly so. Styles undivided, united high up. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial regions.  Baccaureopsis Pax

Disc lobed or divided. Styles more or less deeply two-cleft.  110

110. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stipules hair-like. Flowers very small. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Styles free, thick, 2-cleft.—Species
5. Central Africa.  Cyathogyne Muell. Arg.

Stem woody. Rudimentary pistil not salver-shaped.  111

111. Stipules large, kidney-shaped. Inflorescence springing from the old wood. Seeds with an aril.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Maesobotrya
Benth.)  Staphysora Pierre

Stipules not kidney-shaped. Flowers 5-merous. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thickened connective. Styles long. (See 94.)  Thecacoris Juss.

112. (100.) Styles or sessile stigmas much broadened, sometimes wholly united.
Flowers dioecious. Disc present. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs.
[Subtribe DRYPETINAE.]  113

Styles or style-branches rather thin or broadened at the apex only. [Subtribe
PHYLLANTHINAE.]  115

113. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas peltate, nearly sessile. Disc cup-shaped in the male flowers, ring-shaped in the female. Sepals unequal.—Species
1. West Africa.  Sibangea Oliv.

Stamens 4 or more.  114

114. Fruit 1-seeded. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens usually 4.—Species 4.
Central Africa.  Drypetes Vahl

Fruit 2-4-seeded. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stamens usually numerous.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa.  Cyclostemon Blume

115. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil and a disc usually divided into glands.  116

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.  120

116. Receptacle of the male flowers prolonged into an androphore. Stamens
5-6. Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs.  117
Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Disc of the male flowers divided into glands alternating with the sepals, rarely entire. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs and trees.  118

117. Disc of the male flowers nearly entire, of the female divided into 5 glands alternating with the sepals. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs. Male inflorescence many-flowered.—Species 3.
Central Africa.  Pseudolachnostylis Pax

Disc of the male flowers 5-lobed or divided into 5 glands opposite the sepals. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum.
Flowers monoecious, fascicled.—Species 4. Central Africa.  Cluytiandra Muell. Arg.

118. Disc of the male flowers slightly lobed. Styles undivided. Flowers monoecious, large. Stipules large.—Species 1. German East Africa.  Zimmermannia Pax

Disc of the male flowers deeply lobed or divided. Styles two-cleft.
Flowers usually dioecious.  119

119. Anthers opening outwards. Disc of the female flowers lobed. Seeds grooved on the ventral face; testa thick; embryo curved.—Species 8.
Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Under Securinega
Juss.)  Flueggea Willd.

Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Disc of the female flowers undivided.
Seeds not grooved; testa thin; embryo straight.—Species
6. Some of them yield timber.  Securinega Juss.

120. Disc present.  121

Disc absent. Shrubs or trees.  124

121. Disc of the male flowers consisting of 5-6 scales adnate below to the sepals which consequently appear much thickened. Stamens 3. Filaments very short, united. Anthers opening outwards. Style-branches
2-cleft. Flowers monoecious. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands.  Agyneia Vent.

Disc of the male flowers not adnate to the sepals; hence sepals not much thickened.  122

122. Stamens 2-10. Styles usually two-cleft.—Species 80. Tropical and
South Africa; one species naturalized in Egypt. Some of them serve as garden- or hedge-plants or yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including Cicca L. and Pleiostemon
Sond.) (Plate 80.)  Phyllanthus L.

Stamens 12-18. Disc many-lobed or many-parted. Styles 3. Shrubs or trees.  123

123. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Disc lobed. Styles entire or notched, flattened.—Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.  Humblotia Baill.

Flowers monoecious with 6 sepals, or dioecious with 5. Disc deeply divided. Styles two-cleft. Stipules gland-like.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa.  Lingelsheimia Pax

124. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-lobed. Stamens 3; filaments united; anthers opening outwards. Male flowers in glomerules.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. (Melanthesopsis Muell. Arg.)  Breynia Forst.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers opening inwards. Male flowers in umbels.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Leptonemea Juss.

FAMILY 123. CALLITRICHACEAE

Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, minute, without a perianth, but sometimes with two bracteoles, monoecious. Stamens 1. Anther 2-celled. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a single coat and a ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, awl-shaped. Fruit separating into 4 drupe-like mericarps. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile. (Under HALORRHAGIDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 6. North and South Africa and high mountains of Central
Africa; one species also naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene
Islands.  Callitriche L.

ORDER SAPINDALES

SUBORDER BUXINEAE

FAMILY 124. BUXACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers in lateral fascicles, heads or spikes, regular, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 4 segments in the male flowers, of 4-6 in the female. Disc absent. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, or 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or nearly so, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Styles 3, free, short and thick, undivided, persisting in fruit. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile, straight.—Genera 3; species 8. (Under EUPHORBIACEAE.)

1. Stamens 4; filaments long. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil.
Perianth of the female flowers of 4-6 segments.—Species 6. The box
(B. sempervirens L.) is used as a garden-plant and yields wood and medicaments; another species affords arrow-poison. [Tribe BUXEAE.]  Buxus L.

Stamens 6; filaments very short or absent. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4 segments.
[Tribe STYLOCEREAE.]  2

2. Flowers in fascicles, the male on long pedicels, very small. Leaves narrowed into a long point.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Macropodandra Gilg

Flowers in groups of 3, nearly sessile, not very small. Leaves blunt or slightly pointed.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Notobuxus Oliv.

SUBORD ER EMPETRINEAE

FAMILY 125. EMPETRACEAE

Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost whorled, undivided, grooved on the under surface, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in heads, bracteolate, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or none. Stamens 3, hypogynous, opposite to the sepals, free. Disc absent. Ovary superior, 2-9-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style branched. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, albuminous. Embryo axile; radicle turned downwards.—Genera 2, species 2. North and South Africa.

Flowers, at least the male, crowded in terminal heads. Ovary cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 2-5. Style with linear branches.—Species
1. Canary Islands and Azores. The fruits are used as a condiment and in medicine.  Corema Don

Flowers solitary, on lateral dwarf-shoots. Ovary-cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 6-9. Style with broadened branches.—Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. The fruits (crawberries) are eaten and used for preparing drinks and medicaments.  Empetrum L.

SUBORDER CORIARIINEAE

FAMILY 126. CORIARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, 3-nerved, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals shorter, fleshy, enlarged after flowering. Stamens 10. Anthers opening inwards. Carpels 5, distinct. Ovule 1 in each carpel, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit with a crustaceous rind, indehiscent. Seeds with scanty albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used for tanning and dyeing.  Coriaria L.

SUBORDER ANACARDIINEAE

FAMILY 127. ANACARDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice resinous. Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, usually polygamous. Corolla present, rarely (Pistacia) absent. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit usually a drupe. Albumen of the seeds scanty or wanting.—Genera 29, species 250. (TEREBINTHACEAE.) (Plate 81.)

1. Carpel 1. Style simple, lateral; stigma entire. Funicle basal. Fertile stamen 1, rarely 5. Leaves simple, entire. Trees. [Tribe MANGIFEREAE.]  2

Carpels 2-5, sometimes 1-4 of them rudimentary. Style simple with a lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided, or several free styles.
Fertile stamens 3 or more. Leaves usually compound.  5

2. Stamen 1. Filament broad. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Disc one-sided.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 2. West Africa. The fruits are edible.
(Under Mangifera L.)  Fegimanra Pierre

Stamens 5-10, but usually 1 only fertile. Petals 5.  3

3. Fertile stamens 5. Calyx bursting irregularly.—Species 1. Madagascar.
The juice is used for preparing varnishes and medicaments.  Gluta L.

Fertile stamen 1, usually accompanied by 4 or 9 sterile ones, which bear small anthers. Calyx 5-partite.  4

4. Stamens and staminodes together 5. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit egg-shaped, with a fleshy pericarp and a slightly thickened stalk. Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1 (M. indica L., mango-tree). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared, starch from the seeds, and medicaments.  Mangifera Burm.

Stamens and staminodes together 10. Disc indistinct. Fruit kidney-shaped, with a resinous pericarp and a much thickened, fleshy stalk.
Leaves obovate.—Species 1 (A. occidentale L., cashew-tree). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, vermin-poison, edible seeds and fruit-stalks from which vinegar and brandy are prepared, and medicaments.  Anacardium L.

5. (1.) Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 1-2 empty and usually rudimentary ones, rarely (Protorhus) with 3 fertile cells; in this case stamens 5 and leaves simple. [Tribe RHOIDEAE.]  6

Ovary with 3-5 fertile cells. Stamens 6-15 and leaves compound, rarely stamens 5 and leaves simple, but then ovary-cells and styles 5.
[Tribe SPONDIEAE.]  20

6. Perianth simple, consisting of 1-2 segments in the male, of 2-5 in the female flowers. Stamens 3-5. Style 3-cleft. Leaves compound.—Species
5, one of them only cultivated. North Africa and northern East
Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, resins (mastic and turpentine) which are used industrially, in medicine, as fumigatories, masticatories, or condiments, and for preparing spirituous drinks, also edible oily fruits and seeds (pistachio-nuts) and various medicaments.  Pistacia L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla.  7

7. Style 1, undivided, rarely (Micronychia) shortly cleft at the top, or a slightly lobed sessile stigma.  8

Styles 3, free or united at the base, sometimes recurved and adnate to the ovary, or 3 free sessile stigmas.  13

8. Leaves simple, undivided.  9

Leaves compound, pinnate.  11

9. Stamens 6-10, twice as many as the petals. Ovary with 1 fertile and 1 sterile cell. Style absent. Trees with small flowers.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Seychelles.  Campnosperma Thwait.

Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary 1-celled. Style present.  10

10. Corolla of the male flowers equalling the calyx. Disc broad, fleshy. Filaments thread-shaped. Ovary and fruit much compressed. Style short, undivided, with a 3-lobed stigma. Shrubs. Leaves serrate.
Flowers small. Female inflorescence finally with broadened branches and hardened bracts.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
(Botryceras Willd.)  Laurophyllus Thunb.

Corolla much exceeding the calyx. Disc cup-shaped. Filaments broad.
Ovary and fruit slightly compressed. Style long, shortly 3-cleft at the top. Trees. Leaves entire. Flowers rather large.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Micronychia Oliv.

11. Receptacle deeply cupular; hence petals and stamens distinctly perigynous.
Calyx valvate, corolla imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10. Ovary sessile. Style thin. Fruit dry, indehiscent.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Thyrsodium Benth.

Receptacle flattish or convex; hence petals and stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Style thick or wanting.  12

12. Petals imbricate in the bud; sepals imbricate. Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary and fruit with a compressed stalk. Stigma sessile. Fruit sickle-shaped, dry, indehiscent.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Faguetia March.

Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 5-20, usually more than petals.
Ovary and fruit sessile, the latter drupaceous.—Species 20. Tropics.
Some species yield timber, gum, and edible fruits.  Sorindeia Thouars

13. (7.) Ovule basal or suspended from a basal funicle.  14

Ovule suspended from the top or the flank of the cavity.  16

14. Ovule subbasal, ascending. Styles lateral, thread-shaped. Ovary compressed.
Stamens 5, alternating with 2-cleft scales. Petals of the male flowers longer, of the female shorter than the sepals. Sepals lanceolate, enlarged in the fruit. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate; stalk winged.—Species
1. South Africa.  Loxostylis Spreng. fil.

Ovule suspended from the basal funicle. Styles terminal. Flowers polygamous.  15

15. Endocarp crusty or bony, finally separating from the mesocarp. Seedcoat thin. Leaves alternate, usually compound.—Species 100. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials (sumac), condiments, medicaments, and edible fruits; others are used as ornamental plants.  Rhus L.

Endocarp leathery, not separating from the mesocarp. Seed-coat thick.
Leaves undivided, narrow, with numerous parallel side-nerves.—Species
18. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Anaphrenium
E. Mey.)  Heeria Meissn.

16. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 5.  17

Leaves compound, trifoliolate or pinnate.  18

17. Filaments broadened. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule attached laterally. Styles
sickle-shaped, united at the base, with capitate stigmas. Fruit transversely oblong; endocarp very thin. Embryo with thick cotyledons.—Species
1. Madagascar. Used medicinally.  Baronia Bak.

Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovule attached at the top of the cell. Stigmas sessile. Fruit oblong; endocarp woody.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, with numerous parallel side-nerves.—Species
10. Madagascar and South-east Africa. Some species are poisonous or used medicinally.  Protorhus Engl.

18. Leaflets 3, toothed. Stamens 5. Ovary compressed. Styles lateral, thread shaped. Fruit winged; endocarp very thin, mesocarp resinous.
Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Smodingium E. Mey.

Leaflets 5 or more. Styles more or less terminal.  19

19. Stamens 4-5. Fruit with a crusty endocarp, a fibrous mesocarp, and a fleshy exocarp. Embryo with a short radicle.—Species 30. Central
Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Emiliomarcelia Hel. et Th. Dur.)  Trichoscypha Hook. fil.

Stamens 10. Fruit with a hard endocarp, an oily mesocarp, and a parchment-like exocarp. Embryo with a long radicle. Shrubs.—Species 2.
Cultivated in North Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mascarenes.
They yield timber, resin used industrially and medicinally, tanning and dyeing materials, vinegar, syrup, and medicaments.  Schinus L.

20. (5.) Stamens 5, as many as the petals. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Styles
5. Leaves simple, undivided.—Species 2. West Africa.  Spondianthus Engl.

Stamens 6-15, twice as many as the petals or more. Leaves compound.  21

21. Petals valvate in bud.  22

Petals imbricate in bud.  23

22. Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Petals lanceolate, with inflexed tips. Male flowers with a sterile ovary and a simple style. Leaflets 3, serrate.—Species
1. Equatorial East Africa.  Spondiopsis Engl.

Flowers polygamous, usually 5-merous. Petals oblong ovate or elliptical, finally recurved. Styles in the female and hermaphrodite flowers 4-5, free. Leaflets 5 or more, usually with a marginal nerve.—Species 4, two of them growing wild in equatorial West Africa, the others cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, gum, tanning material, medicaments, and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared.
(Including Antrocaryon Pierre).  Spondias L.

23. Sepals free. Stone of the fruit with 3-4 lids at the top.  24

Sepals more or less united.  25

24. Flowers dioecious, 3-4-merous. Anthers subglobose, versatile. Seeds oblong, terete.—Species 2. Central Africa. The fruits are edible.
(Under Spondias L.).  Pseudospondias Engl.

Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Anthers oblong, continuous with the filament. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3. Seeds club-shaped, somewhat

ANACARDIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 81.

J. Fleischmann del.

Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Older female flower cut lengthwise. E Fruit.

CELASTRACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 82.

J. Fleischmann del.

Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed cut lengthwise.

compressed.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, gum, dyes, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits and seeds from which a spirituous drink is prepared.  Sclerocarya Hochst.

25. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Fruit 1-2-seeded. Leaflets numerous.—Species
2. West Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits (blood-plums).  Haematostaphis Hook. fil.

Flowers 4-5-merous.  26

26. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit usually 1-seeded.  27

Flowers 5-merous. Fruit 2-5-seeded. Leaflets 5 or more. Sepals united at the base only.  28

27. Sepals united high up. Petals oblong. Disc 4-partite. Style simple, club-shaped. Flowers in panicled fascicles. Leaflets numerous, alternate.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Nothospondias Engl.

Sepals united at the base only. Petals obovate. Disc 8-crenate. Styles
3-4. Stone of the fruit with 1-2 fertile cells bearing a lid at the top and with 2-3 sterile cells. Seeds 1 or 2; in the latter case leaflets 3.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber, bark used for making cloth, gum, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Calesiam Adans., Odina Roxb., including Lanneoma Del.) (Plate 81.)  Lannea Rich.

28. Male flowers with a narrow disc and 3 styles. Stone of the fruit with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 1. South Africa.  Harpephyllum Bernh.

Male flowers with a broad disc and 5 styles. Ovary 5-celled. Stone of the fruit with 3-5 fertile cells. Panicles spike-like.—Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin, and edible fruits.
(Under Spondias L.)  Poupartia Comm.

SUBORDER CELASTRINEAE

FAMILY 128. AQUIFOLIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular, dioecious. Calyx 4-7-cleft. Petals 4-7, united at the base, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, 4-8-celled. Style short or absent; stigma lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, pendulous, inverted, covered by a cupular expansion of the funicle. Fruit a drupe with 4-8 one-seeded stones. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albumen (ILICINEAE.)

Genus 1, species 5. They yield timber, bird-lime, tea, and medicaments.
The holly (I. Aquifolium L.), with poisonous fruits, is also planted as a garden- or hedge-plant.  Ilex L.

FAMILY 129. CELASTRACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, imbricate or open in bud. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Disc present. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, but sometimes sunk in the disc and adnate to it, 2-5-celled, rarely (Pleurostylia) 1-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each cell, inverted. Style 1 or 0. Seeds usually albuminous. Embryo axile, with leaf-like cotyledons.—Genera 15, species 160. (Plate 82.)

1. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with an aril. [Subfamily CELASTROIDEAE.]  2

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds without an aril.  7

2. Leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering and fruiting branches. Unarmed shrubs. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.  3

Leaves alternate.  4

3. Petals spreading. Disc thick. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Ovary-cells and stigmas 4-5. Seeds enveloped by a red aril. Leaves elliptical.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Yields timber and medicaments and serves as an ornamental plant; the fruits are poisonous. “Spindle-tree.”  Evonymus L.

Petals erect. Disc thin. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Seeds with a white, wing-like aril. Leaves lanceolate.—Species
1 (C. edulis Forsk.). Central and South Africa. The wood and the leaves are used, the latter for chewing and for preparing a tea and medicaments. (Methyscophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh.)  Catha Forsk.

4. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels, or more frequently solitary or in clusters and inserted upon the leaves, 5-merous. Ovary-cells and stigmas 5, very rarely 3-4. Seeds with a laciniate aril. Unarmed shrubs or trees.—Species 7. Madagascar. (Under Celastrus L.).  Polycardia Juss.

Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Ovary 2-3-celled, very rarely
4-5-celled.  5

5. Ovules 3-6 in each cell of the ovary. Disc thick, almost hemispherical, ribbed, red. Seeds enveloped by the aril. Spiny shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Celastrus L.)  Putterlickia Endl.

Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc not hemispherical.  6

6. Fruit with usually wing-like appendages. Seeds with a gaping aril. Ovary usually ribbed. Stigmas 2-3. Disc 5-lobed or 5-parted. Flowers
5-merous. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves entire.—Species 9.
South Africa.  Pterocelastrus Meissn.

Fruit without appendages. Ovary not ribbed. Disc faintly lobed, not ribbed.—Species 80. Some of them yield timber, rubber, or medicaments.
(Including Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh., under Celastrus L.)  Gymnosporia Wight & Arn.

7. (1.) Fruit broadly winged, with a leathery rind. Flowers 4-merous.
Stamens inserted within the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary
2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigma 1, small. Shrubs.
Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescences terminal and axillary.—Species
1. Madagascar. [Subfamily TRIPTERYGIOIDEAE.]  Ptelidium Thouars

Fruit not winged. Stamens inserted on the edge or outer face of the disc.
Anthers usually opening inwards. [Subfamily CASSINIOIDEAE.]  8

8. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2-8, erect. Style lateral. Stigma peltate.
Flowers 5-merous. Fruit with a thin endocarp and a thin-fleshy mesocarp. Seeds with copious albumen. Leaves opposite.—Species
5. East and South Africa and Malagasy Islands. (Including Cathastrum
Turcz.)  Pleurostylia Wight & Arn.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Style terminal, rarely lateral in the fruit.  9

9. Ovules pendulous. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit a drupe. Glabrous shrubs.
Upper leaves opposite, broad.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Yields timber. (Under Cassine L.)  Maurocenia L.

Ovules erect.  10

10. Stigma entire. Anthers turned inwards. Petal-like staminodes usually present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves opposite, unequal, the lower lanceolate, the upper oval. Trees.—Species 1. Isle of Réunion.  Herya Cordem.

Stigma 2-4-lobed, very rarely entire, but then anthers turned outwards.
Petal-like staminodes none.  11

11. Flowers in short racemes, unisexual, 4-merous. Stamens inserted at the margin of the thin disc; filaments strap-shaped. Fruit almost dry.
Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Elaeodendron Jacq.)  Lauridia Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes; usually hermaphrodite.  12

12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit almost dry.—Species 20.
Tropical and South Africa. (Under Cassine L. or Elaeodendron Jacq.)  Mystroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh.

Leaves opposite or the upper alternate.  13

13. Pericarp neither fleshy nor hardened. Seeds exalbuminous. Anthers opening outwards. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly toothed.—Species 3. South Africa and Madagascar. (Under Schrebera
Thunb.)  Hartogia Thunb.

Pericarp more or less fleshy or hardened. Seeds albuminous. Anthers usually opening inwards.  14

14. Pericarp fleshy. Leaves opposite.—Species 10. South Africa.  Cassine L.

Pericarp dry.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Cassine L.)
(Plate 82.)  Elaeodendron Jacq.

FAMILY 130. HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, inserted below the disc. Stamens 3-5, inserted upon or within the disc. Filaments free, strap-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-10 inverted ovules in each cell. Style 1 or 0. Fruit drupaceous or capsular or separating into several mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 3, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. (Under CELASTRINEAE.) (Plate 83.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers opening inwards by a transverse slit. Disc indistinct.
Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Leaves opposite, serrate.—Species
4. West Africa.  Campylostemon Welw.

Stamens 3. Anthers opening outwards. Disc distinct.  2

2. Fruit drupaceous. Petals imbricate in bud. Flowers usually in fascicles or in fascicled cymes.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield rubber or edible fruits. (Plate 83.)  Salacia L.

Fruit capsular or separating into several mericarps. Anthers roundish.
Leaves opposite. Flowers usually in simple cymes.—Species 50.
Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some are used medicinally. (Including
Helictonema Pierre).  Hippocratea L.

FAMILY 131. SALVADORACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular. Calyx 2-4-cleft. Petals 4, very rarely 5, free or united at the base, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals; sometimes 4-5 staminodes also present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect, inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with the radicle turned downwards.—Genera 3, species 6.

1. Flowers dioecious. Petals 4, free, narrow. Filaments free from one another and from the corolla. Glands between the stamens absent.
Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs with 2-6 spines in the axils of the leaves.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. (Monetia
L’Hér.)  Azima Lam.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Filaments united together or to the corolla. Glands between the stamens nearly always present.
Ovary 1-celled. Unarmed shrubs or trees.  2

2. Petals free, narrow. Filaments united at the base. Anthers oblong.—Species
3. East Africa. Yielding timber. (Including Platymitium
Warb.)  Dobera Juss.

Petals united at the base, broad, 4. Filaments free. Anthers ovoid or globose.—Species 1 (S. persica Garcin). North-east and Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay. Yields edible fruits and medicaments; the twigs are used as tooth-brushes.  Salvadora Garcin

HIPPOCRATEACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 83.

J. Fleischmann del.

Salacia Dusenii Loesen.

A Flowering branch. B Flower from above. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.

ICACINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 84.

J. Fleischmann del.

Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Fruit cut lengthwise.

SUBORDER ICACININEAE

FAMILY 132. ICACINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens as many as the petals or perianth-segments and alternate with them. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1 or 0. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa, without an aril.—Genera 19, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 84.)

1. Pericarp warty or spiny on the inner face. Embryo equalling the albumen.
Climbing or twining shrubs. Leafstalk terete. [Tribe PHYTOCRENEAE.]  2

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled on the inside. Leaves entire.  7

2. Perianth simple, 3-5-parted. Stigma sessile. Leaves palminerved.  3

Perianth, at least in the female flowers, consisting of a sometimes very small calyx and a corolla of united petals. Leaves penninerved.  5

3. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, hermaphrodite. Stem tuberous, with slightly twining branches. Leaves undivided, wavy at the margin.—Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland).  Trematosperma Urban

Flowers in heads or spikes, dioecious.  4

4. Flowers in heads arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth of the male flowers 3-lobed.—Species 3. West Africa.  Polycephalium Engl.

Flowers in spikes. Perianth usually 4-parted.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.  Pyrenacantha Hook.

5. Calyx minute. Corolla not enlarged in the fruit. Flowers in spikes arising from the lower part of the stem. Leaves oval.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Endacanthus Baill.

Calyx distinctly developed, at least in the female flowers. Corolla enlarged in the fruit.  6

6. Calyx of the male flowers 5-toothed. Petals 5. Filaments rather long.
Anthers linear. Flowers in spikes at the nodes of the older branches.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Stachyanthus Engl.

Calyx of the male flowers indistinct or wanting. Petals 4. Filaments short. Anthers ovate. Flowers in spikes or heads. Species 7.
West Africa.  Chlamydocarya Baill.

7. (1.) Flowers dioecious, with a corolla of united petals, with or without a calyx. Stamens with flat filaments; anthers opening inwards. Embryo nearly equalling the albumen. Climbing shrubs, usually with tendrils.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe
IODEAE.]  Iodes Blume

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then with a calyx and a corolla of free petals, or without a corolla, and the anthers
opening outwards. Embryo usually much shorter than the albumen.
Trees or erect, rarely climbing shrubs; in the latter case leaves alternate or flowers in spikes. [Tribe ICACINEAE.]  8

8. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Calyx 5-partite. Petals minute and free, or wanting. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with a ring-shaped appendage at the top. Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.  Grisollea Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla.  9

9. Petals free. Sepals usually united high up.  10

Petals more or less united. Sepals usually united at the base only.  14

10. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen.  11

Embryo much shorter than the albumen.  12

11. Petals bearded within. Disc present. Style long; stigma small or shield-shaped.
Fruit with a crusty endocarp. Embryo with flat cotyledons.
Shrubs with ascending or somewhat twining branches.—Species 7.
Tropics. Some have edible fruits or seeds.  Icacina Juss.

Petals not bearded within. Disc absent. Fruit with a woody endocarp and a fleshy mesocarp. Embryo with folded cotyledons. Climbing shrubs.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. The fruits and seeds are eaten and used medicinally.  Lavigeria Pierre

12. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes. Petals hairy outside. Disc present.
Ovary without swellings. Style terminal; stigma slightly lobed.—Species
6. Tropics.  Desmostachys Planch. & Miers

Stem erect, tree-like. Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Ovary with 2 swellings. Style lateral.  13

13. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Filaments broadened below. Ovary usually with two narrow swellings at the top.—Species 12. Central Africa.
(Under Apodytes Mey.)  Rhaphiostyles Planch.

Flowers in terminal panicles. Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary with two broad swellings on the ventral face.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield timber or edible fruits. (Plate 84.)  Apodytes E. Mey.

14. Petals united at the base or nearly to the middle.  15

Petals united beyond the middle.  16

15. Petals imbricate in the bud. Style short. Leaves opposite. Flowers in repeatedly forked cymes.—Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar.  Cassinopsis Sond.

Petals valvate in the bud. Style long. Leaves alternate. Flowers in few-flowered fascicles or panicles.—Species 9. Central Africa. (Including
Alsodeiidium Engl.)  Alsodeiopsis Oliv.

16. Petals imbricate in the bud. Sepals and stamens unequal. Disc indistinct.
Stigma sessile. Leaves opposite, elliptical. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Tridianisia Baill.

Petals valvate in the bud.  17

17. Petals bent backwards at the tip. Disc thick. Style short. Leaves opposite, lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Acrocoelium Baill.

Petals bent inwards at the tip. Disc absent. Leaves alternate.  18

18. Sepals united at the base only. Filaments adnate to the corolla-tube throughout their whole length, without appendages. Style long, filiform. Ovary and fruit without a swelling.—Species 5. Tropics.  Leptaulus Benth.

Sepals united high up. Filaments free from the corolla, with two tufts of hairs at the apex. Style short, conical. Ovary and fruit with a lateral swelling. Flowers in head-like cymes.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Lasianthera Beauv.

SUBORDER SAPINDINEAE

FAMILY 133. ACERACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed, without stipules. Flowers in terminal corymbs, regular, polygamous. Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, free. Stamens 8, very rarely 4 or 12, perigynous, inserted on the inner edge of the thick disc. Filaments free. Ovary superior, 2-lobed and 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2 or a single style with 2 branches or stigmas. Fruit winged, splitting into 2 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under SAPINDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark, and sugar, and serve as ornamental plants. “Maple.”  Acer L.

FAMILY 134. SAPINDACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (Cardiospermum) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary or in clusters, polygamous, rarely unisexual. Petals 4-5, mostly with a scale on the inner face, or absent. Stamens 4-24, usually 8, inserted within the disc, rarely upon it; sometimes disc indistinct. Anthers opening inwards by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-8-, usually 3-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate or with a single fertile cell, frequently lobed. Ovules 1-2, rarely (Cossignia) 3 in each ovary-cell, curved. Style 1, undivided, rarely cleft. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo usually curved.—Genera 51, species 200. (Including DIDIEREACEAE.) (Plate 85.)

1. Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 2 sterile ones. Ovule 1. Style
3-4-cleft. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Petals 4. Sepals 2. Flowers dioecious. Leaves undivided, deciduous. Spiny trees.—Species 6. Madagascar. Some species
yield timber. (Including Alluaudia Drake). [Tribe DIDIEREAE.]  Didierea Baill.

Ovary with 2-8 fertile cells. Stamens inserted within the disc, rarely upon it (Pistaciopsis) or no distinct disc present (Dodonaea); in both these cases petals wanting.  2

2. Ovule 1 in each cell of the ovary.  3

Ovules 2, very rarely 3, in each cell of the ovary.  45

3. Ovule pendulous. Ovary 2-celled. Style undivided, with 2 decurrent stigmatic lines at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc regular. Petals 5, small. Sepals 5, slightly imbricate in bud. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.
Seeds without an aril. Embryo with pinnately cut cotyledons. Branches and leaves with a resinous coating. Leaves equally pinnate, with a winged rachis.—Species 2. Equatorial East Africa and Madagascar.  Filicium Thwait.

Ovule erect or ascending. Stamens usually 8.  4

4. Flowers irregular, with a one-sided disc. Petals 4.  5

Flowers regular or nearly so, with a complete disc. Petals 5 or 0. Leaves exstipulate, equally pinnate, rarely unequally pinnate (Pistaciopsis) or simple (Pappea).  14

5. Leaves stipulate, unequally pinnate with 5 leaflets or twice ternate. Herbs or undershrubs or climbing tendril-bearing shrubs. Petals with a crested, and hooded scale. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled.  6

Leaves exstipulate, simple trifoliolate or equally pinnate. Trees or shrubs without tendrils. Seeds without an aril.  8

6. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Fruit capsular, inflated, with a membranous rind. Seeds without an aril.—Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa, one species (C. Helicacabum L.) also naturalized in North
Africa. They yield fodder, vegetables, oil, and medicaments, and serve also as decorative plants. “Heartseed.”  Cardiospermum L.

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Fruit capsular, not inflated, with a leathery or woody rind, or separating into mericarps. Seeds with
a more or less distinct aril.  7

7. Leaves twice ternate. Fruit 3-winged below, separating into 3 nutlets.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Serjania Schum.

Leaves pinnate. Fruit wingless, capsular.—Species 1. Tropics. Poisonous and yielding fibres and medicaments.  Paullinia L.

8. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. Sepals 4, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a crestless, notched or 2-parted scale. Stamens 8. Ovary deeply lobed. Fruit of 1-3 drupes.—Species 50. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Under Schmidelia L.)  Allophyllus L.

Leaves abruptly pinnate. Sepals 5.  9

9. Sepals free, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a notched scale. Stamens
8. Fruit separating into 3 mericarps. Seed-coat hard.—Species
3. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. The wood and the
fruits (soap-berries) are used; the latter afford a substitute for soap, mucilage, oil, poison, and medicaments; the seeds serve as ornaments and for making buttons and rosaries. (Including Dittelasma Hook.)  Sapindus L.

Sepals more or less united, narrowly imbricate or valvate in bud. Fruit furrowed or lobed, indehiscent.  10

10. Calyx shortly bell- or top-shaped; sepals united at the base only. Petals with a 2-crested scale. Stamens 6-8. Pericarp crustaceous or leathery.  11

Calyx deeply urn-shaped or almost globular; sepals united high up.
Pericarp more or less fleshy.  12

11. Disc obliquely cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals with a very broad scale. Shrubs. Leaflets 10.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Plagioscyphus Radlk.

Disc not cupular. Ovary 3-celled. Leaflets 4-8.—Species 7. West
Africa. (Under Erioglossum Blume)  Pancovia Willd.

12. Stamens 12-15. Petals sessile; scale adnate below by the margin, bearing a short crest. Ovary 6-8-celled. Trees. Leaflets 10-12.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Glossolepis Gilg

Stamens 6-8. Petals clawed.  13

13. Scales of the petals adnate below by the margins, bearing an incurved crest; claws elongate. Calyx subglobose, shortly toothed. Ovary
7-celled. Trees. Leaflets numerous.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons).  Radlkofera Gilg

Scales of the petals adnate by a ridge, more rarely free. Ovary 3-4-celled, rarely 7-8-celled, but then petals with a free and crestless scale.
Species 10. West Africa. Some have edible fruits.  Chytranthus Hook. fil.

14. (4.) Petals absent.  15

Petals present.  23

15. Sepals 4-6, united at the base only, valvate or almost valvate in bud.  16

Sepals 5, united high up.  19

16. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals 4. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Crossonephelis Baill.

Stamens 5-8. Ovary 3-celled.  17

17. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, hairy outside. Stamens
7-8. Seeds without an aril. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.—Species 2.
Central Africa.  Melanodiscus Radlk.

Flowers in clusters. Stamens 5, rarely 6-7, but then seeds with an aril.  18

18. Stamens inserted inside the disc; filaments short, not exceeding the calyx; anthers linear. Sepals 5-6, hairy above. Seed 1, with an aril. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with 4-10 leaflets.—Species 2. East
Africa.  Haplocoelum Radlk.

Stamens inserted at the edge of the disc, 5; filaments long, much exceeding the calyx; anthers oblong or oval. Sepals 5. Leaves with a narrowly
winged rachis.—Species 4. Central Africa.  Pistaciopsis Engl.

19. Sepals imbricate in bud, finally slashed. Stamens 8-10, bent twice in the bud. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds with an aril; embryo almost straight.
Trees. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.—Species 2. Central
Africa. Flowers fragrant, used for preparing an aromatic water.  Lecaniodiscus Planch.

Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 8.  20

20. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds with an aril.  21

Ovary 3-celled.  22

21. Fruit covered with wart-like protuberances. Aril free from the seedcoat.—Species
1 (L. chinensis Sonn.) Cultivated in the tropics and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Nephelium L. or Euphoria Commers.)  Litchi Sonn.

Fruit covered with soft spine-like processes or glabrous. Aril adnate to the seed-coat.—Species 1 (N. lappaceum L., Rambutan). Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruits and fat-containing seeds. (Under
Euphoria Comm.)  Nephelium L.

22. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx cup-shaped. Flowers in axillary panicles.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Yields timber
(iron-wood), edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under Nephelium L.)  Stadmannia Lam.

Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Calyx top-shaped. Flowers in racemes or panicles springing from the older parts of the stem.—Species
3. Central Africa.  Placodiscus Radlk.

23. (14.) Calyx 5-lobed; lobes open or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens
6-10.  24

Calyx 5-parted.  27

24. Calyx urn-shaped. Petals with a scale adnate by a ridge. Fruit indehiscent,
3-lobed, with a leathery pericarp. Seeds without an aril. Inflorescences arising from the older branches. Leaves pinnate. (See 13.)  Chytranthus Hook. fil.

Calyx cup- or saucer-shaped, small. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, or with a free scale, or without a scale. Fruit dehiscent.
Seeds with an aril.  25

25. Petals hairy, without a scale or with the inflexed margins prolonged into small scales. Ovary lobed. Pericarp leathery. Leaves simple, undivided, oblong.—Species 4. East and South Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under Sapindus L.)  Pappea Eckl. & Zeyh.

Petals with a free scale or with a scale adnate by the margins. Leaves pinnate.  26

26. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, hence funnel-shaped. Disc clothing the base of the calyx. Filaments hairy. Fruit 3-angled, almost glabrous. Inflorescences axillary.—Species 5. Central Africa.
Some yield timber. (Under Blighia Koen.)  Phialodiscus Radlk.

Petals with an almost free, notched scale. Disc free. Filaments glabrous.
Fruit almost globose; pericarp crustaceous or woody, hispid on the outside, woolly within.—Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber.  Eriocoelum Hook. fil.

27. (23.) Sepals narrowly imbricate in bud.  28

Sepals broadly imbricate in bud.  33

28. Stamens 5. Petals hooded, without scales. Disc 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with numerous leaflets. Inflorescences arising from the older parts of the stem.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Pseudopteris Baill.

Stamens 6-10.  29

29. Stamens 6-7. Petals hairy, with 1-2 scales adnate by their edges.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a cartilagineous endocarp. Seeds with an adnate aril. Leaves with 4-11 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Aporrhiza Radlk.

Stamens 8-10.  30

30. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 8.  31

Ovary 3-celled. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Stamens 8-10. Petals furnished at the base with a scale adnate at each side.  32

31. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed, pellucidly dotted, beset with scaly glands when young. Fruit 2-lobed, with a fleshy pericarp. Seeds without an aril.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Sapindus L.)  Smelophyllum Radlk.

Leaflets in 5 pairs, entire, beset with stellate hairs. Fruit with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.—Species 1 (E. Longana
Lam.). Cultivated in the tropics and in Egypt and naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. Yields timber and edible fruits. (Under Nephelium
L.)  Euphoria Commers.

32. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 8, rarely 10. Fruit large, bluntly
3-angled. Seeds enveloped at the base by an adnate aril.—Species
3. West Africa. The aril is poisonous when unripe or over-ripe, but edible when ripe, and used for preparing oil and medicaments; from the fragrant flowers an aromatic liquid is prepared. “Akee-tree.” (Under
Cupania L.)  Blighia Koen.

Petals funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Seeds enclosed in the fleshy testa.
Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, toothed.—Species 3. West Africa.  Lychnodiseus Radlk.

33. (27.) Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with
a spongey pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Tinopsis Radlk.

Stamens 8-24.  34

34. Stamens 8.  35

Stamens 10-24. Seeds without an aril.  42

35. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals small. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, with
a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a membranous aril and a crustaceous testa.—Species 10. Madagascar and East Africa.  Macphersonia Blume

Leaves once pinnate.  36

36. Petals with 1 scale. Seeds without an aril; testa membranous, leathery, or crustaceous.  37

Petals with 2 scales, usually formed by the inflexion of their edges, rarely
(Molinaea) without scales. Seeds with an aril, rarely (Sapindus) without, but then with a bony testa.  38

37. Leaflets prickly toothed, in several pairs. Stem shrubby. Inflorescences springing from the older parts of the stem. Petals with a hooded scale.
Disc cup-shaped, crenate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cotylodiscus Radlk.

Leaflets entire. Stem tree-like. Fruit lobed.  38

38. Leaflets in 2 pairs. Fruit drupaceous, not separating into mericarps.
Seeds with a thin testa; embryo nearly straight.—Species 1 (A. senegalensis Radlk.). Central Africa. It yields timber and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap; the seeds are poisonous.
(Under Sapindus L.)  Aphania Blume

Leaflets in 3 or more pairs. Fruit separating into 2-3 berry-like mericarps.
Seeds with a leathery testa.—Species 20. Tropical and
South Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Plate 85.)  Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.

39. Petals with large scales. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit capsular.—Species 10.
Madagascar. (Under Cupania L., Jagera Blume, or Ratonia DC.).  Tina Roem. & Schult.

Petals with small scales or without scales. Ovary 3-celled.  40

40. Petals very small, with 2 linear scales at the base. Filaments bent twice in the bud. Shrubs. Leaflets in 6-10 pairs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Eriandrostachys Baill.

Petals small or rather large, with the margins bent inwards at the base or without any appendage. Usually trees.  41

41. Seeds with an aril and a crustaceous testa. Fruit winged, capsular.—Species
8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under Cupania L.).  Molinaea Comm.

Seeds without an aril; testa bony. Fruit not winged, drupaceous or separating into mericarps. (See 9.)  Sapindus L.

42. (34.) Petals without a scale. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular, bristly. Climbing shrubs clothed with rust-coloured hairs.
Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under
Cupania L.)  Laccodiscus Radlk.

Petals with a scale. Trees or erect shrubs.  43

43. Ovary entire. Stamens 10-12. Leaves without glands.—Species 1.
East Africa. (Under Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.)  Camptolepis Radlk.

SAPINDACEAE

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 85.

J. Fleischmann del.

Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg

A Inflorescence. B Male flower. C Male flower cut lengthwise (two anthers have fallen off). D Older female flower cut lengthwise. E Leaf.

MELIANTHACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 86.

J. Fleischmann del.

Bersama abyssinica Fresen.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Flower without the perianth. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit. G Seed with aril. H Seed cut lengthwise.

Ovary lobed or divided. Stamens 12-24. Leaves with sunken glands.
Fruit separating into mericarps.  44

44. Fruit winged; pericarp leathery. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 20-24.
Sepals densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaflets 4, with conspicuous veins.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius. The seeds contain oil.  Hornea Bak.

Fruit not winged; pericarp fleshy. (See 38.)  Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.

45. (2.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular.  46

Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals 5 or 0. Disc complete or indistinct.  48

46. Petals with a long claw and a crisped scale, red. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens
8. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, bursting irregularly. Seeds with a red, bony testa and a spiral embryo. Shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate with a winged rachis and 11-13 leaflets.—Species 2.
South Africa and Madagascar.  Erythrophysa E. Mey.

Petals with a short claw and without a scale. Disc flat. Ovary sessile.
Fruit opening regularly. Seeds with a leathery or crusty testa. Leaves with 3-10 leaflets clothed with stellate hairs.  47

47. Stamens 5-6. Fruit with septifragal dehiscence. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves unequally pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber.  Cossignia Comm.

Stamens 8. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved. Leaves equally pinnate, with 6-10 leaflets.—Species 3. Tropics. (Majidea
Kirk)  Harpullia Roxb.

48. Petals present. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves equally pinnate.  49

Petals absent.  51

49. Disc somewhat one-sided. Petals green or yellowish. Fruit capsular.
Leaves with 8-10 leaflets. (See 47.)  Harpullia Roxb.

Disc equal-sided. Petals red or reddish.  50

50. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets. Petals with the margins bent back at the base. Fruit capsular, 3-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Conchopetalum Radlk.

Leaves with 8-14 usually serrate leaflets along a winged rachis. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit indehiscent, leathery, usually 1-celled.—Species
1. South Africa.  Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh.

51. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-15, usually 8. Ovary 2-6-, usually 3-celled.
Stigma lobed. Fruit capsular, 2-6-celled. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves usually simple.—Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits; the beaten branches are used as torches.  Dodonaea L.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, usually drupaceous and 1-celled. Embryo not spiral. Leaves
pinnate.  52

52. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Tall trees.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola).  Zanha Hiern

Flowers 5-merous. Leaves equally pinnate.  53

53. Calyx slightly lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa.  Talisiopsis Radlk.

Calyx deeply divided.  54

54. Stamens alternating with the sepals. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets oval, crenate. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. East Africa. The seeds are edible.  Dialiopsis Radlk.

Stamens opposite to the sepals. Stigma entire. Seeds with a leathery testa and long radicle. Leaflets lanceolate oblong or elliptical, entire.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh. or Melicocca L.)  Doratoxylon Thouars

SUBORDER MELIANTHINEAE

FAMILY 135. MELIANTHACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate or simple and undivided. Flowers in racemes, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud, sometimes cohering in the middle. Stamens 4-10, inserted within the disc. Anthers opening lengthwise by lateral slits. Ovary superior, 4-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 3, species 30. (Under SAPINDACEAE) (Plate 86.).

1. Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers almost regular. Disc equal-sided, with 10 processes. Petals sessile. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsule septicidal.—Species
3. South Africa. [Tribe GREYIEAE.]  Greyia Hook. & Harv.

Leaves pinnate, stipulate. Flowers more or less irregular. Disc one-sided.
Petals clawed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary usually 4-celled. Ovules
1-12 in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. [Tribe MELIANTHEAE.]  2

2. Sepals very unequal. Petals 4, rarely 5, cohering in the middle, shorter than the sepals. Disc pouch-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovules 4-12 in each ovary-cell. Seeds without an aril.—Species 5. South Africa; one species also naturalized in the Canary Islands. The latter serves as an ornamental plant and is said to render honey poisonous.  Melianthus L.

Sepals nearly equal. Petals 5, free, longer than the sepals. Disc semi-orbicular.
Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril.—Species
20. Central and South-east Africa. (Including Natalia
Hochst.) (Plate 86.)  Bersama Fres.

BALSAMINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 87.

J. Fleischmann del.

Impatiens capensis Thunb.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed cut lengthwise.

RHAMNACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 88.

J. Fleischmann del.

Ventilago leiocarpa Benth.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Sepal. D Petal expanded. E Younger and older stamen. F Fruit. G Lower part of the fruit cut open.

SUBORDER BALSAMININEAE

FAMILY 136. BALSAMINACEAE

Succulent herbs. Leaves herbaceous, undivided, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters or racemes, without bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate in bud, the hindmost more or less distinctly spurred. Petals 3 or 5. Stamens 5; filaments short and broad; anthers united, turned inwards, opening towards the apex. Disc none. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules 3 or more, in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit succulent, dehiscing elastically. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 87.)

Genus 1, species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants (balsams), others yield dyes, medicaments, or edible oily seeds. (Including Trimorphopetalum Bak.)  Impatiens L.

ORDER RHAMNALES

FAMILY 137. RHAMNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely (Helinus) undershrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, more rarely (Phylica) exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Receptacle more or less cup-shaped. Sepals 4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals. Anthers opening by 1-2 slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-4-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate, rarely (Maesopsis) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Seeds with a large, straight embryo.—Genera 18, species 140. (Plate 88.)

1. Ovary superior or almost so.  2

Ovary inferior or half-inferior.  9

2. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Leaves opposite or nearly so, penninerved.—Species 2. Equatorial regions.
The fruits are edible. (Including Karlea Pierre)  Maesopsis Engl.

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-4-celled. Stigma 2-4-lobed, or 2-4 stigmas.  3

3. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals with a far projecting ledge on the inside. Disc ring-shaped. Style undivided, with a 2-lobed stigma.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, crenate, with 2-4 lateral nerves on each side. Flowers in axillary spikes or in terminal panicles.—Species 1.
Abyssinia.  Lamellisepalum Engl.

Anthers dehiscing inwards or laterally. Flowers solitary or in cymes, rarely in racemes or panicles, but then style 2-4-cleft or with 3 stigmas.  4

4. Leaves 3-, more rarely 5-nerved from the base. Style 2-4-cleft. Fruit wingless, fleshy, indehiscent, with a 1-4-celled stone.—Species 10.
Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, gum-lac,
food for silk-worms, medicaments, and edible fruits (jujubes) from which
a sort of bread and a beverage are prepared; others have poisonous fruits; some are used as hedge plants.  Zizyphus Juss.

Leaves penninerved.  5

5. Flowers in terminal panicles, 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Fruit with 3 stones.
Shrubs with spiny branches. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Northern
East Africa. The fruits are edible.  Sageretia Brongn.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences.  6

6. Receptacle united with the fruit for the greatest part. Fruit with 2-4 indehiscent stones. Seeds not grooved. Disc thick. Spines in the axils of the leaves.—Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (Adolia
Lam.)  Scutia Brongn.

Receptacle free from the fruit for the greatest part. Disc thin, rarely thick, but then spines, as usually, wanting.  7

7 Fruit with 1 two-celled stone. Disc thick. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 5-merous.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. East Africa. The fruits are edible.  Berchemia Neck.

Fruit with 2-4 stones. Disc thin.  8

8. Fruit with a red skin and a woody stone separating into 3 elastically dehiscing portions. Seed-coat crustaceous, shining. Flowers 5-merous.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Macrorhamnus Baill.

Fruit with 2-4 leathery or thin-woody, scarcely or not dehiscing stones.
Seed-coat thin.—Species 17. North, East, and South Africa. They yield timber, dyes, a substitute for hop, fish-poison, and medicaments.
“Buckthorn.”  Rhamnus L.

9. (1.) Ovary half-inferior.  10

Ovary inferior.  15

10. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Leaves penninerved, serrate or crenate.  11

Style 2-4-cleft.  12

11. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled,
1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so. Flowers in axillary, raceme-like cymes. (See 2.)  Maesopsis Engl.

Ovary completely 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps, 3-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes or panicles.—Species 1. South Africa and St.
Helena.  Noltia Reichb.

12. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, alternate. Fruit a drupe. Stem erect or decumbent.  13

Leaves penninerved. Fruit a nut, a schizocarp, or a capsule.  14

13. Fruit with a horizontal wing; epicarp leathery, endocarp woody. Leaves
3-nerved, serrate; stipules transformed into spines. Flowers in axillary and terminal, raceme-like cymes.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in Algeria. Used medicinally and as a hedge-plant.  Paliurus Juss.

Fruit not winged; epicarp fleshy, endocarp horny, woody or leathery.
(See 4.)  Zizyphus Juss.

14. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit with a long wing-like appendage, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate.—Species
3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. They yield fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Plate 88.)  Ventilago Gaertn.

Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit not winged, 3-seeded.
Erect or almost erect, hairy shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral inflorescences.—Species 6. Tropics.  Lasiodiscus Hook. fil.

15. (9.) Style simple, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seed-coat hard. Hairy plants. Leaves alternate, entire, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 80. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Phylica L.

Style 2-4-cleft. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in cymes sometimes arranged in false spikes or racemes, very rarely flowers solitary.  16

16. Receptacle top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Fruit separating into 3 elastically dehiscent mericarps. Erect shrubs or low trees.
Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, serrate. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 1. East and South-east Africa, including the islands.  Colubrina Brongn.

Receptacle prolonged beyond the ovary.  17

17. Stem tree-like. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, hairy beneath.
Flowers in axillary cymes. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits which are confluent at the apex. Fruit separating into dehiscent mericarps; epicarp somewhat fleshy.—Species 1. Island of St.
Helena.  Nesiota Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby, half-shrubby, or climbing. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal inflorescences.  18

18. Stem not climbing, without tendrils. Leaves few, lanceolate, entire.
Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. South Africa
(Betchuanaland).  Marlothia Engl.

Stem climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves oval. Flowers in usually many-flowered cymes, false spikes, or panicles. Mericarps 3, separating from
a central column.  19

19. Flowers in cymes. Disc entire. Fruit wingless; mericarps dehiscing elastically. Leaves entire, penninerved.—Species 3. Tropical and
South Africa.  Helinus E. Mey.

Flowers in false spikes or racemes. Disc usually lobed. Fruit 3-winged; mericarps dehiscing by a narrow slit or indehiscent—Species 12.
Tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Gouania L.

FAMILY 138. VITACEAE.

Shrubs or trees, usually climbing, rarely (Cissus) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers regular, in cymose inflorescences. Calyx small, entire or lobed. Petals 3-7, sometimes cohering at the base or at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, inserted outside the hypogynous, sometimes indistinct disc. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-8-celled, seated upon the disc or more or less sunk in it. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple, sometimes indistinct. Stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a berry, usually septate. Seeds with a bony or crustaceous testa and a fleshy or cartilaginous, more or less ruminate albumen enclosing a small straight embryo.—Genera 5, species 200. (AMPELIDEAE.) (Plate 89.)

1. Filaments united with one another and with the petals. Ovary 3-8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without tendrils.
Leaves 1-3 times pinnate.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield vegetables, edible fruits, dyes, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subfamily LEEOIDEAE.]  Leea L.

Filaments free from each other and from the petals. Ovary 2-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. [Subfamily VITOIDEAE.]  2

2. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Petals 5, cohering at the top and falling off together. Disc 5-lobed. Style very short, conical. Seeds pear-shaped, with two pits on the ventral face. Climbing shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, often with tendrils.—Species 1 (V. vinifera L., grape-vine). North Africa, also cultivated in other regions. It yields edible fruits, also used for preparing wine vinegar and brandy, oily seeds, and medicaments.  Vitis Tourn.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-monoecious. Petals usually spreading at the time of flowering, very rarely cohering at the top, but then only 4. Seeds more or less egg-shaped.  3

3. Style short-conical or wanting. Petals usually 5. Disc ring-shaped.
Seeds egg- or boat-shaped. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences with tendrils.—Species 30. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. (Under
Cissus L. or Vitis Tourn.)  Ampelocissus Planch.

Style filiform or columnar, usually rather long. Inflorescences mostly without tendrils.  4

4. Petals 5 or 6, very rarely 4 or 7, thickened, fleshy, persistent. Disc adnate to the ovary. Style usually short. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences compact.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Under Cissus L. or Vitis Tourn.)  Rhoicissus Planch.

5. Petals 4, not thickened. Disc usually saucer-shaped, 4-lobed and adnate to the ovary at the base only. Style usually long.—Species 150.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some of them yield edible fruits or tubers, mucilage, or medicaments. (Under Vitis Tourn.) (Plate 89.)  Cissus L.

VITACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 89.

J. Fleischmann del.

Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch.

A Flowering branch. B Fruiting branch. C Male Flower, the corolla cut lengthwise. D Stamens. E Ovary cut lengthwise. F Ovary cut across. G Fruit. H Fruit cut lengthwise.

CHLAENACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 90.

J. Fleischmann del.

Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.

ORDER MALVALES

SUBORDER ELAEOCARPINEAE

FAMILY 139. ELAEOCARPACEAE

Trees. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in axillary racemes, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 4-6, valvate in bud. Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, flat at the base, toothed or fringed at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, inserted upon a cushion-shaped receptacle. Filaments free. Anthers linear, 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more in the inner angle of each cell, inverted, pendulous, with ventral raphe, or one of them ascending. Style simple. Fruit a drupe with a septate stone. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under TILIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 15. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra.  Elaeocarpus L.

SUBORDER CHLAENINEAE

FAMILY 140. CHLAENACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite, each flower or pair of flowers usually surrounded by an involucre. Sepals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-6, free, hypogynous, with contorted aestivation. Disc ring-or cup-shaped, rarely 5-parted or indistinct. Stamens 10 or more, inserted within the disc or at its edge. Filaments free or united below with the disc, very rarely in 5 bundles. Anthers roundish, opening by 2 sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style simple; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a leathery testa and copious albumen.—Genera 7, species 25. Madagascar. (Under TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 90.)

1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3. Disc cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous.  2

Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or indistinct or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more.  4

2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts, fleshy. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.—Species 5.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. (Sarcolaena Thouars).  Sarcochlaena Thouars

Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry.  3

3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit
a one-seeded nut.—Species 7. Madagascar. (Leptolaena Thouars).
(Plate 90.)  Leptochlaena Thouars

Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Xerochlamys Bak.

4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer somewhat smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending.
Fruit a nut.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Sclerolaena Bak., Xylolaena
Baill.)  Xylochlaena Baill.

Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring- or cup-shaped.
Filaments not united in bundles.  5

5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing two flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in fruit.
Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the base.—Species
5. Madagascar. (Schizolaena Thouars).  Schizochlaena Thouars

Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting.  6

6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside of the disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.—Species 4. Madagascar.
(Rhodolaena Thouars).  Rhodochlaena Thouars

Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Eremolaena Baill.)  Eremochlaena Baill.

SUBORDER MALVINEAE

FAMILY 141. TILIACEAE

Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or notched at the apex, rarely (Grewia) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled, the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (Christiania) deeply divided.—Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.)

1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish, opening by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or wanting. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate. Flowers panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.]  2

Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by pores.
Style simple.  4

2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, petal-like, lobed.
Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit 4-winged.—Species
2. East Africa and Madagascar.  Carpodiptera Gris.

Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base.  3

3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate.
Fruit with one-seeded cells.—Species 2. Tropics.  Christiania DC.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.
Stigmas twisted, almost entire.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Speirostyla Bak.

4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (Grewia) petals wanting. Receptacle nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like androphore.
Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.]  5

Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely
(Corchorus) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely
(Sparmannia) oval.  11

5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence raceme-like.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Pentadiplandra Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (Triumfetta) 5-10, but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each.  6

6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species
50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fibres, vegetables, or medicaments.  Triumfetta L.

Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees.  7

7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2 ovules in each cell. Filaments free.—Species 140. Tropical and
South Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits from which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.)  Grewia L.

Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees.  8

8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts. Filaments free. Ovary 6-8-celled.  9

Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base.
Stipules cleft.  10

9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with 8 furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.—Species 1. West Africa. The seeds are used as a substitute for coffee.  Duboscia Bocq.

Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled.
Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons).  Diplanthemum K. Schum.

10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.—Species 1.
West Africa.  Desplatzia Bocq.

Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Used medicinally. (Grewiopsis De Wild. & Dur.)  Grewiella O. Ktze.

11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like appendage.
Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.]  12

Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short
point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.]  13

12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4 bundles.
Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit globular, spiny.—Species 2. West Africa. (Including Acrosepalum Pierre).  Ancistrocarpus Oliv.

Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped, many-celled.—Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing and in medicine.  Glyphaea Hook. fil.

13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees.  14

Staminodes none.  17

14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point.
Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma
5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.—Species 3. Central
Africa.  Cistanthera K. Schum.

Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell.  15

15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit oblong, prickly, not winged.—Species 3. West Africa to the Great
Lakes. They yield fibre.  Honckenya Willd.

Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow.  16

16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.—Species 6.
South and East Africa and Madagascar. S. africana L. is used as an ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant.  Sparmannia L. f.

Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate wings.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre.  Cephalonema K. Schum.

17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the base, bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top or minutely toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous. Ovary 5-6-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.—Species 1. East Africa.  Ceratosepalum Oliv.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other parts of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and medicaments.  Corchorus L.

FAMILY 142. MALVACEAE

Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous; filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large, prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 21, species 300. (Plate 92.)

TILIACEAE

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 91.

J. Fleischmann del.

Grewia occidentalis L.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise. D Fruiting branch. E Fruit. F Cross section of fruit.

MALVACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 92.

J. Fleischmann del.

Pavonia praemorsa Willd.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Fruit. E Mericarp cut lengthwise.

1. Carpels in several rows placed one above the other, one-seeded, indehiscent, falling singly. Staminal tube beset with anthers to the top. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Herbs.—Species 3. North Africa.
Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. [Tribe MALOPEAE.]  Malope L.

Carpels placed side by side in one plane.  2

2. Style-branches 10, twice as many as the ovary-cells. Ovules solitary in each cell. Staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed at the top.
Fruit splitting into mericarps. [Tribe URENEAE.]  3

Style-branches as many as the ovary-cells, or a simple style.  5

3. Flowers without an epicalyx, but inflorescence with an involucre. Carpels opposite to the petals. Hispid herbs.—Species 2. Tropics. Yielding fibre.  Malachra L.

Flowers with an epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles.  4

4. Mericarps covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent. Carpels alternating with the petals. Epicalyx of 5 bracteoles. Leaves glandular beneath.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa; one species only cultivated.
Used as medicinal and textile plants.  Urena L.

Mericarps winged, tubercled, or with 1-3 awns, rarely smooth. Leaves without glands on the under surface.—Species 25. Tropical and
South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (Malache Vogel). (Plate 92.)  Pavonia L.

5. Fruit splitting into mericarps. Carpels 5 or more. Style cleft. Staminal tube loaded with anthers to the top. [Tribe MALVEAE.]  6

Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Staminal tube beset with anthers on the outer face, truncate or minutely toothed at the top. [Tribe HIBISCEAE.]  14

6. Carpels with 1 ovule.  7

Carpels with 2 or more ovules, sometimes transversely septate. [Subtribe
ABUTILINAE.]  11

7. Ovule pendulous. Stigmas terminal. Epicalyx absent.—Species 20.
Some of them yield fibre, fodder, tea, and medicaments. [Subtribe
SIDINAE.]  Sida L.

Ovule ascending. Epicalyx usually present. [Subtribe MALVINAE.]  8

8. Style-branches bearing the stigma at the thickened, capitate apex. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Malvastrum A. Gray

Style-branches pointed, bearing the stigma on the inner face.  9

9. Epicalyx consisting of 3 free bracteoles or wanting. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps.—Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Mallow.”  Malva L.

Epicalyx consisting of 3-9 bracteoles united below.  10

10. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx 3-6-cleft.—Species
12. North Africa; one species also introduced into
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Navaea Webb & Berth. and Saviniona Webb & Berth.)  Lavatera L.

Central column of the fruit not overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx
6-9-cleft. Herbs.—Species 7. North and South Africa, Mascarene
Islands, and St. Helena. Several species yield fibres, dyes, mucilage, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Alcea L.)  Althaea L.

11. Carpels completely or nearly completely divided into two compartments by a transverse partition. Style-branches capitate at the top. Ovules
2-3 in each carpel.  12

Carpels without a partition. Style-branches filiform throughout or club-shaped.  13

12. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Petals red. Carpels numerous.
Mericarps with 2 prickles at the back. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species
1. South Africa; naturalized in the Island of Madeira.  Modiola Moench

Flowers without an epicalyx. Petals yellow. Carpels 5. Mericarps beaked. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 3.
Tropics. They yield fibres.  Wissadula Med.

13. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Carpels numerous; ovules 2-3 in each.—Species 5. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
(Including Sphaeroma Harv.)  Sphaeralcea St. Hil.

Flowers without an epicalyx. Ovules 3-9 in each carpel.—Species 30.
Some of them yield fibres, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee, or serve as ornamental plants.  Abutilon Gaertn.

14. (5.) Style split into long or rather long branches. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds kidney-shaped.  15

Style split into very short, erect branches, or simple.  17

15. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Stigma capitate. Epicalyx of 7-10 bracteoles.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa.  Kosteletzkya Presl

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.  16

16. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 large, cordate bracteoles.
Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.  Senra Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 or more narrower bracteoles or wanting.—Species 130. Some of them yield timber, fibres, dyes, perfumes, oil, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Abelmoschus Medik., Lagunaea
Cav., and Paritium St. Hil.)  Hibiscus L.

17. Epicalyx of partly united bracteoles. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 5-celled.
Leaves small, undivided.  18

Epicalyx of free bracteoles. Calyx not deeply divided.  19

18. Epicalyx 5-parted, large. Calyx 5-parted. Trees. Leaves ovate.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Macrocalyx Cost. & Poisson
Epicalyx 11-toothed. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla yellow. Shrubs. Leaves reniform or orbicular.—Species 1. East Africa.  Symphyochlamys Guerke

19. Epicalyx of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds woolly.
Species 5, three of them growing wild in Central and South Africa, the others (cotton-plants) cultivated in various regions. They yield cotton, oil, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments.  Gossypium L.

Epicalyx of small or narrow bracteoles.  20

20. Calyx sprinkled with black dots. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit readily dehiscing. Cotyledons not dotted. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species
7. Central and South Africa. (Fugosia Juss.)  Cienfuegosia Cav.

Calyx not dotted. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit not or hardly dehiscing. Seeds woolly. Cotyledons usually marked with black dots. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, fibres, dyes, and medicaments.  Thespesia Corr.

FAMILY 143. BOMBACACEAE

Trees. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, hermaphrodite, without an epicalyx. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. Petals 5, adhering at the base to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5 or more, united below. Anthers 1-celled. Pollen-grains smooth or almost so. Ovary superior or nearly so, 5-10-celled, the cells opposite to the petals. Ovules numerous in each cell, ascending or horizontal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a scanty albumen and a curved embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 13. Tropics. (Under MALVACEAE or STERCULIACEAE.) (Plate 93.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted. Calyx lobed. Stigma capitate. Fruit leathery, woolly within, dehiscent.—Species 1 (C. pentandra Gaertn., silk-cotton-tree). Central Africa; naturalized in Madagascar and the
Mascarenes. Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing, oil, condiments, vegetables, and medicaments. (Eriodendron DC.)  Ceiba Gaertn.

Stamens numerous.  2

2. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-cleft, with open or closed aestivation.
Stigma 5-partite or capitate. Fruit hairy within, dehiscent.—Species 6.
Central Africa. They yield timber, wool for stuffing, and medicaments
(Including Pachira Aubl.) (Plate 93.)  Bombax L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Stigma 5-10-partite. Fruit woody, filled with pulp, indehiscent. Flowers solitary, pendulous.—Species
6. Tropics. They yield wood, fibres, tanning materials, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. The pulp of the fruits and the seeds are edible; from the former a drink is prepared. “Baobab.”  Adansonia L.

FAMILY 144. STERCULIACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate, rarely (Hua) exstipulate. Sepals more or less united, valvate in bud, rarely (Cotylonychia) at first imbricate. Petals 5, with contorted, rarely (Hua) valvate aestivation, sometimes adnate to the staminal tube, or rudimentary, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Filaments usually more or less united. Anthers 2-celled, rarely (Triplochiton) 1-celled. Ovary superior, 3-or more-celled, or several free ovaries, rarely ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules inverted, usually 2 or more to each carpel.—Genera 28, species 470. (Including BUETTNERIACEAE and TRIPLOCHITONACEAE.) (Plate 94.)

1. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, without a corolla. Filaments united.
Male flowers without staminodes. Styles free at the base or throughout.
Trees. [Tribe STERCULIEAE.]  2

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then, as nearly always, provided with a corolla.  7

2. Carpels numerous, in several rows. Calyx-lobes 6-8, yellow or brown.
Anthers numerous, arranged in a ring.—Species 2. West Africa.  Octolobus Welw.

Carpels 3-12, in a single row. Calyx-lobes 4-5.  3

3. Anthers arranged irregularly, crowded in a head, numerous. Seeds albuminous.  4

Anthers arranged in a ring.  5

4. Calyx tubular, red. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a membranous rind, one-seeded, dehiscing before the time of maturity. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields fibre. (Under Sterculia L.)  Firmiana Marsigli

Calyx campanulate. Ovules more than 2 in each carpel. Fruit with
a woody or leathery rind, dehiscing at maturity.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, gum (African tragacanth), vegetables, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.
(Including Eribroma Pierre).  Sterculia L.

5. Anthers 4-5, inserted below the apex of the staminal column. Ovules
2 in each carpel. Calyx shortly lobed. Ripe carpels woody, winged, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, bark for tanning, and medicaments.  Heritiera Ait.

Anthers 8 or more, rarely 5, but then inserted at the apex of the staminal column. Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Ripe carpels dehiscent.  6

6. Seeds winged, albuminous. Leaves undivided.—Species 4. Central
Africa. (Under Sterculia L.)  Pterygota Endl.

Seeds wingless, exalbuminous.—Species 45. Central and South-east
Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, and edible seeds (cola-nuts) which are also used medicinally. (Edwardia Rafin.)  Cola Schott

BOMBACACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 93.

J. Fleischmann del.

Bombax lukayensis De Wild. and Dur.

A Flowering branch. B Flower-bud cut lengthwise (the anthers cut off excepting one). C Anther.

STERCULIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 94.

J. Fleischmann del.

Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary.

7. (1.) Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5, free or almost free. Ovary
3-5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. [Tribe LASIOPETALEAE.]  Keraudrenia Gay

Petals distinctly developed.  8

8. Carpels distinct, surrounded by 5-10 petal-like staminodes twisted in the bud. Stamens 10-30, inserted upon a raised receptacle, free.
Fruit winged. Trees. Flowers panicled. [Tribe MANSONIEAE.]  9

Carpels not surrounded by petal-like staminodes. Anthers 2-celled.  10

9. Calyx spathe-like. Petals oblong, with a gland at the base. Stamens 10, inserted upon a long androphore. Staminodes 10, oblong-linear, glabrous. Leaves toothed. Panicles terminal, many-flowered.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields timber.  Achantia A. Chev.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, without glands. Stamens 30, upon a short androphore. Staminodes 5, ovate, downy. Leaves lobed.
Panicles lateral, few-flowered.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber.  Triplochiton K. Schum.

10. Petals or their lower part hooded.  11

Petals or their lower part flat or slightly boat-shaped, sometimes one of them hooded, the others flat.  18

11. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule. Stamens united in pairs. Staminodes none. Petals clawed, with a spur-like appendage. Trees.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. The bark and the seeds are used as condiments.  Hua Pierre

Ovary 2- or more-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. [Tribe
BUETTNERIEAE.]  12

12. Staminodes absent. Fertile stamens 10, united at the base. Sepals at first imbricate. Petals with a saucer-shaped claw and a lanceolate blade.
Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).  Cotylonychia Stapf

Staminodes present.  13

13. Stamens united in pairs or bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Subtribe
THEOBROMINAE.]  14

Stamens united below in a ring or tube; anthers solitary between the barren lobes. Petals with a blade. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell.
[Subtribe BUETTNERINAE.]  17

14. Petals with a blade above the hood. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  15

Petals without a blade.  16

15. Petals with a 2-parted blade. Staminodes short. Fruit with a woody, prickly rind, dehiscent. Cotyledons coiled. Trees. Leaves serrate.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics, naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber, fibre, a mucilage used for
clarifying sugar, fodder, edible fruits, and medicaments.  Guazuma Plum.

Petals with an entire blade. Staminodes long. Fruit with a leathery rind, indehiscent. Cotyledons wrinkled. Leaves entire or sinuate. Flowers in cymes.—Species 3 (chiefly Th. Cacao L.). Cultivated in the tropics.
The seeds are used for the preparation of cocoa, chocolate, and cocoa-butter, the pericarp for making a beverage. They yield also fibres and are used in medicine.  Theobroma L.

16. Staminal tube bell-shaped. Anthers in short-stalked clusters of 3. Staminodes solitary, leaf-like, bent outwards. Shrubs.—Species 10. West
Africa.  Scaphopetalum Mast.

Staminal tube ring-shaped. Anthers singly upon long filaments. Staminodes in bundles, thread-like.—Species 10. Central Africa.  Leptonychia Turcz.

17. Petals clawed, adhering to the cupular staminal tube. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species 13. Tropics.  Buettnera L.

Petals sessile, free from the annular staminal tube. Anthers stalked.
Seeds albuminous.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Ruelingia R. Br.

18. (10.) Stamens and carpels inserted on a long gynophore. Petals unequal, one of them hooded, red, deciduous. Stamens in bundles of 3 alternating with staminodes. Ovary 5-celled with 3-5 ovules in each cell. Trees.—Species
1. Comoro Island. Yields timber. [Tribe HELICTEREAE.]  Kleinhofia L.

Stamens and carpels inserted on a very short gynophore or without a gynophore. Petals equal or subequal, flat or slightly convex, not hooded.  19

19. Fertile stamens 5; staminodes minute or wanting. Petals deciduous, usually slightly oblique. [Tribe HERMANNIEAE.]  20

Fertile stamens 10 or more, rarely (Melhania) 5, but then alternating with long staminodes. Filaments united at the base. Petals usually very oblique and persistent. [Tribe DOMBEYEAE.]  22

20. Filaments free, broadened at the base or above the middle. Ovary 5-celled, the cells alternating with the petals. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Herbs, undershrubs, or small shrubs.—Species 190. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Mahernia L.) [Subtribe HERMANNINAE.]  Hermannia L.

Filaments united below, not broadened above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells opposite to the petals, or 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds elliptical; embryo straight. [Subtribe MELOCHINAE.]  21

21. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, simple; stigma penicillate.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Used medicinally.  Waltheria L.

Ovary 5-celled. Styles or style-branches 5.—Species 5. Tropics; one species only naturalized. They yield fibres, vegetables, and medicaments.
(Including Altheria Thouars)  Melochia L.

22. Staminodes wanting. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees.  23

Staminodes 2-8, usually 5.  24

23. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Anthers 20. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.—Species
1. Island of Mauritius.  Astiria Lindl.

Ovary-cells and styles 10. Anthers 20-30, associated in 5 bundles.
Fruit with loculicidal and septicidal dehiscence.—Species 1. Island of
Réunion.  Ruizia Cav.

24. Fertile stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Bracteoles 3, persistent. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
Melhania Forsk.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Bracteoles deciduous or wanting.  25

25. Ovary almost completely 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals slightly oblique, deciduous. Bracteoles remote from the flower. Undershrubs.—Species
3. East Africa.  Harmsia K. Schum.

Ovary 3-10-, usually 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs.  26

26. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber, fibres, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Assonia Cav. and Xeropetalum Del.) (Plate
94.)  Dombeya Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Style simple.  27

27. Bracteoles palmately cut. Petals falling off together with the staminal tube. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Cheirolaena Benth.

Bracteoles entire or wanting. Petals persistent.—Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Trochetia DC.

SUBORDER SCYTOPETALINEAE

FAMILY 145. SCYTOPETALACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in fascicles, racemes, or panicles. Calyx entire or lobed. Petals 3-16, free or almost free, valvate in bud, more rarely wholly united. Stamens numerous, slightly perigynous. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary superior, rarely half-inferior, completely or almost completely 3-8-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style simple. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 5, species 40. West Africa. (RHAPTOPETALACEAE, under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 95.)

1. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by longitudinal slits. Corolla furrowed in the bud, subsequently separating into 5 or more petals. Fruit one-seeded. Seeds usually without a crown of hairs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. [Tribe
OUBANGUIEAE.]  2

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by apical
pores. Corolla not furrowed in the bud, sometimes subsequently separating into 2-5 petals. Seeds usually with a crown of hairs.
Flowers in fascicles or cymes, usually on the old wood. [Tribe RHAPTOPETALEAE.]
3

2. Flowers in racemes. Stigma usually lobed. Fruit a drupe. Albumen ruminate.—Species 9. West Africa.  Scytopetalum Pierre

Flowers in panicles. Stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Albumen uniform.—Species
10. West Africa. (Including Egassea Pierre)  Oubanguia Baill.

3. Ovary almost superior to half-superior. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Albumen ruminate.—Species 5. West Africa. (Plate 95.)  Rhaptopetalum Oliv.

Ovary superior. Fruit a several-seeded capsule. Albumen uniform.  4

4. Fruit long, with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons).  Pierrina Engl.

Fruit short, with 4-6 fertile cells.—Species 15. West Africa. (Including
Erythropyxis Pierre)  Brazzeia Baill.

ORDER PARIETALES

SUBORDER THEINEAE

FAMILY 146. DILLENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Sepals imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Anthers adnate. Carpels 2 or more, free or united at the base of the ovarial portion. Ovules erect, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Fruit dry. Seeds with an aril; albumen abundant; embryo minute, straight.—Genera 3, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 96.)

1. Filaments much broadened at the top. Anther-halves short, diverging below, opening lengthwise. Aril laciniate. Leaves hispid, penninerved with parallel side-nerves, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
20. Tropics. The stem of several species (especially T. alnifolia L., water-tree) secretes much watery juice when cut across. (Plate 96.)
[Tribe TETRACERAE.]  Tetracera L.

Filaments not conspicuously broadened. Anther-halves long, parallel.  2

2. Stamens crowded at one side of the flower. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 2, free. Ovules 1-3. Leaves opposite, oblong, one-nerved or faintly net-veined. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2.
Madagascar.  Hibbertia Andrz.

Stamens equally distributed all round. Anthers opening by apical pores sometimes prolonged downwards into slits. Carpels 5 or more, united at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves penninerved, with parallel side-nerves, usually stipulate.—Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber. (Wormia Blume)  Dillenia L.

SCYTOPETALACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 95.

J. Fleischmann del.

Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl.

A Part of flowering branch. B End of branch. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Stamen. E Cross-section of ovary.

DILLENIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 96.

J. Fleischmann del.

Tetracera alnifolia Willd.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). C Anther.

FAMILY 147. OCHNACEAE

Leaves alternate, undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Anthers adnate, 2-celled, usually opening by apical pores. Receptacle usually prolonged into a gynophore. Carpels almost free, but with a common style, or united. Style undivided or cleft. Ovules with a ventral raphe. Embryo of the seeds rather large.—Genera 7, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 97.)

1. Fertile stamens 5. Petals usually white or red. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs or undershrubs.  2

Fertile stamens 10 or more; no staminodes. Petals usually yellow.
Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees.  4

2. Anthers opening by apical pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary 3-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Leaves glandular. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Roridula L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes present. Ovary 1-celled or 3-celled at the base, with numerous parietal ovules. [Tribe
LUXEMBOURGIEAE.]  3

3. Staminodes in one row, 5, petal-like, adnate below to the fertile stamens.
Flowers in cymes.—Species 2. West Africa.  Vausagesia Baill.

Staminodes in two rows, the 5 inner petal-like, free, but twisted into a tube, the outer numerous, thread-shaped. Flowers usually solitary.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally.  Sauvagesia L.

4. Ovary 1, one-celled or two-celled at the base, with numerous basal ovules.
Style 2-cleft. Stamens numerous, in 3-5 indistinct rows. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Fruit a woody capsule.—Species 1
(L. alata Banks). Central Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Tribe LOPHIREAE.)  Lophira Banks

Ovaries 3-15, free, with one ovule in each and with a common style.
Stamens in 2-3 rows. Sepals not wing-like. Fruit a drupe or consisting of several drupes. [Tribe OURATEEAE.]  5

5. Stamens numerous, in 3 rows. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.—Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or dye-stuffs. (Plate 97.)  Ochna L.

Stamens 10, in 2 rows. Filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting.  6

6. Anthers borne upon distinct filaments, oblong, smooth, opening by longitudinal slits or by apical pores which later on are prolonged into slits.
Ovules, seeds, and embryo curved. Flowers in few-flowered clusters.—Species
3. East Africa.  Brackenridgea A. Gray

Anthers subsessile, linear, wrinkled or warty, opening by apical pores.
Flowers in many-flowered panicles or racemes.—Species 60. Tropics.
(Gomphia Schreb.)  Ouratea Aubl.

FAMILY 148. THEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free or united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more, rarely (Thomassetia) 5. Ovary superior or almost so, 2-5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Albumen scanty or wanting.—Genera 6, species 12. Tropics and Canary Islands. (TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 98.)

1. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe ASTEROPEIEAE.]  2

Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.  4

2. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with staminodes which are united in
5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary clusters.—Species
1. Seychelles.  Thomassetia L.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Flowers in panicles.  3

3. Stamens 10-15, united at the base. Anthers versatile, turned inwards.
Ovary 3-celled. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Low trees or climbing shrubs.—Species 6. Madagascar. (Including Rhodoclada
Bak.)  Asteropeia Thouars

Stamens numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit with 5 wing-like ribs. Tall trees. Inflorescence terminal, scantily branched.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields timber.  Nesogordonia Baill.

4. Anthers versatile, turned outwards. Stamens numerous, the outer ones united at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds wingless, exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Species 2. Cultivated and occasionally naturalized in the tropics. One of them (Th. sinensis L.) is the tea-plant, the other (Th. japonica L., camellia) is an ornamental plant and yields wood and oily seeds. (Including Camellia
L.) [Tribe THEEAE.]  Thea L.

Anthers adnate. Fruit a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.
[Tribe TERNSTROEMIEAE.]  5

5. Ovules 2-3 in each cell, axile, descending. Styles 3. Fruit, half-inferior.—Species
1. Canary Islands. It has edible fruits and is used in medicine and as an ornamental plant. (Plate 98.)  Visnea L. f.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to a pendulous placenta. Style 1, simple.—Species 1. West Africa.  Adinandra Jacks.

FAMILY 149. GUTTIFERAE

Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Flowers regular. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary superior. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 16, species 180. (Including CLUSIACEAE and HYPERICINEAE.) (Plate 99.)

1. Ovary-cells and styles numerous (17-24). Ovules 2 in each cell, one ascending, the other pendulous. Filaments free. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Seychelles.  Medusagyne Bak.

Ovary-cells 1-12. Styles 1-5.  2

OCHNACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 97.

J. Fleischmann del.

Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. & Gilg

A Inflorescence. B Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). C Fruiting branch. D Mericarp.

THEACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 98.

J. Fleischmann del.

Visnea Mocanera L. f.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D End of a fruiting branch. E Young fruit. F Young fruit cut lengthwise.

2. Styles 3-5, free or united below. Sepals 5. Embryo with distinct, not very thick cotyledons. [Subfamily HYPERICOIDEAE.]  3

Style 1, undivided or cleft at the top, or 1 sessile stigma. Shrubs or trees.  7

3. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Carpels 5. Seeds not winged; cotyledons longer than the radicle. Petals usually woolly within. Stamens in
5 bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe VISMIEAE.]  4

Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry, but then carpels 3. Petals glabrous within.  6

4. Fruit a drupe. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Stamens in bundles of
3-5.—Species 1 (H. paniculata Lodd.). Tropics. Yields timber, dyes, edible fruit from which a drink is prepared, and medicaments.
(Harungana Lam.)  Haronga Thouars

Fruit a berry. Stamens in bundles of 4-20.  5

5. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Embryo with usually twisted cotyledons.
Flowers in terminal, umbel-like cymes.—Species 35. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Psorospermum Spach

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Embryo with semiterete cotyledons.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Caopia Adans.)  Vismia Vell.

6. Fruit dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds with a long wing.
Embryo with a very short radicle and longer cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens in 3 bundles. Petals with
a basal appendage. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. [Tribe
CRATOXYLEAE.]  Eliaea Camb.

Fruit dehiscing septicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds without a distinct wing, but sometimes keeled. Embryo with the cotyledons usually shorter than the radicle.—Species 35. Some of them yield wood and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Androsaemum
All. and Triadenia Spach). [Tribe HYPERICEAE.]  Hypericum L.

7. (2.) Style very short or wanting. Fruit a berry. Seeds usually with an aril. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily CLUSIOIDEAE, tribe GARCINIEAE.]  8

Style distinctly developed. Seeds usually without an aril.  11

8. Ovary incompletely 5-celled with numerous parietal ovules in each cell.
Flowers unisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens in 5 bundles.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with an aril.—Species 4.
Central Africa. The seeds yield a fat. (Including Stearodendron
Engl.) (Plate 99.)  Allanblackia Oliv.

Ovary completely 2-12-celled with 1-2 axile ovules in each cell. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  9

9. Ovary with 2-3 two-ovuled cells, sometimes each cell subsequently divided into two incomplete, one-ovuled compartments. Sepals 2.
Petals 4. Filaments united at the base. Seeds without an aril. Flowers
in clusters, rarely solitary.—Species 12. Madagascar and West
Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and edible fruits. (Calysaccion
Wight)  Ochrocarpus Thouars

Ovary with one-ovuled cells. Seeds with an aril.  10

10. Sepals 2. Petals 4-7. Filaments free.—Species 4. Madagascar.
(Including Tsimatimia Jum. et Perrier)  Rheedia L.

Sepals 4-5, rarely 2, but then filaments united in several bundles.
Petals 4-5.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, gum-resin (gambodge), dyes, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, and various medicaments, among which are the false cola-nuts.
(Including Xanthochymus Roxb.)  Garcinia L.

11. Ovary 5-celled, with several or many ovules in each cell. Style 5-cleft.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens united in 5 bundles or in a tube.
Fruit a berry. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily MORONOBOIDEAE.]  12

Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, surmounted by a simple style with an entire or 2-4-parted stigma, rarely (Hypericum) ovary
5-celled and style or stigma 5-cleft, but then fruit a capsule and embryo with distinct cotyledons.  13

12. Stamens in 5 bundles consisting of numerous stamens each. Sepals nearly equalling the petals.—Species 3. West Africa. The fruits of the tallow-tree (P. butyracea Sabine) yield a fat.  Pentadesma Sabine

Stamens united in a tube, the lobes of which bear 3-4 anthers each.
Sepals much smaller than the petals. Disc cupular.—Species 15.
Madagascar and West Africa. S. globulifera L. f. yields timber and a resin used industrially and medicinally; other species afford edible fruits, oily seeds, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including
Chrysopia Thouars)  Symphonia L. f.

13. Sepals 2-4. Stamens free or shortly united at the base. Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Embryo with a very short radicle and thick-fleshy cotyledons. [Subfamily CALOPHYLLOIDEAE.]  14

Sepals 5.  15

14. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fleshy mesocarp thin. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 6. Madagascar and East Africa.
They yield timber, resin, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments.  Calophyllum L.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with altogether 4 ovules. Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species
2, one growing wild in West Africa, the other (M. americana
L.) cultivated in the tropics and naturalized on the Cape Verde Islands.
The latter species yields timber, resin, medicaments, and edible fruits
(mammee-apples), which are also used for preparing drinks.  Mammea L.

15. Ovary 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Filaments united at the base in 5 bundles, further upwards in a tube. Fruit a drupe.
Embryo with a very short radicle and thick cotyledons.—Species 1.
West Africa. [Subfamily ENDODESMIOIDEAE.]  Endodesmia Benth.

Ovary 2-5-celled.  16

GUTTIFERAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 99.

J. Fleischmann del.

Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of fruit.

ELATINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 100.

J. Fleischmann del.

Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther from behind. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.

16. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Leioclusia Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. (See 6.)  Hypericum L.

FAMILY 150. DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous or nearly so, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen or with a very thin albumen.—Genera 2, species 15. Tropics.

Receptacle flat. Filaments short. Anthers linear, adnate. Ovary glabrous.
Embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons. Tall trees.—Species 1. Seychelles.
Yields timber, resin, and fatty seeds. [Subfamily DIPTEROCARPOIDEAE.]  Vateria L.

Receptacle raised. Filaments long. Anthers oval, versatile. Embryo with thin, leaf-like, twisted cotyledons.—Species 15. Central Africa.
(Under Vatica L.) [Subfamily MONOTOIDEAE.].  Monotes A. DC.

SUBORDER TAMARICINEAE

FAMILY 151. ELATINACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, free, hypogynous, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many or twice as many as the petals. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted, with a short funicle. Styles 3-5, free. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 15. (Plate 100.)

Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals united below, with a faint midrib and without membranous margins. Ovary depressed at the top. Flowers solitary.—Species 3. North Africa.  Elatine L.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free or almost free, with a very projecting midrib and with membranous margins. Ovary narrowed at the top. Leaves serrate.—Species 12. Central and South Africa and Egypt. (Plate
100.)  Bergia L.

FAMILY 152. FRANKENIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs. Stem jointed. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, bracteolate, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-lobed or-cleft, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, free or united in the middle, clawed, usually with a scale-like appendage, persistent. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Filaments united at the base, broadened in the middle. Anthers versatile, opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas bearing the ovules at their base. Style simple with 2-3 stigmas, or 2-3-cleft at the top. Ovules with a long ascending funicle, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a copious, mealy albumen and a straight, axile embryo.—Genera 2, species 10.

Stamens 5, equal. Carpels 2. Petals without a ligule. Small shrubs.—Species
1. Island of St. Helena. Used as a substitute for tea. (Under
Frankenia L.)  Beatsonia Roxb.

Stamens 4 or 6, the outer ones shorter. Carpels usually 3. Petals usually with a ligule.—Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa.  Frankenia L.

FAMILY 153. TAMARICACEAE

Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, 4-5-, rarely 6-7-merous. Petals hypogynous, free. Disc present. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with basal or parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, ascending, inverted, with a very short funicle. Styles or sessile stigmas several, free or united at the base. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy; embryo straight.—Genera 3, species 25. (Plate 101.)

1. Flowers solitary. Petals 5, with an appendage on the inner face. Stamens numerous. Styles distinctly separated from the ovary, thread-shaped; stigmas small, simple. Placentas extending throughout the ovary, but bearing ovules at the base only, later on separating from the wall of the ovary. Seeds with a boss at the top, hairy all round, albuminous.—Species
3. North Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe REAUMURIEAE.].  Reaumuria L.

Flowers in racemes. Petals unappendaged. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovary beaked. Styles short and thick or wanting; stigmas broadened. Placentas basal-subparietal, cushion-shaped.
Seeds without a boss, but with a tuft of hairs at the top, exalbuminous. [Tribe TAMARICEAE.]  2

2. Anthers turned inwards. Stigmas sessile, cushion-shaped. Seeds with
a stalked tuft of hairs.—Species 1. North West Africa (Algeria).  Myricaria Desv.

Anthers turned outwards. Filaments free or almost free. Stigmas borne upon a short style, more or less spatulate. Seeds with a sessile tuft of hairs.—Species 20. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.
(Plate 101.) “Tamarisk.”  Tamarix L.

TAMARICACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 101.

J. Fleischmann del.

Tamarix senegalensis DC.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen. D Fruit. E Seed.

CISTACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 102.

J. Fleischmann del.

Cistus heterophyllus Desf.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut off). C Transverse section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed in longitudinal section.

SUBORDER CISTINEAE

FAMILY 154. CISTACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 or 5, with contorted aestivation. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 7 or more, usually numerous, unequal. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary 1-celled with 3-10 parietal placentas, or more or less completely 3-10-celled. Style simple or wanting, stigma large. Ovules numerous, usually straight. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 5, species 75. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. (Plate 102.)

1. Stamens partly (the outer ones) sterile. Carpels 3. Ovules 6-12, inverted.
Style long. Undershrubs.—Species 5. North Africa.
(Under Helianthemum L.)  Fumana Spach

Stamens all fertile. Ovules straight.  2

2. Carpels 5 or 10. Funicle thread-shaped. Petals white or red. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.—Species 15. North
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants; the resin of others
(ladanum) is employed in medicine and perfumery and as a fumigant.
(Plate 102.)  Cistus L.

Carpels 3. 3  3

3. Style long, usually kneed or sigmoid at the base. Funicle obconical.
Embryo folded. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 40. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-rose.”  Helianthemum Adans.

Style short and straight or wanting. Funicle thread-shaped or thickened in the middle. Embryo coiled or hooked.  4

4. Funicle thread-shaped. Embryo coiled. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, without stipules.—Species 3. North Africa. (Under
Helianthemum Tourn.)  Halimium Willk.

Funicle thickened in the middle. Embryo hooked. Herbs.—Species
10. North Africa. (Under Helianthemum Tourn.)  Tuberaria Spach

FAMILY 155. BIXACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, palminerved, stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes, clothed with scales, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free, glandular at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, rose-coloured, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or slightly united at the base. Anthers curved, opening at the top by two short, transverse slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma small, 2-lobed. Fruit 2-valved, usually prickly. Seed-coat red and fleshy outside, hard within. Albumen copious.

Genus 1, species 1 (B. orellana L.). Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Yields fibres, dyes (arnatto), and medicaments.  Bixa L.

SUBORDER COCHLOSPERMINEAE

FAMILY 156. COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or palmately lobed or divided, stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, glabrous or clothed with simple hairs, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or united at the base. Anthers straight, opening by two sometimes confluent slits or pores. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3-5 more or less projecting parietal placentas, or 2-3-celled. Ovules several or many, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a curved embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 7. Tropics. (Under BIXINEAE.)

Petals large, yellow. Anthers long, attached by the base, opening at the top.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal. Seeds covered with long hairs. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Flowers in few-flowered racemes or panicles.—Species 5.
Central Africa. They yield fibre, gum, dyes, and medicaments. (Maximilianea
Mart. & Schrank.)  Cochlospermum Kunth

Petals small. Anthers short, attached by the back, opening lengthwise.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules few, subbasal. Leaves undivided, penninerved.
Flowers in compound cymes.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Sphaerosepalum Bak.

SUBORDER FLACOURTIINEAE

FAMILY 157. WINTERANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-10, free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 7-18, hypogynous. Filaments wholly united. Anthers opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a minute embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 4. Tropics. (CANELLACEAE.)

Petals 4-6, united beyond the middle. Anthers 7-9, two-celled, or 14-18,
1-celled. Placentas 3-4. Stigma 1. Flowers solitary.—Species 2.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe CINNAMOSMEAE.]  Cinnamosma Baill.

Petals 10, free. Anthers 10. Placentas 5. Stigmas 5. Flowers cymose.—Species
2. East Africa. Yielding an aromatic oil. [Tribe CINNAMODENDREAE.]  Warburgia Engl.

FAMILY 158. VIOLACEAE

Leaves simple. Flowers bracteolate, more or less irregular. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, with open or imbricate aestivation. Petals 5, free, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with

VIOLACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 103.

J. Fleischmann del.

Rinorea gracilipes Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen from front and back. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit.

FLACOURTIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 104.

J. Fleischmann del.

Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Hér.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Cross-section of ovary.

the petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Filaments short. Anthers turned inwards; connective usually prolonged. Ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with an elastically seceding exocarp. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 4, species 100. (Plate 103.)

1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and furnished with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing a spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above.
Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe
VIOLEAE.]  2

Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss.
Style straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe
RINOREEAE.]  3

2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very short.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species
20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies).  Viola L.

Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Calceolaria
Loefl., Ionidium Vent.)  Hybanthus Jacq.

3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent.
Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons).  Allexis Pierre

Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds without an aril, with copious albumen.—Species 70. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (Alsodeia Thouars). (Plate
103.)  Rinorea Aubl.

FAMILY 159. FLACOURTIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular. Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (Dioncophyllum) with contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal slits, rarely (Kiggelaria) by apical pores. Ovary superior and sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (Bembicia) inferior, one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with 2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight embryo.—Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including SAMYDACEAE, under BIXINEAE.) (Plate 104.)

1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes.
[Tribe ERYTHROSPERMEAE.]  2

Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals
absent.  7

2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base.  3

Inner perianth-leaves without appendages.  5

3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery. Style very short.—Species 4. East and South-east Africa.  Rawsonia Harv. & Send.

Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner.  4

4. Stamens 5.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Dasylepis Oliv.)  Scottelia Oliv.

Stamens numerous.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Dasylepis Oliv.

5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple, with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and East Africa.  Erythrospermum Lam.

Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-4-cleft or -parted.  6

6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded, loculicidal capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa.  Pyramidocarpus Oliv.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches. Fruit a many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in racemes.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. (Cerolepis Pierre).  Camptostylus Gilg

7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled.  8

Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8.  35

8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary superior.  9

Petals as many as sepals.  17

9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating with
8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx 4-partite.
Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the placentas.
Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.—Species 1. West Africa.  Dissomeria Benth.

Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous, parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.]  10

10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate aestivation.
Style simple.  11

Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation.  12

11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas
2-3. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Prockiopsis Baill.

Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.—Species 5.
Central Africa.  Buchnerodendron Guerke

12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the axils of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.—Species
3. West Africa.  Poggea Guerke

Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12.  13

13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs.
Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. East Africa.  Grandidiera Jaub.

Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base.
Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes.  14

14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Under Oncoba Forsk.)  Lindackeria Presl

Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more.  15

15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided into several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous, minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.—Species 15.
Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Oncoba Forsk.)  Caloncoba Gilg

Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.  16

16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6 valves; seeds few, large.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Under Oncoba Forsk.)  Xylotheca Hochst.

Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and numerous seeds.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally; the fruits are edible and used for making ornaments.  Oncoba Forsk.

17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top. Ovary superior.
Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes. Shrubs.—Species
6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.]  Kiggelaria L.

Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise.  18

18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona at its margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe
PAROPSIEAE.]  19

Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands.  25

19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona short-tubular, entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not thickened.
Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated
axillary spikes or racemes.—Species 3. West Africa.  Soyauxia Oliv.

Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles.  20

20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles.
Bracts with two large glands at the base.—Species 1. West Africa
(Liberia). (Under Paropsia Nor.)  Androsiphonia Stapf

Ovules 3 or more on each placenta.  21

21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile, in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by imbricate bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited by ants. Leaves stipulate.—Species 4. West Africa and region of the
Great Lakes.  Barteria Hook.

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked.  22

22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner ring-shaped.
Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species
6. Equatorial West Africa.  Paropsiopsis Engl.

Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many.  23

23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments. Stamens
5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Hounea Baill.

Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments thin, thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed.  24

24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at the base of the blade.—Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits.  Paropsia Nor.

Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base of the stalk.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under Paropsia Nor.)  Smeathmannia Soland.

25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves, cymose.
Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.]  26

Inflorescences axillary or terminal.  28

26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa.  Moquerysia Hua

Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5.  27

27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Leaves large, serrate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Phylloclinium Baill.

Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules.
Leaves very large.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.  Phyllobotryum Muell. Arg.

28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary half-inferior, more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe HOMALIEAE.]  29

Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a
berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.]  33

29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with
1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes or spike-like panicles.—Species 4. East and South Africa.  Trimeria Harv.

Flowers hermaphrodite.  30

30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Gerrardina Oliv.

Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft.  31

31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens 5-8, nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including
Bivinia Tul.)  Calantica Tul.

Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly.  32

32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens 12-18.
Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like panicles.
Leaves exstipulate.—Species 2. West Africa.  Byrsanthus Guill.

Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond; in the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the sepals.
Petals persistent.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Including Blackwellia Comm.)  Homalium Jacq.

33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7, united at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose panicles.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Dioncophyllum Baill.

Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1, simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils.  34

34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled. Connective not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger than the sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves penninerved.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Marquesia Gilg

Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually prolonged.
Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles. Leaves
3-5-nerved at the base.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (Phoberos
Lour.)  Scolopia Schreb.

35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas. Styles 2-3.
Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.]  Bembicia Oliv.

Ovary superior.  36

36. Receptacle with thread- or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united appendages.
Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas.  37

Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without
thread- or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages.  39

37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual, solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Trichostephanus Gilg

Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe
CASEARIEAE.]  38

38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds with
a minute aril.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Ophiobotrys Gilg

Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads, hermaphrodite.
Stamens 6-12.—Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.
Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (Guidonia Plum.)  Casearia Jacq.

39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals. Sepals glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with numerous ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves entire or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See 31.)  Calantica Tul.

Stamens not in bundles.  40

40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles 2. Fruit
a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with a minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.—Species 2.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally.  Physena Thouars

Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous.  41

41. Ovary 2- or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit a prickly nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite.—Species 5. Madagascar. (Ropalocarpus Boj.)  Rhopalocarpus Boj.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2- or more-celled, then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a drupe.
Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.]  42

42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or more-celled. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free glands.  43

Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous.  44

43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands. Placentas with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute, deciduous.—Species
17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits.
(Dovyalis Arn. & Mey., including Aberia Hochst.)  Doryalis Arn. & Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded
by a ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each.
Fruit a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.—Species 7.
Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian plums), and medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.)  Flacourtia Juss.

44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into a disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules.
Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.
Yields timber and condiments.  Guya Frapp.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc but then style distinctly developed.  45

45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6, oblong, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at the apex. Stipules none.—Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine.  Ludia Lam.

Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish, or 3. Styles 3 or 0.  46

46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 3.
Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear. Flowers in racemose inflorescences.—Species 6. Madagascar.  Tisonia Baill.

Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry.
Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (Aphloia Benn.)  Neumannia Rich.

FAMILY 160. TURNERACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 7, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.)

1. Sepals free or nearly so.  2

Sepals united below into a distinct tube.  3

2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs.
Trees with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the stalk. Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.—Species
1. Mascarene Islands.  Mathurina Balf. fil.

Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes.
Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including Erblichia Seem., under Turnera L.)  Piriqueta Aubl.

3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas of the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute.
Flowers solitary, erect, bracteolate.—Species 2. East Africa.  Loewia Urban

Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then stigmas divided.  4

4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads.  5

Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy herbs. Leaves without stipules.  6

5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of the calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.—Species 2.
Madagascar. (Under Turnera L.)  Hyalocalyx Rolfe

Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube.
Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.—Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.  Turnera L.

6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a scale at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit linear.
Seeds in one row.—Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate
105.)  Wormskioldia Schum. & Thonn.

Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in several rows.—Species 3. East Africa. (Under Wormskioldia Schum.
& Thonn.)  Streptopetalum Hochst.

FAMILY 161. PASSIFLORACEAE

Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage. Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy albumen.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.)

TURNERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 105.

J. Fleischmann del.

Wormskioldia lobata Urb.

A Whole plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Seed with aril. E Seed cut lengthwise.

PASSIFLORACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 106.

J. Fleischmann del.

Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.

A Flowering branch. B Tendril. C Male flower cut lengthwise. D Cluster of fruits.

1. Leaves compound: 2-3-foliolate or pinnate. Shrubs. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Stamens 5-10, free from the short gynophore. Anthers attached by the back.  2

Leaves simple: entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft.  3

2. Corona formed of numerous threads springing from the base of the calyx.
Petals 4-5, resembling the sepals. Stamens united at base. Style
3-5-cleft. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Stem climbing.
Leaflets in 1-2 pairs. Flowers in cymes.—Species 6. West Africa and Madagascar.  Deidamia Thouars

Corona none, but a disc within the stamens present. Petals 5, much exceeding the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, free, alternating with 5 staminodes.
Style simple. Ovules 10-12. Leaflets in 4-5 pairs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa.  Donaldsonia Bak.

3. Fertile stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 6-8. Corona formed of one row of threads. Ovary almost sessile, with 4 placentas and 4 subsessile stigmas. Shrubs.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Schlechterina Harms

Fertile stamens as many as the sepals or petals.  4

4. Fertile stamens alternating with as many staminodes. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals 5. Style simple.  5

Fertile stamens not alternating with staminodes.  6

5. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, larger than the sepals. Corona formed of one row of threads. Staminodes tooth-shaped.
Ovary seated in the centre of the disc. Stigma entire. Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Northern
West Africa.  Crossostemma Planch.

Calyx-tube bell- or funnel-shaped. Sepals oblong. Petals linear-oblong, much smaller than the sepals. Corona none. Staminodes awl-shaped.
Anthers affixed by the back, near the base, and surmounted by a prolonged, awl-shaped connective. Stamens free from the short gynophore.
Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Erect herbs without tendrils.
Leaves linear-lanceolate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa.  Machadoa Welw.

6. Stamens adnate to the gynophore. Anthers affixed by the back, at first turned inwards, later on outwards. Styles 3 or style single and 3-cleft.
Corona present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry.—Species
8. One of them a native of Madagascar, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits, drinks, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Passion-flower.”  Passiflora L.

Stamens free from the gynophore, or no gynophore present. Anthers affixed by the base or between its lobes, opening inwards or laterally.
Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry.  7

7. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Corona triple. Style
3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in 2-3-flowered cymes.—Species
15. Central and South Africa. (Including Basananthe Peyr.)  Tryphostemma Harv.

Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite or polygamous, but then without
a corona. Petals 4-6. Corona simple, double, or wanting. Leaves with 1-3 glands at the base.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are poisonous, others have edible fruits or are used in medicine. (Modecca Lam., including Echinothamnus Engl., Jaeggia
Schinz, Keramanthus Hook. fil., Ophiocaulon Hook. fil., and Paschanthus
Burch.) (Plate 106.)  Adenia Forsk.

FAMILY 162. ACHARIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous, monoecious, solitary or fascicled, axillary, the male sometimes in racemes. Sepals free, at least in the female flowers, imbricate or open in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, affixed to the corolla. Anthers adnate, opening inwards. Receptacle produced into a corona formed of 3-5 scales which are inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the stamens. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas bearing 2 or more inverted ovules each. Style 3-10-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a sometimes adnate aril, a pitted or wrinkled testa, a copious albumen, and a straight embryo.—Genera 3, species 3. South Africa. (Under PASSIFLORACEAE.)

1. Stem twining. Leaves 5-7-lobed. Flowers 4-5-merous, the male in racemes, the female solitary. Sepals of the male flowers linear. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthers cohering. Corona formed of linear or oblong scales. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. Style-branches twice as many as placentas. Fruit linear. Aril adnate to the wrinkled testa.—Species 1. South Africa.  Ceratiosicyos Nees

Stem erect or underground. Leaves 3-lobed or undivided. Flowers solitary or fascicled. Stamens inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Aril free from the pitted testa.  2

2. Aboveground stem erect or ascending, woody at the base. Leaves 3-lobed.
Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals oblong or ovate, free. Anthers with a broad connective. Ovary sessile, subglobose. Ovules few, usually 6-8. Style-branches twice as many as placentas.—Species 1.
Cape Colony.  Acharia Thunb.

Aboveground stem wanting. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary, 5-merous.
Sepals linear, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers with a narrow connective. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. Ovules numerous. Style-branches as many as placentas. Fruit elliptical.—Species 1. Cape Colony.  Guthriea Bolus

SUBORDER PAPAYINEAE

FAMILY 163. CARICACEAE

Trees with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the top of the stem, palmately lobed or divided, without stipules. Flowers, at least the male ones, panicled, 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers turned inwards, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 1-or 5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal, inverted. Style simple with 5 stigmas, or 5-to many-cleft. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a double coat, succulent outside, woody within.—Genera 2, species 3. Tropics. (PAPAYACEAE, under PASSIFLORACEAE.)

Filaments free. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas branched. Stem unarmed, simple or scantily branched.—Species 1 (C. Papaya L., papaw-tree).
Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. It yields edible fruits, medicaments, and substitutes for soap and tobacco. The juice of the stem is poisonous, that of the leaves is used for rendering meat tender. (Papaya Tourn.)  Carica L.

Filaments united below. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas undivided. Stem branched, prickly. Species 2. Central Africa. (Under Jacaratia
Marcgr.)  Cylicomorpha Urban

SUBORDER LOASINEAE

FAMILY 164. LOASACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, regular, 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals open in bud, becoming wing-like after flowering. Petals shorter, free, concave, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, collected in 5 bundles opposite to the petals, alternating with glandular scales bearing each two staminodes on their inner surface. Ovary inferior, unequally 2-celled, the larger cell with two ovules, the smaller with one. Ovules descending, inverted. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 1. South Africa.  Kissenia R. Br.

SUBORDER BEGONIINEAE

FAMILY 165. BEGONIACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or palmately compound, usually oblique, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 2-5, very rarely 6-9 free segments. Stamens numerous. Anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled, usually winged. Placentas attached to the inner angle of the cells or to the partitions. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2-6, free or united at the base, usually cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds very numerous, minute, with a striate or netted testa, exalbuminous. (Plate 107.)

Genus 1, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants or as vegetables. (Including Mezierea
Gaud.)  Begonia L.

SUBORDER ANCISTROCLADINEAE

FAMILY 166. ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, with small, deciduous stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Filaments united at the base, short. Anthers basifixed, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, half-inverted. Style simple with 3 stigmas or 3-cleft. Fruit a nut surmounted by the enlarged, wing-like sepals. Seeds with a thin testa, a repeatedly folded albumen, and a straight embryo. (Under DIPTEROCARPACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. West Africa.  Ancistrocladus Wall.

ORDER OPUNTIALES

FAMILY 167. CACTACEAE

Succulent plants with a thickened, usually jointed and spiny stem. Leaves mostly scale-like, often deciduous. Flowers solitary or in clusters, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 8 or more segments not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with several parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 5, species 13.

1. Leaves well-developed. Stem not jointed. Spines not barbed. Perianth wheel-shaped. Ovules few, not enveloped by the short funicle. Cotyledons intertwisted.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
A decorative and medicinal plant. [Subfamily PEIRESKIOIDEAE, tribe PEIRESKIEAE.]  Peireskia Plum.

Leaves scale-like or absent. Stem more or less copiously jointed. Cotyledons not intertwisted.  2

2. Plants destitute of barbed spines. Joints of the stem elongated. Ovules not enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily CEREOIDEAE.]  3

Plants bearing barbed spines, at least upon the fruit. Joints of the stem short, more or less ovoid. Perianth regular, more or less wheel-shaped.
Ovules enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily OPUNTIOIDEAE, tribe
OPUNTIEAE.]  4

3. Perianth funnel- or salver-shaped, with obviously united segments. Ovules numerous, on long funicles. Terrestrial plants.—Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. A decorative plant with edible fruits. [Tribe ECHINOCACTEAE.]  Cereus Haw.

BEGONIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 107.

J. Fleischmann del.

Begonia Favargeri Rechinger

A Aboveground part of the plant. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Anther from front and back. D Female flower cut lengthwise. E Cross-section of ovary. F Seed.

PENAEACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 108.

J. Fleischmann del.

Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth

A Flowering branch. B Flower in longitudinal section and bracteole. C Anther. D Transverse section of ovary.

Perianth wheel-shaped, of free or nearly free segments. Ovules few, on short funicles. Epiphytes.—Species 7. Tropical and South Africa.
(Under Hariota Adans.) [Tribe RHIPSALIDEAE.]  Rhipsalis Gaertn.

4. Stamens much exceeding the perianth. Seed-coat leathery. Stem without spines. Flowers red.—Species 1 (N. coccinellifera S. Dyck). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized, especially in the Canary Islands.
It is used for rearing the cochineal insect and as a vegetable. (Under
Opuntia Haw.)  Nopalea S. Dyck

Stamens shorter than the perianth. Seed-coat hard.—Species 3. Cultivated, especially in North Africa. They yield edible fruits (prickly pear) from which also dyes, drinks, medicaments, and sugar are prepared; one species is used for rearing the cochineal insect.  Opuntia Haw.

ORDER MYRTIFLORAE

SUBORDER THYMELAEINEAE

FAMILY 168. GEISSOLOMATACEAE

Shrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite, surrounded by 6-8 unequal bracteoles. Calyx-tube short. Sepals petal-like, imbricate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 8, perigynous, unequal. Anthers versatile, short, with a narrow connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style 1. Stigmas 4. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a small outgrowth at the hilum, a smooth testa, a fleshy albumen, and a large straight embryo. (Under PENAEACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. South Africa.  Geissoloma Lindl. & Kunth

FAMILY 169. PENAEACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, entire, with sometimes gland-like stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or heads, with 2 or 4 bracteoles, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Sepals petal-like, red or yellow, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 4, perigynous, alternating with the sepals. Anthers adnate, with a thickened connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, sessile, 4-celled. Ovules 2 or 4 in each cell, all or the lower ones ascending, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple with a 4-lobed or 4-parted stigma, or 4-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with very small cotyledons.—Genera 5, species 35. South Africa. (Plate 108.)

1. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell, two of them ascending, two descending. Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. [Tribe ENDONEMEAE.]  2

Ovules 2, very rarely 4 in each ovary-cell, all ascending. Flowers in the
axils of crowded leaves or bracts. Bracteoles 2. [Tribe PENAEEAE.]  3

2. Flowers in the axils of coloured bracts, crowded in terminal spikes or heads. Bracteoles 2. Filaments much shorter than the anthers.
Anthers turned inwards in the bud; cells equalling the connective.—Species
1. Cape Colony. (Under Endonema Juss.)  Glischrocolla A. DC.

Flowers in the axils of foliage-leaves, not crowded. Bracteoles 4. Filaments nearly as long as or longer than the anthers. Anthers turned outwards in the bud; cells much shorter than the connective. Seeds with an outgrowth at the top.—Species 2. Cape Colony.  Endonema A. Juss.

3. Ovary and style 4-angled or 4-winged. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stamens very short.—Species 20. Cape Colony. (Including Stylapterus Juss.)  Penaea L.

Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple.  4

4. Calyx-tube short, oblong-oval, somewhat longer than the sepals. Stamens slightly exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments short. Ovules 2 in each cell.—Species 6. Cape Colony. (Under Sarcocolla Kunth).  Brachysiphon A. Juss.

Calyx-tube long, cylindrical, much longer than the sepals. Stamens much exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments long. Anthers-cells almost equalling the connective.—Species 5. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental plants. (Plate 108.)  Sarcocolla Kunth

FAMILY 170. OLINIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers in terminal cymose inflorescences, regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx petaloid, white or red. Petals much smaller than the sepals, white, valvate in bud. Fertile stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals, usually alternating with scale-like staminodes. Anthers nearly sessile, with a large connective. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled. Ovules 2-3 in the inner angle of each ovary-cell, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons. (Under LYTRHACEAE, MELASTOMATACEAE, or RHAMNACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 7. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber.  Olinia Thunb.

FAMILY 171. THYMELAEACEAE

Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals petaloid. Petals usually present. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, 4, or twice as many, 8 or 10. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe or a nut. Embryo large, straight.—Genera 17, species 250. (Plate 109.)

1. Receptacle flat. Sepals free. Petals none, but 4-10 scales placed singly
or in pairs opposite to the sepals. Stamens 8-10, hypogynous. Ovary
4-5-celled. Low trees. Leaves alternate, dotted beneath. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary, white.—Species 7. West Africa. (Including
Makokoa Baill.) [Subfamily OCTOLEPIDIOIDEAE, tribe
OCTOLEPIDEAE.]  Octolepis Oliv.

Receptacle concave. Sepals united. Stamens perigynous. Ovary 1-2-celled.  2

2. Ovary 2-celled, surrounded by a disc. Petals none. Stamens 8-10.
Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbels, yellowish-green.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. [Subfamily
PHALERIOIDEAE, tribe PEDDIEAE.]  Peddiea Harv.

Ovary 1-celled. [Subfamily THYMELAEOIDEAE.]  3

3. Petals present, usually smaller than the sepals and 2-parted, sometimes united into a ring.  4

Petals none, but sometimes 8 or more scales present, inserted below the stamens, and usually alternating with them. Stamens 8-10.  9

4. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part falling off after flowering. Fruit with a membranous exocarp. [Tribe
GNIDIEAE.]  5

Calyx-tube not jointed, persisting in fruit or falling off as a whole. Fruit with a hard or fleshy exocarp. Stamens 8-10. [Tribe DICRANOLEPIDEAE.]  6

5. Stamens 4, inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube, nearly sessile, with a broadened connective. Petals thick-fleshy, surrounded by hairs. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves small, leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.—Species 25. South and
Central Africa.  Struthiola L.

Stamens 8 or 10, in two whorls very distant from each other and inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube and at the throat. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Flowers in heads, more rarely arranged spike-like in the axils of the upper leaves.—Species 125. Southern and tropical Africa.
Some species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants.
(Including Arthrosolen Mey. and Lasiosiphon Frees)  Gnidia L.

6. Petals united into a ring. Stamens 10. Shrubs.  7

Petals free, 2-partite. Leaves herbaceous.  8

7. Petals united into a nearly entire ring. Ovary short-stalked, surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped or slashed disc. Flowers in few-flowered axillary clusters or in short terminal racemes.—Species 6. Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay.  Synaptolepis Oliv.

Petals united into a slashed ring. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Flowers in long-stalked spikes or heads.—Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro
Islands.  Stephanodaphne Baill.

8. Flowers 4-merous. Petals thickish, almost erect. Staminal whorls remote from each other. Anthers nearly sessile, slightly exserted. Disc
none. Ovary sessile, hairy. Style included. Shrubs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in terminal umbels.—Species 1. East and South-east
Africa.  Englerodaphne Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Petals thin, spreading. Staminal whorls approximate.
Anthers more or less exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary short-stalked.
Style long. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary.—Species 25. Central Africa.  Dicranolepis Planch.

9. (3.) Stamens 10, inserted at or below the middle of the long, narrowly funnel-shaped, not jointed calyx-tube at the same level. Filaments short, unequal in length. Anthers included. Corona none. Disc ring- or saucer-shaped. Ovary sessile. Style short. Twining shrubs.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, leathery. Flowers in axillary clusters, greenish-yellow.—Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe CRATEROSIPHONEAE.]  Craterosiphon Engl. & Gilg

Stamens inserted at the throat or the upper part of the calyx-tube; in the latter case calyx-tube wide or jointed. [Tribe DAPHNEAE.]  10

10. Calyx-tube bearing in its upper part a corona of 8 or more scales, jointed above the ovary, the lower part persistent in fruit. Flowers 4-merous.
Filaments thread-like. Anthers exserted. Ovary sessile. Fruit dry.
Shrubs. Leaves small, leathery, sometimes needle-shaped.  11

Calyx-tube without a corona, but sometimes the ovary surrounded at the base by a disc or by several glands.  12

11. Flowers solitary, white or reddish. Sepals equal in length. Corona inserted in the middle of the calyx-tube.—Species 5. South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants.  Cryptadenia Meissn.

Flowers in fascicles or heads. Corona inserted next to the throat of the calyx, and formed of 8 scales which alternate with the stamens.—Species
20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 109.)  Lachnaea L.

12. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part, rarely the whole calyx, falling off after flowering.  13

Calyx-tube not jointed, persistent in fruit or falling off as a whole, the segments sometimes falling off singly. Filaments and style short.
Flowers 4-merous.  16

13. Filaments very short. Staminal whorls widely separated. Disc minute or wanting. (See 5.)  Gnidia L.

Filaments long. Staminal whorls approximate, rarely somewhat distant, but then disc distinctly developed. Shrubs.  14

14. Flowers 5-merous. Segments of the calyx much shorter than the tube.
Disc saucer-shaped, lobed. Ovary hairy. Fruit dry. Seeds without albumen. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species 6. South Africa and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Dais L.

Flowers 4-merous. Segments of the calyx nearly as long as the tube.
Disc none. Ovary glabrous. Seeds with a copious albumen. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal spikes.  15

15. Fruit fleshy. Calyx-tube short, urn-shaped.—Species 1. South Africa.  Chymococca Meissn.

THYMELAEACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 109.

J. Fleischmann del.

Lachnaea filamentosa (L. fil.) Gilg

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (the hairs are omitted).

LYTHRACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 110.

J. Fleischmann del.

Nesaea floribunda Sond.

A Flowering branch. B Flower without the petals, cut lengthwise. C Petal. D Cross-section of ovary.

Fruit dry.—Species 7. South Africa. Some species yield dyes or serve as ornamental plants.  Passerina L.

16. Disc hypogynous, consisting of 1-4, usually 4, free or partly united, narrow, almost thread-shaped scales. Calyx-tube long; segments deciduous. Ovary hairy. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, hermaphrodite.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant.  Wikstroemia Endl.

Disc minute and ring-shaped, or wanting.  17

17. Fruit a drupe. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. Stigma large.
Shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles.—Species 4.
North Africa. Poisonous plants yielding bast-fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments; they also serve as ornamental plants.  Daphne L.

Fruit a nut. Disc none. Ovary short-stalked. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary.—Species
10. North Africa. Some species are used as medicinal or fibre-plants.  Thymelaea Endl.

FAMILY 172. ELAEAGNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, covered with scaly hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes, 4-merous, very rarely 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx white or yellow within, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens perigynous, as many as and alternate with the sepals. Filaments very short. Anthers attached at the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, but tightly enclosed by the concave receptacle, 1-celled, with a single erect and inverted ovule. Style simple, long; stigma entire, capitate. Fruit a nut enclosed by the succulent calyx-tube. Seed with a hard coat and scanty albumen or without albumen; embryo straight, with a minute radicle and thick, fleshy cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 2. Naturalized in North Africa and the Island of Mauritius.
Ornamental plants yielding timber and medicaments. “Oleaster.”  Elaeagnus L.

SUBORDER MYRTINEAE

FAMILY 173. LYTHRACEAE

Leaves entire, usually stipulate. Flowers 3-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals valvate in the bud. Petals inserted at the throat of the calyx, usually crumpled in the bud, sometimes absent. Stamens nearly always inserted below the petals. Anthers fixed by the back. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules numerous in each cell, attached at the inner angle, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 110.)

1. Partitions of the ovary incomplete above; placentas not continuing into
the style. [Tribe LYTHREAE.]  2

Partitions of the ovary complete; placentas continuing into the style.
Flowers regular. [Tribe NESAEEAE.]  9

2. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 6. Petals 6-7, unequal. Stamens
10-14, usually 11. Disc present. Placenta finally protruding from the bursting ovary and calyx-tube. Leaves opposite or whorled.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant.  Cuphea P. Browne

Flowers regular or almost so.  3

3. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves not dotted. Seeds not winged.  4

Stem woody. Leaves opposite, marked with black dots, rarely without dots, but then seeds with a thick wing. Style long.  7

4. Fruit indehiscent, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous.
Flowers 6-merous. Calyx-tube hemispherical or broad-campanulate, with appendages at the apex. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-celled. Style very short. Flowers solitary, axillary, with whitish bracteoles.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as a vegetable.  Peplis L.

Fruit dehiscing by 2-4 valves or bursting transversely or irregularly; in the latter cases flowers 4-merous and cymose.  5

5. Fruit bursting transversely or irregularly, membranous, not striate.
Seeds very numerous. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Flowers in axillary cymes, with whitish bracteoles.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa and
Egypt. Some are used medicinally.  Ammania L.

Fruit dehiscing longitudinally in 2-4 valves.  6

6. Fruit marked with dense, sometimes very faint, transverse veins. Sepals usually membranous. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer. Glabrous plants. Flowers solitary or umbellate and axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes, bracteolate.—Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. (Including Quartinia Endl., Rhyacophila Hochst., and Suffrenia
Bellardi).  Rotala L.

Fruit without transverse veins. Calyx-tube tubular, rarely campanulate, with appendages at the top. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, rarely in spikes or racemes of cymes (false whorls).—Species 8.
North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Lythrum L.

7. Stamens 6. Calyx-tube top-shaped. Sepals membranous. Ovary nearly completely 2-celled. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. South-east
Africa.  Galpinia N. E. Brown

Stamens 12-18. Flowers solitary or in racemes.  8

8. Calyx-tube tubular. Petals small. Stamens 12. Ovary nearly completely
2-celled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seeds
not winged. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2. East Africa and
Madagascar. They yield tanning and dyeing material and serve as ornamental plants.  Woodfordia Salisb.

Calyx-tube campanulate or cupular. Ovary very incompletely 3-4-celled.
Fruit opening transversely. Seeds with a thick wing. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils.—Species 2. Madagascar and
East Africa. They serve as vegetables.  Pemphis Forst.

9. (1.) Stamens 5-6, opposite to the petals and adnate to their base. Calyx-tube expanded. Sepals lanceolate. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in a single row. Low trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. South-east
Africa (Natal).  Rhynchocalyx Oliv.

Stamens 4-23, inserted below the petals, or petals wanting. Ovules in two or more rows. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  10

10. Calyx-tube top- or saucer-shaped, without appendages. Sepals 4. Stamens inserted near the petals, singly or in clusters of 2-3 opposite the sepals. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seed-coat with a spongy thickening at the top. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1 (L. inermis L.). Tropical and North Africa.
Yields a dye (henna) and is used in perfumery and medicine. (Including
Rotantha Bak.)  Lawsonia L.

Calyx-tube bell-, urn-, or cup-shaped. Sepals 4-8. Stamens remote from the petals, or petals wanting. Fruit opening by 4 valves or by a lid.
Seed-coat not specially thickened. Flowers in cymes or umbels.  11

11. Calyx-tube winged. Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 4, alternating with the sepals. Anthers finally kidney-shaped. Fruit opening by
4 valves. Style persisting upon the placentas. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary, 2-4-flowered umbels.—Species 1.
Island of Mauritius.  Tetrataxis Hook. fil.

Calyx-tube not winged. Fruit at first opening by a small lid, later on splitting towards the base. Style persisting upon a valve or falling off.
Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs. Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 110.)  Nesaea Comm.

FAMILY 174. SONNERATIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary, without bracteoles, regular. Sepals 6-7, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals 6-7, linear, occasionally wanting. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, kidney-shaped, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary almost superior, with 10-20 somewhat incomplete cells not reaching the top. Ovules very numerous, attached to the partitions, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit succulent, indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds curved, exalbuminous, with a hard coat and a straight embryo. (BLATTIACEAE, under LYTHRACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields edible fruits, condiments, and medicaments. (Blatti Adans.)  Sonneratia L. f.

FAMILY 175. PUNICACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the branches, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5-8, red, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals as many, red or yellow, imbricate and crumpled in the bud. Stamens numerous, curved inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, with several cells, which are usually arranged in 2-3 whorls placed one above the other. Ovules numerous, at first basal, afterwards parietal, inverted. Style simple; stigma 1. Fruit a berry. Seeds exalbuminous, with an outer fleshy and an inner horny coat; embryo straight, with twisted cotyledons. (GRANATEAE, under LYTHRACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. One of them growing wild in the Island of Socotra, the other one (P. Granatum L., pomegranate) cultivated and naturalized in northern and tropical Africa. The latter serves as an ornamental plant and yields wood, tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and edible fruits, from which also a drink is prepared.  Punica L.

FAMILY 176. LECYTHIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or racemose, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2-5. Petals 4-6, adnate to the staminal tube, imbricate in bud, or wanting. Stamens numerous, united at the base, curved in the bud. Anthers versatile, usually basifixed, opening by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, ring-shaped. Ovary inferior, 2-20-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under MYRTACEAE.) (Plate 111.)

1. Petals and staminodes absent. Sepals 3-5, usually 4. Stamens almost free. Disc obscure. Ovules numerous in each cell, inserted in a vertical ring round a shield-shaped placenta, horizontal, the micropyle turned outwards. Stigmas 4. Fruit a drupe. Leaves clustered.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
Yielding timber. [Subfamily FOETIDIOIDEAE.]  Foetidia Comm.

Petals or staminodes present. Stamens obviously united at the base.
Disc distinct. Ovules inserted in rows on slightly thickened placentas, horizontal with the micropyle turned inwards, or ascending, or pendulous.
Flowers racemose, rarely solitary, but then leaves scattered.  2

2. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens and staminodes united to different heights, in 4 concentric rows, the inner row partly fertile, the rest barren. Anthers
1-celled. Disc thick. Ovary 5-20-celled. Style short; stigmas 5.
Seeds 5 or more. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, axillary. Leaves scattered.—Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits. [Subfamily NAPOLEONOIDEAE.]  Napoleona Beauv.

Sepals 2-4. Petals 4-6. Stamens all fertile or the innermost barren, all united to the same height. Anthers 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped.

LECYTHIDACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 111.

J. Fleischmann del.

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume

A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise (the stamens cut off near the middle). D Anther. E Cross-section of ovary. (A from Curtis Botanical Magazine, pl. 3831.)

RHIZOPHORACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 112.

J. Fleischmann del.

Weihea africana Benth.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (some anthers cut off). C Cross-section of ovary.

Ovary 2-4-celled. Style long; stigma 1, entire or 2-4-lobed. Seeds
1-4. Flowers in racemes. Leaves clustered. [Subfamily PLANCHONIOIDEAE.]  3

3. Ovary long, winged. Ovules inserted along the inner angle of the cells or in the middle of the partitions. Fruit a nut. Embryo with distinct cotyledons. Bracteoles in the middle of the long pedicels.—Species 2.
West Africa.  Petersia Welw.

Ovary short, ovate. Ovules suspended from the apex of the inner angle of the cells. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Embryo undivided. Bracteoles at the base of the pedicels.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. East and South-east Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark, vegetables, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. (Plate 111.)  Barringtonia Forst.

FAMILY 177. RHIZOPHORACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, induplicate-valvate in bud, usually lobed or fringed. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many as the petals or more, rarely (Anisophyllea) some of them barren. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted. Seeds usually germinating in the still attached fruit.—Genera 10, species 45. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 112.)

1. Styles 3-4. Ovary inferior, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens 6-8, several of them sometimes barren. Flowers 3-4-merous, polygamous.
Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.
[Subfamily ANISOPHYLLOIDEAE.]  2

Style 1. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry or a capsule.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. [Subfamily
RHIZOPHOROIDEAE.]  3

2. Flowers in few-flowered spikes or racemes. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species 7.
Tropics. They yield timber and edible fruits.  Anisophyllea R. Br.

Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Style ovate. Fruit 2-4-seeded.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Yields edible, oily seeds.  Poga Pierre

3. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Placentas usually passing into the style.
Ovules without appendages. Petals yellow, brown, red, or greenish.
Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Tribe GYNOTROCHEAE.]  4

Ovary superior or nearly so. Placentas not reaching to the base of the style. Ovules with appendages. Petals 4-6, toothed or split, usually white. [Tribe MACARISIEAE.]  7

4. Ovary inferior. Receptacle (flower-tube) deeply concave, bell- or funnel-shaped, distinctly prolonged above the ovary. Petals 5-14. Calyx
crowning the fruit.  5

Ovary half-inferior. Receptacle slightly concave, saucer-shaped, scarcely prolonged above the ovary. Petals 4-6. Calyx at the base of the fruit.
Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Plants with aerial roots.
Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in cymes.  6

5. Receptacle funnel-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a long tube.
Flowers 8-14-merous. Petals red or brown, 2-lobed, with thread-like appendages. Antesepalous stamens curved sideways at the base, becoming opposite to the antepetalous. Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary
2-4-celled. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields timber and bark used for tanning and dyeing.  Bruguiera Lam.

Receptacle bell-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a short tube.
Flowers 5-8-merous. Petals yellowish, irregularly lobed. Antesepalous stamens not opposite to the antepetalous. Disc usually double. Fruit 1- or 3-6-celled. Seeds germinating after the fruit has fallen. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in cymes.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Carallia Roxb.

6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire, yellowish or green. Anthers with numerous cells (pollen-sacks). Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary 2-celled.
Stigma 2-lobed.—Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Mangrove.”  Rhizophora L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Petals 2-lobed, brownish. Anthers with 4 cells.
Disc deeply lobed. Ovary 3-celled above, 1-celled below. Stigma entire.—Species 1. Tropics. Yields timber and tanning bark.  Ceriops Arn.

7. Ovary 2-4-celled, adnate to the receptacle by the broad base. Leaves opposite.  8

Ovary 5-celled, sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous, in few-flowered inflorescences. Seeds winged.  9

8. Disc distinctly 8-15-lobed. Stamens 10-15. Stigma entire. Placentas reaching the middle of the ovary only. Flowers in many-flowered inflorescences, frequently in glomerules.—Species 10. Tropical and
South-east Africa. (Under Cassipourea Aubl.)  Dactylopetalum Benth.

Disc not distinctly lobed. Stamens 10-30. Stigma 2-4-lobed. Placentas reaching the base of the style. Fruit fleshy. Seeds with an aril.
Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, solitary or in few-flowered inflorescences.—Species 18. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate
112.)  Weihea Spreng.

9. Ovary sessile. Tall trees. Leaves whorled.—Species 2. West Africa.  Anopyxis Pierre

Ovary short-stalked. Low trees. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Macarisia Thouars

FAMILY 178. ALANGIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 6-10-toothed. Petals 6-10, free or slightly cohering at the base, narrow, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more. Filaments short, free or nearly so, hairy. Anthers long, adnate, opening inwards or laterally by two longitudinal slits. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a large central embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under CORNACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used medicinally. (Including Marlea Roxb. and Stylidium Lour.)  Alangium Lam.

FAMILY 179. COMBRETACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers in spikes heads or panicles, regular or nearly so, 4-6-merous. Petals free or wanting. Stamens usually twice as many as the sepals. Anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, 1-celled. Ovules 2-3, rarely 4-6, pendulous from the apex of the cavity, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded drupe or nut, rarely incompletely dehiscent, usually angled or winged. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 12, species 330. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 113.)

1. Ovary half-inferior. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Ovules 2, with a short funicle. Fruit dorsally compressed, dry, indehiscent. Embryo with very thick, almost hemispherical cotyledons.—Species 2. West Africa.
[Subfamily STREPHONEMATOIDEAE.]  Strephonema Hook. fil.

Ovary inferior. Ovules usually with a long funicle. Fruit winged, angled, laterally compressed, or terete. Embryo with flat, folded, or twisted cotyledons. [Subfamily COMBRETOIDEAE.]  2

2. Flowers with bracteoles adnate to the ovary, arranged in spikes or racemes.
Sepals persistent. Petals 5. Cotyledons twisted. [Tribe LAGUNCULARIEAE.]  3

Flowers without bracteoles. Sepals deciduous, rarely persistent, but then flowers in heads.  4

3. Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile. Stamens 10. Ovules 2; funicle short.—Species
1. Coasts of West Africa. Yields timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments.  Laguncularia Gaertn.

Leaves alternate. Flowers stalked. Ovules 4-6; funicle long.—Species
1. Coast of East Africa and Madagascar.  Lumnitzera Willd.

4. Petals 4-5, rarely none; in this case, as usually, leaves opposite. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite. Funicle usually tubercled. Cotyledons flat or folded, more rarely twisted. [Tribe COMBRETEAE.]  5

Petals none. Leaves alternate, rarely almost opposite. Flowers mostly polygamous. Sepals deciduous. Funicle usually smooth. Cotyledons
twisted. Trees or erect shrubs. [Tribe TERMINALIEAE.]  10

5. Petals absent. Sepals 5.  6

Petals present, sometimes minute, rarely absent, but then sepals 4. 7

6. Calyx campanulate, divided down to the ovary, wing-like in fruit. Cotyledons twisted. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in panicled spikes.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Calycopteris Lam.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, lobed or cleft, net-veined, corolla-like, deciduous.
Fruit woody. Cotyledons flat. Flowers in heads or short spikes.—Species 9. Madagascar. (Under Combretum L.)  Calopyxis Tul.

7. Flowers ebracteate, arranged in heads which are subtended by 4 involucral bracts. Sepals persistent. Petals 5, strap-shaped. Stamens 10.
Ovules 4-6. Fruit elongate, spindle-shaped, obscurely 5-angled, clothed with long hairs. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, dotted.—Species
1. Central Africa. Used medicinally.  Guiera Adans.

Flowers bracteate, arranged in spikes or racemes. Sepals deciduous.
Fruit winged or angled.  8

8. Flowers polygamous (hermaphrodite and male). Fruit 2-, rarely 3-4-winged, indehiscent. Trees or erect shrubs.—Species 5. Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Under Combretum L.)  Pteleopsis Engl.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit 4-5-winged or 4-5-angled.  9

9. Calyx-tube above the ovary very long and thin, filiform; style adnate to it.
Ovules 3-4. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit dehiscing at the top along the
5 angles. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper opposite.—Species
3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Quisqualis L.

Calyx-tube not elongate-filiform. Ovules 2-3; funicles equal in length.
Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes intermixed with alternate ones.—Species 230. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, arrow-poison, medicaments, and fatty seeds; several serve as ornamental plants.
(Including Cacoucia Aubl., Campylochiton Welw., Campylogyne Welw., and Poivrea Comm.) (Plate 113.)  Combretum L.

10. (4.) Flowers and fruits in globose heads. Receptacle (calyx-tube) prolonged above the ovary into a stalk. Calyx-lobes 5, reflexed. Ovules 2.
Fruits erect or spreading, flat, 2-winged, produced into a long beak; pericarp corky. Shrubs.—Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber, dyes, a substitute for soap, and medicaments.  Anogeissus Wall.

Flowers and fruits in sometimes ovate, usually panicled spikes. Receptacle not much prolonged. Fruit not long-beaked but sometimes acuminate; pericarp leathery or drupaceous.  11

11. Fruits crowded in a cone, bent downwards, flat, 2-winged, acuminate; pericarp leathery. Flowers in short panicled spikes, 5-merous. Calyx-lobes erect. Ovules 2.—Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber, tanning materials, and medicaments.  Conocarpus Gaertn.

COMBRETACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 113.

J. Fleischmann del.

Combretum racemosum Beauv.

A Part of a flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Cross-section of fruit.

MYRTACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 114.

J. Fleischmann del.

Eugenia natalitia Sond.

A Flowering branch. B Hermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off). C Cross-section of ovary. D Male flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off). E Fruit. F Seed cut lengthwise.

Fruits not crowded in a cone; pericarp fleshy or leathery outside, bony within. Flowers in usually long, often panicled spikes. Funicle smooth.
Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches.—Species 80.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, resin used for fumigating, tanning and dyeing materials, food for silk-worms, edible oily seeds, and medicaments; others are used as ornamental plants.  Terminalia L.

FAMILY 180. MYRTACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation. Petals free and imbricate in bud, or united into a hood. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary usually inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled, the cells sometimes incomplete at the top. Ovules inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, rarely (Psiloxylon) 3-4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 85. (Plate 114.)

1. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Embryo straight, with large cotyledons. Trees.
[Subfamily LEPTOSPERMOIDEAE, tribe LEPTOSPERMEAE.]  2

Fruit a berry. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Stamens numerous.
Leaves opposite. [Subfamily MYRTOIDEAE, tribe MYRTEAE.]  5

2. Calyx entire or nearly so. Petals united into a hood falling off as a whole.
Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior. Leaves of older trees mostly alternate.—Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions.
They yield timber, bark for tanning, an astringent resin (kino), and an ethereal oil used in perfumery and medicine. [Subtribe
EEUCALYPTINAE.]  Eucalyptus L’Hér.

Calyx with 5 lobes. Petals 5, free.  3

3. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Leaves opposite.—Species
1. South Africa. [Tribe METROSIDERINAE.]  Metrosideros Banks

Stamens 5-10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate.  4

4. Stamens 5-8. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. South Africa.  Heteropyxis Harv.

Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-4. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. Yields timber. (Fropiera Hook. fil.)  Psiloxylon Thouars

5. Embryo with a short radicle and large, fleshy cotyledons. Flowers usually
4-merous. Sepals separate or indistinct. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled.
[Subtribe EUGENIINAE.]  6

Embryo with a long, curved radicle and shorter or somewhat longer cotyledons. Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals free. [Subtribe
MYRTINAE.]  8

6. Ovary in the centre of the receptacle. Calyx-tube contrasting distinctly
with the pedicel, not or slightly prolonged above the ovary. Petals free.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, bark used for tanning, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including
Chloromyrtus Pierre). (Plate 114.)  Eugenia L.

Ovary in the upper part of the receptacle. Calyx-tube gradually narrowed into the pedicel, usually much prolonged above the ovary.  7

7. Petals free, falling singly. Stamens inserted upon a distinct disc. Sepals comparatively large.—Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in Madagascar and the Mascarenes, the other two cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for tanning, spices (cloves from J. caryophyllus Nied.), medicaments, and edible fruits; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Caryophyllus
L., under Eugenia L.)  Jambosa DC.

Petals more or less cohering, usually falling off together. Staminiferous disc none. Sepals usually small.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, spices, medicaments, and edible fruits. (Including Acmena DC., under Eugenia
L.)  Syzygium Gaertn.

8. Placentas in the upper part of the ovary-cells, bearing 1-6 ovules each.
Ovary 2-celled. Calyx divided already in the bud. Seeds 1-2, with
a membranous coat; embryo spirally twisted, with minute cotyledons.—Species
2. Cultivated and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, an aromatic oil, spices (allspice), and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants.  Pimenta Lindl.

Placentas in the middle of the ovary-cells, bearing numerous ovules each.
Ovary completely or incompletely 3-5-, rarely 2-celled. Seeds numerous, with a horny coat; embryo curved, not spiral.  9

9. Calyx already divided into segments in the bud. Ovary and fruit completely or incompletely 2-3-celled. Embryo with rather large cotyledons.—Species
1 (M. communis L., myrtle). North Africa and
Abyssinia, also naturalized in St. Helena. It is used as an ornamental plant and yields tanning bark and an oil employed in perfumery and medicine.  Myrtus L.

Calyx closed in the bud, bursting subsequently. Ovary and fruit usually
4-5-celled. Embryo with minute cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bast used for paper-making, tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, edible fruits (guavas), and medicaments.  Psidium L.

FAMILY 181. MELASTOMATACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, usually with 3-11 longitudinal nerves, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals perigynous or epigynous, free, usually with contorted aestivation. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many, rarely as many as the petals. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, usually with an enlarged connective and opening at the top by 1-2 pores or short slits. Ovary generally inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma entire. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 33, species 280. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 115.)

1. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 6-20, inserted upon a free central placenta.
Fruit a berry. Seed 1, large. Calyx entire or 4-lobed. Petals white or blue. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers short, with a posterior appendage, opening in front by two longitudinal slits. Shrubs or trees. Leaves penninerved or obscurely trinerved. [Subfamily
MEMECYLOIDEAE, tribe MEMECYLEAE.]  2

Ovary completely 2- or more-celled. Ovules numerous, inserted upon axile placentas. Seeds numerous, small. [Subfamily MELASTOMATOIDEAE.]  3

2. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base. Petals reddish. Flowers in terminal fascicles. Stem and inflorescence bristly.—Species 1. East
Africa.  Warneckea Gilg

Connective of the stamens not lengthened at the base, but spurred at the back. Petals white or blue. Flowers in axillary inflorescences, more rarely in terminal, many-flowered cymes. Stem and inflorescence glabrous.—Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, medicaments, and edible fruits.  Memecylon L.

3. Seeds strongly curved or spirally coiled. Fruit usually a membranous,
4-5-valved capsule with a convex, usually bristly summit. Connective of the stamens unappendaged behind, but furnished with two spurs or gibbosities in front, rarely quite unappendaged. Calyx-lobes usually large and alternating with bristles or small teeth. [Tribe
OSBECKIEAE.]  4

Seeds straight or slightly curved, rarely strongly curved, but then fruit bursting irregularly or indehiscent and connective gibbous before and behind. Connective usually appendaged behind, or before and behind.  17

4. Stamens of two kinds, the larger with the connective distinctly lengthened at the base and furnished with two spurs or bosses, the smaller ones with
a not or slightly lengthened connective. Shrubs or trees.  5

Stamens equal in shape, but sometimes unequal in length.  8

5. Connective of the smaller stamens unappendaged, of the larger with two bosses. Calyx-tube glabrous; teeth very short. Fruit with a membranous skin, bursting irregularly. Low shrubs. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. West Africa.  Dinophora Benth.

Connective of all stamens provided with 2 spurs or bosses. Calyx-tube usually hairy. Fruit with a membranous skin, but dehiscing in 4-5 valves, or with a leathery or fleshy skin.  6

6. Calyx without accessory teeth. Connective of all stamens lengthened
at the base and provided with 2 awns. Fruit 4-5-valved. Rough-hairy shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 20.
Madagascar.  Dichaetanthera Endl.

Calyx with accessory teeth outside the sepals. Connective of the smaller stamens not or scarcely lengthened.  7

7. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin leathery or fleshy.
Flowers 5-7-merous. Shrubs with rough branches and bristly leaves.—Species
1. Seychelles.  Melastoma Burm.

Fruit opening by 4-5 valves; skin membranous or leathery. Ovary adnate to the calyx-tube by 4-5 longitudinal partitions. Flowers 4-5-merous.
Hairy, usually bristly herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.—Species
50. Central and South Africa; one species also naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. An intoxicating drink is prepared from the roots of some species. (Including Argyrella Naud.) (Plate 115.)  Dissotis Benth.

8. Connective with two spur-like appendages. Ovary half-inferior. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.  9

Connective with two bosses or without any appendage.  12

9. Stamens unequal in length. Connective much lengthened at the base.
Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes broadly rounded. Ovary with 4 bristles at the top. Shrubs.—-Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Barbeyastrum Cogn.

Stamens equal in length. Connective not or slightly lengthened at the base.  10

10. Connective lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped, glabrous. Calyx-lobes 4, very short. Petals yellow.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Amphorocalyx Bak.

Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base. Calyx-tube bell-shaped.
Calyx-lobes rather large. Shrubs with pink petals, or herbs.  11

11. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx without accessory teeth. Shrubs. Leaves
5-11-nerved.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Dionychia Naud.

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx with 5 bristle-like accessory teeth alternating with the sepals. Herbs. Leaves 3-nerved.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Rhodosepala Bak.

12. Calyx with accessory teeth or bristles alternating with the sepals. Stamens equal in length. Ovary with bristles at the top.  13

Calyx without accessory teeth or bristles. Petals red or white. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube.  15

13. Ovary free. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous or scantily hairy.
Petals yellow. Connective not lengthened at the base, obscurely tubercled. Erect herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or ternate.—Species
1. West Africa.  Nerophila Naud.

Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube usually hairy.
Petals usually red.  14

14. Anthers smooth, oval-oblong. Connective more or less lengthened and provided with two bosses at the base. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species
2. Tropics. (Under Osbeckia L.)  Antherotoma Hook. fil.

Anthers with a wavy surface, linear, rarely broader, but then connective not distinctly lengthened at the base.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Osbeckia L.

15. Anthers linear. Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base, provided with two bosses in front. Stamens usually unequal in length. Calyx-tube bristly. Shrubs.—Species 15. Tropics. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments.  Tristemma Juss.

Anthers ovoid. Connective lengthened at the base, unappendaged. Stamens equal in length. Ovary glabrous at the top. Herbs. Flowers solitary.  16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube hairy. Ovary inferior. Flowers terminal.—Species
1. West Africa. (Under Guyonia Naud.)  Afzeliella Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous. Ovary half-inferior.—Species
2. West Africa.  Guyonia Naud.

17. (3.) Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin fleshy or leathery, rarely membranous. Connective furnished with appendages in front and behind, rarely only in front. [Tribe DISSOCHAETEAE.]  18

Fruit opening by 3-6 valves; skin membranous, rarely leathery. Connective usually furnished with appendages only behind.  25

18. Connective with two spurs in front, unappendaged behind. Stamens equal or nearly so.  19

Connective with two spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. Calyx-lobes tooth-shaped, bristle-shaped, or wanting. Flowers in cymes, umbels, or panicles.  20

19. Calyx distinctly 5-lobed. Connective very shortly prolonged at the base.
Fruit a berry. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons).  Tetraphyllaster Gilg

Calyx obscurely lobed. Connective much prolonged at the base. Fruit a capsule with a membranous skin. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species
5. West Africa.  Sakersia Hook. fil.

20. Stamens distinctly unequal, the connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base and furnished with 1 spur behind and 2 in front, that of the shorter ones also with one spur behind but none in front. Flowers 5-merous.
Calyx-tube top- or urn-shaped; lobes short, alternating with accessory teeth. Petals red. Ovary adnate up to the middle. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 3. West Africa.  Dicellandra Hook. fil.

Stamens equal or nearly so, rarely very unequal, but then the connective of all with 2 appendages in front and usually not lengthened at the base.  21

21. Stamens distinctly unequal. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, saucer-shaped at the top, entire or nearly so. Climbing
shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper whorled. Flowers at the base of the stem in many-flowered globose inflorescences, composed of cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).  Myrianthemum Gilg

Stamens equal or subequal, rarely (Medinilla) distinctly unequal, but then calyx-tube not much constricted and inflorescence not many-flowered and springing from the base of the stem.  22

22. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base and furnished with a spur in front and a boss behind. Flowers 5-merous. Ovary wholly adnate. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Preussiella Gilg

Connective with 2 spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind.  23

23. Stem woody, shrubby. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube entirely or by several dissepiments.—Species 25.
Tropics. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Medinilla Gaud.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves opposite; side-nerves nearly perpendicular to the main nerves. Flowers 5-merous, in terminal umbels or panicles. Connective with 2 bosses in front and one behind.  24

24. Flowers in panicles. Petals subacute. Ovary in its lower half adhering to the calyx-tube by dissepiments. Style without scales at the base.
Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds curved.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Phaeoneuron Gilg

Flowers in umbels. Petals acuminate. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube to above the middle. Style surrounded at the base by 5 scales.—Species
1. East Africa.  Orthogoneuron Gilg

25. (17.) Fruit and ovary cylindrical or angled, convex at the top. Stamens equal; connective appendaged behind only, more rarely without any appendage. [Tribe OXYSPOREAE.]  26

Fruit and usually also the ovary angled or winged, broad and flat or concave at the top, rarely (Calvoa) slightly convex, but then the connective appendaged in front or in front and behind. [Tribe SONERILEAE.]  29

26. Stem herbaceous or half-shrubby, erect. Leaves large. Flowers in umbels, large, red, 5-merous. Calyx-tube angled; lobes long. Petals produced into a thread-like point. Connective with a thick spur and two glands. Ovary crowned by 5 scales.—Species 1. East Africa.  Petalonema Gilg

Stem shrubby, more rarely half-shrubby, but then decumbent and bearing small leaves. Flowers in cymes or panicles.  27

27. Stem half-shrubby, decumbent. Connective shortly prolonged at the base, tubercled or obscurely spurred behind.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Phornothamnus Bak.

Stem shrubby. Connective not prolonged.  28

28. Calyx-limb divided into 4 large lobes without accessory teeth. Connective unappendaged. Ovary adhering below to the calyx-tube by several

MELASTOMATACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 115.

J. Fleischmann del.

Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. fil.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Fruit. E Seed.

OENOTHERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 116.

J. Fleischmann del.

Jussieua linifolia Vahl

A Plant in flower. B Flowering branch of a taller specimen. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.

dissepiments and crowned by 4 bristle-like scales.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Rousseauxia DC.

Calyx-limb entire or sinuate, provided with 5 accessory teeth. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube all round.—Species 20. Madagascar.  Veprecella Naud.

29. Connective of the stamens appendaged behind only, not or shortly prolonged at the base.  30

Connective of the stamens appendaged in front or also behind, or unappendaged.
Flowers 5-merous.  32

30. Stamens unequal in length. Herbs with a thickened root-stock. Leaves cordate, 9-nerved.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Cincinnobotrys Gilg

Stamens equal in length. Flowers 5-merous.  31

31. Calyx almost entire. Ovary crowned by 5 scales. Erect herbs with glandular hairs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in umbels.—Species 1.
East Africa.  Urotheca Gilg

Calyx 5-toothed. Herbs with a very short stem and cymose flowers, or climbing shrubs.—Species 15. Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Gravesia Naud.

32. Stamens distinctly unequal; connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base, furnished with 1-2 bosses or spurs in front, spurred or unappendaged behind.—Species 8. West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Amphiblemma Naud.

Stamens equal or nearly so; connective not or shortly lengthened at the base, usually provided with a scale in front, rarely also with a boss behind.—Species 9. Central Africa.  Calvoa Hook. fil.

FAMILY 182. OENOTHERACEAE

Leaves undivided or pinnately cleft. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, racemes, or panicles, 2-6-, rarely 4-merous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, rarely (Ludwigia) absent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 40. (ONAGRACEAE, including HYDROCARYACEAE.) (Plate 116.)

1. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Flowers
4-merous. Fruit top-shaped, woody, indehiscent. Floating herbs, with filiform branched side-roots and broad radical leaves.—Species 2. The seeds are edible and are used for preparing meal and medicaments.
“Water Chestnut.” [Tribe TRAPEAE.]  Trapa L.

Ovary inferior, 2-celled with one ascending ovule in each cell, or more frequently 3-6-celled with numerous ovules.  2

2. Flowers 2-merous. Receptacle prolonged above the ovary in the shape of a stalk. Petals white or reddish. Stamens 2. Ovules and seeds
2. Fruit an ovoid nut with a leathery rind, covered with hooked bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1.
North Africa. [Tribe CIRCAEEAE.]  Circaea L.

Flowers 3-6-merous. Stamens 3-12. Ovules and seeds numerous.
Fruit a capsule or a berry.  3

3. Flowers with bracteoles, regular. Receptacle (calyx-tube) not prolonged beyond the ovary. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow or white, rarely absent. Fruit loculicidal and septicidal. Herbs or undershrubs.
Stipules present, but usually minute and caducous. [Tribe JUSSIEUEAE.]  4

Flowers without bracteoles, 4-merous. Receptacle more or less prolonged above the ovary; if obscurely prolonged, then flowers somewhat irregular with red petals. Calyx deciduous. Stamens 8. Fruit loculicidal or indehiscent.  5

4. Stamens 3-6.—Species 5. (Including Isnardia L.)  Ludwigia L.

Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Epigynous disc pyramidal or cushion-shaped.—Species
10. Some of them are used medicinally and for dyeing. (Plate 116.)  Jussieua L.

5. Stem woody. Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular. Calyx coloured, with
a long tube. Petals red or violet. Stamens unequal. Fruit a berry.—Species
1. Naturalized in some tropical countries. An ornamental plant. [Tribe FUCHSIEAE.]  Fuchsia L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves exstipulate. Fruit
a capsule.  6

6. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped. Petals usually red. Stamens unequal in length. Fruit linear with a membranous rind. Seeds with a tuft of hairs. [Tribe EPILOBIEAE.]  7

Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped or cylindrical. Calyx-lobes reflexed.
Flowers regular. Petals usually yellow. Stamens subequal. Stigma
4-partite. Seeds without a tuft of hairs. [Tribe OENOTHEREAE.]  8

7. Flowers somewhat irregular, large. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals red, spreading. Stamens in one row, bent down, broadened at the base. Style bent down, hairy at the base. Stigma
4-partite.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Yields tea and medicaments, and serves as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant. (Under Epilobium
L.)  Chamaenerium Spach

Flowers regular, usually small. Calyx-tube shortly bell-shaped above the ovary. Stamens in two rows, erect. Style erect, glabrous.—Species
15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Willow-herb.”  Epilobium L.

8. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, rather short (as long as or shorter than the lobes).
Petals red or white. Fruit club-shaped, stalked, keeled at the angles, with a more or less woody rind. Seeds with an elongated funicle. Leaves pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa.
Ornamental plants. (Under Oenothera L.)  Xylopleurum Spach
Calyx-tube cylindrical, long. Petals yellow. Fruit obscurely angled, with a more or less membranous or leathery rind.  9

9. Seeds horizontal, sharply angled, with a thick coat. Leaves dentate.—Species
2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental plants; one species (O. biennis Scop.) has edible roots. (Under Oenothera L.)  Onagra Tourn.

Seeds ascending, rounded, egg-shaped, with an appendage at the top.
Leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa and some tropical islands. Ornamental plants.
“Evening primrose.”  Oenothera Spach

SUBORDER HALORRHAGINEAE

FAMILY 183. HALORRHAGACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, lobed, or pinnately divided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles spikes or panicles, small, regular, 2-4-merous. Petals free or in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 1-8. Anthers attached by the base, opening laterally by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with a single ovule or with 4 ovules, or 4-celled with one-ovuled cells. Ovules pendulous, inverted. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a nut, drupe, or schizocarp. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 117.)

1. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Sepals 2.
Petals 1-2, or more frequently wanting. Stamens 1-2. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a very short embryo. Terrestrial plants. Leaves radical, kidney-shaped, crenate. Flowers in spikes or panicles.—Species
1. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally.
[Subfamily GUNNEROIDEAE.]  Gunnera L.

Ovary 1-celled with 4 ovules, or 4-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. Sepals
4, sometimes scarcely perceptible in the female flowers. Petals 4 or in the female flowers absent. Stamens 2-8. Seeds with a long embryo.
[Subfamily HALORRHAGOIDEAE.]  2

2. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 4-celled. Stamens 4. Fruit one-seeded, dry and indehiscent. Terrestrial plants. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 9. (Serpicula L.) (Plate 117.)
[Tribe HALORRHAGEAE.]  Laurembergia Berg

Ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2-4-seeded, usually separating into mericarps.
Aquatic plants. Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal spikes.—Species 5. North, South, and
East Africa and Madagascar. [Tribe MYRIOPHYLLEAE.]  Myriophyllum L.

SUBORDER CYNOMORIINEAE

FAMILY 184. CYNOMORIACEAE

Reddish-brown, fleshy herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves scale-like. Flowers in terminal spadices, polygamous. Perianth of 1-5 narrow segments. Stamen 1. Anther versatile, turned inwards, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, almost straight. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a nut. Seed albuminous; embryo small, without cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Cynomorium Mich.

ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE

FAMILY 185. ARALIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually stipulate. Inflorescence composed of umbels, racemes, heads, or spikes. Flowers 4-16-merous. Calyx entire or shortly toothed, imbricate or open in bud. Petals free, valvate in bud, or united into a cap. Stamens as many as petals or more. Anthers versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, crowned by a disc (stylopod), 2-or more-celled, rarely (Polyscias) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 118.)

1. Stem climbing by means of small aerial roots. Leaves entire or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in umbels, 5-merous; pedicels not jointed.
Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; style simple. Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous. Seeds with ruminate albumen.—Species 1 (H. Helix L., ivy). North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are poisonous.  Hedera L.

Stem without adhesive roots. Leaves pinnate or digitate, rarely undivided or lobed, but then ovary 2-4-celled and style 2-4-parted. Fruit a drupe or a nut; endocarp leathery, crustaceous, cartilaginous, or bony.  2

2. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Stipules usually distinctly developed.
Pedicels not jointed.  3

Leaves pinnate. Stipules indistinctly developed or wanting. Seeds with uniform albumen.  5

3. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-4-celled. Styles short, free or united below. Stylopod convex or conical. Petals 5, free. Stamens 5. Endocarp crustaceous.
Albumen usually ruminate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely in umbels.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Seemannaralia
Viguier). (Plate 118.)  Cussonia Thunb.

Ovary 5-15-celled. Petals 5-15, usually united in the shape of a cap.
Albumen uniform. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in racemes.
Leaves digitate.  4

4. Stamens as many as the petals.—Species 13. Tropics. (Including
Astropanax Seem., Heptapleurum Gaertn., and Sciadophyllum P. Browne)  Schefflera Forst.

HALORRHAGACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 117.

J. Fleischmann del.

Laurembergia repens Berg

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Young fruit. E Young fruit cut lengthwise.

ARALIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 118.

J. Fleischmann del.

Cussonia spicata Thunb.

A Leaf. B Flower-bud. C Flower-bud cut lengthwise. D Inflorescence.

Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals 5, cohering in the shape of a cap. Ovary 8-10-celled. Flowers in spicately arranged heads.—Species
1. Seychelles.  Geopanax Hemsl.

5. Flowers in umbels or racemes with jointed pedicels, very rarely in spikes or heads. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 1-10. Stamens as many as the petals.  6

Flowers in umbels; pedicels not jointed. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 10-15. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets.  7

6. Styles present, usually free and filiform. Seeds smooth or folded on the surface.—Species 30. Tropics. (Including Cuphocarpus Decne. et
Planch. and Tieghemopanax Viguier, under Panax L.)  Polyscias Forst.

Styles absent; stigmas 2, seated upon the conical stylopod. Ovary 2-celled.
Pericarp with 8 oil-channels. Seeds 4-lobed. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. Flowers in panicled umbels.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Panax L.)  Sciadopanax Seem.

7. Petals free or cohering at the tip. Stamens as many as the petals, 10-15; filaments flattened. Styles awl-shaped. Trees.—Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.  Gastonia Comm.

Petals united throughout their whole length. Stamens numerous; filaments awl-shaped. Style none; stigma 2-cleft. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Seychelles.  Indokingia Hemsl.

FAMILY 186. UMBELLIFERAE

Mostly herbs with a jointed stem. Leaves alternate, rarely (Drusa) opposite, usually dissected and with a sheathing stalk. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or in racemed false-whorls, regular or the outermost flowers, of the inflorescence somewhat irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb usually faintly developed or wanting. Petals 5, free, usually bent inwards at the tip and therefore apparently notched or 2-lobed, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, rarely one cell only fertile, very rarely ovary 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, arising from a more or less distinctly 2-lobed disc (stylopod), rarely (Lagoecia) style simple. Fruit dry, usually separating into 2 mericarps attached to the 2-parted, more rarely 2-cleft, simple, or obsolete carpophore. Pericarp ribbed and usually traversed by oil-channels commonly situated in the furrows between the primary ribs which as a rule enclose vascular bundles. Seeds with an adnate testa, a horny albumen, and a small embryo with flat cotyledons.—Genera 92, species 410. (APIACEAE.) (Plate 119.)

1. Fruit with a woody rind, without a free carpophore. Oil-channels wanting, more rarely small and situated beneath the primary ribs. Seeds rather flat on the inner face. Petals straight, rarely bent inwards at the point and thread-shaped. Flowers in solitary or fascicled simple umbels or in racemed false-whorls, rarely (Hermas) in compound umbels. Leaves undivided,
lobed, or 3-parted. [Subfamily HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE.]  2
Fruit with a membranous or leathery rind, rarely (tribe Coriandreae) with
a woody one, but then oil-channels situated on the inner surface of the mericarps and seeds deeply grooved on this side. Flowers usually in compound umbels.  6

2. Fruit much compressed laterally, with a very narrow commissure and a much projecting dorsal angle. Oil-channels very narrow or wanting.
Calyx-limb indistinct or shortly toothed. Petals with a straight point.
[Tribe HYDROCOTYLEAE.]  3

Fruit compressed from front to back, with a broad commissure. [Tribe
MULINEAE.]  4

3. Mericarps with 5 ribs, the marginal ones contiguous. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals valvate in bud. Leaves roundish, stipulate.—Species
15. Some are used medicinally.  Hydrocotyle L.

Mericarps with 7-9 ribs connected by a network of veins, the marginal ribs divergent. Flowers polygamous. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaves exstipulate.—Species 20. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Under Hydrocotyle L.)  Centella L.

4. Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, with faint ribs. Oil-channels more or less obvious. Calyx-teeth narrow. Petals elliptical or lanceolate, with a straight point. Herbs forming cushion-shaped tufts. Leaves
3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate. Flowers in terminal simple umbels.—Species
1. Island of Kerguelen.  Azorella Lam.

Fruit much compressed, winged. Oil-channels obscure or absent. Calyx-teeth large or wanting. Leaves undivided or lobed.  5

5. Wings of the fruit arising from the marginal ribs and covered with barbed prickles. Seeds not furrowed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes wanting. Petals elliptical, with a straight point. Flowers in simple umbels arising at the forks of the stem. Leaves usually opposite, clothed with barbed bristles.—Species 1. Canary Islands. (Under
Bowlesia Ruiz et Pav.)  Drusa DC.

Wings of the fruit arising from the intermedial ribs. Fruit netted or wrinkled on the back. Seeds angular-furrowed. Flowers polygamous.
Calyx-lobes broad-lanceolate, petal-like in the male flowers. Petals awl-shaped, with the point bent inwards. Flowers in compound umbels.
Leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.—Species 5. South Africa
(Cape Colony).  Hermas L.

6. (1.) Styles 2, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc, filiform and rather long, rarely a single style. Fruit covered with scales, prickles, or tubercles.
Carpophore adnate or wanting. Oil-channels under the primary ribs, scattered, or wanting (none in the furrows). Calyx-lobes large. Petals with the point bent inwards. Flowers in umbels heads or spikes, which are simple or arranged in heads or cymes. [Subfamily SANICULOIDEAE.]  7

Styles 2, arising from the top of a more or less elevated disc (stylopod).
Carpophore usually free. Oil-channels in general only in the furrows of the fruit. Flowers nearly always in compound umbels. [Subfamily
APIOIDEAE.]  11

7. Ovary with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cell, the latter empty or containing a rudimentary ovule; in the latter case flowers dioecious and fruit with faint secondary ribs and without oil-channels. Oil-channels indistinct or wanting; in the former case style single. [Tribe LAGOECIEAE.]  8

Ovary with 2 perfect cells and ovules. Styles 2. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious-polygamous. [Tribe SANICULEAE.]  9

8. Style 1. Oil-channels present. Flowers hermaphrodite, in simple umbels with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica).  Lagoecia L.

Styles 2. Oil-channels absent. Flowers dioecious, in compound umbels or in umbels arranged in heads, with undivided involucral bracts. Leaves lobed.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally.  Arctopus L.

9. Flowers polygamous, in umbels arranged in cymes. Ovary and fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Fruit more or less globose, without distinct ribs, but with many large and small oil-channels.—Species 2.
North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally.  Sanicula L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes. Ovary and fruit clothed with scales or tubercles. Fruit ovoid, with several large and many small oil-channels or without distinct oil-channels.  10

10. Flowers in few-flowered heads with a 2-ranked involucre of usually 10 bracts, without bracteoles beneath the single flowers. Calyx-limb membranous. Fruit with thick and warty primary ribs. Oil-channels indistinct. Leaves undivided.—Species 8. South and Central Africa.  Alepidea Laroch.

Flowers in many-flowered heads or spikes with an involucre of several or many, usually prickly bracts, and with a bracteole under each flower.
Calyx-teeth stiff. Fruit without distinct ribs, scaly.—Species 15.
North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine.  Eryngium L.

11. (6.) Secondary ribs between the primary ribs of the fruit distinctly developed, similar to, or larger than the primary ribs, more or less distinctly winged or beset with rows of prickles.  12

Secondary ribs slightly prominent or wanting.  23

12. Secondary ribs, at least some of them, winged and unarmed. [Tribe
LASERPITIEAE.]  13

Secondary ribs not distinctly winged, but beset with prickles, more rarely with bristles or tubercles.  17

13. Fruit much compressed from front to back. Seeds flat or nearly so on the inner face. [Subtribe THAPSIINAE.]  14

Fruit scarcely or not at all compressed, broadly winged, glabrous. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs. Seeds deeply grooved on the
inner face. [Subtribe ELAEOSELINAE.]  16

14. Secondary ribs with a narrow or indistinct wing. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs, narrow. Petals white, slightly notched.—Species 3.
Cape Verde Islands. Used medicinally.  Tornabenea Parl.

Secondary ribs with a broad wing. Petals entire.  15

15. Primary ribs very prominent. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs.
Petals white or reddish.—Species 2. Island of Madeira. The roots are edible. (Including Monizia Lowe, under Thapsia L.)  Melanoselinum Hoffm.

Primary ribs slightly prominent. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs. Petals yellow.—Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Thapsia L.

16. Fruit with 4 wings, contracted at the commissure. Oil-channels distant.
Petals narrow, yellow.—Species 5. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Elaeoselinum Koch

Fruit with 8 wings and a broad commissure. Oil-channels nearly contiguous.
Petals broad, white,.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Under Elaeoselinum Koch)  Margotia Boiss.

17. (12.) Albumen deeply grooved on the inner face of the seeds. [Tribe
SCANDICINEAE, subtribe CAUCALINAE.]  18

Albumen slightly grooved or flat on the inner face of the seeds.  21

18. Albumen rolled in at the edge. Commissure narrowed. Primary ribs prickly. Secondary ribs with 1-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels obvious. Umbels of 2-6 rays.—Species 5. North Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally. (Including Turgenia Hoffm.)  Caucalis L.

Albumen flat at the edge.  19

19. Fruit with a broad commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps). Primary ribs covered with short bristles. Secondary ribs with 2-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 5-8 rays.—Species 1.
North Africa. (Under Daucus L.)  Orlaya Hoffm.

Fruit with a narrow commissure.  20

20. Secondary ribs prominent, rounded, warty. Oil-channels obscure. Umbels of many rays.—Species 2. North-west Africa.  Ammiopsis Boiss.

Secondary ribs scarcely prominent, prickly. Primary ribs ciliate. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 6-12 rays.—Species 9. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. (Under Caucalis L.)  Torilis Adans.

21. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally and narrowed at the commissure.
Secondary ribs clothed with bristles. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face. Calyx-teeth long, awl-shaped, unequal. Petals oblong, white or pink. Umbels of 3-5 rays.—Species 1 (C. Cyminum L.).
North Africa, also cultivated in East Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment and a medicament.  Cuminum L.

Fruit flattened from front to back. Calyx-teeth short. [Tribe
DAUCEAE.]  22

22. Secondary ribs clothed with white bristles. Primary ribs nearly glabrous.
Petals white. Umbels opposite to the leaves, with 2-4 rays.—Species
1. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. (Under Daucus L.)  Ammodaucus Coss. & Dur.

Secondary ribs beset with one row of long prickles. Primary ribs clothed with short bristles.—Species 20. North Africa to Abyssinia; one species naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially
D. Carota L., carrot) yield vegetables, gum-resin, and medicaments.  Daucus L.

23. (11.) Seeds very concave or marked with a deep furrow on the inner face.  24

Seeds flat, slightly concave, or somewhat convex on the inner face.  44

24. Flowers polygamous, the sessile hermaphrodite ones surrounded each by several stalked males. Petals white. Style long. Fruit nearly always one-seeded. Ribs indistinct. Albumen rolled in at the edge. [Tribe
ECHINOPHOREAE.]  25

Flowers of the primary umbels polygamous, but irregularly arranged, or hermaphrodite. Fruit nearly always 2-seeded.  26

25. Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower adnate to the pedicels of the male, which subsequently form a woody cup around the fruit. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow.—Species 1. North Africa. The root is edible.  Echinophora L.

Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower not adnate to the pedicels of the male; no cup around the fruit. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow.—Species 1.
Abyssinia.  Pycnocycla Lindl.

26. Leaves undivided, entire. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow or yellowish-green.
Fruit laterally compressed.—Species 25. North and South
Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Bupleurum Tourn.

Leaves, at least the lower ones, dissected.  27

27. Fruit linear or oblong. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribe SCANDICINAE.]  28

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose.  35

28. Fruit beaked. Oil-channels very narrow, situated in the furrows and under the primary ribs.  29

Fruit not beaked. Oil-channels usually broad. Petals bent inwards and notched at the tip.  31

29. Fruit with a long beak. Ribs obtuse. Calyx not toothed. Petals entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip. Umbels of few rays.—Species
3. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Scandix L.

Fruit with a short beak.  30

30. Fruit cylindrical, broadened at the base, without ribs in the lower part.
Calyx not toothed. Petals narrow, entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip.—Species 3. North and East Africa. One of them, the chervil (A. Cerefolium Hoffm.) is grown as a pot-herb and also used
medicinally.  Anthriscus Hoffm.

Fruit oblong, hispid, with broad and obtuse ribs. Calyx toothed. Petals broad, bent inwards and notched at the tip. Involucral bracts numerous.—Species
2. North-west Africa. (Under Athamantha L.)  Tinguarra Parl.

31. Fruit without distinct ribs, oblong, somewhat flattened from front to back, clothed with long hairs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, narrow; besides two larger ones at the commissure. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped.
Petals minute, white.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
Caucalis L.)  Chaetosciadium Boiss.

Fruit with distinct ribs. Calyx-teeth wanting.  32

32. Fruit with thread- or keel-shaped ribs. Oil-channels thin or rather thin.
Root tuberous.  33

Fruit with broad and rounded, roll-shaped ribs. Oil-channels large, solitary in the furrows. Root not tuberous.  34

33. Leaf-segments linear. Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre reduced to a single bract or wanting. Involucels of many bractlets. Oil-channels numerous.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Geocaryum Coss. et
Dur., under Chaerophyllum L.)  Conopodium Koch

Leaf-segments lanceolate or ovate. Umbels of 5-10 rays. Involucre and involucels of 1-4 bracts.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Including
Balansaea Boiss. et Reut., under Chaerophyllum L. or Bunium
Koch).  Biasolettia Koch

34. Fruit conical, clothed with bristles or short prickles. Umbels few-flowered.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Under Chaerophyllum L.)  Physocaulis Tausch.

Fruit cylindrical, glabrous.—Species 3. North Africa. One species is poisonous.  Chaerophyllum L.

35. (27.) Pericarp woody. Ribs slightly prominent or obscure. Oil-channels only at the commissure. [Tribe CORIANDREAE.]  36

Pericarp not woody. Oil-channels also on the back of the fruit, or all indistinct. [Tribe SMYRNIEAE.]  37

36. Fruit biglobose, much broader than long, wrinkled, without distinct ribs.
Commissure small, perforated. Mericarps separating when ripe. Calyx not toothed.—Species 2. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment.  Bifora Hoffm.

Fruit ovoid or globose, not broader than long, with wavy ribs. Commissure large, not perforated. Mericarps not separating. Calyx toothed.—Species
1 (C. sativum L.). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in Central Africa. The fruits are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil.  Coriandrum L.

37. Pericarp much thickened; corky, spongy, or blistery. Ribs broad, more or less roll-shaped, sometimes confluent.  38

Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs narrow, thread-shaped, sometimes obscure. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure, more
or less biglobose.  41

38. Ribs of the fruit confluent; furrows hardly perceptible. Fruit ovoid, glabrous or hairy. Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards.
Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3.
North-west Africa.  Cachrys L.

Ribs of the fruit separated; furrows distinctly visible. Calyx toothed.  39

39. Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded, roll-shaped; furrows very narrow, each with several oil-channels. Fruit slightly or not compressed, hairy. Albumen curved. Petals white. Leaf-segments broad.—Species
2. North-west Africa.  Magydaris Koch

Ribs of the fruit slender, more or less thread-shaped; furrows not very narrow. Albumen rolled inwards. Leaf-segments narrow.  40

40. Fruit covered with blisters, broad-cordate, laterally much compressed. Oil-channels
1-3 to each furrow. Seeds loosely enclosed by the pericarp.
Petals white. Leaf-segments oblong.—Species 1. East Africa.  Trachydium Link

Fruit smooth or covered with tubercles or hairs. Oil-channels numerous.
Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used medicinally.  Hippomarathrum Lindl.

41. Oil-channels replaced by a continuous oil-layer. Fruit ovoid. Pericarp thick. Ribs thick, wavy or crenate. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed. Petals white, shortly inflexed.—Species 2. North Africa,
Abyssinia, and South Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Hemlock.”  Conium L.

Oil-channels separated. Fruit cordate. Pericarp thin. Ribs thin.
Petals long inflexed.  42

42. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Albumen curved. Calyx toothed.
Petals white.—Species 1. North Africa.  Physospermum Cuss.

Oil-channels 2 or more in each furrow. Root tuberous.  43

43. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed.
Petals white. Involucre wanting.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Cyrenaica). (Under Conopodium Koch).  Scaligeria DC.

Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Petals yellow.—Species
2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments.  Smyrnium L.

44. (23.) Marginal ribs of the mericarps much more prominent than the dorsal and more or less distinctly winged. Mericarps and seeds much compressed from front to back. [Tribe PEUCEDANEAE.]  45

Marginal ribs of the mericarps similar to the dorsal. Mericarps and seeds slightly or not compressed. [Tribe AMMINEAE.]  57

45. Nerves (vascular bundles) of the marginal ribs next to the edge of the mericarps, distant from the seed.  46

Nerves of the marginal ribs situated at their base near the seed.  52

46. Marginal wings of the mericarps much thickened at the edge.  47

Marginal wings of the mericarps slightly or not thickened at the edge or
not distinctly developed.  50

47. Mericarps without dorsal ribs. Oil-channels only in the marginal ribs.
Petals white.—Species 1. South Africa. (Pappea Sond. & Harv.)  Choritaenia Benth. & Hook.

Mericarps with filiform dorsal ribs. Oil-channels also on the back of the mericarps.  48

48. Thickened margin of the mericarps gibbous. Oil-channels very thin.
Calyx toothed. Petals white, 2-cleft.—Species 2. North Africa.
They yield vegetables and medicaments.  Tordylium L.

Thickened margin of the mericarps slightly uneven. Oil-channels distinctly developed.  49

49. Marginal wings of the mericarps traversed lengthwise by a broad oil-channel.
Petals yellow, turned or rolled inwards at the top.—Species 7.
East and North Africa.  Malabaila Hoffm.

Marginal wings of the mericarps not traversed by an oil-channel. Petals white, hairy.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Heracleum
L.)  Zozimia Hoffm.

50. Oil-channels not extending to the base of the mericarps, usually ending at the middle in a club-shaped swelling, solitary in the furrows. Dorsal ribs slightly prominent. Marginal wings membranous. Calyx toothed.
Petals deeply emarginate, usually white. Involucels of many bractlets.—Species
2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They yield edible roots, fodder, and medicaments.  Heracleum L.

Oil-channels, at least some of them, extending to the base of the fruit.
Calyx rarely toothed. Petals slightly or not emarginate, yellow greenish or reddish.  51

51. Leaves once pinnatisect. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels male. Petals broad, much rolled in.
Marginal wings of the mericarps membranous. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely in pairs.—Species 2. One growing wild in South
Africa, the other cultivated in North Africa. Root edible. “Parsnip.”
(Under Peucedanum L.)  Pastinaca L.

Leaves repeatedly pinnatisect. Flowers polygamous, those of the lateral umbels male. Petals narrow, shortly bent inwards. Disc broad.
Marginal wings of the mericarps thickish or indistinct.—Species 10.
North and East Africa. Several species yield a gum-resin (African ammoniacum) used industrially and medicinally, others serve as vegetables or as ornamental plants.  Ferula L.

52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs more or less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary or wanting in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few rays. Petals white.—Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have edible roots.
(Krubera Hoffm., including Sclerosciadium Koch).  Capnophyllum Gaertn.

Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less filiform.  53

53. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx toothed.  54

Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous.  55

54. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Astydamia DC.

Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.—Species 1. Egypt.  Ducrosia Boiss.

55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral umbels male.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Ferula L.)  Ferulago Koch

Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards.
Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels sometimes male.  56

56. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals broad and rolled inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an involucre.—Species 1.
(A. graveolens L., dill). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in
Central and South Africa. Used as a pot-herb. (Under Peucedanum
L.)  Anethum Tourn.

Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing.
Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.—Species 50. Some of them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (Including Bubon L.,
Imperatoria Tourn., and Lefeburia A. Rich.)  Peucedanum L.

57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed; commissure
(plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [Subtribe
SESELINAE.]  58

Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs usually slender, filiform, rarely keel- or wing-like. [Subtribe
CARINAE.]  73

58. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel- or wing-like.  59

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad.  69

59. Ribs wing-like.  60

Ribs keel- or ridge-like.  62

60. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately dissected.—Species
1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (Under Meum Jacq.)  Ligusticum L.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.  61

61. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or partly wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx toothed.—Species
10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots. (Including
Stenosemis E. Mey.) (Plate 119.)  Annesorrhiza Cham. & Schlechtd.

Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or spongy.
Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.—Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Selinum L.)  Cnidium Cuss.

62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened, spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and rolled in at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow segments. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used as a pot-herb. “Samphire.”  Crithmum Tourn.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (Seseli) accompanied by a second channel in each furrow or one under each rib.  63

63. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present.  64

Calyx not toothed.  67

64. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed point.
Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves once or twice dissected.—Species 2. South Africa.  Polemannia Eckl. & Zeyh.

Stem herbaceous.  65

65. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly bottle-shaped, compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present.
Leaves thrice dissected.—Species 2. Canary Islands.  Todaroa Parl.

Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval.  66

66. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty or bristly ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical. Styles long, with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present. Leaves twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.—Species 3. Central
Africa.  Physotrichia Hiern

Seeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect and with narrow segments.—Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including Libanotis Crantz).  Seseli L.

67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc conical. Pericarp not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear segments.—Species 2.
North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also naturalized in other regions.
They yield vegetables, condiments, perfumes, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. “Fennel”.  Foeniculum L.

Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments.  68

68. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc conical.
Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally.  Phellolophium Bak.

Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid; furrows broad.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Fools parsley.”  Aethusa L.

69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals obovate, white. Involucels of many bracts.—Species 10. North and South
Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine.  Oenanthe L.

Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present.  70

70. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp not considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner face.
Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of many bracts. Leaves with broad segments.—Species 1. North Africa.
(Brignolia Bertol.)  Kundmannia Scop.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a second in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish.  71

71. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate.
Disc depressed. (See 66.)  Seseli L.

Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical. Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected.  72

72. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds with a keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx toothed.—Species
4. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Athamanta L.

Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels thickened.—Species 2. East Africa.  Diplolophium Turcz.

73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (Heteromorpha) toothed to dissected, and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like.  74

Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like.  77

74. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.—Species 2. North-west
Africa.  Hohenackeria Fisch. & Mey.

Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. Carpophore free.  75

75. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.—Species 3.
Central and South Africa. (Franchetella O. Ktze.).  Heteromorpha Cham. et Schlechtd.

Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal.  76

76. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate. Fruit oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular, leathery.
Umbels of few rays, involucrate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Nirarathamnus Balf.

Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat, entire.
Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.)  Bupleurum Tourn.

77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx toothed.
Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.—Species 7. South Africa.  Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schlechtd.

Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs.  78

78. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs slender.
Petals white or reddish.  79

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose.  83

79. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre and involucels present.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Falcaria Host.

Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting.  80

80. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller ones on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and under the ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base of the styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few bracts.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Lereschia Boiss., under Anthriscus L.)  Cryptotaenia DC.

Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and lateral.  81

81. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.—Species 5. North and Central
Africa. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots.  Ammi L.

Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally notched.  82

82. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with a single cotyledon.—Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible.
(Including Diaphycarpus Calestani, partly under Carum L.)  Bunium L.

Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.—Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa; one species (C. Carvi L., caraway) also cultivated elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are poisonous.
Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (Including Selinopsis
Coss. et Dur., partly under Bunium L.)  Carum L.

83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves dissected or the lower lobed.  84

Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (Rhyticarpus) 3, large, but then shrubs and upper leaves undivided.  85

84. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large, persistent.—Species
7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Including Berula Koch)  Sium L.

Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.—Species
25. The fruits of P. anisum L., anise, serve as a condiment; other species are used in medicine. (Including Reutera Boiss.)  Pimpinella L.

85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform.  86

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy.  87

86. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon the ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected
with very narrow segments.—Species 7. South and North Africa and
Island of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
Some species yield condiments. (Tragiopsis Pomel, under Carum L. or Ptychotis L.)  Trachypermum Link

Calyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs.
Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to the sheath. Umbels of few rays.—Species 10. North and South Africa.
(Deverra DC.)  Pituranthos Viv.

87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very prominent. Oil-channels large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals greenish-white, straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of 1-3 bracts or wanting.—Species 7. One of them (A. graveolens L., celery) is used as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (Including Helosciadium
Koch).  Apium L.

Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond.  88

88. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and ending there in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white, broadly inflexed and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad segments.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Sison L.

Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed, more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched.  89

89. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or somewhat reddish, much inflexed at the tip.  90

Calyx distinctly toothed.  91

90. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.—Species 2. North Africa; also naturalized in tropical and South Africa. One species (P. sativum Hoffm., parsley) is used as a pot-herb. (Under Apium L. or Carum L.).  Petroselinum Hoffm.

Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels narrow.
Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.—Species 1. North Africa and
Abyssinia. (Under Carum L.)  Ridolfia Moris.

91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow. Petals shortly inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels involucrate.—Species 3.
South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands. One species is used for preparing an intoxicating drink. (Glia Sond., under Lichtensteinia
Cham. & Schlechtd.)  Ruthea Bolle

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip, rarely shortly inflexed, but then red.  92

92. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly inflexed at the tip.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Anisopoda Bak.

Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed at the tip.  93

93. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from a transverse
fold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an involucre.—Species
4. North and South Africa. (Under Carum L., Petroselinum
Hoffm., or Seseli L.)  Ptychotis Koch

Petals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 3. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Rhyticarpus Sond.

FAMILY 187. CORNACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers regular. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the base. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; embryo long.—Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Ovary 4-celled. Micropyle turned outwards. Style simple; stigma
4-parted. Anthers oval. Petals broad. Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite, in cymose panicles. Leaves opposite, toothed.—Species 1.
South Africa. Yields timber. [Subfamily CURTISIOIDEAE.]  Curtisia Ait.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Micropyle turned inwards. Style and stigma simple, or styles 2-3. Flowers 4-merous, but unisexual, or 5-merous. [Subfamily
CORNOIDEAE.]  2

2. Petals imbricate in bud. Filaments short, thread-shaped. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in racemes sometimes arranged in panicles.—Species
3. Madagascar. [Tribe GRISELINIEAE.]  Melanophylla Bak.

Petals valvate in bud. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. [Tribe CORNEAE.]  3

3. Style simple. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers ovate. Petals ovate.
Fruit with a 2-celled stone. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro).  Cornus L.

Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Filaments very short, rather thick. Anthers oblong. Petals oblong. Fruit with two 1-celled stones. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Kaliphora Hook. fil.

SUBCLASS METACHLAMYDEAE

(SYMPETALAE)

ORDER ERICALES

FAMILY 188. CLETHRACEAE

Low trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Anthers turned inwards, shortly beaked at the base, opening by

UMBELLIFERAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 119.

J. Fleischmann del.

Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd.

A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Petal. E Group of fruits. F Fruit. G Cross-section of a mericarp.

ERICACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 120.

J. Fleischmann del.

Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Fruit. E Fruit cut across. F Seed.

two short slits at the top; pollen-grains separate. Disc none. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Style 3-cleft at the top. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a lax testa, a fleshy albumen, and a short embryo. (Under ERICACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. Island of Madeira. Yields wood especially used for making walking-sticks, and serves as an ornamental plant.  Clethra L.

FAMILY 189. ERICACEAE

Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves undivided, usually narrow. Flowers solitary or in umbels, racemes or panicles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-cleft or-parted, persistent. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 3-15, usually twice as many as the petals, free from the corolla or almost so, rarely (Ficalhoa) distinctly inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards, usually opening towards the top; pollen-grains united in groups of four. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary usually superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules axile or solitary, inverted or almost so. Style simple. Seeds with copious albumen.—Genera 17, species 720. (Including VACCINIACEAE.) (Plate 120.)

1. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube. Corolla deciduous. Stamens
8-10. Fruit a many-seeded berry.—Species 8. Azores, Madeira,
East Africa to Transvaal, and Madagascar. Some have edible fruits.
[Subfamily VACCINIOIDEAE, tribe VACCINIEAE.]  Vaccinium L.

Ovary superior, free from the calyx, but sometimes (Salaxis) adnate to the corolla-tube at the base.  2

2. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 6-merous. Corolla deciduous. Stamens 10-15 inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.
Fruit a capsule without a persistent central column, or a berry.
Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, oblong or lanceolate.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily ARBUTOIDEAE.]  3

Flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, very rarely (Erica) 5-merous, but then low shrubs with fascicled flowers. Corolla usually persistent.
Stamens 3-8, rarely 10-12. Fruit a capsule, usually with a persistent central column, or an achene. Undershrubs or mostly low shrubs, very rarely trees.  5

3. Anthers attached below the apex, provided with two spur-like appendages.
Filaments broadened at the base. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules axile. Fruit a mealy berry with a warty skin.—Species 2. North
Africa. They yield tanning materials, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve as ornamental plants. “Strawberry-tree.” [Tribe ARBUTEAE.]  Arbutus L.

Anthers attached above the base, without appendages. Disc indistinct.
Ovules subbasal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. [Tribe ANDROMEDEAE.]  4

4. Corolla shortly urn-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 15, in groups of three, inserted in the corolla-tube. Filaments glabrous. Stigma finally 5-parted. Seeds ovoid. Trees. Leaves serrate.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola).  Ficalhoa Hiern

Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Stamens 10-12, inserted singly at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments hairy. Stigma entire.
Seeds oblong. Leaves entire.—Species 7. Tropics. Some of them are poisonous or yield wood and medicaments.  Agauria DC.

5. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, many-seeded. Corolla shortly toothed, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers longer than the filaments, without appendages, opening by terminal pores. Ovary-cells many-ovuled.
Small shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptical. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species 1. Azores. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subfamily
RHODODENDROIDEAE, tribe PHYLLODOCEAE.]  Daboecia Don

Fruit dehiscing loculicidally or indehiscent, rarely septicidal, but then few-seeded and enveloped by the persistent corolla. Corolla usually persistent after the time of flowering. Leaves usually whorled and linear.
[Subfamily ERICOIDEAE.]  6

6. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell, rarely with several ovules, but then
1-2-celled. [Tribe SALAXIDEAE.]  7

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each of its 3-8 cells. [Tribe ERICEAE.]  12

7. Stigma large, cupular or discoid. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting.
Corolla-lobes 4.  8

Stigma small, capitate or truncate. Bracts and bracteoles usually 3.  10

8. Style short, included in the corolla-tube. Stamens 6-8. Calyx unequally
4-cleft or 4-parted.—Species 15. South Africa. (Including Coccosperma
Klotzsch, Lagenocarpus Klotzsch, and Lepterica N. E. Brown).  Salaxis Salisb.

Style long, exserted. Stamens 3-5. Calyx 3-4-toothed or -cleft.  9

9. Anthers much exserted. Calyx 4-toothed. Bract 1.—Species 1. South
Africa. (Under Syndesmanthus Klotzsch).  Codonostigma Klotzsch

Anthers included or slightly exserted. Bracts none.—Species 20. South
Africa. (Including Coilostigma Klotzsch).  Scyphogyne Brongn.

10. Corolla 2-lobed. Calyx 2-lobed or 4-toothed. Stamens 4.—Species
9. South Africa. (Including Aniserica N. E. Brown)  Sympieza Lichtenst.

Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx 4-toothed to 4-parted.  11

11. Calyx shortly toothed, usually thickened. Stamens 3-4. Ovary 1-2-celled.—Species
50. South Africa. (Including Anomalanthus Klotzsch and Syndesmanthus Klotzsch).  Simochilus Hook. & Benth.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond. Stamens 4-8.—Species 40.
South Africa. (Including Acrostemon Klotzsch, Eremiopsis N. E. Brown,
Grisebachia Klotzsch, Hexastemon Klotzsch, Platycalyx N. E. Brown,
Thamnus Klotzsch, and Thoracosperma Klotzsch).  Eremia Don

12. (6.) Stamens 4. Fruit few-seeded, loculicidal.  13

Stamens 8, very rarely 6, 7, 10, or 12.  14

13. Calyx-lobes unequal, one of them somewhat larger than the others. Disc distinctly developed. Bracts and bracteoles none.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa.  Ericinella Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Disc rudimentary. Bracts and bracteoles 3.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa.  Blaeria L.

14. Flowers with 4 bracts and bracteoles. Calyx corolla-like, 4-parted nearly to the base, slightly exceeding the deeply 4-cleft corolla. Anthers spurred, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, few-seeded.—Species 1 (C. vulgaris Salisb., ling). North-west
Africa (Morocco and Azores). Yields tanning and dyeing materials, medicaments, and food for bees.  Calluna Salisb.

Flowers with 1-3 bracts and bracteoles or without any. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally, usually many-seeded.  15

15. Calyx-lobes unequal, the lowest larger than the others. Bracts and bracteoles none. Disc rudimentary. Stigma broad. Flowers terminal.—Species
45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Plate 120.)  Philippia Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Bracts and bracteoles nearly always present. Disc usually distinctly developed.  16

16. Calyx much longer than the corolla, two of the segments including the other two. Anthers opening by loculicidal slits.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). (Under Erica L.)  Macnabia Benth.

Calyx not much longer, usually shorter than the corolla.—Species 480.
South Africa, East Africa to Comoro Islands, and North Africa. Many species are used as ornamental plants, some yield wood or dyes. (Including
Pentapera Klotzsch). “Heath.”  Erica L.

ORDER PRIMULALES

FAMILY 190. MYRSINACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (Afrardisia) herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, panicles, umbels or heads, regular, 4-5-, very rarely 6-7-merous. Petals white or red, rarely yellow or green, usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to them, inserted on the corolla. Anthers opening inwards, more rarely near the apex. Ovary superior, rarely (Maesa) half-inferior, 1-celled, with a free central, usually globular placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a berry, a drupe, or a nut. Seeds with copious albumen. Embryo with a long radicle and small cotyledons.—Genera 10, species 130. (Plate 121.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules seated upon the surface of the placenta. Fruit several-seeded. Petals united below, white. Stigma
broadened. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 121.)
[Subfamily MAESOIDEAE.]  Maesa Forsk.

Ovary superior. Ovules sunk into the placenta. Fruit one-seeded.
[Subfamily MYRSINOIDEAE.]  2

2. Ovules in several rows. Petals free, pink. Flowers hermaphrodite,
5-merous, in short racemes. Stigma punctiform. Filaments long.—Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under Ardisia Swartz or
Myrsine L.) [Tribe ARDISIEAE.]  Heberdenia Banks

Ovules in a single row. Petals united below, more rarely free, but then flowers dioecious and stigma peltate. [Tribe MYRSINEAE.]  3

3. Ovules numerous, about ten. Anthers opening by a single pore at the apex. Sepals unequal-sided. Petals united below. Filaments short.
Stigma punctiform. Trees. Flowers in panicles, dioecious, 5-merous.—Species
6. Madagascar. (Under Ardisia Swartz).  Monoporus A. DC.

Ovules few. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 4.

4. Stigma punctiform. Style thin. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-7-merous.
Petals united below. Filaments short, free or nearly so.  5

Stigma more or less dilated. Style thick.  6

5. Sepals and petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation; petals white, equal-sided. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in heads or umbels arising from lateral dwarf-shoots.—Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under Myrsine L.)  Pleiomeris A. DC.

Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation; petals red, unequal-sided.
Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels or racemes,
5-merous.—Species 10. West Africa. (Under Ardisia Swartz).  Afrardisia Mez

6. Petals free or nearly so. Filaments usually free. Flowers unisexual.—Species
25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Samara L., Pattara Adans.)  Embelia Burm.

Petals obviously united below.  7

7. Filaments wanting.  8

Filaments distinctly developed, more or less united. Style present.  9

8. Style wanting. Flowers in umbels upon sometimes imperceptible dwarf-shoots.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Myrsine L.)  Rapanea Aubl.

Style present. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.—Species 10.
Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. (Under Ardisia Swartz or Icacorea
Aubl.)  Badula Juss.

9. Flowers dioecious, in umbels arising from dwarf-shoots. Petals imbricate in bud. Anthers free.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and
Azores. They yield timber and are used as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder plants.  Myrsine L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary umbels, racemes or panicles.—Species
55. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.  Oncostemon A. Juss.

MYRSINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 121.

J. Fleischmann del.

Maesa lanceolata Forsk.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruiting branch. D Fruit. E Seed. F Seed cut lengthwise.

PRIMULACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 122.

J. Fleischmann del.

Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Seed. D Seed cut lengthwise.

FAMILY 191. PRIMULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in umbels racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, 3-7-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals usually united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Fertile stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Ovary usually superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with ventral hilum; albumen fleshy; embryo small, axile.—Genera 11, species 45. (Plate 122.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Corolla white, 5-cleft, regular, imbricate in bud, with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules numerous. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate.—Species 2. Used as vegetables. [Tribe SAMOLEAE.]  Samolus L.

Ovary superior.  2

2. Corolla irregular, red. Calyx prickly. Ovules 5. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves alternate, linear, prickly toothed.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe CORIDEAE.]  Coris L.

Corolla regular. Calyx not prickly.  3

3. Corolla-lobes bent back, with contorted aestivation, red or white. Ovules numerous. Stem tuberous. Leaves radical, stalked, broad. Flowers solitary, radical.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the tubers are poisonous. [Tribe CYCLAMINEAE.]  Cyclamen L.

Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Stem not tuberous.  4

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. [Tribe LYSIMACHIEAE.]  5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. [Tribe ANDROSACEAE.]  9

5. Corolla smaller than the calyx. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves.  6

Corolla larger than the calyx; petals united below.  8

6. Petals 3, free. Fruit 2-seeded, opening in 3 valves. Leaves opposite.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. (Under Asterolinum
Link & Hoffmsg.)  Pelletiera St. Hil.

Petals 4-5, united below. Fruit many-seeded.  7

7. Corolla-tube short. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.—Species 1. North and East Africa.  Centuneulus L.

Corolla-tube long. Fruit opening by 4-5 valves. Leaves opposite.—Species
2. North and East Africa.  Asterolinum Link & Hoffmsg.

8. Fruit opening by a lid. Corolla red or blue. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species
20. Some of them yield a fish-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Pimpernel.”  Anagallis L.

Fruit opening by valves. Corolla usually yellow or white.—Species 12.
North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Lubinia Vent.)  Lysimachia L.

9. Stamens with an acuminate connective, inserted at the base of the corolla.
Corolla white, about as long as the calyx, bell-shaped, deeply cleft, ciliate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.
Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, lobed. Stem creeping.—Species 1.
Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 122.)  Ardisiandra Hook.

Stamens with an obtuse connective, inserted in the tube of the corolla.
Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels or whorls. Leaves radical.
Stem erect, sometimes very short.  10

10. Corolla smaller than the calyx, bell-shaped, with a short tube, whitish or reddish. Flowers in umbels. Leaves elliptical, subsessile.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally.  Androsace L.

Corolla larger than the calyx, salver-shaped, with a long tube. Leaves spatulate.—Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Primrose.”  Primula L.

FAMILY 192. PLUMBAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in spike-head or panicle-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, 5-merous, hermaphrodite, bracteolate. Calyx with valvate or open aestivation, usually folded. Petals more or less clearly united, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from the basal funicle, inverted, with superior micropyle. Style or style-branches 5. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 7, species 90. (Plate 123.)

1. Styles united high up. Stamens generally free from the corolla. Inflorescence usually simple; each flower with 2 bracteoles, which usually bear no flowers in their axils. [Tribe PLUMBAGINEAE.]  2

Styles free or united at the base only. Stamens attached to the corolla.
Inflorescence composed of cymes; each flower with 1-2 bracteoles, one of which bears a flower in its axil. [Tribe STATICEAE.]  4

2. Sepals glandular, evidently united below. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens free from the corolla. Undershrubs.—Species 9. Some of them yield arrow-poison, tanning materials, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.  Plumbago L.

Sepals without glands, free or nearly so. Shrubs.  3

3. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, pink or violet. Inflorescence capitate.—Species 2. Abyssinia.  Ceratostigma Bunge

Stamens free from the corolla. Corolla funnel-shaped. Inflorescence spicate-paniculate.—Species 3. Central and South Africa. (Vogelia
Lam.) (Plate 123.)  Dyerophyton O. Ktze.

4. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Styles united nearly halfway up. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Undershrubs.—Species 3.
North Africa. (Bubania Gir.)  Limoniastrum Moench

Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla.  5

PLUMBAGINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 123.

J. Fleischmann del.

Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Ovary cut lengthwise.

SAPOTACEAE.

FLOW. Pl. AFR

Pl. 124.

J. Fleischmann del.

Mimusops Kummel Bruce

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Petal, stamen, and staminodes. D Petal from outside. E Anther from outside. F Cross-section of ovary.

5. Stigmas capitate. Styles tubercled. Fruit opening by a lid. Inflorescence paniculate. Herbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments, and serves as an ornamental plant.  Goniolimon Boiss.

Stigmas cylindrical or filiform.  6

6. Styles hairy. Petals almost free. Fruit bursting all round at the base.
Inflorescence capitate. Leaves usually linear.—Species 10. North
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Thrift.”  Armeria Willd.

Styles glabrous. Fruit opening with a lid, or bursting irregularly, or remaining closed. Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 60. North
Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa. Some species are used for tanning or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Limonium
Boiss.)  Statice L.

ORDER EBENALES

SUBORDER SAPOTINEAE

FAMILY 193. SAPOTACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils or on the trunk. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, more or less curved, the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple. Fruit a berry.—Genera 19, species 150. (Plate 124.)

1. Petals with two sometimes laciniate or minute dorsal appendages, rarely with one only. [Tribe MIMUSOPEAE.]  2

Petals without dorsal appendages. [Tribe PALAQUIEAE.]  4

2. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6; staminodes none. Appendages of the petals small, toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, affixed by a broad, lateral hilum.—Species 1. Seychelles.  Northea Hook. fil.

Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6-8, but alternating with as many staminodes, or more.  3

3. Fertile stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber.  Labourdonnesia Boj.

Fertile stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the petals.—Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, tanning-bark,
a resin (balata) similar to guttapercha, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including Baillonella Pierre, Dumoria
A. Chev., Imbricaria Commers., Labramia A. DC., and Tieghemella
Pierre). (Plate 124.)  Mimusops L.

4. Fertile stamens as many as petals. [Subtribe SIDEROXYLINAE.]  5

Fertile stamens more than petals.  17

5. Staminodes none, rarely 1-4, small.  6

Staminodes 5 or more.  11

6. Filaments with a leaf-like appendage. Leaves crowded at the top of the branches; stipules linear. Flowers in clusters springing from older branches.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cryptogyne Hook. fil.

Filaments without a leaf-like appendage.  7

7. Anthers converging around the style, oblong. Filaments adnate to the long corolla-tube at their base. Sepals free. Endocarp separating and enveloping the 5 seeds. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs with long, reddish brown, undivided hairs. Leaves lanceolate, with 2 pouch-shaped auricles at the base of the blade; side-nerves numerous, somewhat distant, connected by numerous transverse veins.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Gaboon).  Delpydora Pierre

Anthers not converging. Leaves not auricled. Hairs usually 2-parted.  8

8. Seeds albuminous. Primary side-nerves of the leaves usually approximate.—Species
20. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits.  Chrysophyllum L.

Seeds exalbuminous, solitary. Stigma 5-lobed. Primary side-nerves of the leaves somewhat distant. Trees.  9

9. Sepals free or nearly so. Tube of the corolla longer than the segments.
Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Leaves oblong or ovate; primary side-nerves straight and connected by numerous transverse veins.—Species
6. Central Africa. They yield timber.  Malacantha Pierre

Sepals obviously united at the base. Tube of the corolla as long as or shorter than the segments. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical; primary side-nerves arched, connected by a network of veins.  10

10. Corolla-tube as long as the segments. Ovules attached below the middle.—Species
6. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under Sideroxylon
L.)  Sersalisia R. Br.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Ovules attached by the middle or above it. Leaves lanceolate; stipules linear.—Species 4. Central
Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds.  Pachystela Pierre

11. (5.) Ovary 2-6-celled.  12

Ovary 8-12-celled.  16

12. Filaments much longer than the anthers. Staminodes linear. Style long.
Ovules attached above the middle. Corolla with a short tube and narrow segments. Seed 1, with a very scanty albumen. Trees. Leaves lanceolate, stipulate.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under Sideroxylon
L.)  Bakerisideroxylon Engl.

Filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anthers. Ovules
attached by the middle or below it.  13

13. Sepals united to above the middle. Anthers opening inwards. Staminodes lanceolate or ovate. Styles very long, with a very small stigma. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees. Leaves lanceolate.—Species 3. Central
Africa. (Including Stironcurum Radlk.)  Synsepalum A. DC.

Sepals free or united at the base. Anthers opening outwards.  14

14. Staminodes awl-shaped. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds 2-4, connate, albuminous.
Spiny trees. Leaves lanceolate. Species 1. Morocco.
Yields timber (iron-wood) and oil.  Argania Roem. & Schult.

Staminodes more or less petal-like, or short and broad. Ovary usually
5-celled. Seeds separate or solitary.  15

15. Staminodes more or less petal-like. Seeds albuminous, with leaf-like cotyledons.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, and Madeira. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments.
(Including Calvaria Commers. and Sapota A. DC.)  Sideroxylon L.

Staminodes small, broad. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons.
(See 10.)  Sersalisia R. Br.

16. Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Ovary 10-12-celled. Ovules attached by the base. Fruit 4-12-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, with a narrow hilum, albuminous. Flowers solitary.—Species 1
(A. Sapota L., sapodilla-plum). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Sapota
Plum.)  Achras L.

Calyx 8-10-parted. Corolla 8-10-cleft or -parted. Ovary 8-10-celled.
Ovules attached by the middle. Fruit 1-4-seeded. Seeds globular, with a broad hilum, exalbuminous. Flowers in clusters, clothed with rusty-brown hairs.—Species 1 (B. Parkii Kotschy). Central Africa.
Yields timber, a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and a fat (shea-butter) from the seeds. (Bassia L.)  Butyrospermum Kotschy

17. (4.) Sepals 5, unequal, spirally arranged. Fertile stamens 15, 20, or more; Staminodes 5 or more. Ovary 9-30-celled. Style cone- or club-shaped. [Subtribe OMPHALOCARPINAE.]  18

Sepals 4 or 6, nearly equal, whorled. Stamens 12 or 16, all fertile. Anthers opening outwards. Style awl-shaped. [Subtribe ILLIPINAE.]  19

18. Stamens 15, united in 5 bundles. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary
10-celled. Style club-shaped. Petals 5, white. Sepals red. Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the lower, sometimes fallen leaves.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Tridesmostemon Engl.

Stamens 20 or more, free. Anthers opening inwards. Style cone-shaped,
Flowers springing from the old wood.—Species 13. West Africa.
They yield timber and a sort of guttapercha.  Omphalocarpum Beauv.

19. Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stamens 16. Ovary 10-12-celled. Seeds albuminous.—Species
1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields guttapercha.  Payena A. DC.

Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species
2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding guttapercha.  Palaquium Blanco

SUBORDER DIOSPYRINEAE

FAMILY 194. HOPLESTIGMATACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx closed in the bud, subsequently cleft into 2-4 lobes. Corolla with a short tube and 11-14 imbricate segments. Stamens 23-34, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled with 2 much projecting placentas. Ovules 4, pendulous inverted. Styles 2, united at the base, with roundish stigmas. Fruit a drupe with 2 empty cavities. Seeds with a large embryo and scanty albumen. (Under FLACOURTIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. Equatorial West Africa.  Hoplestigma Pierre

FAMILY 195. EBENACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the leaf-axils, regular. Petals united below, with contorted, rarely valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, or more numerous, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments free or united in bundles. Anthers basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-16-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Seeds with a copious, cartilaginous albumen and an axile embryo.—Genera 6, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 125.)

1. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens about 30. Flowers 4-merous, dioecious, the male in cymes, the female solitary.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Tetraclis Hiern

Corolla with contorted aestivation.  2

2. Stamens 2-3, with hairy filaments and linear anthers. Corolla 3-4-lobed.
Flowers dioecious. Fruit oblong or ovoid. Leaves oblique at the base.—Species 1. West Africa.  Rhaphidanthe Hiern

Stamens 4 or more, very rarely 3, but then filaments glabrous and anthers oblong or lanceolate.  3

3. Stamens in a single row, 4-14, usually 10. Flowers usually hermaphrodite,
5-, rarely 4-, 6-, or 7-merous. Ovary 4-10-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Pericarp leathery.—Species 20. South and Central
Africa. Some species yield timber.  Royena L.

Stamens in 2 or more rows, very rarely in a single row, but then only 3.
Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Pericarp usually fleshy.  4

4. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules, or 6-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; in the latter case female flowers with staminodes. Flowers 3-merous, more rarely 4-6-merous. Stamens usually 9, glabrous. Leaves alternate.—Species
20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 125.)  Maba Forst.

Ovary 4- or 8-16-celled, rarely 2- or 6-celled; in the latter case female flowers without staminodes. Flowers 4-7-, very rarely 3-merous.
Stamens usually 12-20.  5

EBENACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 125.

J. Fleischmann del.

Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Female flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.

OLEACEAE

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 126.

J. Fleischmann del.

Schrebera alata Welw.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Group of fruits. D Fruit cut lengthwise. E Fruit cut across.

5. Staminodes usually absent in the female flowers. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules, or 4-6-celled with one ovule in each cell. Calyx not enlarged after flowering. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 10-30.—Species 35. Central and South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits.  Euclea L.

Staminodes usually present in the female flowers. Ovary 4-16-, usually
8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Calyx most frequently enlarged after flowering. Stamens usually 16.—Species 75. Tropical and
South-east Africa. They yield timber (ebony), tanning and dyeing materials, mucilage, edible fruits (date-plums), fish-poison, and medicaments.
(Including Thespesocarpus Pierre).  Diospyros Dalech.

FAMILY 196. STYRACACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, clothed with stellate hairs, hermaphrodite. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting subsequently into 2 or 3 segments. Petals 5, free, fleshy, whitish-yellow. Stamens 10, free. Anthers basifixed, pointed, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 6, basal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1, with a crusty-woody testa and a copious, horny albumen. Embryo axile, large, straight, with a short radicle and thin cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Afrostyrax Perkins & Gilg

ORDER CONTORTAE

SUBORDER OLEINEAE

FAMILY 197. OLEACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate, usually opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels, rarely 3-4, inserted on the corolla, if the latter is present. Disc none. Ovary superior, rarely (Fraxinus) naked, 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled. Ovules 1-4, usually 2, in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 1-2. Seeds with a straight embryo.—Genera 11, species 120. (Including JASMINEAE.) (Plate 126.)

1. Seeds erect or ascending, the radicle turned downwards. Fruit 2-parted, but sometimes one half only developed. Corolla conspicuous, white or yellow, with 5-6, more rarely 7-12 or 4 imbricate segments; in the latter case anthers opening inside. Shrubs or undershrubs. [Subfamily
JASMINOIDEAE, tribe JASMINEAE.]  2

Seeds pendulous or descending, the radicle turned upwards. Fruit not
2-parted. Petals 4 or 0, rarely 5-8; in this case petals valvate in bud or stem tree-like. Anthers opening laterally, very rarely inside, but then petals valvate in bud. [Subfamily OLEOIDEAE.]  3

2. Fruit a capsule. Sepals linear. Corolla bell- or wheel-shaped, with a short tube and 5-6 segments. Anthers opening laterally. Ovules
2-4 in each ovary-cell. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided or
pinnatifid.—Species 3. South Africa.  Menodora Humb. & Bonpl.

Fruit a berry. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers opening inside. Shrubs.
Leaves compound, with 1-7 leaflets.—Species 60. Some of them are used in perfumery and medicine or as ornamental plants (jessamine).  Jasminum L.

3. Fruit a linear or lanceolate winged nut. Seeds with fleshy albumen.
Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla absent. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Leaves pinnate. Trees.—Species 4. North-west
Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments.
“Ash.” [Tribe FRAXINEAE.]  Fraxinus L.

Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe. Corolla present.  4

4. Fruit a capsule. Albumen very scanty or absent. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a long tube and 4-8 imbricate lobes. Flowers in panicles. Trees.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Nathusia
Hochst.) (Plate 126.) [Tribe SYRINGEAE.]  Schrebera Roxb.

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with a short tube or without a tube, and with valvate, rarely imbricate segments; in the latter case shrubs with spicate or racemose flowers. Leaves undivided. [Tribe OLEINEAE.]  5

5. Petals free or united in pairs, with valvate aestivation.  6

Petals all united at the base.  7

6. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes. Embryo with a long radicle.—Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber.
(Picconia DC.)  Notelaea Vent.

Flowers in axillary or terminal compound racemes. Embryo with a short radicle.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber. (Mayepea Aubl.)  Linociera Swartz

7. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Flowers in axillary simple spikes or racemes. Shrubs.—Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants.  Phillyrea L.

Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation.  8

8. Corolla globular. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes, more rarely solitary or in clusters. Trees. Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some have edible fruits.  Noronhia Stadtmann

Corolla not globular. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and flat cotyledons.
Flowers in compound racemes or in clusters.  9

9. Corolla-tube very short; segments narrow, bent inwards at the margins.
Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening outwards. Flowers in clusters.
Low trees.—Species 1. Southern Central Africa.  Dekindtia Gilg

Corolla-tube not very short. Sepals united high up. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Flowers in compound racemes.  10

10. Fruit a berry with a membranous or crustaceous endocarp, 2 cells, and 2-4 seeds. Inflorescences terminal. Shrubs. Species 1. Naturalized in North Africa. Serves as an ornamental or hedge plant; also the
wood is used; the berries are poisonous. “Privet.”  Ligustrum L.

Fruit a drupe with a bony, woody, or crustaceous endocarp and 1, rarely
2 seeds. Inflorescences usually axillary.—Species 15. Some of them, especially the olive (O. europaea L.), yield timber, edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.  Olea L.

SUBORDER GENTIANINEAE

FAMILY 198. LOGANIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, rarely toothed or lobed; stipules well developed or reduced to a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Calyx-lobes 4-5. Petals 4-16, united below. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals, inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-, rarely 4-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple or 4-cleft. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 14, species 240. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 127.)

1. Glandular hairs present. Corolla-lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens
4. Style simple. [Subfamily BUDDLEIOIDEAE.]  2

Glandular hairs absent. [Subfamily LOGANIOIDEAE.]  8

2. Anther-halves cohering above, divergent below. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla. Style long; stigma small. Ovary incompletely 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of several cells.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Plate 127.)  Nuxia Lam.

Anther-halves separate. Style short with a thick stigma, rarely rather long, but then flowers in racemes. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of 2 cells.  3

3. Anthers distinctly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule.
Flowers in many-flowered, terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Trees.—Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar.  Chilianthus Burch.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube or scarcely projecting.  4

4. Style long. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal simple racemes. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa and southern Central Africa.  Gomphostigma Turcz.

Style short. Flowers in capitate, racemose, or panicled inflorescences composed of cymes.  5

5. Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Fruit a globular drupe. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse line.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Buddleia L.)  Adenoplea Radlk.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled.  6

6. Fruit a globular drupe. Seeds with a small embryo. Ovary completely
2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences lateral, racemiform.
Leaves toothed, with foliaceous stipules.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Adenoplusia Radlk.

Fruit an oblong berry or an oblong or ovate capsule.  7

7. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a comparatively large embryo. Ovary incompletely
2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences capitate.
Shrubs.—Species 7. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.  Nicodemia Ten.

Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a small embryo.—Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dye-stuffs, a substitute for soap, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.  Buddleia L.

8. (1.) Style 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Fruit a capsule. Leaves entire. Stipules triangular or united into a sheath.
[Tribe GELSEMIEAE.]  9

Style simple. Ovules with several or many ovules in each cell, rarely with 2, but then corolla valvate in bud.  10

9. Flowers in few-flowered cymes enclosed by two large involucral bracts united at the base. Stamens unequal in length.—Species 6. Central
Africa. (Under Mostuea Didr.)  Coinochlamys Anders.

Flowers without an involucre.—Species 25. Tropics.  Mostuea Didr.

10. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation; segments 5-16. Stamens the same in number.  11

Corolla with valvate aestivation; segments 4-5. Stamens the same in number or fewer. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Inflorescences terminal and lateral.  12

11. Calyx with 4, corolla with 10-16 segments. Anthers long and narrow.
Disc present. Ovary 4-celled below, 2-celled above. Fruit a berry.
Inflorescences terminal.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species have edible fruits or are used in medicine. [Tribe FRAGRAEEAE.].  Anthocleista Afz.

Calyx and corolla with 5 segments each. Anthers short. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule. Inflorescences lateral.—Species 10 Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield timber. [Tribe LOGANIEAE.]  Geniostoma Forst.

12. Calyx-segments very unequal, one of them much larger than the others and petal-like. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamen 1. Ovary 2-celled with numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe ANTONIEAE.]  Usteria Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal. Stamens 4-5.  13

13. Corolla tubular, red. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.
Leaves whorled, linear. Flowers few, terminal or arising in the upper leaf-axils. Shrubs. Species 1. South Africa.  Retzia Thunb.

LOGANIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 127.

J. Fleischmann del.

Nuxia Autunesii Gilg

A Flowering branch. B Flower (from which the anthers have fallen off excepting one). C Flower cut lengthwise. D Ovary cut lengthwise.

GENTIANACEAE.

FLOW PL. AFR.

Pl. 128.

J. Fleischmann. del.

Chironia transvaalensis Gilg

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamen. D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit. F Seed.

Corolla salver-, bell-, or wheel-shaped, usually white. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, 3-5-nerved—Species
110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poisons, and medicaments; some have poisonous, others edible fruits and seeds, which are also used for preparing alcohol. (Including
Brehmia Harv. and Ignatia L. f.) [Tribe STRYCHNEAE.]  Strychnos L.

FAMILY 199. GENTIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided, sometimes reduced to scales; stipules absent or replaced by a transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Flowers regular, rarely (Canscora) somewhat irregular. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, 3-8, sometimes one only fertile. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple with 1-2 stigmas rarely (Erythraea) 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (Chironia) a berry. Seeds minute, albuminous.—Genera 23, species 250. (Plate 128.)

1. Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation, 5-partite, white or yellow.
Pollen-grains compressed from one side. Ovary 1-celled, with little intruding placentas. Stigma 2-partite. Leaves alternate or all radical, broad-cordate. [Subfamily MENYANTHOIDEAE.]  2

Corolla with contorted or imbricate aestivation. Pollen-grains not compressed from one side. Leaves opposite or whorled or nearly so. [Subfamily
GENTIANOIDEAE.]  3

2. Stem erect. Leaves slightly cordate at the base, ovate, radical. Flowers panicled. Fruit opening by 4 valves at the top.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally.  Villarsia Vent.

Stem floating or creeping. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Flowers fascicled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.—Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible roots or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Limnanthemum Gmel.

3. Stem and leaves reddish. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary, terminal. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow or blue. Anthers included. Pollen-grains with a single pore. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma entire. Ovules straight. Seeds with a very scanty albumen.—Species
2. West Africa. (Under Voyria Aubl.) [Tribe LEIPHAIMEAE.]  Leiphaimos Cham. & Schlechtd.

Stem and leaves green. Leaves well developed, rarely very small, but then flowers in cymes. Pollen-grains with 3 pores. Ovules inverted.
Seeds with copious albumen.  4

4. Pollen-grains connected in groups of four, tubercled on the surface. Calyx
4-toothed, with a winged tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Filaments
inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube, winged at the base.
Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-partite.—Species 1. West Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe HELIEAE.]  Schultesia Mart.

Pollen-grains separate. [Tribe GENTIANEAE.]  5

5. Ovary completely 2-celled. Pollen-grains very small.  6

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Pollen-grains rather large.  9

6. Anthers opening by terminal pores which are sometimes produced into slits, without glands, exserted. Filaments inserted at the throat of the corolla or somewhat lower. Corolla violet, pink, or white, with a short and wide tube. Calyx winged.—Species 12. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants.  Exacum L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits, nearly always with 1-4 small glands at the base or the apex. Corolla yellow, with a more or less elongated tube.  7

7. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes.—Species 80. South Africa and tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Sebaea R. Br.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the corolla-tube.
Flowers 5-merous.  8

8. Filaments inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Calyx not winged.
Small plants with small flowers.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Sebaea R. Br.)  Lagenias E. Mey.

Filaments inserted in the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube,
Calyx winged. Flowers rather large. Species 30. Tropical and
South Africa. (Parasia Rafin., including Exochaenium Griseb., under
Sebaea R. Br.)  Belmontia E. Mey.

9. Ovary divided into incomplete cells by the intrusion of the placentas.
Stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Stamens 5.  10

Ovary completely one-celled with little intruding placentas.  12

10. Anthers more or less twisted after flowering. Pollen-grains smooth.—Species
6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental plants.  Erythraea L. C. Rich.

Anthers erect or bent back after flowering. Pollen-grains tubercled or netted. Calyx with small scales on the inside.  11

11. Corolla yellow; tube short, glabrous within. Anthers exserted. Pollen-grains tubercled. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers in many-flowered panicles with large bracts.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Ixanthus Griseb.

Corolla white or red; tube long, with 5 small scales on the inside. Anthers included. Pollen-grains netted. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.—Species 9. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or are used in medicine.  Tachiadenus Griseb.

12 Corolla with 1-2 glandular nectaries at the base of each segment; tube very short. Stamens 4-5. Pollen-grains tubercled.—Species 35.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Sweertia L.

Corolla without nectaries, but sometimes with scales at the insertion of the stamens. Pollen-grains smooth or dotted.  13

13. Corolla with distinctly unequal segments and imbricate, more rarely contorted aestivation, white or red. Stamens 4, inserted at different heights on the corolla-tube, usually one only perfect. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-lobed.—Species 3. Tropics. Used medicinally.  Canscora Lam.

Corolla with equal or subequal segments and contorted aestivation.  14

14. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3; all inserted in the sinuses between the corolla-lobes. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem 4-angled or winged. Leaves very small, decurrent along the stem. Flowers in dense cymes.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under Canscora Lam.)  Schinziella Gilg

Fertile stamens 3-8, rarely more.  15

15. Flowers 6-8-merous, rarely polymerous. Corolla yellow, with a short tube. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-parted with deeply notched branches. Flowers in lax cymes.—Species 2. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Chlora L.

Flowers 3-5-merous. Stigma entire or 2-parted with entire branches.  16

16. Flowers 3-merous. Sepals very unequal. Corolla with a long tube, usually blue. Stamens inserted at the throat; filaments with a swelling at the base. Stigma 2-parted. Flowers crowded in heads.—Species 3.
Southern Central Africa.  Pycnosphaera Gilg

Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals not very unequal.  17

17. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers ovate, rarely oblong. Pollen-grains smooth.
Herbs.  18

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers oblong or linear.  21

18. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx 8-12-ribbed.
Corolla with a narrow tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf herbs.
Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, sometimes forming racemes or corymbs.—Species 8. Central Africa.  Neurotheca Salisb.

Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers ovate. Flowers small.  19

19. Flowers in dense fascicles. Calyx divided to the middle or below the middle. Corolla with 4 scales at the throat.—Species 10. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Faroa Welw.

Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla without scales at the throat. Dwarf herbs.  20

20. Stem much branched. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla with a long tube and broad lobes. Stigma 2-parted.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria).  Cicendia Adans.

Stem not or scantily branched. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla with a rather long tube and narrow segments. Stigma entire or notched.—Species
1. North-west Africa.  Microcala Link & Hoffmsg.

21. Filaments with a double scale at the base, inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers included, not twisted. Pollen-grains smooth.
Corolla-tube long. Stigma entire. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles.
Herbs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
(Hippion Spreng.)  Enicostemma Blume

Filaments without a scale at the base. Anthers usually exserted and twisted after flowering. Flowers in usually lax cymes or solitary.  22

22. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pollen-grains medium-sized, smooth. Herbs.
(See 10.)  Erythraea L. C. Rich.

Stigma entire. Pollen-grains very large, dotted. Corolla-tube rather short.  23

23. Calyx with blunt, not keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla present. Corolla red. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Hairy shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal cymes.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant.  Orphium E. Mey.

Calyx with pointed, usually keeled segments. Glands between calyx and corolla absent.—Species 40. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Malagasy Islands. Some species serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Plocandra E. Mey.) (Plate 128.)  Chironia L.

FAMILY 200. APOCYNACEAE

Usually woody plants. Juice milky. Leaves entire, usually penninerved with closely arranged, parallel primary side-nerves, generally opposite. Flowers with bracteoles, usually panicled, regular or nearly so, 5-, very rarely 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud, usually deeply divided. Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted in the tube or at the throat of the corolla. Filaments free, short. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits, sometimes adhering to the stigma. Pollen granular. Ovary superior, more rarely half-inferior, 1-2-celled, or 2, rarely (Pleiocarpa) 3-5 separate ovaries. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, rarely solitary, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or divided at the base, thickened at the apex, bearing the stigmas on the under-surface of the thickened part (stigmatic or stylar head), and sometimes two-lobed above it. Seeds usually albuminous and provided with a wing or a tuft of hairs.—Genera 61, species 450. (Plate 129.)

1. Stamens closely connected with the stigmatic head. Anthers prolonged at the base into empty tails. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the right. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily
ECHITIDOIDEAE.]  2

Stamens free or loosely cohering with the stigmatic head. Anthers without tails, full of pollen to the base, more rarely prolonged into tails, but then fruit fleshy and most frequently indehiscent. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the left. Seeds usually without a tuft of hairs. [Subfamily
PLUMIEROIDEAE.]  22

2. Anthers projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla-tube. [Tribe PARSONSIEAE.]  3

Anthers, entirely or for the greatest part, concealed within the corolla-tube.
[Tribe ECHITIDEAE.]  7

3. Calyx without glands; segments blunt. Corolla with a very short tube without scales; segments overlapping to the right. Filaments twisted around the style. Disc cupular, irregularly crenate. Twining shrubs.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Dewevrella De Wild.

Calyx with glands on the inside. Disc 5-lobed or wanting.  4

4. Disc 5-lobed. Calyx with 5-10 glands. Corolla white, with 5-10 confluent scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right.
Seeds glabrous. Trees or erect shrubs, glabrous.—Species 1. Northern
West Africa.  Malouetia A. DC.

Disc absent. Seeds hairy.  5

5. Calyx with pointed segments and 10—20 glands. Corolla glabrous at the throat; segments unequal-sided, overlapping to the right. Seeds with
a terminal and a smaller basal tuft of hairs. Twining shrubs.—Species
3. West Africa.  Isonema R. Br.

Calyx with blunt segments and 5-10 glands. Corolla nearly always with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Erect shrubs or trees.  6

6. Flowers small. Seeds covered all over with long hairs densest at the base.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Wrightia R. Br.)  Pleioceras Baill.

Flowers rather large. Seeds provided at the base with a deciduous tuft of hairs.—Species 3. South-east Africa and Madagascar.  Wrightia R. Br.

7. Leaves alternate. Stem succulent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx without glands, with subulate or lanceolate segments. Corolla usually funnel-shaped; segments overlapping to the right. Ovary superior.  8

Leaves opposite or whorled. Stem woody.  9

8. Leaves with 2 or more spines at their base or in their axils. Disc 5-lobed or replaced by 2-5 glands. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the apex.—Species
15. Madagascar, South Africa, and Angola.  Pachypodium Lindl.

Leaves and stem without spines. Corolla red. Disc none. Seeds with
a tuft of hairs at either end. Flowers large, in few-flowered cymes.—Species
13. Central and South Africa. Some species yield an arrow-poison.
(Idaneum O. Ktze.)  Adenium Roem. & Schult.

9. Corolla with separate or confluent scales at the throat.  10

Corolla naked at the throat, but sometimes with scales or swellings lower down in the tube.  13

10. Scales at the throat of the corolla united into a tubular, 15-crenate corona.
Corolla salver-shaped, the segments overlapping to the left. Calyx without glands. Ovary superior. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs. Erect
shrubs. Flowers small.—Species 1. East Africa.  Stephanostema K. Schum.

Scales at the throat of the corolla free or slightly united at the base. Corolla-segments nearly always overlapping to the right. Ovary almost superior or half-inferior.  11

11. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 entire scales at the throat. Calyx without glands, rarely with 5 small glands within. Filaments inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Disc cup-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-parted.
Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, without axillary glands. Flowers small.—Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Oncinotis Benth.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 divided scales at the throat. Calyx with usually numerous glands within. Disc none.  12

12. Corolla with laciniate scales at the throat, and with broad, not tailed segments, white or red. Anthers with a tailed connective. Mericarps at first cohering, subsequently divergent. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves whorled, narrow, densely veined. Flowers large.—Species 1 (N. Oleander L.). North Africa.
A poisonous plant yielding wood and medicaments and used as an ornamental plant.  Nerium L.

Corolla with bipartite scales at the throat, and with usually tailed segments.
Mericarps divaricate, ultimately spreading horizontally. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs and a long apical awn. Leaves usually opposite, with axillary glands.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield vegetable silk, poisons, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Roupellia Baill. and Zygonerion Baill.)  Strophanthus P. DC.

13. Corolla bell-, pitcher-, or funnel-shaped, usually small and with scales in the tube. Calyx-segments with 3-5 glands or without glands at the base. Twining shrubs.  14

Corolla salver-shaped and more or less constricted at the mouth, usually large and without scales in the tube.  18

14. Calyx and corolla very large; corolla white, with a glabrous tube, the segments short and overlapping to the right. Filaments thickened above. Anthers acuminate. Disc cupular, lobed. Stigmatic head conical. Leaves with distant nerves and axillary glands. Flowers in terminal cymes.—Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar.  Beaumontia Wall.

Calyx and corolla small or medium-sized; in the latter case corolla-segments long. Leaves with distant nerves but without glands, or with closely set nerves and with axillary glands.  15

15. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left; tube very short, with 10 longitudinal ridges. Anthers very shortly tailed. Disc none. Ovules 4 in each carpel. Leaves closely nerved, with small, axillary glands.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa.  Pycnobotrya Benth.

Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc cupular. Ovules numerous
in each carpel. Leaves remotely nerved, without axillary glands.  16

16. Anthers with blunt, reflexed tails at the base and a small, feathery mucro at the apex. Corolla white or yellow; tube with 5 longitudinal ridges inside, without scales or swellings. Stigmatic head spindle-shaped, with
2 narrow lobes. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 5. West
Africa and equatorial Lake-region. One species yields rubber.  Motandra A. DC.

Anthers with pointed, almost straight tails at the base and without an apical mucro. Corolla-tube usually with scales or swellings above the insertion of the stamens.  17

17. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, inconspicuous. Corolla-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube, broad. Stigmatic head conical, crowned by a
2-cleft point.—Species 5. Central Africa.  Zygodia Benth.

Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles or corymbs, more rarely in few-flowered cymes. Corolla-lobes as long as or longer than the tube, usually narrow. Stigmatic head campanulate. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. One species yields rubber. (Including Codonura K. Schum., Guerkea K. Schum., and
Perinerion Baill.)  Baissea A. DC.

18. Calyx with 5 glands inside the base. Disc none. Twining shrubs. Stipules usually present.  19

Calyx with numerous glands inside the base. Erect shrubs or trees.
Stipules absent.  20

19. Ovary 1, entire, more or less completely 2-celled—Species 1. West
Africa. (Under Alafia Thouars).  Holalafia Stapf

Ovaries 2, free.—Species 15. Tropics. (Including Ectinocladus Benth.)  Alafia Thouars

20. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Calyx with unequal segments.
Disc absent. Ovary 1, two-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Ochronerium Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Disc present. Ovaries 2, free.  21

21. Flowers in many-flowered, axillary cymes. Corolla fleshy, white or yellowish; segments not folded in the bud. Stigmatic head ovoid.
Mericarps oblong or spindle-shaped. Seeds with a feathery, basal awn.—Species
3. Central Africa. One of them (F. elastica Stapf, Ireh-tree) yields rubber (Lagos-rubber). (Under Kickxia Blume)  Funtumia Stapf

Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles. Corolla not fleshy, usually red; segments folded lengthwise in the bud. Stigmatic head oblong.
Mericarps linear. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.—Species 30.
Madagascar and East Africa. Some of the species yield timber and rubber.  Mascarenhasia A. DC.

22. (1.) Carpels united throughout their whole length. [Tribe ARDUINEAE.]  23

Carpels only partly united; ovaries wholly free or in their upper part only,
styles usually free at the base. [Tribe PLUMIEREAE.]  33

23. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. [Subtribe LANDOLPHIINAE.]  24

Ovary completely 2-celled. [Subtribe MELODININAE.]  29

24. Corolla funnel-shaped, large, yellow; tube cylindric below, much widened above. Disc ring-shaped. Calyx without glands. Stamens inserted somewhat below the mouth of the corolla-tube. Fruit a woody, spinous,
2-valved capsule. Seeds winged, with fleshy albumen. Erect shrubs.—Species
1. Naturalized in the tropics. An ornamental and medicinal plant.  Allamanda L.

Corolla salver-shaped; tube more or less cylindric. Disc none. Fruit
a berry.  25

25. Anthers tailed at the base. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.
Calyx small, with 5 small glands within. Ovary incompletely
2-celled. Style short. Seeds with fleshy, ruminate albumen. Erect shrubs or trees.—Species 5. West Africa. Used medicinally. (Iboga
Schum.)  Tabernanthe Baill.

Anthers not tailed. Calyx small and without glands inside, or large and with numerous glands within. Seeds with horny albumen. Twining shrubs, more rarely erect shrubs or undershrubs.  26

26. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the corolla-tube. Style long, usually hairy. Calyx without glands.—Species 35. Central Africa. Some species yield rubber and edible fruits. (Including Sclerodictyon Pierre)  Carpodinus R. Br.

Stamens inserted near the base or the middle of the corolla-tube. Style short or rather short, usually glabrous.  27

27. Calyx large, with numerous filiform glands within, spreading or bent back in the fruit. Corolla fleshy. Placentas much projecting. Pericarp woody. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). (Under Landolphia Beauv.)  Vahadenia Stapf

Calyx small, without glands on the inside.  28

28. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal cymes. Ovules 12-16; placentas much projecting. Glabrous plants.—Species 25. Central
Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Including Aphanostylis Pierre and Cylindropsis Pierre). (Plate 129.)  Clitandra Benth.

Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs sometimes overtopped by barren shoots and then apparently lateral.—Species 45. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield rubber, dyes, and edible fruits, from which drinks are prepared. (Pacourea Aubl., including Ancylobothrys
Pierre and Vahea Lam.)  Landolphia Beauv.

29. (23.) Carpels cohering along the ventral suture only. Ovules numerous, in several rows. Stigmatic head glabrous. Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Fruit usually of 2 spreading berries.
Trees. Leaves opposite, with numerous axillary glands. Flowers in terminal false umbels.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana
L.)  Picralima Pierre

Carpels wholly connate. Fruit entire.  30

30. Ovules numerous in each cell, in several rows. Disc none. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Calyx without glands.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds ciliate. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Craspidosperma Boj.

Ovules 1-10 in each cell, in one or two rows.  31

31. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Anthers linear.
Calyx-tube with many glands inside. Disc ring-shaped. Stigmatic head cylindrical. Unarmed, climbing shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo).  Cyclocotyla Stapf

Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head crowned by a hairy point. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, with a few axillary glands or without glands.  32

32. Stem unarmed, erect, woody. Bark bitter, poisonous. Inflorescences axillary. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 4. Tropical and
South Africa. They yield arrow-poison and are used as ornamental plants. (Toxicophloea Harv.)  Acocanthera Don

Stem spinous. Bark not bitter nor poisonous. Inflorescences terminal or pseudo-axillary.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments, or serve as hedge plants. (Arduina Mill., Carandas Adans.)  Carissa L.

33. (22.) Ovules 2-6 in each carpel.  34

Ovules 8 or more in each carpel.  42

34. Placentas much projecting. Fruit drupaceous. Trees or shrubs. [Subtribe
CERBERINAE.]  35

Placentas little projecting. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Leaves opposite or whorled. [Subtribe RAUWOLFIINAE.]  38

35. Corolla without scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right.
Calyx-segments blunt, imbricate in bud. Anthers pointed. Leaves opposite or whorled.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields timber, dyes, and medicaments.  Ochrosia Juss.

Corolla with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Calyx-segments pointed. Leaves alternate.  36

36. Calyx with many glands. Corolla yellow. Disc present. Ovules 2 in a carpel.—Species 1 (Th. neriifolia Juss.). Cultivated in the tropics.
The seeds yield oil.  Thevetia L.

Calyx without glands. Corolla white or reddish. Disc absent. Ovules 4 in a carpel.  37

37. Calyx-segments broadened at the base, imbricate in bud, persistent.
Corolla-tube slightly widened at the throat. Anthers blunt. Pericarp
not fibrous.—Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber and poison.  Tanghinia Thouars
Calyx-segments narrowed at the base, open in bud, deciduous. Corolla-tube constricted at the throat. Anthers pointed. Pericarp fibrous.—Species
1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Yields oil, poison, and medicaments.  Cerbera L.

38. Ovules 4-6 in a carpel, in two rows. Disc and glands of the calyx obscure or wanting. Seeds with ruminate albumen. Leaves remotely-nerved, usually whorled.—Species 4. Madagascar. (Gynopogon Forst.)  Alyxia R. Br.

Ovules 2-4 in a carpel, in one row. Seeds with uniform albumen or without albumen. Leaves usually closely-nerved.  39

39. Disc distinctly developed, cup-shaped. Calyx without glands at the base.
Stigmatic head short-cylindrical with a membranous margin at the base.
Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Leaves with numerous axillary glands, usually whorled.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments.  Rauwolfia L.

Disc obscure or wanting. Anthers pointed. Leaves with hardly perceptible axillary glands or without glands.  40

40. Calyx with glands at the base. Stigmatic head elliptical, ending in a 2-cleft point. Fruit berry- or nut-like. Seeds with a cartilaginous albumen.
Trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. Central Africa.  Hunteria Roxb.

Calyx without basal glands.  41

41. Stigmatic head depressed-capitate, ending in a 2-cleft point. Carpels 2.
Mericarps leathery or woody, dehiscent. Seeds winged, exalbuminous; embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons and a short radicle. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 5. Central Africa.
One species yields a kind of rubber or resin used as a varnish.  Diplorrhynchus Welw.

Stigmatic head oblong-ellipsoid, without a distinct point. Carpels 2-5.
Mericarps berry-like. Seeds not winged, with cartilaginous albumen; embryo with oblong cotyledons and a long radicle. Flowers in axillary, rarely pseudo-terminal fascicles or panicles.—Species 13. Central
Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber, another a poison.  Pleiocarpa Benth.

42. (33.) Calyx with glands at the base. Fruit succulent, usually indehiscent.
[Subtribe TABERNAEMONTANINAE.]  43

Calyx without basal glands, rarely (Holarrhena) the inner sepals with glands, the outer without. Fruit dry, usually dehiscent. [Subtribe ALSTONIINAE.]  52

43. Stigmatic head with a usually ring-shaped appendage at the base. Anthers more or less sagittate.  44

Stigmatic head without a basal appendage. Anthers shortly 2-lobed at the base. Sepals free or nearly so. Corolla-lobes overlapping to
the left.  48

44. Sepals united high up, obtuse, usually deciduous. Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers deeply sagittate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Orchipeda Blume, Piptolaena Harv., under
Tabernaemontana L.)  Voacanga Thouars

Sepals free or nearly so.  45

45. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Disc adnate to the ovary for the greatest part. Ovules about 9 in a cell, in two rows.
Mericarps striped, dehiscent. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers small.—Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally.  Schizozygia Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc free or wanting. Leaves stipulate.  46

46. Corolla-tube slightly widened above the insertion of the stamens. Anthers obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disc ring-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers large, white.—Species 6. West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.)  Callichilia Stapf

Corolla-tube gradually narrowed above the insertion of the stamens.
Anthers distinctly sagittate. Disc wanting.  47

47. Corolla-tube slender or widened at the base; stamens inserted near its base.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves without axillary glands.—Species 8. West
Africa to the Great Lakes. (Under Tabernaemontana L.)  Gabunia K. Schum.

Corolla-tube widened and bearing the stamens at the middle. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves usually with numerous axillary glands.—Species 35.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, rubber, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants; some are poisonous. (Under Tabernaemontana L.)  Conopharyngia Don

48. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped; tips of the lobes not bent inwards in the bud. Disc ring-shaped, adnate to the ovary.  49

Corolla salver-shaped; tips of the lobes bent inwards in the bud. Disc none.  50

49. Narrow part of the corolla-tube short. Bracts small, not forming an involucre. Undershrubs with a creeping root-stock.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Calocrater K. Schum.

Narrow part of the corolla-tube long. Bracts large, forming an involucre.
Erect or twining shrubs.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).  Crioceras Pierre

50. Stigmatic head globose, entire, without an apical point. Mericarps 3-winged, not or tardily dehiscent. Erect shrubs. Axillary glands and stipules present. Flowers small, in terminal few-flowered cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Tabernaemontana L.)  Pterotaberna Stapf

Stigmatic head oblong, crowned by a 2-cleft point.  51

51. Anthers linear, on short but distinct filaments. Axillary glands and stipules present.—Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plants. (Under Tabernaemontana
L.)  Ervatamia Stapf

Anthers oblong or ovate, sessile. Axillary glands and stipules absent.—Species
2. West Africa. (Under Carpodinus R. Br. or Picralima
Pierre)  Polyadoa Stapf

52. (42.) Disc reduced to two glands alternating with the carpels. Ovules in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary.  53

Disc ring-shaped or wanting. Shrubs or trees.  54

53. Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; filament inflexed; connective broadened, hairy. Stigmatic head with 5 tufts of hairs.
Corolla blue.—Species 2, one a native of North-west Africa, the other naturalized there and in the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. “Periwinkle.”  Vinca L.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube; filament very short, oblong; connective glabrous, not broadened. Stigmatic head glabrous. Corolla white or pink.—Species 3; two natives of Madagascar, the other one naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants. (Under Vinca L.)  Lochnera Reichb.

54. Disc distinct, wavy, adnate to the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers with long, curved tails. Erect shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. East
Africa.  Carvalhoa K. Schum.

Disc obscure or absent. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers with short tails or without tails.  55

55. Ovary half-inferior. Style very short. Calyx-lobes broad. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds winged. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, without axillary glands. Erect shrubs or trees.—Species
3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics.
They yield timber, perfumes, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve also as ornamental plants. (Plumeria Willd.)  Plumeria L.

Ovary superior. Leaves opposite or whorled.  56

56. Corolla with a short ventricose tube and with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules in two rows. Mericarps keeled or winged, long cohering. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite.—Species 5. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or yield rubber and medicaments.  Plectaneia Thouars

Corolla with a long, cylindric tube slightly widened at the insertion of the stamens, without scales, but sometimes with hairs or with a continuous ring at the throat. Ovules usually in three or more rows.  57

57. Corolla with a tubercled ring at the throat. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head conical, with a membranous

APOCYNACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 129.

J. Fleischmann del.

Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 130.

J. Fleischmann del.

Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (a corona-lobe, b pollen-carrier). C Corolla-segment and corona-lobes. D Fruit. E Seed.

margin at the base. Small trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal, many-flowered panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Stephanostegia Baill.

Corolla without a ring, but sometimes with a crown of hairs at the throat.  58

58. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments narrow. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, herbaceous, exstipulate.—Species 6. Tropics. Some of them yield timber or medicaments.  Holarrhena R.Br.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left.  59

59. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Anthers with short, pointed tails at the base. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, stipulate, without axillary glands. (See 46.)  Gabunia K. Schum,.

Stamens inserted at the middle or in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Anthers not tailed.  60

60. Stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers acuminate.
Stigmatic head elliptical. Seeds winged. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral, few-flowered cymes.—Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.  Ellertonia Wight

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Erect shrubs.
Leaves whorled. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.  61

61. Ovules in two rows. Corolla yellow, glabrous at the throat; lobes auricled at the base. Seeds winged. Leaves with few or obscure side-nerves.
Flowers in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic oil.  Gonioma E. Mey.

Ovules in 3 or more rows. Seeds hairy. Leaves with numerous side-nerves.
Flowers in many-flowered, whorled panicles.—Species 1.
Central Africa. Poisonous and yielding cork-wood, a guttapercha-like resin, and medicaments.  Alstonia R. Br.

FAMILY 201. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Stem usually twining and woody at the base. Juice mostly milky. Leaves simple, without stipules, usually opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals united below, with contorted or valvate aestivation. Stamens 5, usually adnate to the style. Filaments short or wanting. Pollen-grains united in waxy masses or in granules of 3-5 grains. Corona formed of appendages of the petals or stamens, rarely wanting. Disc none. Ovaries 2, free, superior, rarely half-inferior, with many pendulous inverted ovules on a ventral placenta, very rarely (Emicocarpus) with 1-2 ovules. Styles 2, united above into a thickened, sometimes 2-parted head bearing on its under surface 5 stigmatic dots and on its flanks between the anthers 5 small, usually horny bodies (“pollen-carriers”) to which the pollen is attached. Fruit of one or two follicles. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs and scanty albumen. Embryo with flat cotyledons and a short radicle.—Genera 118, species 1100. (Including PERIPLOCACEAE). (Plate 130.)

1. Pollen in loosely cohering granules formed of 3-5 grains each. Pollen-carriers spoon- or trumpet-shaped, consisting of the concave blade holding the pollen, the stalk, and the adhesive gland at its base. Filaments usually free. [Subfamily PERIPLOCOIDEAE, tribe PERIPLOCEAE.]  2

Pollen of each anther-half closely united into 1-2 waxy masses. Pollen-carriers not spoon- or trumpet-shaped, consisting of a central body and two lateral, rarely obsolete arms (“caudicles”) to which the pollen-masses are attached. Filaments nearly always united or wanting.
[Subfamily CYNANCHOIDEAE.]  29

2. Corona inserted on the stamens or at their base.  3

Corona inserted on the corolla remote from the stamens, but sometimes decurrent nearly to the insertion of the stamens.  16

3. Corona consisting of free scales or threads.  4

Corona consisting of scales or threads united at their base.  9

4. Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales.  5

Corona distinctly developed.  6

5. Corona adnate to the filaments. Corolla-lobes oval. Anthers ovate-oblong.
Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in dense, long-stalked cymes or panicles.—Species 2. East Africa. (Including Macropelma Schum. and Sacleuxia Baill.)  Gymnolaema Benth.

Corona free from the filaments. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong. Anthers linear-oblong. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in lax cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial East Africa.  Baseonema Schlecht. & Rendle

6. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. Calyx without glands. Corona-lobes broad, contiguous, usually with a linear, 2-cleft dorsal appendage. Stem twining. Leaves cordate, connected by a toothed stipular sheath. Inflorescences axillary.—Species
2. Central and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.  Chlorocodon Hook. fil.

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. Sepals alternating with glands, very rarely without, but then stem erect.  7

7. Anthers hairy. Corona-lobes thread-like, sometimes broadened at the base or cleft at the top.—Species 5. Some of them yield fibre, rubber, poison, or medicaments. (Including Parquetina Baill. and Socotora
Balf. fil.)  Periploca L.

Anthers glabrous.  8

8. Stem woody, twining. Leaves linear. Inflorescences axillary or on axillary dwarf-shoots. Corolla white, rotate, divided nearly to the base. Corona-lobes thread-like, 3-cleft.—Species 1. Equatorial East
Africa. (Pleurostelma Schlecht., under Tacazzea Decne.)  Schlechterella K. Schum.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually erect; underground part tuberous. Corolla with a distinct tube, rarely divided nearly to the base, but then inflorescences terminal.—Species 30. Central and
South Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Raphionacme Harv., including Gonocrypta Baill., Kompitsia Cost. et Gall., and Mafekingia
Baill.)  Raphiacme Harv.

9. (3.) Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. Corolla dark purple.
Seeds hairy all round. Leaves oblong-cordate, connected by a large toothed stipular sheath. Flowers in axillary panicles.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. (Including Perithrix Pierre).  Batesanthus N. E. Brown

Corona distinctly developed.  10

10. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation.  11

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation.  13

11. Corona-lobes united high up, usually 10. Anthers with a leaf-like appendage at the top. Pollen-carriers at first hooded, subsequently spreading reniform. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 7. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. Used medicinally. (Including Baroniella Cost. et Gall.)  Camptocarpus Decne.

Corona-lobes united at the base only, lanceolate, 5. Anthers with a small appendage or without any. Pollen-carriers spatulate or spoon-shaped.
Leaves lanceolate.  12

12. Corona-lobes rather blunt. Anthers ending in a membranous, trigonous appendage. Stigmatic head 5-angled. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.  Tanulepis Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes tailed. Anthers without an appendage. Stigmatic head conical. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Symphytonema Schlecht.

13. Anthers hairy. (See 7.)  Periploca L.

Anthers glabrous. Corona-lobes 5, filiform or linear.  14

14. Stigmatic head flat, 5-lobed. Corona-lobes shortly and unequally two-cleft at the top. Corolla yellow. Flowers small, in axillary panicles.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Harpanema Decne.

Stigmatic head short-conical. Corona-lobes entire or divided into 2-3 filiform branches.  15

15. Corona-lobes provided with 2 lateral teeth at the base; no lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with an oval, entire blade. Corolla greenish.
Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Leaves oblong-obovate.—Species 1.
South-east Africa. (Under Raphionacme Harv,.)  Chlorocyathus Oliv.

Corona-lobes without basal teeth; 5 small lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with a notched blade. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or panicles.—Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some species are used medicinally, one of them produces a kind of rubber. (Including
Leptopaetia Harv.) (Plate 130.)  Tacazzea Decne.

16. (2.) Corolla-tube as long as or longer than the segments. Corona-lobes awl-shaped.  17

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments.  18

17. Sepals linear, without basal glands. Corolla salver-shaped, with scales at the throat. Anthers hairy, with a tailed connective. Ovary superior.
Mericarps cylindrical, smooth. Leaves linear or lanceolate.—Species 2.
South Africa.  Ectadium E. Mey.

Sepals oval, with numerous basal glands. Corolla funnel-shaped, red or violet, with scales in the tube. Anthers with an acute appendage.
Ovary half-inferior. Mericarps ribbed lengthwise or winged. Leaves oblong to ovate.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes; also cultivated in Central Africa. They yield rubber, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants.  Cryptostegia R. Br.

18. Corona double, the outer of 5 triangular, the inner of 5 obcordate scales.
Filaments rather long. Anthers with a bristle-like point.—Species 1.
Central Africa.  Omphalogonus Baill.

Corona simple.  19

19. Corona-lobes 2-cleft, short and thick. Corolla bell-shaped. Sepals acuminate, with toothed glands at the base. Anthers ending in a long, awl-shaped appendage. Leaves broad-ovate. Flowers in many-flowered panicles.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Socotranthus O.
Ktze.)  Cochlanthus Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes entire or 3-cleft.  20

20. Corona-lobes three-cleft or broadened at the base.  21

Corona-lobes entire, not broadened at the base.  23

21. Filaments united below. Stigmatic head flat. Corona-lobes thread-shaped.
Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves whorled or alternate, linear. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). (Under Tacazzea Decne.)  Aechmolepis Decne.

Filaments free. Stigmatic head short-conical.  22

22. Sepals blunt, with basal glands. Corolla bell-shaped, with narrow segments.
Corona-lobes thread- or spindle-shaped. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters, linear. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Mitolepis Balf. fil.

Sepals pointed. Corona-lobes usually 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs; underground part of the stem tuberous. Flowers in cymes. (See 8.)  Raphiacme Harv.

23. Corona-lobes short and broad, arising from the very short corolla-tube opposite the segments. Stem twining.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Under Pentopetia Decne.)  Pentopetiopsis Cost. & Gall.

Corona-lobes long and narrow.  24

24. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Sepals pointed. Flowers in cymes.  25

Corona-lobes club-shaped. Corolla bell- or wheel-shaped.  26

25. Corolla wheel-shaped. Anthers with a short mucro. Erect tuberous
shrubs. Leaves whorled.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Ischnolepis Jum. & Perr.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a long ciliate process. Twining shrubs.—Species 10. Madagascar. Used medicinally; one species yields rubber. (Under Tacazzea Decne.)  Pentopetia Decne.

26. Corona-lobes arising from the sinuses between the corolla-segments.
Corolla bell-shaped, with oblong segments. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal and axillary cymes.—Species 1. South-east Africa to Lake
Ngami. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.)  Stomatostemma N. E. Brown

Corona-lobes arising from the corolla-tube below the sinuses.  27

27. Sepals pointed, lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped with long and narrow segments.
Filaments united at the base. Pollen-carriers with an orbicular blade. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species
1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.)  Curroria Planch.

Sepals blunt. Corolla wheel-shaped. Pollen-carriers with a linear or oblong blade. Leaves scattered. Flowers in sometimes few-flowered cymes or panicles.  28

28. Corolla with long and narrow segments, beaked in bud. Filaments united at the base. Anthers almost erect. Pollen-carriers linear. Stem twining. Inflorescences lax.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
One species yields a dye. (Including Acustelma Baill.).  Cryptolepis R. Br.

Corolla with oblong, rather short segments, hence not beaked in bud.
Filaments free. Anthers inflexed. Pollen-carriers with an oblong blade.
Stem usually erect. Inflorescences dense.—Species 10. Central and
South Africa. (Under Cryptolepis R. Br.)  Ectadiopsis Benth.

29. (1.) Pollen-masses contained in the lower part of the anthers, pendulous from the arms of the pollen-carriers. [Tribe ASCLEPIADEAE.]  30

Pollen-masses contained in the upper part of the anthers and attached to the pollen-carriers in an erect, ascending, or horizontal, rarely (Tylophora) an almost pendulous position.  75

30. Corona obscure or wanting. [Subtribe ASTEPHANINAE.]  31

Corona distinctly developed.  34

31. Corolla shortly lobed, urceolate, hairy within. Calyx without glands.
Corona arising from the corolla-tube or wanting. Filaments short.
Stigmatic head conical, notched. Mericarps thin or rather thin. Twining shrubs. Leaves narrow. Flowers of medium size, in usually many-flowered cymes or umbels.—Species 10. South Africa.  Microloma R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided. Corona arising from the staminal tube or wanting; in the latter case filaments none and flowers small.  32

32. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers or wanting. Corolla campanulate or urceolate, glabrous or tubercled within. Stigmatic head more or less conical. Mericarps thick or rather
thick. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in usually few-flowered cymes.—Species 10. Southern and tropical Africa. (Including Haemax
E. Mey. and Microstephanus N. E. Brown).  Astephanus R. Br.

Anthers stalked. Corona-lobes opposite to the anthers. Leaves oval.  33

33. Stigmatic head beaked. Calyx glandular. Corolla campanulate. Small shrubs. Flowers in few-flowered, sessile cymes or fascicles.—Species 1.
Northern East Africa.  Podostelma K. Schum.

Stigmatic head truncate or slightly convex. Corolla campanulate or rotate. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in racemosely arranged, umbel-like cymes.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under Tylophora R. Br.)  Tylophoropsis N. E. Brown

34. (30.) Corona inserted on the corolla, free from the staminal tube, but sometimes approximate to it. [Subtribe GLOSSONEMATINAE.]  35

Corona, at least the inner, inserted on the staminal tube.  43

35. Corona double, the outer ring-shaped, the inner of 5 lanceolate scales.
Anthers sessile. Calyx glandular within. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate, glabrous within, with valvate aestivation. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers conspicuous, in umbels or racemes.—Species 2.
Central Africa and Egypt. Used as vegetables, as ornamental plants, and in medicine.  Oxystelma R. Br.

Corona simple. Corolla with contorted aestivation.  36

36. Corona-lobes united about to the middle.  37

Corona-lobes free or united at the base only. Staminal tube short or wanting.  38

37. Sepals blunt. Corolla rotate, yellowish; segments velvety within, with distinctly contorted aestivation. Corona of 10 lobes, the alternating
2-cleft. Anthers without an apical appendage. Stigmatic head with
5 small points at the angles. Twining shrubs. Leaves wanting.
Flowers small, in few-flowered umbels.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Vohemaria Buchen.

Sepals pointed, with numerous glands within. Corolla almost campanulate; segments glabrous within, with subvalvate aestivation. Corona of 5 lobes. Staminal column long. Stigmatic head flat or slightly concave, 5-lobed. Mericarps short and thick. Erect shrubs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in many-flowered cymes.—Species 1. Nile-lands and Sahara. Used medicinally,. (Under Cynanchum L.)  Solenostemma Hayne

38. Corona inserted at the base of the corolla. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.  39

Corona inserted below the sinuses of the corolla. Calyx with 5 glands at the base. Flowers in umbel-like inflorescences. Erect herbs.  41

39. Corolla-tube longer than the segments. Calyx without glands inside.
Corona-lobes strap-shaped, gibbous outside. Twining shrubs.—Species
1. Naturalized in the island of Madeira.  Araujia Brot.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Herbs or undershrubs.  40

40. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes petal-like. Twining undershrubs.—Species
2. West Africa.  Prosopostelma Baill.

Calyx with 5 glands inside. Corona-lobes not petal-like. Mericarps thick, prickly. Erect or procumbent, downy or cottony plants.—Species
7. Central Africa, Sahara, and Egypt.  Glossonema Decne.

41. Corona-lobes bristle-like, curved. Corolla with linear divisions. Stigmatic head elongate-conical. Leaves linear. Flowers solitary.—Species 1.
Northern East Africa. (Under Glossonema Decne.)  Conomitra Fenzl

Corona-lobes broad. Corolla with lanceolate or ovate divisions. Leaves lanceolate or oblong.  42

42. Stigmatic head elongate-conical, 2-cleft, projecting beyond the anther-appendages.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Parapodium E. Mey.)  Rhombonema Schlecht.

Stigmatic head obtuse-subconical, not projecting beyond the anther-appendages.—Species
2. South Africa.  Parapodium E. Mey.

43. (34.) Corona-lobes united more or less, usually high up. Corolla with contorted, rarely with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe CYNANCHINAE.]  44

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining or shrubby. [Subtribe ASCLEPIADINAE].  60

44. Corona double.  45

Corona simple, but sometimes with small accessory teeth between or within the lobes.  51

45. Leaves reduced to scales or absent. Flowers in umbels or fascicles. Twining or procumbent shrubs.  46

Leaves well developed.  49

46. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft to the middle, with valvate aestivation. Outer corona cupular, entire or lobed.  47

Corolla divided beyond the middle, with contorted aestivation, small, white or yellow.  48

47. Corolla shortly lobed, large, red. Outer corona entire or obscurely lobed.
Stigmatic head 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Platykeleba N. E. Brown

Corolla cleft to the middle. Outer corona distinctly lobed. Stigmatic head entire.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Decanemopsis Cost. & Gall.

48. Outer corona of 5 long lobes united below, awl-shaped above. Corolla yellow. Mericarps very long.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mauritius.
Used medicinally.  Decanema Decne.

Outer corona short, ring- or cup-shaped, entire or shortly lobed.—Species
8. Tropical and South Africa. The stem and the milky juice of some species are edible or used medicinally; they also yield resin. (Including
Sarcocyphula Harv.)  Sarcostemma R. Br.

49. Outer corona lobed; lobes of the inner spurred. Sepals lanceolate, with
glands at the base. Corolla white or greenish, woolly. Twining shrubs.
Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in many-flowered panicles.—Species
5. Used as medicinal and fibre-plants. (Pergularia L.)  Daemia R. Br.

Outer corona nearly entire. Leaves linear, oblong, or ovate. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or fascicles.  50

50. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top and surrounded by a short 5-lobed cup. Erect shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species
1. East Africa.  Diplostigma K. Schum.

Sepals elliptical, with minute glands at the base. Stigmatic head without a distinct boss. Twining herbs or undershrubs.—Species 4. Tropics.
Used medicinally.  Pentatropis Wight & Arn.

51. (44.) Corona much lower than the stamens.  52

Corona equalling or exceeding the stamens.  54

52. Corona fleshy, crenate. Stigmatic head capitate, papillose. Mericarps linear. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).  Nanostelma Baill.

Corona membranous, lobed. Stigmatic head with a boss or beak. Twining or procumbent undershrubs or shrubs.  53

53. Corolla campanulate. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers. Stigmatic head with a long, 2-lobed beak. Twining undershrubs. Leaves small. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Pleurostelma Baill.

Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head with a boss or a short beak. Twining or procumbent shrubs. Leaves none. Flowers in umbels. (See 48.)  Sarcostemma R. Br.

54. Corona very large, campanulate, corolla-like. Stigmatic head conical.
Corolla campanulate; lobes rolled back at the edge. Twining shrubs.
Flowers in axillary umbels.—Species 3. Central Africa. (Under
Cynanchum L.)  Perianthostelma Baill.

Corona not corolla-like.  55

55. Corona with concave or laterally compressed lobes. Herbs or undershrubs.  56

Corona with flat, but sometimes appendaged lobes, or entire.  58

56. Corona-lobes obviously united below, concave, 10. Stigmatic head pyramidal. Sepals blunt, without glands. Flowers solitary or in pairs.
Leaves linear.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under Cynanchum L.)  Flanagania Schlecht.

Corona-lobes nearly free. Stigmatic head rounded or produced into a boss at the top. Sepals pointed, with small glands at the base. Flowers in umbels or racemes. Stem twining.  57

57. Corolla with broad divisions. Corona-lobes with an inflexed apical appendage.
Leaves broad. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 5.
South and Central Africa. Some have edible fruits.  Pentarrhinum E. Mey.

Corolla with narrow divisions. Corona-lobes laterally compressed. Flowers
in few-flowered umbels. (See 50.)  Pentatropis Wight & Arn.

58. Staminal column long. Corona-lobes 10-15. Sepals lanceolate-oblong, with basal glands. Corolla rotate. Erect shrubs. Leaves cordate-ovate.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under
Cynanchum L. or Vincetoxicum Moench).  Schizostephanus Hochst.

Staminal column short or wanting.  59

59. Sepals subulate, with solitary glands at the base. Corolla campanulate or urceolate; lobes pointed, fleshy at the sinuses. Corona entire or 5-lobed.
Stigmatic head lengthened, mushroom-shaped. Erect herbs.
Leaves linear. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences.—Species 2.
Madagascar.  Pycnoneurum Decne.

Sepals lanceolate or ovate. Flowers in umbel- or raceme-like inflorescences.—Species
40. Some of them yield fibre, poison, or medicaments.
(Including Cynoctonum E. Mey., Endotropis Endl., and Vincetoxicum
Moench)  Cynanchum L.

60. (43.) Corona-lobes distinctly concave, more or less hood-shaped. Erect plants.  61

Corona-lobes flat or rather flat, sometimes keeled.  66

61. Pollen-carriers with very large, broad and concave arms. Stigmatic head more or less ruminate. Sepals pointed, with numerous basal glands. Corolla rotate. Corona-lobes not spurred. Herbs. Leaves narrow. Inflorescences umbel-like.—Species 10. Central and South
Africa. (Under Asclepias L.)  Stathmostelma K. Schum.

Pollen-carriers with narrow and flat arms. Stigmatic head not ruminate.  62

62. Corona-lobes with a recurved spur at the base and two teeth at the apex.
Anthers stalked. Stigmatic head depressed. Sepals pointed, with many glands at the base. Corolla green outside, red within. Mericarps inflated. Leaves broad. Flowers large, in panicles.—Species 2.
Central and North Africa. They yield a kind of rubber, bast-fibre, vegetable silk, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants.  Calotropis R. Br.

Corona-lobes not spurred.  63

63. Corona lobes with a more or less horn-like appendage arising from the cavity. Sepals pointed, with solitary or paired glands at the base.
Corolla rotate. Mericarps thick. Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescences umbel-like.—Species 40. Central and South Africa; besides one species naturalized in the tropics. Some species yield rubber, fibre from the bark, vegetable silk from the hairy seeds, or medicaments; several serve as ornamental plants.  Asclepias L.

Corona-lobes without an appendage in the cavity, but sometimes with scale- or tooth-like appendages at the base.  64

64. Corona-lobes without appendages or alternating with small teeth. Sepals pointed, with basal glands. Stigmatic head usually flat.—Species 110.
Some of them yield vegetable silk or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Krebsia Harv. and Pachycarpus E. Mey., under
Asclepias L.)  Gomphocarpus L.

Corona-lobes with rather large scale-like appendages at the base. Sepals without basal glands. Herbs. Flowers small, in umbel-like inflorescences.  65

65. Corona-lobes curved inwards, attached to the stamens only by their basal appendages. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Leaves ovate.—Species
3. South and Central Africa.  Woodia Schlecht.

Corona-lobes erect-connivent, inserted on the stamens. Stigmatic head elevate-conical, 2-lobed. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate; segments with recurved tips. Leaves linear.—Species 1. South Africa.
(Under Schizoglossum E. Mey.)  Stenostelma Schlecht.

66. (60.) Corona of 3 rows of 5 lobes each; those of the middle row 3-lobed or
3-parted. Corolla rotate; segments narrowly overlapping in the bud.
Sepals with basal glands. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or corymbs.
Erect or more frequently procumbent herbs or undershrubs.  67

Corona simple.  68

67. Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Mericarps triangular, ending in three spines.
Seeds glabrous. Branches long. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed.—Species
1. South-east Africa (Delagoa Bay). (Lobostephanus N. E.
Brown).  Emicocarpus K. Schum. & Schlecht.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Branches short. Leaves linear-filiform or linear-hastate.—Species 5. South Africa.  Eustegia R. Br.

68. Corona-lobes petal-like, coloured, larger than the corolla-lobes, spatulate.
Divisions of the corolla usually rolled back. Sepals with many glands at the base. Stigmatic head flat or short-conical. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers in umbels.—Species 6.
Central Africa.  Margaretta Oliv.

Corona-lobes not petal-like.  69

69. Corona-lobes very thick and fleshy, more rarely moderately fleshy, and then without an appendage and without a keel or with a single keel on the inner face, but sometimes alternating with small teeth. Stigmatic head low. Erect plants.  70

Corona-lobes thin, rarely somewhat fleshy, but then with 2 keels or 1-2 appendages on the inner face. Herbs or undershrubs.  71

70. Stem woody. Leaves narrow, with minute bristles in their axils. Flowers in sometimes very short racemes. Sepals with basal glands. Corolla campanulate, cleft to the middle or beyond; segments woolly within.—Species
1. Central Africa. Used medicinally.  Kanahia R. Br.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, tuberous under ground. Flowers in umbels. Corolla divided nearly to the base.—Species 45. Central and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or are used in medicine. (Including Glossostelma Schlecht.)  Xysmalobium R. Br.

71. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft half-way down. Sepals with glands at the
base. Corona-lobes gibbous within. Stigmatic head truncate or umbonate.
Stem twining. Flowers large, in axillary umbels or racemes.
(See 34.)  Oxystelma R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided.  72

72. Stigmatic head produced much beyond the anthers into a long beak 2-lobed at the apex. Corona-lobes linear. Corolla-segments narrow. Sepals awl-shaped, without glands. Flowers in lateral cymes or racemes.
Leaves linear. Twining herbs or undershrubs.—Species 1. South
Africa. (Oncinema Arn.)  Glossostephanus E. Mey.

Stigmatic head not or slightly projecting beyond the anthers. Sepals with glands at the base. Flowers in umbels. Stem erect, rarely procumbent.  73

73. Stigmatic head club-shaped. Corona-lobes somewhat fleshy, with a transverse ridge or a short scale on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate, with solitary glands. Inflorescences many-flowered. Leaves linear.—Species
5. South Africa and Southern East Africa. (Including Periglossum
Decne.)  Cordylogyne E. Mey.

Stigmatic head truncate or depressed and usually umbonate.  74

74. Inflorescences terminal. Sepals with many glands at the base. Corolla white, with long hairs on the edges of the segments. Connective fringed.
Corona-lobes purple, with two linear appendages at the base, but without keels. Leaves narrow.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Fanninia Harv.

Inflorescences lateral or terminal and lateral. Corona-lobes usually with
2 keels on the inner face.—Species 120. South and Central Africa
(Including Aspidoglossum E. Mey., Lagarinthus E. Mey., and Mackenia
Harv.)  Schizoglossum E. Mey.

75. (29.) Pollen-masses 2 in each anther-half (4 on each pollen-carrier), very small. Pollen-carriers very small, broad, pale, rather soft. Anthers with a more or less fringed appendage at the top. Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or terminal panicles. [Tribe SECAMONEAE.]  76

Pollen-masses solitary in each anther-half (2 on each pollen-carrier).
Pollen-carriers hard, horny, usually of a dark colour. [Tribe TYLOPHOREAE.]  78

76. Pollen-carriers with well developed, narrow arms. Corolla yellow, urceolate, with short triangular lobes. Sepals oval.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields rubber.  Secamonopsis Jum.

Pollen-carriers with short and broad or indistinct arms. Corolla rotate.  77

77. Stem erect, shrubby. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. Corolla adnate to the ovary at the base; segments very long, spatulate. Corona-lobes
5, filiform. Pollen-carriers without distinct arms.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Poisonous.  Menabea Baill.

Stem twining or procumbent, shrubby or half-shrubby.—Species 45.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including
Toxocarpus Wight et Arn.)  Secamone R. Br.

78. Anthers with a distinct, membranous, flat or inflated appendage at the apex.
Corolla usually with contorted aestivation. [Subtribe MARSDENIINAE.]  79

Anthers with a very short appendage or a small point, or without any appendage at the apex. Corolla nearly always with valvate aestivation.
[Subtribe CEROPEGIINAE.]  93

79. Corona absent. Sepals blunt, with solitary glands. Shrubs.  80

Corona present.  81

80. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered. Corolla campanulate, woolly within; segments overlapping to the right. Stigmatic head obtuse-conical. Mericarps short, thick, covered with longitudinal ridges. Branches erect or procumbent, downy. Leaves fleshy, linear.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony.)  Rhyssolobium E. Mey.

Inflorescence many-flowered. Sepals unequal. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left. Apical appendages of the anthers ciliate-laciniate.
Stigmatic head hemispheric or conical. Mericarps long, smooth.
Branches twining, glabrous.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Trichosandra Decne.

81. Corona arising from the corolla below its sinuses and consisting of 5 scales.
Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate. Twining, hairy shrubs. Leaves ovate. Flowers small, in umbels.—Species 1. Tropical and South
Africa. Yields fibre.  Gymnema R. Br.

Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens.  82

82. Corona double. Twining shrubs. Leaves herbaceous.  83

Corona simple; lobes in one row, but sometimes furnished with appendages on the inner face.  85

83. Outer and inner corona arising from the staminal column and consisting of 5 scales each. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like cymes.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.  Swynnertonia S. Moore

Outer corona arising from the corolla, the inner from the stamens.  84

84. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Inner corona ring-shaped, slightly lobed. Pollen-masses horizontal. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa.  Oncostemma K. Schum.

Sepals ovate or subulate. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation.
Inner corona of oblong lobes. Pollen-masses erect. Flowers in globose, axillary, partly stalked, partly sessile umbels.—Species 2.
West Africa.  Anisopus N. E. Brown

85. Corona-lobes united high up, usually numerous. Anthers with a large inflated appendage. Pollen-masses flat and thin. Pollen-carriers very small, without distinct arms. Sepals lanceolate, with small solitary glands. Corolla rotate. Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers solitary or in fascicle- or corymb-like cymes.—Species
10. Southern and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers.  Fockea Endl.

Corona-lobes free or united at the base, 5, but sometimes appendaged.  86

86. Corona-lobes with a narrow appendage on the inner face. Sepals lanceolate, with solitary glands. Corolla salver-shaped. Mericarps thick.
Twining shrubs. Flowers in dense umbels or racemes.—Species 3.
Tropical and South Africa. (Prageluria N. E. Brown, under Pergularia
L.)  Telosma Coville

Corona-lobes without an appendage on the inner face, but sometimes with a small, usually tubercle-like appendage at the base of the back.  87

87. Corona-lobes united at the base, linear, erect. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Corolla with linear segments recurved from the base. Stigmatic head truncate. Mericarps slender. Erect herbs with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves linear. Flowers in fascicles.—Species 1. Southeast
Africa to Rhodesia. The tubers are edible.  Macropetalum Burch.

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Twining plants, rarely erect shrubs or herbs without a tuberous rootstock.  88

88. Corona-lobes spreading, linear. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head flat or umbonate. Mericarps thick, villous.
Twining, tomentose shrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers in cymes.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Pervillaea Decne.

Corona-lobes spreading and tubercle-shaped, or erect, or converging.  89

89. Pollen-masses very small, disc-shaped. Corona-lobes short, usually tubercle-like. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla rotate.
Stigmatic head more or less flattened and usually provided with a central boss at the top. Mericarps slender.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Tylophora R. Br.

Pollen-masses large or rather large, usually pear-shaped. Mericarps usually thick.  90

90. Filaments united at the base, free above. Stigmatic head produced into
a long beak. Ovary glabrous. Sepals oblong or ovate, with solitary glands. Corolla campanulate. Twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 3. West Africa.
(Under Secamone R. Br. or Toxocarpus Wight et Arn.)  Rhynchostigma Benth.

Filaments united up to the anthers.  91

91. Anther-appendages cohering into a long tube. Stigmatic head beaked.
Ovary hairy. Sepals elliptical, with solitary glands. Corolla campanulate, with linear segments. Twining shrubs. Leaves elliptical, herbaceous. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under
Marsdenia R. Br.)  Traunia K. Schum.

Anther-appendages not cohering into a tube.  92

92. Sepals large, without glands. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped; tube widened below. Stigmatic head conical. Twining shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers large, in umbels.—Species 5. Madagascar. They are used as ornamental plants, and the hairs of the seeds as vegetable
silk.  Stephanotis Thouars
Sepals small, usually with glands. Leaves herbaceous. Flowers small or of moderate size.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield rubber or serve as vegetables. (Including Dregea E. Mey. and Pterygocarpus Hochst.)  Marsdenia R. Br.

93. (78.) Stem cactus-like, thick and fleshy, with 4 or more angles or rows of tubercles, usually low. Leaves more or less rudimentary or wanting.
Flowers solitary or in fascicles, fleshy. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla-segments very rarely coherent at the tip. Stigmatic head flat or ending in a small boss.  94

Stem herbaceous or woody, rarely (Ceropegia) fleshy, but then leafy or obscurely 3-angled and corolla-segments cohering at the tip, at least when young.  106

94. Branches divided by longitudinal and transverse furrows into several-ranked areas, not spiny nor bristly. Corolla rotate or campanulate, cleft to the middle. Corona-lobes 5 or 10, united at the base.—Species
7. East Africa.  Echidnopsis Hook. fil.

Branches angled or tubercled, but not divided into areas, usually spiny or bristly.  95

95. Branches with more than 6 angles or rows of tubercles, rarely with 6; in this case with 3-parted spines.  96

Branches with 4, more rarely with 5 or 6 angles or rows of tubercles. Spines or other appendages of the tubercles simple.  98

96. Spines 3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs, large. Corolla tube- or funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Corona double, the outer divided into 10 filiform segments terminating in knobs.—Species 2. South Africa and southern West Africa. (Tavaresia Welw.)  Decabelone Decne.

Spines simple or absent. Corolla saucer- or cup-shaped. Outer corona of 5 two-lobed or two-parted pointed lobes or indistinct.  97

97. Tubercles of the stem united into continuous angles, spiny. Flowers large.
Corolla slightly lobed.—Species 10. South and Central Africa.  Hoodia Sweet

Tubercles of the stem not confluent. Flowers rather small. Corolla lobed to about halfway.—Species 12. South Africa and southern
Central Africa.  Trichocaulon N. E. Brown

98. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip. Corona double.—Species 5. South
Africa. Used as vegetables.  Pectinaria Haw.

Corolla-segments free at the tip.  99

99. Corona simple, of 5 lobes.  100

Corona double or triple.  101

100. Sepals large. Corolla campanulate, divided half-way down, hairy, inside red mottled with yellow. Corona-lobes thick, without a dorsal crest:—Species
1. South Africa to Damaraland. (Huerniopsis N. E. Brown).  Huerniopsis N. E. Brown

Sepals small. Corolla rotate or campanulate, divided to beyond the middle. Corona-lobes with a dorsal transverse crest at the base.—Species
10. South Africa.  Piaranthus R. Br.

101. Third (outermost) corona corolla-like, arising from the base of the corolla-tube.
Corolla campanulate, hairy.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony).  Diplocyathus N. E. Brown

Third (outermost) corona not corolla-like, arising from the throat of the corolla, or wanting.  102

102. Second (intermediate) corona disc-shaped, entire; third (outermost) ring-shaped.
Corolla rotate.—Species 20. South Africa to Lake Ngami.
Some are used as ornamental plants.  Duvalia Haw.

Second (intermediate or outer) corona ring- or cup-shaped and more or less deeply divided.  103

103. Corolla with accessory teeth between the lobes, campanulate, more or less distinctly lobed or cleft.—Species 30. South and Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Huernia R. Br.)  Huernia R. Br.

Corolla without accessory teeth between the lobes.  104

104. Corolla campanulate with broad lobes or rotate; in the latter case (as usually) outer corona divided to the base. Stem with soft spines or teeth, or without any. Flowers usually large, solitary or in pairs, more rarely in clusters.—Species 100. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Podanthes Decne.)  Stapelia L.

Corolla campanulate with narrow lobes or rotate; in the latter case outer corona nearly entire or more or less deeply divided, but not to the base.  105

105. Inner corona-lobes bent inwards and broadened at the tip, beset with short spines on the back; outer short, united at the base. Corolla purple-brown, rotate, cleft half-way down, bearing club-shaped hairs.
Flowers very large, solitary or in pairs. Stem with hard, usually brown spines.—Species 2. Northern East Africa.  Edithcolea N. E. Brown

Inner corona-lobes not broadened at the tip. Flowers of moderate size.
Stem with soft, green spines or teeth.—Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental plants, or as vegetables, others are poisonous.
(Including Apteranthes Mik. and Boucerosia Wight et Arn.)  Caralluma R. Br.

106. (93.) Corolla tubular, rarely funnel- or salver-shaped; tube long and narrow, usually widened at the base; lobes usually cohering at the tip, at least when young. Flowers large or of moderate size, very rarely small. Herbs or undershrubs.  107

Corolla rotate or campanulate; tube short or rather long but wide; lobes rarely cohering at the tip.  109

107. Calyx without glands at the base. Corona of 5 lobes. Anthers with a small appendage at the apex. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like cymes.
Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (Barrowia
Decne.)  Orthanthera Wight

Calyx with glands at the base. Corolla more or less tubular; lobes cohering at the tip, at least in bud. Corona double, rarely simple,
but then anthers without an apical appendage.  108

108. Corona double, the inner with short lobes. Anthers with a small appendage at the apex. Mericarps constricted between the seeds. Twining plants with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers long-stalked, in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles.—Species 8. South and East Africa.  Riocreuxia Decne.

Corona double, the inner with long lobes, or simple. Anthers without an apical appendage. Mericarps not constricted. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, umbels, or racemes; if in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles, then short-stalked.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some species have edible tubers or stems, or serve as ornamental plants.  Ceropegia L.

109. Corona of 5 lobes inserted on the corolla beneath the sinuses, sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal column.
Anthers sometimes with a short apical appendage. Corolla hairy.
Sepals ovate, without glands. Shrubs, sometimes leafless. Flowers small.—Species 6. Tropics, Sahara, and Egypt. Some species yield fibre.  Leptadenia R. Br.

Corona inserted on the stamens.  110

110. Corona simple.  111

Corona double or triple.  114

111. Corona of 10 lobes united below. Sepals with glands at the base. Corolla almost rotate, deeply divided. Stigmatic head depressed. Erect herbs.
Leaves broad. Flowers very small.—Species 1. South-east Africa
(Natal). (Under Brachystelma R. Br.)  Aulostephanus Schlecht.

Corona of 5 free lobes.  112

112. Corolla rotate. Sepals with glands at the base. Pollen-masses minute, orbicular. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Twining plants.
(See 89.)  Tylophora R. Br.

Corolla campanulate or almost urceolate. Erect herbs or undershrubs.  113

113. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stigmatic head flat. Leaves oblong or elliptic.—Species
4. Central and South Africa.  Sphaerocodon Benth.

Sepals without glands. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Leaves linear.—Species
10. South Africa.  Sisyranthus E. Mey.

114. Corona 3-ranked, the outermost lobes reflexed, the others erect, the innermost the largest. Corolla campanulate, deeply divided. Twining plants. Flowers in racemes, on long pedicels.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons).  Neoschumannia Schlecht.

Corona 2-ranked. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining, but then flowers in fascicles.  115

115. Inner corona-lobes broad, shorter than the outer.  116

Inner corona-lobes narrow, longer than the outer.  118

116. Outer corona cupular, entire; inner of 5 small lobes. Corolla campanulate,
blackish-red, hairy within, with valvate aestivation. Flowers solitary, small. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Amboland).  Craterostemma K. Schum.

Outer corona divided into 10 lobes. Flowers usually fascicled.  117

117. Corolla rotate, with valvate aestivation. Stem branched. Flowers small.—Species 2. South Africa. (Under Anisotome Fenzl or Brachystelma
R. Br.)  Decaceras Harv.

Corolla rotate-campanulate, with contorted aestivation. Stem simple.—Species
5. South and East Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br. or
Tenaris E. Mey.)  Lasiostelma Benth.

118. Outer corona-lobes 5, entire or 2-cleft.  119

Outer corona-lobes 10, free from each other or nearly so. Pollen-masses disciform. Flowers solitary, fascicled, or umbellate.  123

119. Corolla campanulate. Roots spindle-shaped. Stem erect. Flowers solitary or fascicled.—Species 6. South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R.
Br., Dichaelia Harv., or Lasiostelma Benth.)  Brachystelmaria Schlecht.

Corolla rotate. Roots fibrous, somewhat fleshy.  120

120. Stem erect, arising from a tuber. Leaves linear. Flowers usually in racemes or panicles, rather large. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers usually with a short appendage at the apex.—Species 5. Central and
South Africa.  Tenaris E. Mey.

Stem prostrate or twining. Leaves oblong or ovate. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. Anthers without an appendage.  121

121. Leaves ovate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, small. Corolla yellow, with ovate segments. Stem prostrate, springing from a tuber.—Species 1.
South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br.)  Tapeinostelma Schlecht.

Leaves cordate. Flowers in fascicles or pseudo-umbels.  122

122. Stem prostrate. Flowers small. Corolla-segments oblong-linear. Inner corona-lobes subulate.—Species 2. South Africa. (Lophostephus
Harv.)  Anisotome Fenzl

Stem twining. Inner corona-lobes oblong or linear-oblong.—Species 2.
South Africa.  Emplectanthus N. E. Brown

123. Outer corona-lobes erect. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip.—Species
15. South Africa. (Under Brachystelma R. Br.)  Dichaelia Harv.

Outer corona-lobes spreading. Corolla-segments free at the tip.—Species
35. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers.
(Including Micraster Harv.)  Brachystelma R. Br.

ORDER TUBIFLORAE

SUBORDER CONVOLVULINEAE

FAMILY 202. CONVOLVULACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes dissected or reduced to scales, exstipulate, rarely (Ipomoea) stipulate. Flowers regular, rarely slightly irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, persistent. Petals united into a 5-angled, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft, rarely a 4-lobed corolla, usually with plicate-valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled, sometimes deeply divided. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely (Humbertia) more, erect, inverted. Styles 1-2, sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons.—Genera 34, species 450. (Plate 131.)

1. Plants without green colour, parasitic. Stem herbaceous, twining. Leaves reduced to scales or wanting. Flowers small, in fascicles. Corolla imbricate in bud, usually with scales at the throat. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled with 4 ovules. Embryo twisted, without cotyledons.—Species 25. Some of them are noxious weeds, several are used medicinally. “Dodder.” [Tribe CUSCUTEAE.]  Cuscuta L.

Plants of green colour. Corolla plicate or valvate in bud, rarely (Cressa) imbricate, but then stem shrubby. Embryo straight or slightly curved, with 2 cotyledons.  2

2. Calyx minute. Ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules. Styles 2. Fruit 1-seeded, ripening underground. Creeping herbs. Leaves kidney-shaped.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Abyssinia. (Nephrophyllum A. Rich.)  Hygrocharis Hochst.

Calyx distinctly developed.  3

3. Ovary lobed or divided. Ovules 4. Styles 2, inserted between the lobes of the ovary. Sepals more or less united below. Flowers solitary.
Creeping or prostrate herbs. [Tribe DICHONDREAE.]  4

Ovary entire. Sepals free, rarely (Rapona) united below, but then ovules 2, style 2-cleft, flowers in panicles, and stem twining.  5

4. Ovary and fruit 2-lobed. Corolla deeply cleft, yellow. Sepals nearly free.
Leaves kidney-shaped.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa, also naturalized in the Island of Madeira.  Dichondra Forst.

Ovary and fruit 4-parted. Corolla slightly lobed. Sepals evidently united below.—Species 4. South Africa and Abyssinia.  Falkia L. f.

5. Styles 2, free or united below.  6

Style 1, undivided; stigmas 2, continuous at the base, or a single stigma.  16

6. Flowers in axillary or terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Twining shrubs. [Tribe PORANEAE.]  7

Flowers solitary, in axillary cymes, or in terminal spikes or heads. Ovules 4.
[Tribe DICRANOSTYLEAE.]  10

7. Sepals united below, not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla entire, with plicate aestivation. Filaments broadened and hairy at the base. Disc large, cup-shaped. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell.
Style 2-cleft at the top, with capitate stigmas.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Rapona Baill.

Sepals free. Corolla more or less lobed. Disc small. Ovary 1-2-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Style deeply 2-cleft or divided to the base.  8

8. Sepals unequal, the two outer ones much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply lobed. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Style
2-cleft; stigmas linear or oblong.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Cameroons).  Dipteropeltis Hallier

Sepals about equal. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 4. Style divided to the base; stigmas capitate or peltate.  9

9. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Bracts surrounding the fruit much enlarged. Corolla deeply lobed, induplicate-valvate in bud. Ovary incompletely septate. Stigmas peltate.—Species 2. West Africa.  Neuropeltis Wall.

Inflorescence composed of fascicles. Bracts not much enlarged in the fruit.
Stigmas capitate.—Species 2. East Africa.  Porana Burm.

10. Flowers dioecious. Sepals enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply cleft.
Stigmas horse-shoe-shaped. Shrubs with small leaves.  11

Flowers hermaphrodite.  12

11. Sepals of the female flowers distinctly unequal, the outer much larger than the inner. Flowers usually 4-merous.—Species 4. Northern East
Africa.  Hildebrandtia Vatke

Sepals nearly equal. Flowers 5-merous. Styles united at the base.
Seeds 2. Branches stiff.—Species 2. Northern East Africa.  Cladostigma Radlk.

12. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves small.—Species
4. Tropical and South Africa.  Evolvulus L.

Stigmas globose or peltate, usually entire. Shrubs.  13

13. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Sepals subequal.
Corolla small, cleft to the middle, imbricate in bud. Fruit 1-seeded.
Prostrate or ascending small shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers in terminal spikes.—Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used medicinally.  Cressa L.

Anthers and stigmas concealed within the corolla-tube. Corolla folded in bud.  14

14. Corolla small, funnel-shaped. Sepals subequal. Filaments glabrous, broadened at the base and usually toothed on each side. Stigmas more or less peltate. Fruit 4-seeded. Erect or procumbent, small shrubs.
Leaves small.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
Breweria R. Br.)  Seddera Hochst.

Corolla large or medium-sized. Filaments not toothed, but usually hairy at the base. Stigmas more or less globose. Twining shrubs. Leaves large or of moderate size. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes or terminal panicles.  15

15. Sepals herbaceous or leathery, subequal, or the inner somewhat smaller, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit 4-seeded.—Species
10. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.)  Bonamia Thouars
Sepals membranous or scarious, the inner much smaller than the outer, enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell- or pitcher-shaped. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
12. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.)  Prevostea Choisy

16. (5.) Flowers in axillary racemes. Outer sepals much larger than the inner, together with the 3 bracteoles much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla small, deeply lobed. Anthers exserted. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary
1-celled. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Cardiochlamys Oliv.

Flowers solitary or in axillary, sometimes raceme-like cymes, rarely in terminal spikes or panicles. Ovules 4 or more.  17

17. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Filaments curved; anthers much exserted.
Corolla entire. Flowers solitary. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields timber.  Humbertia Lam.

Ovules 4-6. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  18

18. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla usually gradually widened from below upwards and without well defined midpetaline areas. Anthers included.
Ovules 4. [Tribe CONVOLVULEAE.]  19

Pollen-grains spinous. Corolla irregularly widened, with 5 longitudinal midpetaline areas limited by prominent nerves.  26

19. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with an incomplete partition.  20

Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Merremia) 4-celled.  22

20. Stigmas globose. Sepals lanceolate, unequal, not enlarged after flowering.
Corolla bell-shaped, shortly lobed. Stamens unequal. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species 1.
East Africa (Somaliland).  Hyalocystis Hallier

Stigmas ovate or oblong, flattened. Fruit 4-seeded, 4-valved.  21

21. Sepals unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, entire. Twining herbs. Leaves ovate-cordate. Bracts small.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Shutereia Choisy).  Hewittia Wight & Arn.

Sepals about equal. Corolla slightly lobed. Twining or prostrate herbs.
Leaves sagittate or hastate. Bracts large, leaf-like.—Species 5.
North, South, and East Africa. Some of them have edible root-stocks or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Convolvulus
L.)  Calystegia R. Br.

22. Stigmas filiform. Disc present. Corolla funnel-shaped without well-defined midpetaline areas.—Species 70. Some of them yield an essential oil used in perfumery or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bind-weed.” (Including Rhodorrhiza Webb et Berth.)  Convolvulus L.

Stigmas elliptic, disciform, or globose.  23

23. Stigmas elliptic or disciform. Disc indistinct or wanting. Corolla with well-defined midpetaline areas, blue, more rarely white or reddish.
Sepals not decurrent on the pedicel, usually subequal. Herbs or
under-shrubs.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 131.)  Jacquemontia Choisy

Stigmas more or less globose. Corolla white or yellow.  24

24. Sepals very unequal, the outer much larger than the inner and decurrent on the pedicel, herbaceous. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, entire, hairy outside, with well-defined midpetaline areas. Disc obscure.
Twining herbs. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Under Ipomoea L.)  Aniseia Choisy

Sepals nearly equal, usually leathery or parchment-like.  25

25. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers large. Sepals much enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla without sharply limited midpetaline areas and without dark lines. Twining herbs. Stem usually winged. Leaves broad.—Species
6. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Merremia Dennst. or
Ipomoea L.)  Operculina Manso

Fruit opening by 4 valves. Corolla bell-shaped; midpetaline areas usually marked with 5 dark-violet lines. Stem rarely winged.—Species
25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and a substitute for coffee. (Under Convolvulus L. or Ipomoea L.)  Merremia Dennst.

26. (18.) Fruit fleshy, mealy, or dry, and then with a woody or crusty rind, indehiscent. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigmas globose or elliptical. Disc cupular. Shrubs. [Tribe ARGYREIEAE.]  27

Fruit dry, with a membranous leathery or parchment-like rind, dehiscing by 4-6 valves, rarely (Ipomoea) indehiscent. [Tribe IPOMOEEAE.]  29

27. Fruit fleshy or mealy. Corolla more or less bell-shaped. Stigmas 1-2, globose. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.—Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants.  Argyreia Lour.

Fruit dry. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stigmas 2, globose or elliptical.  28

28. Fruit with a woody rind, 1-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seeds glabrous.—Species
10. Central and South Africa and Canary Islands. (Including
Legendrea Webb, under Ipomoea L.)  Rivea Choisy

Fruit with a crustaceous rind, 4-celled, 4-seeded, enveloped by the adnate sepals. Seeds large, brown-velvety. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Stem twining. Leaves cordate.—Species 4. Tropics. (Under
Argyreia Lour., Rivea Choisy, or Ipomoea L.)  Stictocardia Hallier

29. Filaments with a large scale at the base within. Corolla shortly lobed.
Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 4. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed.
Twining herbs. Leaves usually lobed. Flowers in axillary cymes.  30

Filaments without a scale at the base.  31

30. Sepals distinctly unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit 2-valved. Seed-coat granular. Flowers medium-sized.—Species 1. East Africa.  Lepistemonopsis Dammer

Sepals nearly equal. Corolla pitcher-shaped. Fruit 4-valved. Seed-coat smooth. Flowers small.—Species 2. Central Africa. Noxious to
cattle.  Lepistemon Blume

31. Stigmas 2, oblong or linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, white red or violet.
Seeds hairy. Plants with star-shaped hairs.—Species 20. Central and South-east Africa.  Astrochlaena Hallier

Stigmas 1-3, more or less capitate. Plants without star-shaped hairs.  32

32. Pedicels club-shaped, becoming large and fleshy in the fruit. Sepals cartilaginous, pointed or awned. Corolla very large, regular, salver-shaped, white or violet. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma biglobose. Seeds glabrous. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate or lobed.—Species 2.
Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental and medicinal plants; the young seeds are edible. (Under Ipomoea L.)  Calonyction Choisy

Pedicels not much thickened in the fruit.  33

33. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-celled.
Corolla scarlet, medium-sized, salver-shaped, usually somewhat irregular.
Sepals herbaceous, ending in a short point. Seeds glabrous or downy.
Twining herbs. Leaves cordate, lobed, or pinnately dissected. Flowers in cymes.—Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics and in South Africa.
Ornamental plants. (Under Ipomoea L.)  Quamoclit Tourn.

Anthers and stigmas usually concealed within the corolla-tube. Ovary
1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled, but then corolla not scarlet and salver-shaped.
Corolla regular.—Species 220. Some of them (especially the sweet potato, I. Batatas Lam.) yield edible tubers from which also starch and brandy are prepared, besides vegetables, fodder, and medicaments, others are used in preparing rubber, for fixing sand-dunes, or as ornamental plants. (Including Batatas Choisy and Pharbitis Choisy).  Ipomoea L.

SUBORDER BORRAGININEAE

FAMILY 203. HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Erect herbs or undershrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, herbaceous, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united at the base, narrow, imbricate in bud. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, 5-12-cleft, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, equal or subequal in length. Anthers attached at the back, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-celled, with numerous descending, inverted ovules in each cell. Styles 2, free or partly united. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-4 valves or irregularly. Seeds with a small, straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 8. Tropical and South Africa.

Flowers 5-merous. Corolla blue. Styles free. Placentas free from the pericarp. Seed-coat wrinkled. Glandular-hairy or glabrous plants.—Species
6. Tropics. [Tribe HYDROLEEAE.]  Hydrolea L.

Flowers 8-12-merous. Corolla white or yellow. Styles united below.
Placentas attached to the valves of the fruit. Seed-coat bladdery.
Spinous plants.—Species 2. South Africa to Damaraland. [Tribe
PHACELIEAE.]  Codon L.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 131.

J. Fleischmann del.

Jacquemontia capitata Don

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit (without the calyx). D Seed.

BORRAGINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 132.

J. Fleischmann del.

Cordia senegalensis Juss.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Anther. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit cut lengthwise.

FAMILY 204. BORRAGINACEAE

Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like, cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous, mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1, undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (Coldenia) 2 free styles. Fruit a drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets, rarely (Wellstedia) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.—Genera 37, species 370. (ASPERIFOLIACEAE.) (Plate 132.)

1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent drupe-like and entire.  2

Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily BORRAGINOIDEAE.]  9

2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with a 1-4-celled stone. Trees or shrubs.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Plate 132.) [Subfamily CORDIOIDEAE.]  Cordia L.

Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets, rarely a capsule.  3

3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex. [Subfamily
HELIOTROPIOIDEAE.]  4

Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire.  5

4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a more or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.—Species 7. Tropical and
South Africa. Used medicinally.  Tournefortia L.

Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.—Species 60. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Messerschmiedia
DC.)  Heliotropium L.

5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Wellstedia Balf. fil.

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily
EHRETIOIDEAE.]  6

6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs.  7

Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles.  8

7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike like.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland).  Poskea Vatke

Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose, corymb-like.—Species
1. West Africa.  Rhabdia Mart.

8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.—Species 30. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments.  Ehretia L.

Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally.  Coldenia L.

9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar receptacle by the ventral face.—Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe
HARPAGONELLEAE.]  Rochelia Reichb.

Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled.  10

10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an oblique limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.]  11

Flowers regular.  14

11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in the tube of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs.  12

Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle.  13

12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla 2-lipped.
Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems and leaves clothed with white bristles.—Species 1. North Africa to Nubia.  Echiochilon Desf.

Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.—Species 3.
Central Africa. (Under Lobostemon Lehm.)  Leurocline S. Moore

13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma. Filaments usually with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost regular.—Species 50.
South Africa.  Lobostemon Lehm.

Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the base.—Species
45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bugloss.”  Echium L.

14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle (gynobase).  15

Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar receptacle
(gynobase).  26

15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex, rarely somewhat concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.]  16

Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.]  22

16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants.
Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.—Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Cerinthe L.

Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled.  17

17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white. Inflorescence with bracts at the base or without bracts.—Species 15. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Forget-me-not.”  Myosotis L.

Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation.  18

18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire.  19

Anthers blunt or shortly pointed.  20

19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a pouch-shaped appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.—Species 1. Island of
Socotra.  Cystistemon Balf. fil.

Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back.
Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.—Species 4.
North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including
Podonosma Guerke)  Onosma L.

20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or violet.
Style 2-4-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants.  Arnebia Forsk.

Corolla-tube without a glandular ring.  21

21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the throat. Filaments as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire. Low shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland).  Sericostoma Stocks

Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas 2, more or less distinct.—Species 15. South, North, and East Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.”  Lithospermum L.

22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style simple with a
2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa.  Nonnea Medik.

Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire.  23

23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner face. Filaments appendaged on the back.—Species 2. North Africa. They are used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.”  Borrago L.

Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back.  24

24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with small scales in the lower part of the tube.—Species 2. North Africa. They yield a dye and medicaments.  Alkanna Tausch.

Corolla with hollow scales at the throat.  25

25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very short.—Species
2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as vegetables or as medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.”  Symphytum L.

Corolla with short scales at the throat.—Species 15. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including Stomotechium
Lehm.)  Anchusa L.

26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their surface of attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.]  27

Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of attachment.
[Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.]  31

27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as their ventral surface.  28

Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their ventral surface. Prostrate herbs.  29

28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.—Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Echinospermum
Swartz)  Lappula Moench

Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. (Megastoma Coss. et Durieu)  Eritrichium Schrad.

29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled on the back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine.  Asperugo L.

Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin.
Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit.  30

30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a slightly projecting margin.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.  Bothriospermum Bunge

Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed margin.—Species
1. Egypt.  Gastrocotyle Bunge

31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex, saccate at the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit.  32

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface.  34

32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.—Species 2.
North Africa.  Solenanthus Ledeb.

Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube.  33

33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin. Corolla white or blue, with a very short tube.—Species 1. Naturalized in
North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine.  Omphalodes Moench

Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.—Species 20. Some of them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.”  Cynoglossum L.

34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla without distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a long, usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves opposite.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt.
Some are used medicinally. (Borraginoides Boerh., Pollichia Medik.)  Trichodesma R. Br.

Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales inside.
Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate.  35

35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of the tube, white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond the corolla-tube.
Nutlets 1-3.—Species 1. South Africa.  Tysonia Bolus

Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the tube.  36

36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear. Style long.
Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire margin.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.).  Rindera Pall.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or violet.—Species 3. Egypt.  Paracaryum Boiss.

SUBORDER VERBENINEAE

FAMILY 205. VERBENACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (Tectona) 5-6. Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely (Duranta) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards. Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight embryo.—Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.)

1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules basal, inverted.  2

Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally or at the apex, straight or half-inverted.  15

2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear.
Low shrubs. [Subfamily STILBOIDEAE.].  3

Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily VERBENOIDEAE.]  7

3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed.  4

Corolla regular or nearly so.  5

4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat. Anther-halves parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.—Species 1. South Africa.  Xeroplana Briq.

Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of four.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Eurylobium Hochst.

5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony).  Euthystachys A. DC.

Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel.  6

6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.—Species 1. South Africa.  Campylostachys Kunth

Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.—Species 5.
South Africa.  Stilbe Berg

7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.]  8

Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel anther-halves, or 2. Ovary 2- or 4-celled.  9

8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled. Style-apex
2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.—Species 2. Islands of Madagascar and Socotra.  Coelocarpus Balf. fil.

Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled. Style-apex
4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits.  Duranta L.

9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.]  10

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled, or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs.  14

10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx 5-ribbed and 5-toothed.  11

Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel.  12

11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone. Corolla
2-lipped. Shrubs.—Species 1. Cape Verde Islands.  Ubochea Baill.

Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.—Species 6, one of them only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Valerianodes Medik.)  Stachytarpheta Vahl

12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit dry.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. South and Central Africa.  Bouchea Cham.

Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed.  13

13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.—Species
17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them
(L. citriodora Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a substitute for tea. (Including Zapania Scop.)  Lippia L.

Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.—Species 10, 7 natives of Central and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary Islands. Some
of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Lantana L.

14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped by the enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.—Species 1. East and South
Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.]  Priva Adans.

Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or scarcely enlarged calyx.—Species 4, two of them natives of North and
East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized in various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.]  Verbena L.

5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged placenta, straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly equally
4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2 valves, one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.—Species 2. Shores of tropical and
South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material, and medicaments. [Subfamily AVICENNIOIDEAE.]  Avicennia L.

Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into mericarps.  16

16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style divided into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.—Species 1.
Madagascar. [Subfamily CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE.]  Varangevillea Baill.

Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into mericarps.  17

17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens 4.
Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx 10-ribbed,
5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily
CHLOANTHOIDEAE, tribe ACHARITEAE.]  18

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily VITICOIDEAE.]  19

18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube included.
Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind, 1-celled or unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each bract.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Acharitea Benth.

Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube exserted.
Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind, incompletely
2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the axils of the leaves.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.  Nesogenes A. DC.

19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves undivided.  20

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length.  21

20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit. Stamens inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4 stones.
Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.—Species 1. Island of
Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.]  Callicarpa L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a 4-celled stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal panicle.—Species 1 (T. grandis L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe
TECTONEAE.]  Tectona L.f.

21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided.  22

Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or stigma 2-cleft.  23

22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.—Species 2. East
Africa. (Under Holmskioldia Retz)  Cyclocheilon Oliv.

Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly transformed into spines.—Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under
Clerodendron L.)  Kalaharia Baill.

23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted. Corolla
5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.]  24

Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.]  25

24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading, entire or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a curved tube and an oblique limb.—Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Clerodendron L. or
Cyclonema Hochst.)  Holmskioldia Retz

Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.—Species 130.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Cyclonema Hochst. and Siphonantha
L.) (Plate 133.)  Clerodendron L.

25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments, or medicaments.  Premna L.

Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft.  26

26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Adelosa Baill.

Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.—Species 100. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments.  Vitex L.

FAMILY 206. LABIATAE

Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed, more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2, inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted, 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral and half-inverted

VERBENACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 133.

J. Fleischmann del.

Clerodendron formicarum Guerke

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Cross-section of ovary. D Leaves with swellings inhabited by ants.

LABIATAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 134.

J. Fleischmann del.

Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Seed.

or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Cleonia) 4-cleft. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (Prasium) drupe-like. Seeds without albumen or with a very scanty albumen.—Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate 134.)

1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly lobed, rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens ascending.
Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped. [Subfamily
AJUGOIDEAE.]  2

Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes.  5

2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between the lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx 2-lipped,
11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields an aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an ornamental plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.]  Rosmarinus L.

Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4.
Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.]  3

3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red or violet,
2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong, furnished with
a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves entire.—Species 20.
Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used medicinally.  Tinnea Peyr. & Kotschy

Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the back, wingless.  4

4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the stamens.—Species 35.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Germander.”  Teucrium L.

Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.”  Ajuga L.

5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous endocarp.
Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within. Stamens 4, ascending.
Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls two-flowered.—Species
1. North Africa. [Subfamily PRASIOIDEAE.]  Prasium L.

Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like.  6

6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing on its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering. Corolla
2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens 4, usually ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous with 2-celled anthers.
Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase. Style-branches unequal.—Species
10. Tropical and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily SCUTELLARIOIDEAE.]  Scutellaria L.

Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not prolonged into a stalk.  7

7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes. Calyx 13-15-nerved.
Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with a dorsal-subbasal point of attachment.—Species 15. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in the preparation of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.” [Subfamily
LAVANDULOIDEAE.]  Lavandula L.

Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes. Nutlets with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment.  8

8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the corolla, or lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the apex. Corolla distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly always entire.
[Subfamily OCIMOIDEAE, tribe OCIMEAE.]  9

Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped with a
3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily STACHYOIDEAE]  34

9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat exceeding the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or -cleft. Stamens 4. [Subtribe
MOSCHOSMINAE.]  10

Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-, pouch-, or boat-shaped.  20

10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent lobes. Anthers sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, spicately arranged.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland).  Hyperaspis Briq.

Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed filaments.  11

11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. (Under
Ocimum L.)  Endostemon N. E. Brown

Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed.
Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube.  12

12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the tube.
Inflorescence spike- or raceme-like.  13

Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or subequally
5-toothed.  16

13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free, unappendaged.
Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx.  14

Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched.  15

14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other teeth in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost equal-sided.
Shrubs.—Species 3. East Africa.  Erythrochlamys Guerke

Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest. Disc one-sided.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Orthosiphon Benth.

15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all unappendaged.—Species
9. Central and South Africa. (Under Ocimum L. or
Orthosiphon Benth.)  Hemizygia Briq.

Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper ones usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially O. Basilicum L., sweet basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental plants, as a substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil. (Including Becium
Lindl.)  Ocimum L.

16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting calyx subequally
5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered, spicately arranged. Flowers medium-sized.—Species 7. South Africa.  Syncolostemon E. Mey.

Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads.
Flowers small.  17

17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at the time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without transverse ribs at the base.—Species 50. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Acrocephalus Benth.

False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base.  18

18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper lip and an entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.—Species 2. Central
Africa.  Platostoma Beauv.

Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed.  19

19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base. False whorls many-flowered.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Geniosporum Wall.

Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.—Species 12. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Basilicum Moench, including Iboza N. E. Brown).  Moschosma Reichb.

20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short, saccate,
narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.—Species 6, two of them only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally; the seeds of one species yield oil. (Maesosphaerum P. Br.) [Subtribe
HYPTIDINAE.]  Hyptis Jacq.

Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire, exceeding the upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe PLECTRANTHINAE.]  21

21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx berry-like.
Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.—Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. The fruits are edible.  Hoslundia Vahl

Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry.  22

22. Filaments free.  23

Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split behind.  27

23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.—Species 50.
Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Icomum Hua).  Aeolanthus Mart.

Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base.  24

24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded at the base, constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc one-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Under
Plectranthus L’Hér.)  Burnatastrum Briq.

Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved.  25

25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla pink; upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered, arranged in racemes. Shrubs.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Alvesia Welw.

Fruiting calyx not inflated.  26

26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous teeth. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls arranged in spikes. Herbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Pycnostachys Hook.

Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or two-lipped.
Disc one-sided.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants or for keeping off insects. (Including Germanea Lam. and Symphostemon
Welw.) (Plate 134.)  Plectranthus L’Hér.

27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs.  28

Staminal tube closed.  31

28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous, net-veined.
Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire. Disc almost equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending. Leaves fleshy.
False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled racemes.—Species 1.
East Africa.  Capitanya Schweinf.

Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip of the
corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax racemes.  29

29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards. Disc one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more flowers.—Species
5. Central Africa. (Under Plectranthus L’Hér.)  Solenostemon Schum. & Thonn.

Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved.  30

30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided. Style-apex notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or whorled.
False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.)  Plectranthus L’Hér.

Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided. Style-apex two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in axillary racemes.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Englerastrum Briq.

31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower, acuminate lower teeth, little changed in fruit.—Species 110. Tropical and
South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Coleus Lour.

Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs.  32

32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting; lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence dense, paniculate.—Species 1. West Africa.  Anisochilus Wall.

Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate at the base.  33

33. Inflorescence lax, panicle- or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.—Species 3.
West Africa.  Neomuellera Briq.

Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth narrow.—Species
1. West Africa.  Leocus A. Chev.

34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged connective.
Stamens usually 2.  35

Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4.  37

35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely
2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx
13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion.
(Mahya Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.]  Sphacele Benth.

Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped.  36

36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short connective.
Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.]  Meriandra Benth.

Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the long connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or less one-sided.
Corolla 2-lipped.—Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as ornamental plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.]  Salvia L.

37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually confluent at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally
5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.]  38

Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening.  40

38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves tardily confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or undershrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 3. East Africa.  Elsholtzia Willd.

Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed.  39

39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal. Corolla-lobes
4. Herbs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.  Pogostemon Desf.

Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla-lobes
5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in paniculately arranged spikes.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Tetradenia Benth.

40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all parallel and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 13-15~nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.]  41

Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2 present.  42

41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.—Species 1.
Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Cedronella Moench

Anther-halves spreading.—Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Nepeta L.

42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in two unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers. Anther-halves spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely lobed.
Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.]  43

Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more or less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually projecting beyond the calyx.  45

43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the lower stamens larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
6. South Africa and southern Central Africa.  Acrotome Benth.

Nutlets rounded at the apex.  44

44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False whorls of flowers axillary. Herbs.—Species 9. North Africa and Cape Verde
Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.”  Marrubium L.

Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.—Species 20. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Leucophae Webb et
Berth.)  Sideritis L.

45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.]  46

Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less regular.
Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.]  59

46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper and closing the mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue, violet, red, or white; tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed. Filaments with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves separate, divergent.
Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes, with imbricate bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.]  47

Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but the lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe
LAMIINAE.]  48

47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous within; limb blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc one-sided.
Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts narrow, awned.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Cleonia L.

Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or scales within; midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc equal-sided. Style-apex
2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when wet. Bracts broad.—Species
2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. (Prunella L.)  Brunella L.

48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than the anterior.
Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the apex. Corolla white, yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or undershrubs.  49

Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but then the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous.  51

49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx with
8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves toothed.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Leonotis Pers.

Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one.  50

50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of hairs inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided.
False whorls 6- or more-flowered, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Phlomis L.

Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included. Corolla white or red.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds. (Including
Lasiocorys Benth.)  Leucas R. Br.

51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided.  52

Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex.  55

52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips. Corolla red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.—Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland). (Under Tinnaea Peyr. et Kotschy).  Renschia Vatke

Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs.  53

53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.—Species
1. North Africa (Tunisia).  Moluccella L.

Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red.  54

54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc equal-sided.—Species
2. One a native of North Africa, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally.  Leonurus L.

Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves finally spreading.—Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.”  Lamium L.

55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube glabrous within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or two-lobed, glabrous or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an early stage. Disc equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.—Species 15. Tropics.  Achyrospermum Wall.

Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent.  56

56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior with both halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc equal-sided.
Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip short, slightly concave, entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy. Calyx equally 5-toothed.
Herbs.—Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally.  Anisomeles R. Br.

Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more or less hairy.  57

57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with a ring of
hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt.  Otostegia Benth.

Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a 3-toothed upper and a 2-cleft lower lip.  58

58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white or red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely hairy.
Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.—Species 7. North,
East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally.  Ballota L.

Calyx tube- or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.—Species 80. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for cattle. (Including Betonica L.)  Stachys L.

59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more or less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe
MELISSINAE.]  60

Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent.  63

60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and a rudimentary half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally two-cleft.
Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted, glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 3. North Africa.  Ziziphora L.

Stamens 4.  61

61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within. Corolla white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex cleft into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. “Balm.”  Melissa L.

Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved.  62

62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into two equal, awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False whorls
4-6-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under
Satureia L.)  Saccocalyx Coss.

Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.—Species 45.
Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea, or as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Calamintha Moench,
Clinopodium L., and Micromeria Benth.)  Satureia L.

63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish or white,
2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting straight forwards towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow. False whorls
6- or more-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Used as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and medicaments.
[Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.]  Hyssopus L.

Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards
from the base.  64

64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Stamens
4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe THYMINAE.]  65

Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe
MENTHINAE.]  69

65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire.  66

Calyx equally 5-toothed.  68

66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip slightly 2-toothed, almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves spreading. Herbs.
Bracts suborbicular.—Species 1 (M. hortensis Moench). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used as a pot-herb, for the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of snuff, and in medicine.
“Marjoram.” (Under Origanum L.)  Majorana Moench

Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft.  67

67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink; tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, in heads.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Thymus L.)  Coridothymus Reichb. fil.

Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed. Anthers with
a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally 2-cleft.—Species
20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental plants.
“Thyme.”  Thymus L.

68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers exserted, with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Herbs.—Species
5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil.  Origanum L.

Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel halves.
Shrubs.—Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands.  Bystropogon L’Hér.

69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally 5-toothed, glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves toothed.
False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles small.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally.  Lycopus L.

Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex.  70

70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like process on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls axillary, many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the flowers.—Species 1.
North-West Africa. Used medicinally.  Preslia Opiz

Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like process on the back. Bracteoles small.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in Madagascar, its neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species (especially M. piperita L., peppermint) yield condiments, medicaments, insectifuges, and an essential oil used as an aromatic or for medicinal purposes; several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.”  Mentha L.

SUBORDER SOLANINEAE

FAMILY 207. SOLANACEAE

Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (Solanum) dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely (Capsicum) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 16, species 220. (Including ATROPACEAE.) (Plate 135.)

1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla violet or yellow, tube- or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers panicled.—Species
2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.]  Schwenkia L.

Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4.  2

2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers solitary, large.  3

Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by cultivation.  4

3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. (Pentagonia
Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.]  Nicandra Adams

Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.—Species
5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.”
(Including Brugmansia Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.]  Datura L.

4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.]  5

Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.]  6

5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.—Species 2. Naturalized in several islands.
Ornamental and medicinal plants. [Subtribe CESTRINAE.]  Cestrum L.

Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose, raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.
They yield tobacco (especially from N. tabacum L. and rustica L.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.]  Nicotiana L.

6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 8. North and Central Africa.
They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.”
[Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.]  Hyoscyamus L.

Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla tubular, campanulate, or rotate.  7

7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft.
Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.]  Mandragora Juss.

Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well developed. Leaves alternate.  8

8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the tube.
Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or in clusters.
Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.]  9

Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.]  12

9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves lobed.
Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used medicinally.  Triguera Cav.

Corolla regular. Fruit succulent.  10

10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.—Species 25.
Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or in medicine.  Lycium L.

Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose.  11

11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud.
Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs.
Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate
135.)  Discopodium Hochst.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1 (A. Belladonna L., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and medicaments.  Atropa L.

SOLANACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 135.

J. Fleischmann del.

Discopodium penninervium Hochst.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 136.

J. Fleischmann del.

Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Stamens. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Ovary cut across.

12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences.—Species
150; three of them (S. tuberosum L., potato, S. Melongena L., egg-plant, and S. Lycopericum L., tomato) only cultivated. Several species yield edible fruits or tubers, from which starch, sugar and alcohol are prepared, also tanning and dyeing materials, a substitute for soap, a means to coagulate milk, and various medicaments; others serve as vegetables or as ornamental or hedge-plants; some are poisonous.
(Including Lycopersicum Mill. and Normania Lowe).  Solanum L.

Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.  13

13. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided. Shrubs.—Species
6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates milk.
(Physaloides Moench).  Withania Pauq.

Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary.  14

14. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 6. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve as condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.”  Capsicum L.

Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit.  15

15. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves undivided, covered with dense hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena.  Melissea Hook.

Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or violet.
Herbs.—Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.
They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.”  Physalis L.

FAMILY 208. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens 2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled or (Bowkeria) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved embryo, rarely (Dintera) exalbuminous.—Genera 107, species 1150. (Including SELAGINEAE.) (Plate 136.)

1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by one or both of the lateral lobes. [Subfamily RHINANTHOIDEAE.]  2

Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral lobes
in the bud.  45

2. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip.
Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Herbs.
Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. [Tribe
RHINANTHEAE.]  3

Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3 distinct lobes, or subequally 4-5-lobed.  8

3. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.”  Euphrasia L.

Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins.  4

4. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique, narrow.
Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
“Lousewort.”  Pedicularis L.

Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.  5

5. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds ribbed.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Under Bartsia L.)  Odontites Pers.

Ovules many, horizontal.  6

6. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule broad.
Corolla blue or red.—Species 8. Central and North-west Africa.
(Bartsia L.)  Bartschia L.

Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red.  7

7. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.—Species 2. North and South Africa,
Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (Trixago Stev., under Bartsia L.)  Bellardia All.

Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.—Species 3. North Africa. (Eufragia
Griseb., under Bartsia L.)  Parentucellia Viv.

8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary or one only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely (Strigina)
2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long tube. Calyx-teeth about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe GERARDIEAE.]  9

Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then corolla-tube very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.]  36

9. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens.  10

Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the stamens, but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and barren.  17

10. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved; limb narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic herbs.
Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.—Species 5.
South Africa.  Hyobanche Thunb.

Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with well-developed leaves.  11

11. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or slightly curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided.  12

Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal.  14

12. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate.—Species
1. Southern East Africa.  Eylesia S. Moore

Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved.  13

13. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.—Species 3. West Africa. (Under
Buchnera L.)  Stellularia Benth.

Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.—Species 60. Tropical and South
Africa. (Buchnera L.)  Buechnera L.

14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular.
Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided.  15

Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved.  16

15. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.—Species 3. East
Africa.  Cycniopsis Engl.

Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds.  Striga Lour.

16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not beaked.—Species
12. Central and South Africa.  Cycnium E. Mey.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely globose and not beaked.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.  Rhamphicarpa Benth.

17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them fertile, the other barren (without pollen) or almost so.  18

Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile.  27

18. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish.  19

Leaves well developed, green.  20

19. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very small.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Tetraspidium Bak.

Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.—Species 30.
Southern and tropical Africa. (Aulaya Harv.)  Harveya Hook.

20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren ones filiform.
Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. East Africa.  Strigina Engl.

Fertile stamens 4.  21

21. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell. Corolla-tube long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided.  22

Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small; in
this case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs.  23

22. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the upper stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a spur-like sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.—Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland).  Ghikaea Schweinf. & Volk.

Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at one end a fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the other a disc-like appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. East Africa.  Pseudosopubia Engl.

23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla violet; tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Stem erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa.  Hiernia S. Moore

Anthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly developed barren cell.  24

24. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly imperceptible, of the shorter awn- or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or violet; tube exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Climbing undershrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa.  Buttonia Mac Ken

Barren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs.  25

25. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a broad limb. Stem erect.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.  Sopubia Hamilt.

Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow limb.  26

26. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided, broad, coarsely toothed.—Species 1. West Africa.  Thunbergianthus Engl.

Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Baumia Engl. & Gilg

27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx.  28

Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx.  30

28. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal halves. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Xylocalyx Balf.

Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs.  29

29. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved. Non-parasitic plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence lax.—Species 3.
Tropics. (Including Gerardianella Klotzsch).  Micrargeria Benth.

Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly changed, then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or scale-like leaves.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Alectra
Thunb. and Velvitsia Hiern).  Melasma Berg

30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower.  31

Anther-halves equal.  33

31. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than the other.
Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous. Flowers without bracteoles.—Species 1. Southern Central Africa and Transvaal.  Gerardiina Engl.

Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody, at least at the base.  32

32. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules
2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Leucosalpa Scott Elliot

Corolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.—Species 3. South
Africa and island of Socotra. (Bopusia Presl).  Graderia Benth.

33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem herbaceous.  34

Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody.  35

34. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla blue.
Capsule 4-valved.—Species 1. South Africa.  Charadrophila Marloth

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule 2-valved.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Seymeria Pursh

35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. (Raphispermum Benth.)  Rhaphispermum Benth.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.  Radamaea Benth.

36. (8.) Stamens 2.  37

Stamens 4-8.  38

37. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included; anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal, many-seeded.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.—Species 3. Canary and
Cape Verde Islands and Socotra.  Campylanthus Roth

Corolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.—Species 30. Some of them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Speedwell.”  Veronica L.

38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length.  39

Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal.  41

39. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted, white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized in
West Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute for tea.  Capraria L.

Anther-halves separate.  40

40. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsule
septicidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, subsessile, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics.
Used medicinally.  Scoparia L.

Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments.
Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves alternate, stalked, broad.—Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands,
Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Sibthorpia L.

41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube and a two-lipped limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or racemes.—Species
1. Sahara.  Lafuentea Lag.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate.  42

42. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped limb, blue or violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species
1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant.  Erinus L.

Corolla with a funnel- or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above.
Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  43

43. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species 6. North Africa; one of them also naturalized in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally and as ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (Including Callianassa Webb et
Berth.)  Digitalis L.

Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles. Leaves broad. Undershrubs.  44

44. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped. Calyx-segments glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species
1. South Africa.  Glumicalyx Hiern

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary fascicles.—Species
1. Island of Socotra.  Camptoloma Benth.

45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a septicidal, many-seeded capsule. [Subfamily PSEUDOSOLANEAE.]  46

Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely all radical or alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly irregular or ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. [Subfamily ANTIRRHINOIDEAE.]  50

46. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or 4.
Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.]  47

Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell- or wheel-shaped. Stamens 4 or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.]  49

47. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.—Species 10.
Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally.
(Including Doratanthera Benth. and Gerardiopsis Engl.)  Anticharis Endl.

Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile.  48

48. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 5.
South and Central Africa.  Peliostomum E. Mey.

Fruit blunt. Shrubs.—Species 25. Central and South Africa.  Aptosimum Burch.

49. Stamens 4.—Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Celsia L.

Stamens 5.—Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the Mascarene
Islands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Mullein.”  Verbascum L.

50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and fruit. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent. Flowers in spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.]  51

Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous.  56

51. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted. Stamens 4.
Flowers in spikes.  52

Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2 segments.  53

52. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.—Species 30. South and Central Africa.  Hebenstreitia L.

Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.—Species 10. South
Africa.  Dischisma Choisy

53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit 1-seeded.
Shrubs. Flowers in spikes.  54

Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal.  55

54. Sterile stamens present.—Species 1. South Africa.  Gosela Choisy

Sterile stamens absent.—Species 3. South Africa.  Agathelpis Choisy

55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
5. South Africa.  Microdon Choisy

Calyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit
2-seeded.—Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Walafrida E. Mey.)  Selago L.

56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and a very short tube. Stamens 2.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands.
An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.]  Calceolaria L.

Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular.  57

57. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a capsule.  58

Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then calyx
5-lobed or 3-parted.  71

58. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves. Herbs.
[Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.]  59

Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe ANTIRRHINEAE.]  62

59. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two teeth at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4.
South Africa.  Hemimeris Thunb.

Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile.  60

60. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all fertile, glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.

Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy. Corolla with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal.  61

61. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base. Stamens all fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.—Species 2. Naturalized in Madagascar.  Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl.

Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely with one only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.—Species 45. South
Africa.  Diascia Link & Otto.

62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or undershrubs.  63

Throat of the corolla open.  67

63. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate.  64

Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base.  66

64. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth or valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.—Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Toadflax.”  Linaria Juss.

Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary.  65

65. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves. Seeds oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (Under
Linaria Juss.)  Cymbalaria Baumg.

Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.—Species 17. North
Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. (Under Linaria L.)  Elatinoides Wettst.

66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed pores.—Species
6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.”  Antirrhinum L.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present.
Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowers
small, axillary.—Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands.  Schweinfurthia A. Braun

67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal. Anther-halves confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad.
Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.—Species 1. South Africa.  Colpias E. Mey.

Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite.  68

68. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal cells.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa. (Under Linaria
Juss.)  Chaenorrhinum (DC.) Lange

Anther-halves confluent at the apex.  69

69. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers in racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.—Species 5. North Africa and
Abyssinia. (Simbuleta Forsk.)  Anarrhinum Desf.

Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves.  70

70. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule globose,
4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.—Species 7. Tropical and South
Africa.  Diclis Benth.

Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule compressed,
2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous wing.—Species
50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Nemesia Vent.

71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles; occasionally solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case shrubs or trees.
Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal capsule or a berry.
[Tribe CHELONEAE.]  72

Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles. Stamens
2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  81

72. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a ventricose tube and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile stamen distinctly developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves confluent. Fruit a capsule.—Species
20. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Scrophularia L.

Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely fertile.  73

73. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Fruit a capsule.  74

Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5.  76

74. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or white.
Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. South Africa.  Ixianthes Benth.

Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens
4.  75

75. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted upper lip.
Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose beneath.
Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
South Africa. Yields timber.  Anastrabe E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip.
Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves nearly always whorled.—Species 6. South Africa.  Bowkeria Harv.

76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Dermatobotrys Bolus

Fertile stamens 4.  77

77. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous.  78

Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate.  79

78. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
Seychelles. Ornamental plant.  Russelia Jacq.

Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.—Species 5. Tropical and South
Africa. The fruits are edible.  Halleria L.

79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit a two-valved capsule.—Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Phygelius E. Mey.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or a berry.  80

80. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.—Species 2.
South Africa.  Teedia Rudolphi

Corolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.—Species 2. South Africa.  Freylinia Pangelli

81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently
1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.]  82

Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.]  91

82. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted.  83

Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4.  84

83. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.—Species 30. South Africa.  Zaluzianskia Schmidt

Anthers 4, equal.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland.  Polycarena Benth.

84. Corolla-tube very short.  85

Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long.  86

85. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all radical.
(See 61.)  Diascia Link & Otto

Corolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. South Africa. (Under Sutera Roth)  Sphenandra Benth.

86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores or
transverse slits.  87

Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening lengthwise, septicidal.  88

87. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.—Species 1. Naturalized in the island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (Lophospermum Don)  Maurandia Ort.

Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.)  Anarrhinum Desf.

88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or dissected.—Species
1. Egypt and Nubia. (Jamesbrittenia O. Ktze.)  Sutera Roth.

Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed.  89

89. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.—Species 20. South Africa.  Phyllopodium Benth.

Bracts free from the pedicels.  90

90. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts or without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in compound, rarely in simple racemes.—Species 35. South Africa to
Angola. (Nemia Berg).  Manulea L.

Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 120.
South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Lyperia Benth., under Sutera Roth). (Plate 136.)  Chaenostoma Benth.

91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2.  92

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3.  97

92. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary.  93

Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed.  95

93. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted.
Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland)  Dintera Stapf

Ovary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or sub-equally 5-lobed.  94

94. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands.  Bryodes Benth.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. Egypt.  Peplidium Del.

95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves spreading.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bonnaya Link et Otto)  Ilysanthes Rafin.

Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so.  96

96. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of the corolla with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Hydrotriche Zucc.

Leaves entire.—Species 10. Central Africa.  Dopatrium Hamilt.

97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.—Species 1.
West Africa.  Hydranthelium H. B. & Kunth

Stamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla.  98

98. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla.  99

Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla.  102

99. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth, sterile stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers solitary.—Species
1. Island of Réunion.  Allocalyx Cordem.

Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth- or bristle-like appendage at the base.  100

100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped; segments subequal.—Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Vandellia L.)  Lindernia All.

Calyx winged or with very prominent angles.  101

101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the base.
Stem usually leafless.—Species 15. Central and South Africa.  Craterostigma Hochst.

Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem leafy.—Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Torenia L.

102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped.  103

Anther-halves contiguous or confluent.  105

103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species
8. Northern East Africa and Egypt.  Lindenbergia Lehm.

Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved.  104

104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water- or marsh-plants.—Species
6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Ambulia Lam., Stemodiacra P. Browne)  Limnophila R. Br.

Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue. Glandular-pubescent land-plants.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Stemodia L.

105. Sepals united high up.  106

Sepals united at the base only.  107

106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top.
Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Two of them indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in the Azores. Used as ornamental plants.  Mimulus L.

Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent. Ovary septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers axillary.—Species
5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt.  Limosella L.

107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.—Species 10. Tropics,
South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Moniera P. Browne, including Herpestis Gaertn. and Bramia
Lam.)  Bacopa Aubl.

Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla 2-lipped.  108

108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the anterior exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in racemes, rather large.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Artanema Don

Sepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage.
Flowers solitary, very small.—Species 4. East Africa.  Stemodiopsis Engl.

FAMILY 209. BIGNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Colea) by one. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged, exalbuminous.—Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 137.)

1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [Tribe
TECOMEAE.]  2

Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (Colea) completely 2-celled.
Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.]  14

2. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx 5-toothed.
Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters.  3

Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (Stenolobium) unifoliolate.  4

3. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white, with a long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa.  Catophraetes G. Don

Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.—Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa.  Rhigozum Burch.

4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.  5

Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube.  6

5. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees. Leaflets entire.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible seeds, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African tulip-tree.”  Spathodea Beauv.

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Tecoma Juss.)  Tecomaria Fenzl

6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Trees.
Flowers panicled.  7

Anther-halves divergent or divaricate.  8

7. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each cell in
2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.—Species 1. West
Africa. Yields timber and medicaments.  Newbouldia Seem.

Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than two rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Dolichandrone Fenzl

8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood. Anther-halves usually divergent.  9

Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate.  11

9. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla distinctly
2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Perichlaena Baill.

Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees.  10

10. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped. Disc saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves glabrous, crowded at the end of the branches.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Kigelianthe Baill.

Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc cushion-shaped.
Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose beneath.—Species
2. Central Africa. (Ferdinandia Seem., under Heterophragma
DC.)  Fernandia Baill.

11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 5-toothed.
Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (Under Tecoma Juss.)  Stenolobium D. Don

Flowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like.  12

12. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy partition.
Trees.—Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments.  Stereospermum Cham.

Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell.  13

13. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side.
Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.—Species 10. Central Africa.
Some species yield timber. (Under Dolichandrone Fenzl)  Markhamia Seem.

Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally 5-toothed.
Climbing shrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa (Under
Pandorea Endl. or Tecoma Juss.)  Podranea Sprague

BIGNONIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 137.

J. Fleischmann del.

Kigelia aethiopica Decne.

A Leaf. B Inflorescence. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Ovary cut lengthwise. E Ovary cut across. F Fruit.

PEDALIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 138.

J. Fleischmann del.

Sesamum angolense Welw.

A Flowering plant. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. D Stigma. E Cross-section of ovary.

14. (1.) Ovary completely 1-celled. Calyx bell-shaped, bursting irregularly.
Corolla red or orange, ventricose-campanulate, irregular. Anther-halves parallel or divergent. Fruit with a thick rind. Trees. Leaves pinnate.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Kigelkeia Rafin.) (Plate 137.)  Kigelia DC.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled.  15

15. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex.  16

Leaves pinnately compound or reduced to the winged leaf-stalk. Flowers panicled.  18

16. Leaves with a pair of spines at their base. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary or springing from the old wood. Calyx pouch-shaped, unequally
2-5-lobed. Corolla regular, long funnel-shaped. Anther-halves divaricate.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Paracolea Baill.

Leaves without spines at the base, but the leaf-stalk sometimes becoming spine-like. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx bell-shaped,
5-toothed. Corolla more or less irregular, bell- or bell-funnel-shaped.  17

17. Leaves herbaceous; leaf-stalk hardening into a spine. Flowers in panicles.
Corolla irregular. Anther-halves divaricate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Phylloctenium Baill.

Leaves leathery, resinous; leaf-stalk not hardening into a spine. Flowers in racemes. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves divergent, pendulous.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Tabebuia Gomez).  Zaa Baill.

18. Leaves reduced to the jointed and winged leaf-stalk bearing sometimes
1-3 terminal leaflets. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slightly irregular.
Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary septate at the base. Fruit succulent.—Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber and edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants. (Arthrophyllum Boj.)  Phyllarthron DC.

Leaves pinnate, opposite or whorled.  19

19. Calyx long tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, nearly regular.
Anther-halves divergent. Disc ring-shaped. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Siphocolea Baill.

Calyx bell-shaped.  20

20. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla regular, almost barrel-shaped, red.
Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped, crenate. Trees. Inflorescences terminal.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Rhodocolea Baill.

Calyx 5-toothed or unequally cleft. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-funnel-shaped.
Fruit dry.—Species 25. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species have edible fruits.  Colea Boj.

FAMILY 210. PEDALIACEAE

Plants with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, simple. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, the 4 fertile in pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, small, awl-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-8-celled with 2 or more axile ovules in each cell, rarely (Linariopsis) 1-celled with 2 basal ovules. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.—Genera 14, species 65. (Plate 138.)

1. Flowers in terminal, raceme- or umbel-like cymes. Shrubs or small trees.
Ovary 2-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule.  2

Flowers solitary or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves, with glands at the base of the pedicels. Herbs, rarely (Pretreothamnus) shrubs, but then ovules 3 in each ovary-cell.  4

2. Inflorescences umbel- or fascicle-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels none. Corolla-tube moderately long, funnel-shaped, neither spurred nor curved. Anthers included; halves divergent, pendulous. Disc slightly one-sided. Ovary-cells not or very incompletely chambered. Fruit beset with hooked bristles. Seeds narrowly winged. Leaves large, broad, long-stalked, lobed. Spines none.—Species 6. Madagascar.
(Under Harpagophytum DC.)  Uncarina (Baill.) Stapf

Inflorescences raceme-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels presente.
Corolla-tube very long, cylindrical, spurred or curved. Ovary-cell, nearly completely chambered. Leaves small, partly replaced by spines.  3

3. Corolla spurred. Anthers scarcely exserted, with parallel halves. Disc one-sided. Stem much thickened at the base.—Species 6. Central
Africa.  Sesamothamnus Welw.

Corolla not spurred, with an S-shaped tube, yellow. Anthers exserted, with divergent halves. Disc equal-sided. Stem not much thickened.
Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland).  Sigmatosiphon Engl.

4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. Ovules 2, erect. Seed 1. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Corolla violet; tube widened from the base, almost straight.
Anther-halves parallel. Disc equal-sided. Stem prostrate, hairy.
Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). Used medicinally.  Linariopsis Welw.

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.  5

5. Ovary and fruit 2-celled, with undivided cells. Ovules descending or horizontal. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary.  6

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled, each cell completely or incompletely divided
into two chambers.  10

6. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary.  7

Ovules 8 or more in each cell of the ovary. Anthers opening by long slits.
Disc one-sided. Succulent, prostrate herbs.  9

7. Fruit 4-winged, without spines. Anther-halves divergent, opening by short slits. Disc one-sided. Corolla yellow or red. Stem tuberous at the base.—Species 15. Central and South Africa.  Pterodiscus Hook.

Fruit wingless, bearing spines or tubercles. Corolla yellow. Succulent herbs.  8

8. Fruit with a large spine at the base of each angle.—Species 1. East
Africa and Madagascar. Yields vegetables and is used in medicine.  Pedalium Royen

Fruit without large spines at the base, but with small spines or tubercles on the flanks. Seeds winged.—Species 1. East Africa. (Under
Pedalium Royen).  Pedaliophytum Engl.

9. Ovules 8 in each cell of the ovary. Corolla yellow; tube deeply saccate at the base.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Holubia Oliv.

Ovules numerous in each cell of the ovary. Corolla red; tube not or slightly saccate at the base. Fruit with several rows of recurved spines.—Species
3. South and Central Africa. Noxious weeds. “Grapple plant.” (Uncaria Burch.)  Harpagophytum DC.

10. Ovules 2-3 in each chamber of the ovary, ascending, or one ascending, the other descending. Fruit a nut.  11

Ovules numerous in each chamber, at least in the larger ones, descending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule.  12

11. Ovules 2 in each of the 4 chambers of the ovary. Fruit with 2 spines in the middle. Corolla red. Trailing herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species 1.
Tropical and South Africa.  Pretrea J. Gay

Ovules 3 in each chamber. Shrubs.—Species 1. Northern East Africa
(Somaliland).  Pretreothamnus Engl.

12. Cells of the ovary and fruit unequal in size and containing an unequal number of ovules or seeds. Corolla violet or white. Fruit with 2-8 spines or tubercles at the base; only the larger cell dehiscent. Erect herbs. Leaves toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in cymes.—Species
3. Central Africa to Namaland.  Rogeria J. Gay

Cells of the ovary and fruit equal. Flowers solitary.  13

13. Fruit with two horns or spines at the apex. Corolla red, violet, or yellow.—Species
5. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Ceratotheca Endl.

Fruit without horns nor spines. Corolla red or white.—Species 20.
Central and South Africa; one species (S. indicum L.) also cultivated in
Egypt and Madagascar. The seeds of this and a second species are used as food or as a condiment and for preparing meal and oil; some species yield dyes or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 138.)  Sesamum L.

FAMILY 211. MARTYNIACEAE

Erect, hairy herbs. Leaves broad, undivided. Flowers in racemes, with large bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx unequally 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla obliquely campanulate, two-lipped, 5-lobed, red. Fertile stamens 2, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, included; staminodes 3. Disc regular. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 two-cleft parietal placentas. Ovules 4-16, descending, inverted. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigma-lobes. Fruit ending in two horns, 8-ribbed, 4-chambered and 4-seeded, opening loculicidally at the apex; exocarp leathery, endocarp hard. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen. (Under PEDALINEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and Mauritius. An ornamental and medicinal plant.  Martynia L.

FAMILY 212. OROBANCHACEAE

Parasitic herbs destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-5-toothed or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals. Corolla 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a pitted testa, a copious albumen, and an undivided embryo.—Genera 2, species 30. North and Central Africa. (Plate 139.)

Calyx 5-lobed, with blunt or rounded, nearly equal lobes. Corolla almost equally 5-lobed. Bracteoles adnate to the calyx.—Species 6. North and Central Africa. (Under Phelipaea E. Mey.) (Plate 139.)  Cistanche Hoffm. & Link

Calyx 2-5-toothed with pointed teeth, or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or sepals.—Species 25. North and East Africa; two species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds.
“Broomrape.” (Including Phelipaea E. Mey.)  Orobanche (Tournef.) G. Beck

FAMILY 213. GESNERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 2. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 6, species 65. Tropical and South Africa. (CRYTANDREAE.) (Plate 140.)

OROBANCHACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 139.

J. Fleischmann del.

Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg.

A Stem. B Inflorescence. C Flower laid open. D Anther. E Stigma. F Ovary cut lengthwise. G Ovary cut across.

GESNERACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 140.

J. Fleischmann del.

Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke

A Whole plant. B Flower laid open. C Anther (from front and back). D Cross-section of ovary. E Fruit.

1. Fruit linear, loculicidal or follicular. Disc equal-sided, sometimes indistinct.  2

Fruit oblong, ovate, or globose. Disc one-sided, rarely (Saintpaulia) equal-sided.  3

2. Fruit twisted.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 140.) (Tribe STREPTOCARPEAE.)  Streptocarpus Lindl.

Fruit not twisted.—Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. (Roettlera
Vahl, including Trachystigma C. B. Clarke). [Tribe DIDYMOCARPEAE.]  Didymocarpus Wall.

3. Fruit globose, opening transversely. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue or white. Posterior stamens fertile. Inflorescence capitate.
Leaves few.—Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe BESLERIEAE.]  Epithema Blume

Fruit ovate or oblong, opening lengthwise.  4

4. Fruit loculicidal or follicular. Leaf single.—Species 2. West Africa.
(Including Carolofritschia Engl.) [Tribe KLUGIEAE.]  Acanthonema Hook. fil.

Fruit septicidal. Leaves several. [Tribe RAMONDIEAE.]  5

5. Corolla white, lobed. Disc one-sided. Anthers oblong. Ovary completely
1-celled, glandular-hairy. Stigma entire. Stem creeping. Leaves alternate.—Species 1. East Africa.  Linnaeopsis Engl.

Corolla blue or violet, cleft. Disc equal-sided. Anthers ovoid or subglobose.
Ovary incompletely 2-4-celled, hairy. Stigma 2-lobed.
Stem erect or ascending. Leaves opposite or all radical.—Species 4.
East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Saintpaulia Wendl.

FAMILY 214. LENTIBULARIACEAE

Rootless herbs with pitcher-leaves. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Corolla of united petals, 2-lipped, spurred or saccate. Stamens 2, attached to the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted. Stigma sessile, entire or unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a 3-many-seeded capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 65. (Plate 141.)

Calyx subequally 5-partite. Land- or marsh-plants. Pitcher-leaves tubular with two spirally twisted arms. Flowers in few-flowered racemes, with
2 bracteoles each.—Species 3. South Africa and southern Central
Africa.  Genlisea St. Hil.

Calyx 2-partite or of 2 free sepals. Pitcher-leaves bladder-like, ovoid or globose.—Species 60. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bladderwort.” (Plate 141.)  Utricularia L.

FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, usually blue. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, attached to the corolla. Staminodes none. Anthers turned inwards, 2-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Disc present, usually gland-like. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight, the radicle turned upwards.—Genera 3, species 6. North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and Socotra. (Under SELAGINEAE.)

1. Flowers in spikes. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip similar to those of the lower.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.
Cockburnia Balf.

Flowers in heads. Corolla distinctly exceeding the calyx; lobes of the upper lip much shorter than those of the lower.  2

2. Heads axillary. Corolla-tube slit open between the lobes of the upper lip.—Species
2. Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under
Globularia L.)  Lytanthus Wettst.

Heads terminal. Corolla-tube not slit.—Species 3. North Africa.
Used medicinally.  Globularia L.

SUBORDER ACANTHINEAE

FAMILY 216. ACANTHACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, usually dotted with cystoliths. Flowers more or less irregular, 4-5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Disc usually present. Style simple. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely 4-lobed. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely (Afromendoncia) 1-celled. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiments, more rarely a drupe. Seeds 2 or more, mostly exalbuminous; funicle usually with a hook-like outgrowth.—Genera 106, species 1100. (Plate 142.)

1. Fruit a 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Funicles small, without an outgrowth.
Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 4, with 2-celled anthers. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Calyx minute, enveloped by two large bracteoles. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, rarely in terminal racemes. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Climbing shrubs. [Subfamily MENDONCIOIDEAE.]  2

Fruit a 2-celled, 2- or more-seeded capsule. Funicles with a tubercle- or hook-shaped outgrowth, or thickened throughout their length.
Ovary 2-celled.  4

2. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit oblong or ovate. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species
6. Tropics. (Including Liraya Pierre, under Mendoncia
Vell.)  Afromendoncia Gilg

Ovary 2-celled, at least when young.  3

LENTIBULARIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 141.

J. Fleischmann del.

Utricularia livida E. Mey.

A Plant in flower. B Flower. C Pistil and calyx cut lengthwise.

ACANTHACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 142.

J. Fleischmann del.

Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau

A Plant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off). B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise. D Stamen. E Fruit cut lengthwise (without the seeds).

3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous below. Fruit globose.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).  Gilletiella De Wild. & Dur.

Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves oblong.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Monachochlamys Bak.

4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and ovules
2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit beaked at the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly regular, with contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large bracteoles.
Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing herbs. [Subfamily
THUNBERGIOIDEAE.]  5

Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth; in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell.  6

5. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.)  Pseudocalyx Radlk.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.—Species 100. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Hexacentris Nees).  Thunbergia L. f.

6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum, albuminous.
Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx unequally 4-5-parted.
Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [Subfamily NELSONIOIDEAE.]  7

Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (Synnema) thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [Subfamily
ACANTHOIDEAE.]  9

7. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell numerous, in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.—Species 1. Central
Africa. (Ebermaiera Nees, Zenkerina Engl.)  Staurogyne Wall.

Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked.  8

8. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with imbricate bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very short.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Tubiflora Gmel.)  Elytraria Vahl

Flowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts or wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species
1. Tropics.  Nelsonia R. Br.

9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually hairy.  10

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually glabrous.  40

10. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped.  11

Corolla nearly regular.  17

11. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted into a stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial
East Africa (Uganda).  Eranthemum L.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2 in each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [Tribe
HYGROPHILEAE.]  12

12. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally 5-toothed.
Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell of the ovary.
Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. Central Africa. Some of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Eremomastax Lindau)  Paulowilhelmia Hochst.

Corolla 2-lipped.  13

13. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules numerous.
Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or spikes.—Species
20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Brillantaisia Beauv.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or wanting.  14

14. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth. Ovules numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Cardanthera
Ham.)  Synnema Benth.

Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold.  15

15. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite.
Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each cell of the ovary.—Species 4. East Africa.  Mellera S. Moore

Stem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred.  16

16. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx 4-partite.
Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used for making salt. (Under Hygrophila R. Br.)  Asteracantha Nees

Flowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Nomaphila
Blume)  Hygrophila R. Br.

17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted into a short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens 4,
united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.]  18
Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and STROBILANTHEAE.]  22

18. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx; bracteoles smaller.—Species 8. Central Africa.  Disperma C. B. Clarke

Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large.  19

19. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union of the two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral inflorescences.—Species
18. Tropics. (Under Petalidium Nees).  Pseudobarleria T. Anders.

Calyx-segments 5, almost free.  20

20. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like.
Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Aetheilema R. Br.,
Micranthus Wendl., Phaylopsis Willd.)  Phaulopsis Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal.  21

21. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal false umbels.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Zygoruellia Baill.

Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed below.
Flowers solitary or in cymes.—Species 5. West and South Africa.  Petalidium Nees

22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk, 2-4-seeded.  23

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell.  30

23. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its length.  24

Fertile stamens 4.  25

24. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles.
Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.—Species 5. Central Africa.
Used as ornamental plants.  Lankesteria Lindl.

Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk, usually
4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils. Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx.—Species 4. South and East Africa.
(Under Calophanes Don).  Chaetacanthus Nees

25. Filaments free from the base.  26

Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two ridges.  27

26. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc very small.
Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and narrow.—Species
2. Northern East Africa.  Satanocrater Schweinf.

Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large, membranous.—Species 15. Central Africa. (Including Stylarthropus
Baill.)  Whitfieldia Hook.

27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded.
Flowers solitary or in spikes.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Strobilanthes Blume

Staminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes.  28

28. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear, 4-seeded.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. (Calophanes Don, including
Phillipsia Rolfe).  Dyschoriste Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical.  29

29. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs. Undershrubs.—Species
1. Southern East Africa.  Strobilanthopsis S. Moore

Fruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.—Species 8. Tropics.
(Under Dischistocalyx T. Anders.)  Acanthopale C. B. Clarke

30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2.  31

Fertile stamens 4.  32

31. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly
2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together in the leaf-axils. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. (Under Ruttya
Harv.)  Forsythiopsis Bak.

Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Ruelliola Baill.

32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a rudimentary half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell.
Flowers in spikes or heads.—Species 3. West Africa. (Physacanthus
Benth.)  Haselhoffia Lindau

Filaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two ridges.
Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted.  33

33. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed.  34

Staminal ridges separate.  35

34. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.—Species 1.
Island of St. Thomas. (Under Paulowilhelmia Hochst.)  Heteradelphia Lindau

Corolla tubular. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences.—Species
5. Central Africa.  Hemigraphis Nees

35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them, tailed at the base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.—Species 15. Tropics. (Including
Epiclastopelma Lindau)  Mimulopsis Schweinf.

Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (Ruelliopsis) all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary.  36

36. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped, toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Camarotea Elliot

Stigma entire or provided with a small tooth.  37

37. Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments usually very unequal. Bracteoles very small.—Species 9. Central Africa.
(Dischistocalyx T. Anders.)  Distichocalyx T. Anders.

Flowers solitary or in neither spike- nor head-like cymes or panicles.  38

38. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in size, entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube.
Anthers included.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.  Endosiphon T. Anders.

Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size.  39

39. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed. Calyx-segments unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 3. East and
South Africa.  Ruelliopsis C. B. Clarke

Pollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Dipteracanthus Nees).  Ruellia L.

40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or nearly regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (Crabbea) 3-4.
Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.]  41

Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation.  48

41. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed. Stamens
2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes 2, subequal, sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Somalia Oliv.)  Barleria L.

Calyx 2- or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct.  42

42. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly regular, with short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens 1-celled.
Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike- or head-like.—Species
12. Tropics. (Including Leucobarleria Lindau).  Neuracanthus Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc ring-shaped.  43

43. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow bracteoles.
Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Periblema DC.)  Boutonia DC.

Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without bracteoles, or in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Corolla two-lipped.  44

44. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the calyx. Flowers
in head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed with bracts. Corolla white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy above. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Warpuria Stapf

Bracteoles minute or absent.  45

45. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers all
2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.—Species 2. South
Africa.  Glossochilus Nees

Flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers partly 1-celled.  46

46. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged, inserted nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and style glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong,
4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.—Species 10. South and Central
Africa.  Crabbea Harv.

Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed.
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded.  47

47. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed.
Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered spikes.—Species
1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Lindauea Rendle

Anterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the anterior stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma entire.—Species
30. Central Africa. (Including Volkensiophyton Lindau).  Lepidagathis Willd.

48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a slit.
Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.]  49

Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular.  55

49. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short. Leaves usually prickly.  50

Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided.  53

50. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short.
Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.
Equatorial East Africa (Uganda).  Crossandrella C. B. Clarke

Corolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly; bracteoles small and narrow or wanting.  51

51. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two glandular pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube nearly globular.
Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds hairy.—Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables or
in medicine; others are noxious weeds.  Blepharis Juss.

Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely contracted at the base.  52

52. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4, glabrous.
Spikes stalked.—Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Acanthus L.

Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct. Seeds bristly, usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5 spines.—Species 7.
South Africa.  Acanthopsis Harv.

53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the anterior,
2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very long.
Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as the calyx.—Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Crossandra Salisb.

Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader than the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles shorter than the calyx.  54

54. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted at the base.—Species 8. Tropics. (Including Butayea De Wild, and
Pleuroblepharis Baill., under Sclerochiton Harv.)  Pseudoblepharis Baill.

Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly contracted at the base.—Species 4. Central and South Africa.  Sclerochiton Harv.

55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles.  56

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped.  64

56. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted. [Tribe
PSEUDERANTHEMEAE.]  57

Fertile stamens 4.  59

57. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube cylindrical, not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Ruspolia Lindau

Anthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer.  58

58. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly smooth.
Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.—Species 1. Natal. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under Asystasia Blume).  Mackaya Harv.

Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds wrinkled.—Species
12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under
Eranthemum L.)  Pseuderanthemum Radlk.

59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Stenandriopsis S. Moore

Anthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk. [Tribe
ASYSTASIEAE.]  60

60. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present. Stigma-lobes unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.—Species
4. West Africa. (Scytanthus T. Anders.)  Thomandersia Baill.

Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent. Stigma-lobes subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present.  61

61. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much lower than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and divergent.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Filetia Miq.

Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same level.  62

62. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.—Species 2.
East Africa. (Under Asystasia Blume)  Parasystasia Baill.

Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short.  63

63. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly spurred at the base. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. East Africa.  Asystasiella Lindau

Pollen-grain striped, not prickly.—Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Asystasia Blume

64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes none.
Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.]  Andrographis Nees

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE,
ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.]  65

65. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled.  66

Fertile stamens 2.  70

66. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.  67

Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate.  68

67. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the corolla.
Bracteoles small.—Species 1. Central Africa. (Styasasia S. Moore, under Asystasia Blume)  Isochoriste Miq.

Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.
Bracteoles large.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Forcipella Baill.

68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments unequal.
Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Synchoriste Baill.

Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad.  69

69. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts incised.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Podorungia Baill.

Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in the leaf-axils.
Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Chlamydacanthus Lindau

70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and bracteoles small.  71

Staminodes none, rarely (Duvernoya) solitary.  73

71. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal heights, pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long, funnel-shaped.
Shrubs. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Naturalized in
West Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant.  Graptophyllum Nees

Anthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed.  72

72. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes or panicles.—Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar.  Ruttya Harv.

Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Shrubs.—Species 4. Island of Socotra.  Ballochia Balf. fil.

73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt.  74

Anthers 2-celled.  80

74. Stigma entire.  75

Stigma 2-lobed.  76

75. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads or fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Lasiocladus Boj.

Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long and narrow.—Species 9. Tropics.  Brachystephanus Nees

76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the lower part of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Oreacanthus Benth.

Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in its upper part or at the throat.  77

77. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Fruit contracted into a long stalk.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Monothecium Hochst.

Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short stalk or not contracted.  78

78. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Amphiestes S. Moore

Calyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or -parted.  79

79. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Comoro Islands.  Periestes Baill.

Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used in medicine.  Hypoëstes R. Br.

80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights.  81

Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base.  101

81. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a spur- or tail-like appendage.  82

Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but neither spurred nor tailed.  92

82. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short. Calyx-segments very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled, red.
Bracts and bracteoles small.—Species 2. Island of Socotra.  Trichocalyx Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped.  83

83. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or undershrubs.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts narrow.  84

Corolla-tube short or rather short.  85

84. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under
Siphonoglossa Oerst.)  Aulojusticia Lindau

Corolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube.
Leaves elliptical to orbicular.—Species 3. South and East
Africa. (Under Justicia L.)  Siphonoglossa Oerst.

85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Pollen-grains with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes replaced by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and Canary
Islands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Adhatoda Nees, Dianthera L., Gendarussa Nees,
Monechma Hochst., and Rhytiglossa Nees). (Plate 142.)  Justicia L.

Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles.  86

86. Calyx-segments 4.  87

Calyx-segments 5.  88

87. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the branches.
Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Corymbostachys Lindau

Flowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk.
Herbs.—Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (Under Justicia L.)  Anisostachya Nees

88. Flowers in panicles.  89

Flowers in spikes.  90

89. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted into a short stalk.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).
(Under Justicia L.)  Salviacanthus Lindau
Stem herbaceous. Inflorescences abundantly branched. Bracts broad.
Lower anther-half spurred, the upper not. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (Under Justicia L.)  Rhaphidospora Nees

90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large, red.—Species
4. East Africa and Madagascar. (Under Macrorungia C. B.
Clarke)  Symplectochilus Lindau

Stem herbaceous.  91

91. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers small.
Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers. Bracteoles large.—Species 9. Tropics.  Rungia Nees

Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.)  Nicoteba Lindau

92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell- or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much widened above.  93

Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above.  95

93. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube somewhat shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in spikes or panicles.—Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
Adhatoda Nees or Justicia L.)  Duvernoya E. Mey.

Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the limb.
Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or undershrubs.  94

94. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its middle.
Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile and 2 sterile.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Melittacanthus S. Moore

Flowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.—Species
40. Tropical and South Africa.  Isoglossa Oerst.

95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Shrubs.  96

Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed.
Disc cup-shaped.  98

96. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc cup-shaped.
Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Populina Baill.

Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped.
Flowers in spikes or fascicles.  97

97. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly free,
3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5. Central
Africa.  Anisotes Nees

Bracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (Macrorungia
C. B. Clarke).  Himantochilus T. Anders.

98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Fruit oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing. Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Rhinacanthus Nees

Bracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs.  99

99. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa.  Chlamydocardia Lindau

Bracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2 flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands.  100

100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong; partition not separating from the valves.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Peristrophe Nees

Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating from the valves at maturity.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
(Diapedium Koenig).  Dicliptera Juss.

101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip rolled in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs. Flowers in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and bracteoles very small.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Ancalanthus Balf. fil.)  Angkalanthus Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Bracts not very small.  102

102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually 2.
Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting.  103

Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.  104

103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear. Fruit subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.—Species 5. Central Africa.
(Under Ecbolium Kurz)  Schwabea Endl.

Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or wanting.
Shrubs.—Species 3. Central Africa. (Under Dicliptera Juss.)  Megalochlamys Lindau

104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs. Flowers
in spikes.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Ecbolium Kurz

Bracts narrow. Seeds 4.  105

105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Canary Islands.  Anisacanthus Nees

Flowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa.  Schaueria Nees

SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE

FAMILY 217. MYOPORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo superior.—Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.

1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit with a 1-2-celled stone.—Species 2. South Africa.  Oftia Adans.

Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by side.  2

2. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. West Africa.  Zombiana Baill.

Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled stone.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands.  Myoporum Banks & Sol.

ORDER PLANTAGINALES

FAMILY 218. PLANTAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite. Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts, without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation, sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry, opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen; embryo straight or nearly so.—Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.)

Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base, solitary or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed corolla.
Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Species 1. Azores.  Litorella L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2- or more-flowered spikes or heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent,
2- or more-seeded.—Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle and birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.”
(Plate 143.)  Plantago L.

ORDER RUBIALES

FAMILY 219. RUBIACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, provided with sometimes leaf-like stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so, but sometimes with a curved corolla-tube. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Argostema) by 1-2 apical pores. Ovary inferior, rarely (Gaertnera) superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style 1, or several styles united at the base.—Genera 150, species 1900. (Plate 144.)

1. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily COFFEOIDEAE.]  2

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily CINCHONOIDEAE.]  81

2. Ovules pendulous or descending; micropyle superior. Radicle of the embryo superior.  3

Ovules ascending; micropyle inferior. Radicle of the embryo inferior.  30

3. Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees.  4

Corolla with valvate aestivation.  18

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers in fascicles or panicles, rarely solitary. [Tribe
ALBERTEAE.]  5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation.  16

5. Corolla curved, tubular, hairy within. Calyx 5-partite; 1-4 of the segments much enlarged after flowering. Anthers hairy. Style much exserted. Flowers in terminal panicles.  6

Corolla straight. Calyx-segments not enlarged, rarely all enlarged after flowering.  7

6. Calyx with 1 enlarged segment. Corolla hairy at the base and at the throat. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers bearded at the base. Style-apex 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Nematostylis Hook. fil.

Calyx with 2-4 enlarged segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.
Style-apex entire.—Species 5. Madagascar and Natal. (Ernestimeyera
O. Ktze.)  Alberta E. Mey.

PLANTAGINACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 143.

J. Fleischmann del.

Plantago palmata Hook. fil.

A Plant in flower. B Flower with a bracteole (without the anthers). C Flower cut lengthwise. D Cross-section of ovary.

RUBIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 144.

J. Fleischmann del.

Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut off). C Anther. D Cross-section of ovary. E Group of fruits. F Fruit.

7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous, two-cleft at the apex.—Species 6. Central Africa.  Psilanthus Hook. fil.

Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the fruit.  8

8. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs.  9

Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles.  10

9. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft. Style-apex
2-cleft.—Species 1. East Africa.  Lamprothamnus Hiern

Calyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft. Style-apex entire.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Exechostylus K. Schum.

10. Style hairy.  11

Style glabrous.  12

11. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the seeds ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.—Species 10.
Tropics.  Polysphaeria Hook. fil.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire. Albumen of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.—Species 13. Tropics.  Cremaspora Benth.

12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees.
Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.—Species 1. Island of St. Thomas.  Belonophora Hook. fil.

Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma.  13

13. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes hairy below.  14

Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers more or less exserted.  15

14. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla salver-shaped.
Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of bracteoles.—Species
1. West Africa (Togoland).  Kerstingia K. Schum.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers exserted.—Species 4. West Africa.  Aulacocalyx Hook. fil.

15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very narrow.
Species 2. East Africa.  Heinsenia K. Schum.

Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules broad.—Species
3. East and South-east Africa.  Rhabdostigma Hook. fil.

16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit separating into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and copious
albumen.—Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal.  Cephalanthus L.

Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [Tribe
GUETTARDEAE.]  17

17. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-9-celled.
Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.—Species 1. East
Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine.  Guettarda Blume

Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted.
Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Guettarda Blume).  Antirrhoea Comm.

18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary 1-2-celled.
Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe KNOXIEAE.]  19

Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled.
Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (Pachystigma) herbs, but then ovary 3-5-celled.  22

19. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without bracteoles. Stipules undivided.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola).  Calanda K. Schum.

Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like.  20

20. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet, salver-shaped, with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Paragophyton K. Schum.

Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla with long hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or indehiscent.  21

21. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely.
Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. West
Africa (Togo).  Baumannia K. Schum.

Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Holocarpa Bak.)  Pentanisia Harv.

22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious,
4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers included or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.—Species
1. Madagascar and Seychelles.  Timonius Rumph.

Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen.
[Tribe VANGUERIEAE.]  23

23. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma lobed.—Species
20. Central and South-east Africa. (Fadogia Schweinf.)  Pachystigma Hochst.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite.  24

24. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower, surrounded by an involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat.  25

Inflorescences without an involucre.  26

25. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or heads.
Trees.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.  Scyphochlamys Balf. fil.

Style simple, with a capitate stigma.—Species 10. Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. They yield timber.  Pyrostria Comm.

26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile.
Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.—Species 6. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay.  Ancylanthus Desf.

Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed.  27

27. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed.  28

Ovary 3-6-celled.  29

28. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the throat.
Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base. Flowers in clusters.—Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some species yield dye-stuffs.  Craterispermum Benth.

Stigma capitate, entire.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.
Some of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (Canthium
Lam.)  Plectronia L.

29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.—Species
10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay.  Cuviera DC.

Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.—Species 70.
Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine.  Vangueria Juss.

30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes near their base.  31

Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves.  54

31. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or trees.
Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.]  32

Corolla with valvate aestivation.  38

32. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.—Species 20. Tropics.  Rutidea DC.

Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition.  33

33. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct. Anthers
included. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas. Flowers terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Trees.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Pleurocoffea Baill.

Corolla with a straight tube.  34

34. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft.  35

Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple.
Ovary 2-celled.  36

35. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx 2-partite.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.—Species 5. Mascarene
Islands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine.  Myonima Comm.

Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary 2-celled.—Species
50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira.
Several species (especially C. arabica L. and C. liberica L.) yield coffee, oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Solenixora Baill.)  Coffea L.

36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5.
Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united.
Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Buseria Dur.)  Leiochilus Hook. fil.

Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs.  37

37. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence connate into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.—Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.)  Pavetta L.

Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate into
a sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not united.—Species
60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine.  Ixora L.

38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a sheath.
Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or with small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle near the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.—Species
6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.]  Morinda L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout, but then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled.  39

39. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled. Style
2-cleft or 2-parted, with head- or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit indehiscent; seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.]  40

Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles, united at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions of the ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.]  46

40. Corolla funnel-shaped.  41

Corolla wheel- or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting.  43

41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. Stamens
4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.—Species 1. North Africa.
Yields a dye-stuff.  Sherardia Dill.

Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth.  42

42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. Stamens
4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the ovary.—Species
7. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Crucianella L.

Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached near the middle of the partition.—Species 5. North-west Africa.
They (especially A. odorata L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.  Asperula L.

43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile cell.—Species
2. North Africa.  Callipeltis Stev.

Flowers without an involucral bract.  44

44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. Flowers axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the male flowers,
4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, one-seeded.—Species
2. North Africa and northern East Africa.  Vaillantia L.

Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit.  45

45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.—Species 10. Some of them yield dyes and medicaments. “Madder.”  Rubia L.

Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.—Species 60. Some of them yield dyes, condiments, or medicaments. (Including Aspera Moench)  Galium Tourn.

46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 nutlets.
Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in medicine. (Richardia Bartl.)  Richardsonia L.

Ovary 2-celled.  47

47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves.  48

Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps.  49

48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.—Species 2. South Africa and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs.  Hydrophylax L. f.

Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped,
5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Gomphocalyx Bak.

49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps.  50

Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like.  51

50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.—Species 6.
North Africa and northern Central Africa.  Gaillonia A. Rich.

Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
12. Tropical and South Africa.  Diodia Gronov.

51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.—Species 2. Central and South
Africa. Used medicinally.  Mitracarpus Zucc.

Fruit opening lengthwise.  52

52. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the apex. Calyx-lobes
4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the limb of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.—Species 2. East
Africa. (Under Spermacoce Dill.)  Hypodematium A. Rich.

Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base.  53

53. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to the partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.
(Spermacoceoides O. Ktze.)  Spermacoce Dill.

Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.—Species 45.
Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Tardavel
Adans., including Octodon Thonn., under Spermacoce Dill.)  Borreria G. W. Mey.

54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the corolla-tube; filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually unisexual. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when rubbed. [Tribe
ANTHOSPERMEAE.]  55

Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite.  61

55. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous, polygamous.
Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.—Species 3. South Africa.  Carpacoce Sond.

Style 2-cleft or 2-parted.  56

56. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes
3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal and ornamental plant.  Serissa Comm.

Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted.  57

57. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells; hence apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers axillary, dioecious.—Species 6. South Africa. (Ambraria Cruse).  Nenax Gaertn.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities.  58

58. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes erect. Fruit
a drupe.—Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as ornamental plants.  Nertera Banks & Sol.

Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into mericarps.  59

59. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal panicles; in this case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious, 4-merous flowers.—Species
35. Southern and tropical Africa.  Anthospermum L.

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles. Undershrubs with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules and monoecious flowers.  60

60. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted. Undershrubs.—Species
2. South Africa.  Galopina Thunb.

Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.—Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands.  Phyllis L.

61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves fetid when rubbed.  62

Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a schizocarp.  64

62. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with a fragile rind.—Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Including Lecontea A. Rich. and Siphomeris Boj.) [Tribe PAEDERIEAE.]  Paederia L.

Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers in terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers exserted.
Fruit separating into two nutlets.  63

63. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes recurved.
Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers in terminal, head-like fascicles.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under
Anthospermum L.)  Crocyllis E. Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them leaf-like.
Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.—Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa.  Otiophora Zucc.

64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps.  65

Fruit succulent, berry- or drupe-like.  66

65. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers solitary.—Species
1. Seychelles.  Neoschimpera Hemsl.

Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers in cymes.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.  Cremocarpus Boiv.

66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes.  67

Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely exhaling
a bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary and style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.]  68

67. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long tube and spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly exserted.
Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.—Species 3. North-west
Africa. Used medicinally.  Putoria Pers.

Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a rather short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers scarcely exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Plocama Ait.

68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles or heads.—Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or are used in medicine.  Gaertnera Lam.

Ovary inferior.  69

69. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or heads. Shrubs or small trees.  70

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered inflorescences, hermaphrodite.  74

70. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2.  71

Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12.  73

71. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the base, glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon)  Peripeplus Pierre

Anthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or in glomerules.  72

72. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers solitary,—Species
2. Madagascar.  Hymenocnemis Hook. fil.

Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Saldinia A. Rich.

73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane, with many thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on the limb of the corolla.—Species 15. Tropics.  Lasianthus Jack.

Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species
7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally.  Psathura Comm.

74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2-4.  75

Inflorescences without an involucre.  77

75. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly lobed.
Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.  Megalopus K. Schum.

Corolla with a straight tube.  76

76. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.—Species 18. Central Africa. (Under
Uragoga L.)  Cephaëlis Swartz

Seeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked,
heart- or kidney-shaped.—Species 13. Tropics.  Geophila Don.

77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and style-branches
2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.—Species 20. Tropics.
(Under Psychotria L.)  Chasalia Blume

Corolla-tube straight.  78

78. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7.
Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted.
Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.—Species
2. East Africa and Madagascar.  Triainolepis Hook. fil.

Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes
2, rarely 3-5.  79

79. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs. Inflorescences capitate.—Species
12. Central Africa.  Trichostachys Benth. & Hook.

Seeds grooved on the ventral face.  80

80 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.—Species 50. Tropical and
South Africa. (Under Psychotria L.).  Grumilea Gaertn.

Seeds with a uniform albumen.—Species 200. Tropical and South Africa.
(Myrstiphyllum P. Br., including Uragoga L. partly).  Psychotria L.

81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or trees.  82

Corolla with valvate aestivation.  124

82. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled.
Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.]  83

Corolla with contorted aestivation.  88

83. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate.  84

Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or breaking up into two mericarps.  85

84. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral bracts.—Species
10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.  Breonia A. Rich.

Inflorescences without involucral bracts.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and medicaments.  Sarcocephalus Afzel.

85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating into two nutlets. (See 16.)  Cephalanthus L.

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted.  86

86. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules collected in heads. Stem erect.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Paracephaëlis Baill.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads.  87

87. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.—Species 2. Madagascar.
They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and medicaments.  Nauclea L.

Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.—Species 2.
Tropics. (Ourouparia Aubl.)  Uncaria Schreb.

88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped; tube glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers in panicles.—Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine.  Crossopteryx Fenzl

Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like. [Tribe
GARDENIEAE.]  89

89. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2- or more-celled. Anthers included or slightly exserted.  90

Ovary completely 2-5-celled.  93

90. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas sometimes much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple and entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous.  91

Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 4-5-merous, axillary.  92

91. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit globose.—Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Macrosphyra Hook. fil.

Stipules not glume-like.—Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Genipa L. partly.)  Gardenia Ellis

92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 4. Mascarene Islands.  Fernelia Comm.

Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa.  Pouchetia A. Rich.

93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled.  94

Ovary 4-5-celled.  122

94. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell.  95

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell.  102

95. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk in them.  96

Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them.  99

96. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted. Flowers in terminal corymbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Chomelia
L., Webera Schreb., including Coptosperma Hook, fil.)  Tarenna Gaertn.

Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted.  97

97. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped. Placentas ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine.  Santalina Baill.

Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped.  98

98. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeply
lobed.—Species 3. East and South Africa.  Empogona Hook. fil.

Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the base.—Species
60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bunburya Meissn.,
Diplocrater Benth. & Hook., Diplospora DC., and Kraussia Harv.)  Tricalysia A. Rich.

99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped.  100

Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences lateral.  101

100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds solitary.—Species
1. East Africa.  Enterospermum Hiern

Flowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.—Species 1. East
Africa.  Zygoon Hiern

101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before the leaves.
Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds without an aril; albumen uniform.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Feretia Del.

Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.—Species 1.
East Africa.  Galiniera Del.

102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex.  103

Style more or less deeply cleft.  113

103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers hermaphrodite.
104

Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation.  105

104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy within the base, glabrous at the throat.—Species 5. Central Africa.
(Sherbournia Don)  Amaralia Welw.

Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.—Species 25. Central and South-east Africa.  Leptactinia Hook. fil.

105. Flowers unisexual.  106

Flowers hermaphrodite.  108

106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Byrsophyllum Hook. fil.

Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles. Calyx lobed or divided. Shrubs.  107

107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem climbing.—Species 2. West Africa.  Atractogyne Pierre

Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect; branches thickened and hollow at the nodes.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons).  Epitaberna K. Schum.

108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral.  109

Inflorescences lateral.  111

109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose corymbs. (See 96.)  Tarenna Gaertn.

Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube.  110

110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in clusters, yellowish-red.—Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber.  Burchellia R. Br.

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.—Species 85. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Genipa L. partly, Mitriostigma Hochst., and Stylocoryne Cav.)  Randia Houst.

111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.)  Randia Houst.

Seed-coat fibrous.  112

112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted in the tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in fascicles.—Species
2. Madagascar. (Including Tamatavia Hook. fil.)  Chapeliera A. Rich

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at the throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.—Species 35.
Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental plants.  Oxyanthus DC.

113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell.  114

Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  119

114. Placentas thick.  115

Placentas thin.  117

115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Flagenium Baill.

Flowers with an epicalyx.  116

116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Canephora Juss.

Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers exserted. (See 98.)  Tricalysia A. Rich.

117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like bracts. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers far exserted.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Probletostemon K. Schum.

Flowers small, without an epicalyx.  118

118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.—Species
4. Madagascar.  Hypobathrum Blume

Style-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules short.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Paragenipa Baill.

119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted. Stipules united at the base.—Species 25. Tropics.  Bertiera Aubl.

Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments.  120

120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.—Species
2. West Africa.  Dictyandra Welw.

Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered halves. Corolla salver-shaped.  121

121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.)  Leptactinia Hook. fil.

Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.—Species 7. Central Africa.  Heinsia DC.

122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species
1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (Under Randia
Houst.)  Morelia A. Rich.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  123

123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit clothed with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.—Species 1. Southern
West Africa (Angola).  Chalazocarpus Hiern

Flowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly toothed.
Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very large.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Tetrastigma
K. Schum.)  Schumanniophyton Harms

124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous, small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.]  125

Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (Oldenlandia) an achene or nut with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Pentacarpaea)
5-celled. Flowers small.  133

125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or trees.
Inflorescences without an involucre.  126

Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft.  128

126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Twining shrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Justenia Hiern

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed.  127

127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. West Africa.  Pauridiantha Hook. fil.

Corolla wheel- or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled.
Flowers in panicles or heads.—Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield dyes.  Urophyllum Wall.

128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one of the segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like, enlarged and
brightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Ovary
2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 30. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Spallanzania DC.)  Mussaenda L.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences.  129

129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or less bell-shaped involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.  130

Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an involucre.  131

130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently some or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5.
Fruit globose. Erect herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Temnopteryx Hook. fil.

Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong.
Shrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa.  Stipularia Beauv.

131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply divided; segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent herbs.—Species
1. West Africa.  Pentaloncha Hook. fil.

Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it.
Shrubs.  132

132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from the base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons).  Ecpoma K. Schum.

Corolla tube- or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.—Species
35. Tropics.  Sabicea Aubl.

133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs.
Stipules entire or toothed.  134

Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.]  143

134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous.  135

Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.]  137

135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud. Corolla tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas ascending.
Style 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Payera Baill.

Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary. Style simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule.  136

136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.—Species 4.
Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Mamboga
Blanco, Stephegyne Korth., under Nauclea L.)  Mitragyne Korth.

Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head- or club-shaped.—Species
4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber.  Adina Salisb.

137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or less
distinctly stalked.  138
Placentas adnate to the partition of the ovary throughout their whole length or almost so.  141

138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes unappendaged.
Fruit globose. Shrubs.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several are poisonous.  Danais Comm.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread- or club-shaped appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees.  139

139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used medicinally.  Pseudocinchona A. Chev.

Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous.  140

140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.—Species 3. West
Africa.  Corynanthe Welw.

Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn- or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.—Species
3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Corynanthe Welw.)  Pausinystalia Pierre

141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous. Corolla-lobes erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous. Stipules glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.—Species 8. Tropics.  Hymenodictyon Wall.

Fruit septicidal.  142

142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Schismatoclada Bak.

Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent. Corolla pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its mouth. Placentas thick.—Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield medicaments
(especially quinine).  Cinchona L.

143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little above the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube.
Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola).  Pentacarpaea Hiern

Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2.  144

144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells, few-ovuled.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous.  145

Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary.  147

145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them considerably enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules lacerated.—Species
15. Tropics. (Under Carphalea Juss.)  Dirichletia Klotzsch

Calyx-segments equal.  146

146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the segments.
Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Carphalea Juss.

Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with small teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Placopoda Balf.

147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much enlarged.  148

Calyx-segments equal or nearly so.  151

148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal, with a persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species
10. Central Africa.  Virecta Afzel.

Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft.  149

149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence.
Undershrubs.—Species 12. Tropics.  Otomeria Benth.

Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.  150

150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or bristle-like segments.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Neurocarpaea R. Br.)  Pentas Benth.

Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Shrubs or trees. (See 128.)  Mussaenda L.

151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike- or umbel-like cymes.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Argostema Wall.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth.
Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise.  152

152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla white, funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.—Species 1. East
Africa.  Dolichometra K. Schum.

Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often collected in false racemes or panicles.  153

153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform. Style-branches spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules lanceolate.—Species
1. Central Africa.  Hekistocarpa Hook. fil.

Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary.  154

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 145.

J. Fleischmann del.

Viburnum rugosum Pers.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise. D Fruit. E Cross-section of fruit.

VALERIANACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 146.

J. Fleischmann del.

Valeriana capensis Vahl

A Aboveground part of the plant. B Flower. C Anther. D Flower cut lengthwise (without the anthers). E Stigma. F Fruit. G Seed cut lengthwise.

154. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Anthers included.
Style 2-cleft. Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex. Herbs. Stipules entire or toothed. Flowers in lax cymes.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under Oldenlandia Plum.)  Pentodon Hochst.

Flowers 4-merous, very rarely 5-merous, but then solitary or in pairs or style simple.  155

155. Fruit opening by a lid, few-seeded. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla rotate.
Placentas globose, with 3-4 ovules. Undershrubs. Flowers in terminal fascicles.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Mitratheca K. Schum.

Fruit opening lengthwise or remaining closed.—Species 120. Some of them yield vegetables, dyes, or medicaments. (Including Hedyotis L. and Pentanopsis Rendle).  Oldenlandia Plum.

FAMILY 220. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united below. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary inferior. Ovules axile, pendulous. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds with a straight embryo and fleshy albumen.—Genera 4, species 15. North and East Africa. (Plate 145.)

1. Ovary 1-celled when fully developed. Ovule 1. Style very short, 3-parted.
Anthers turned inwards. Flowers in corymbs, regular, at least the inner ones. Fruit a drupe with a 1-seeded stone. Shrubs or trees. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.—Species 4. North Africa.
They yield timber and medicaments or serve as ornamental plants, so especially the guelder-rose (V. Opulus L.) and the laurustinus (V. tinus
L.); the latter has poisonous fruits. (Plate 145.) [Tribe VIBURNEAE.]  Viburnum L.

Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit a drupe with 3-5 stones or a several-seeded berry.  2

2. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Style very short, 3-5-parted. Anthers turned outwards. Corolla rotate. Flowers regular, in panicles or corymbs. Fruit a drupe. Leaves pinnately dissected.—Species 4.
North and East Africa; one species (S. nigra L.) only naturalized. The latter yields wood, pith, oil, edible fruits, and medicaments; another species is poisonous. “Elder.” [Tribe SAMBUCEAE.]  Sambucus L.

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style long. Anthers turned inwards. Flowers more or less irregular. Fruit a berry. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Shrubs. [Tribe LONICEREAE.]  3

3. Ovary 2-3-celled.—Species 6. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Honeysuckle.”  Lonicera L.

Ovary 5-celled. Fruit many-seeded.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
Azores. An ornamental plant.  Leycesteria Wall.

FAMILY 221. VALERIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules. Inflorescence cymose. Calyx not distinctly developed at the time of flowering. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 1-3, attached to the corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, with 3 cells, two of which are empty and sometimes rudimentary. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-parted. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 4, species 35. (Plate 146.)

1. Stamen 1. Corolla spurred. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery pappus crowning the fruit. Fruit 1-celled.—Species 5. North Africa.
Used as ornamental plants.  Centranthus DC.

Stamens 2-3. Corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous.  2

2. Stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united. Corolla 2-lipped; tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base. Calyx-limb toothed.
Branches of the inflorescence thickened.—Species 4. North-west
Africa.  Fedia Moench

Stamens 3, free. Corolla not 2-lipped.  3

3. Calyx-limb rolled inwards at the time of flowering, developing afterwards into a pappus of feathery bristles. Fruit 1-celled. Corolla-tube usually gibbous. Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves divided.—Species
5. North-west, East, and South Africa. Used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Plate 146.)  Valeriana L.

Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Corolla-tube without a distinct gibbosity.
Annual herbs.—Species 20. North and South Africa and northern
East Africa. Some species, especially V. olitoria Poll., are used as salad. “Cornsalad.”  Valerianella Haller

FAMILY 222. DIPSACACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in heads; each flower with an epicalyx embracing the ovary. Petals 4-5, united below. Stamens 2-4. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 2-parted. Fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 7, species 50. (Plate 147.)

1. Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller than the scales of the receptacle. Calyx-teeth numerous. Corolla-lobes 4.
Stigma entire.—Species 15. (Plate 147.)  Cephalaria Schrad.

Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows.  2

2. Involucral bracts united. Epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex. Calyx-teeth
5. Stigma entire.—Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under
Scabiosa L.)  Pycnocomon Hoffmsg. & Link

Involucral bracts free.  3

DIPSACACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 147.

J. Fleischmann del.

Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad.

A Flowering blanch. B Flower with epicalyx and bract. C Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.

CUCURBITACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 148.

J. Fleischmann del.

Momordica Charantia L.

A Flowering branch. B Male flower cut lengthwise. C Sepal. D Anther. E Female flower cut lengthwise. F Staminode. G Cross-section of ovary. H Fruit. I Seed. (H from Curtis’ Botanical Magazine, plate 2455.)

3. Scales of the receptacle stiff and pointed. Calyx-teeth usually 4. Stem prickly or bristly.—Species 5. North and East Africa. Several species are used in the manufacture of cloth and in medicine. “Teasel.”  Dipsacus L.

Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or replaced by hairs. Stem glabrous or hairy, rarely bristly.  4

4. Scales of the receptacle nearly as large as the flowers. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.—Species 2.
North-west Africa and Cameroons. They yield dyes and medicaments.
(Under Scabiosa L.)  Succisa Coult.

Scales of the receptacle much smaller than the flowers or replaced by hairs.  5

5. Calyx-teeth 4-6. Stigma 2-parted. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows or ribs and a saucer-shaped limb. Receptacle scaly.—Species
18. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Scabiosa L.

Calyx-teeth 8-24.  6

6. Calyx-teeth 8. Epicalyx without distinct furrows or ribs, and with a narrow, toothed limb. Receptacle hairy.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Scabiosa L.)  Knautia Coult.

Calyx-teeth 12-24. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows and a saucer-shaped limb.—Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under
Scabiosa L.)  Pterocephalus Vaill.

ORDER CAMPANULATAE

SUBORDER CUCURBITINEAE

FAMILY 223. CUCURBITACEAE

Nearly always prostrate or climbing and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves broad, usually with pedate nervation. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or nearly so, 5-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Stamens 4-5, four of them united in pairs, rarely all united or all free. Anthers usually opening outwards. Ovary inferior. Ovules inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Fruit berry-like, but sometimes dehiscent, more rarely dry and indehiscent. Seeds with a leathery or woody testa and a straight embryo, without albumen.—Genera 42, species 270. (Plate 148.)

1. Filaments all united into a column. [Tribe SICYOIDEAE.]  2

Filaments free or united at the base or in pairs.  5

2. Anthers 2-3, horizontal, straight or slightly curved. Staminal column very short. Male flowers in panicles, yellowish. Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species
1. East Africa. (Under Gerrardanthus Harv.)  Cyclantheropsis Harms

Anthers 3-5, erect and much curved or twisted.  3

3. Flowers usually dioecious, the female with staminodes. Ovules numerous, horizontal. Herbs. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. Female flowers solitary.—Species
30. Central and South Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Cephalandra Schrad.)  Coccinia Wight & Arn.

Flowers monoecious, the female without staminodes. Ovule 1, pendulous.
Tendrils 3-5-cleft. Male flowers in racemes or panicles.  4

4. Female flowers solitary or in pairs. Anthers free. Fruit large, fleshy.
Shrubs. Flowers whitish.—Species 1 (S. edule Swartz). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa, the island of St. Thomas, and the Mascarenes. The stem yields fibres, the roots and fruits are edible and contain starch.  Sechium P. Browne

Female flowers crowded in heads. Fruit small, with a leathery rind.
Herbs. Flowers greenish.—Species 1. Central Africa; also cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. Yields starch and medicaments.  Sicyos L.

5. Stamens 5, one of them sterile; filaments free; anthers more or less cohering, 2-celled. Petals unequal, undivided. Ovary incompletely
3-celled; ovules few in each cell, pendulous. Styles 3; stigmas 2-lobed.
Fruit 3-valved at the apex. Seeds winged. Shrubs. Tendrils
2-cleft. Flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, the female solitary.—Species
4. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally. (Including
Atheranthera Mast.) [Tribe FEVILLEAE.]  Gerrardanthus Harv.

Stamens 4-5, united in pairs, hence apparently only 2-3, rarely stamens
5, free and all fertile.  6

6. Anther-cells straight or slightly curved, rarely shortly inflexed at the base or apex. [Tribe MELOTHRIEAE.]  7

Anther-cells much curved or twisted, U- or S-shaped. [Tribe CUCURBITEAE.]  19

7. Anther-cells (pollen-sacs) 4. Flowers large, rose-coloured, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Calyx-segments toothed. Petals ciliate.
Ovary oblong, 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit very large. Leaves compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species 2. Tropics.
They yield edible oily seeds and medicaments. (Including Ampelosicyos
Thouars). [Subtribe TELFAIRIINAE.]  Telfairia Hook.

Anther-cells 2, rarely (Melothria) 4, but then flowers small, white or yellow, the male with a rudimentary pistil, fruit small, and leaves simple.  8

8. Disc at the base of the style distinctly developed. [Subtribe MELOTHRIINAE.]  9

Disc at the base of the style indistinct or wanting. [Subtribe
ANGURIINAE.]  10

9. Calyx with a cylindrical tube and long, awl-shaped segments. Anthers sessile, attached by the back. Male flowers solitary or 2-3 together, female solitary.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Oreosyce Hook. fil.

Calyx with a campanulate tube and short segments. Anthers attached
by the base.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
Mukia Arn., Pilogyne Schrad., and Zehneria Endl.)  Melothria L.

10. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx.  11

Stamens inserted in the calyx-tube. Climbing or prostrate herbs.  12

11. Stem erect, woody, tree-like. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Flowers monoecious, the male in panicles, without a pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed.—Species
1. Island of Socotra.  Dendrosicyos Balf. fil.

Stem prostrate or climbing, herbaceous. Stigmas 3.—Species 30. Central and South Africa, one species also cultivated in North Africa and the
Mascarene Islands. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 148.)  Momordica L.

12. Anther-cells inflexed at the apex. Connective broad. Flowers small, yellow, monoecious, the male with a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas 3.—Species
2. West Africa. They yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.
(Including Cladosicyos Hook., under Zehneria Endl.)  Cucumeropsis Naud.

Anther-cells straight, slightly curved, or inflexed at the base.  13

13. Calyx-tube long, cylindrical. Flowers dioecious, the male in panicles, the female in racemes. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2, 2-cleft.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Trochomeriopsis Cogn.

Calyx-tube short, campanulate. Flowers nearly always monoecious.  14

14. Male flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. Stamens with a lengthened or broadened connective.  15

Male flowers in racemes.  16

15. Stigma 1, lobed. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Staminodes of the female flowers minute or wanting. Flowers small, yellowish-green.
Fruit opening by a lid.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.  Corallocarpus Welw.

Stigmas 3-5. Ovules numerous. Staminodes hair-like or strap-shaped.—Species
30. Some of them (especially the cucumber, C. sativus L., and the melon, C. Melo L.) yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.  Cucumis L.

16. Leaf-stalk with a small, fringed, stipule-like leaf at the base. Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil, female without staminodes. Connective not prolonged. Ovules 2-3 in each cell.—Species 2. Central and South-west Africa. (Ctenolepis Hook.)  Blastania Kotschy & Peyr.

Leaf-stalk without a stipule-like leaf at its base.  17

17. Stem short. Flowers appearing before the leaves, the male with a rudimentary pistil, the female with linear staminodes. Calyx-segments narrow. Connective narrow, not prolonged. Stigmas 3. Ovules numerous. Leaves lobed.—Species 1. South Africa.  Pisosperma Sond. & Harv.

Stem long. Flowers appearing with the leaves.  18

18. Staminodes in the female flowers thread-like, curved. Connective not prolonged at the apex. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
Stigmas 1-2. Ovules numerous. Calyx-segments broad. Fruit bottle-shaped.
Seeds globose. Leaves toothed or lobed.—Species 3. South
Africa to Ngamiland.  Toxanthera Hook.

Staminodes in the female flowers small or wanting. Connective prolonged at the apex, very rarely not prolonged, but then fruit oblong, without a beak, and leaves deeply divided. Ovules usually few.—Species
15. Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Coniandra Schrad. and Rhynchocarpa
Schrad.)  Kedrostis Medik.

19. (6.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell, erect. Style surrounded at the base by a disc. Staminodes present in the female flowers. Anthers cohering. Petals undivided.—Species 1. West Africa and Canary
Islands. (Including Trianosperma Mart.) [Subtribe ABOBRINAE.]  Cayaponia Manso.

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell or upon each placenta, horizontal, rarely ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules, one erect, the other pendulous.  20

20. Petals slit at the edge, free or nearly so. Calyx-tube long. Stem climbing.
Leaves cleft or compound. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Male flowers in racemes. [Subtribe TRICHOSANTHINAE.]  21

Petals not slit.  22

21. Stamens combined into 3, projecting beyond the calyx-tube. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Fruit snake-shaped. Leaves 3-7-lobed.
Tendrils 3-cleft. Flowers white.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Used as a vegetable or as an ornamental or medicinal plant. “Snake-gourd.”  Trichosanthes L.

Stamens 5, free, seated in the calyx-tube. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit pear-shaped. Leaves ternately compound.
Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Delognaea Cogn.

22. Corolla distinctly campanulate, lobed or cleft. Ovules numerous. Flowers large or medium-sized, the male without a rudimentary pistil. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Subtribe CUCURBITINAE.]  23

Corolla more or less rotate. [Subtribe CUCUMERINAE.]  26

23. Calyx-segments pinnately dissected. Female flowers without staminodes.
Style long, inserted on the disc. Stigmas 3, 3-5-lobed. Fruit dry.
Tendrils simple.—Species 4. Tropics. (Raphidiocystis Hook.)  Rhaphidiocystis Hook.

Calyx-segments undivided. Female flowers provided with staminodes.  24

24. Flowers monoecious. Style short and thick. Stigmas 3-5, 2-lobed.
Tendrils 2- or more-cleft.—Species 4. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, and serve
as ornamental plants. “Pumpkin.”  Cucurbita L.

Flowers dioecious. Style long. Stigma 1, 3-lobed or 3-partite. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft.  25

25. Anthers cohering. Staminodes of the female flowers from subulate to oblong. Fruit small. (See 3.)  Coccinia Wight & Arn.

Anthers free. Staminodes of the female flowers conical or globose. Fruit rather large.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Including Staphylosyce
Hook.)  Physedra Hook.

26. (22.) Calyx-tube of the male flowers long, cylinder- or funnel-shaped.  27

Calyx-tube of the male flowers short, top- or bell-shaped.  32

27. Anthers connate. Female flowers without Staminodes. Flowers large, white or yellow.  28

Anthers free or loosely cohering. Female flowers provided with staminodes.  29

28. Flowers monoecious. Anthers folded lengthwise. Ovary oblong. Leaf-stalk without glands at the apex.—Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. (Peponia Naud.)  Peponium Naud.

Flowers dioecious. Anthers twisted transversely. Ovary globose.—Species
9. Tropics. Used medicinally.  Adenopus Benth.

29. Flowers small or medium-sized, yellow or red. Anthers cohering. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers conical. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Seeds flattened. Root tuberous.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species have edible roots also used in medicine. (Including
Heterosicyos Welw.)  Trochomeria Hook.

Flowers large. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers gland-like or wanting. Stigmas 3. Climbing herbs.  30

30. Flowers monoecious, white, solitary. Style very short. Stigmas 2-lobed.
Fruit with a woody rind. Seeds flattened. Leaves undivided; stalk with 2 glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft.—Species 1 (L. vulgaris
Ser., bottle-gourd). Tropics; also cultivated and naturalized in extratropical countries. It yields edible fruits, also used for making bottles and other utensils, and serves as an ornamental and medicinal plant.  Lagenaria Ser.

Flowers dioecious. Tendrils simple.  31

31. Male flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. West Africa.  Cogniauxia Baill.

Male flowers solitary or in clusters. Corolla yellow. Stamens with a broad connective. Staminodes bearded at the base. Stigmas heart-shaped.
Fruit fleshy. Seeds nearly globose. Leaves lobed; stalk without glands.—Species 4. Central Africa. (Euryandra Hook.)  Eureiandra Hook.

32. (26.) Anthers connate. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters and without a rudimentary pistil, the female without staminodes. Leaves undivided.  33

Anthers free or loosely cohering; in the latter case flowers monoecious.  34

33. Stem herbaceous, without tendrils. Leaves linear. Anthers with a scale at the base.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Eulenburgia Pax

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves broad.—Species 3.
West Africa. They yield oily seeds.  Dimorphochlamys Hook.

34. Anthers cohering; cells horse-shoe-shaped. Flowers monoecious, the male in umbels and with a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary and without staminodes. Stigma subcapitate. Herbs. Leaves lobed, with a stipule-like leaf at the base. Tendrils simple. Flowers white. Fruit small.—Species
1. West Africa. (Under Bryonia L.)  Dactyliandra Hook. fil.

Anthers free, at least when fully developed.  35

35. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx.  36

Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx.  39

36. Calyx without scales at the base. Flowers dioecious, yellow or green, the male solitary or in clusters, the female solitary, with 5 staminodes.
Ovary globose. Placentas and stigmas 5. Fruits large. Leafless, nearly erect, spiny shrubs.—Species 1. German South-west Africa and Angola. Yields edible fruits and seeds and medicaments.  Acanthosicyos Welw.

Calyx with 2-3 scales at the base. Ovary bottle-shaped. Placentas and stigmas 1-3. Climbing or prostrate herbs.  37

37. Ovules 2. Stigma 1, capitate. Flowers large, yellow, monoecious, the male 2-3 together at the base of the leaf-blade, without a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary or in pairs, without staminodes. Fruits small.
Leaves slightly lobed. Tendrils simple.—Species 3. Central Africa.
(Raphanocarpus Hook.)  Rhaphanocarpus Hook.

Ovules 3 or more. Stigmas 3.  38

38. Ovules few. Fruit constricted between the seeds.—Species 1. East
Africa. (Raphanistrocarpus Baill.)  Rhaphanistrocarpus Baill.

Ovules numerous. (See 11.)  Momordica L.

39. Male flowers in racemes.  40

Male flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow.  43

40. Female flowers in racemes or clusters, small. Ovules few. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit more or less globular. Tendrils simple.—Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally.  Bryonia L.

Female flowers solitary. Ovules numerous.  41

41. Flowers dioecious large, white, the male without a rudimentary pistil.
Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Fruit large, globose. Leafstalk with two glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft, rarely simple.—Species 1. Tropical and
South Africa.  Sphaerosicyos Hook.

Flowers monoecious. Stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Leaf-stalk without glands.  42

42. Tendrils cleft. Leaves lobed. Fruit dry, opening by a lid.—Species 7.
Tropical and South Africa; one species also cultivated in North Africa.
They are used as vegetables and medicinal plants; some have edible, others poisonous fruits; the fibres of the fruit are employed for making sponges, hats, and various utensils; the seeds are oily.  Luffa L.

Tendrils absent. Leaves undivided. Flowers yellow, the male without
a rudimentary pistil. Fruit fleshy, ejecting the seeds when ripe.—Species
1. North Africa. A poisonous and medicinal plant. “Squirting cucumber.”  Ecballium A. Rich.

43. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Ovules few. Stem climbing.
Tendrils two-cleft. Flowers in clusters, small, yellowish-green, monoecious.
Fruit small, globular.—Species 1. Tropics. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant.  Bryonopsis Arn.

Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Ovules numerous.  44

44. Connective of the stamens with a 2-cleft appendage at the apex. Tendrils simple, rarely wanting. (See 15.)  Cucumis L.

Connective of the stamens not prolonged at the apex. Tendrils 2-3-cleft.
Stem prostrate. Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers large, monoecious.  45

45. Calyx-segments leaf-like, serrate, recurved. Flowers solitary.—Species 1
(B. hispida Cogn.). Cultivated in various regions. The fruits are eaten and used in medicine.  Benincasa Savi.

Calyx-segments awl-shaped, entire.—Species 4. They yield edible fruits (chiefly from C. vulgaris Neck., water-melon), edible oily seeds, and medicaments; some are poisonous. (Colocynthis L.)  Citrullus Neck.

SUBORDER CAMPANULINEAE

FAMILY 224. CAMPANULACEAE

Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Petals usually united below. Stamens as many as the petals. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (Lightfootia) superior, 2-10-celled, rarely (Merciera) 1-celled. Ovules inverted, numerous and axile, rarely few and apical or basal. Style simple. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (Canarina) a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 26, species 400. (Including LOBELIACEAE and SPHENOCLEACEAE.) (Plate 149.)

1. Anthers connate. Flowers more or less irregular, solitary or in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily LOBELIOIDEAE.]  2

Anthers free, rarely (Jasione) cohering at the base, but then flowers regular and in heads.  7

2. Petals free. Flowers nearly regular, small, greenish-yellow, in many-flowered terminal and lateral racemes.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Dialypetalum Benth.

Petals united below.  3

3. Corolla-tube slit down to the base or nearly so, at least on one side. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so.  4

Corolla-tube not or but shortly slit.  6

4. Fruit linear. All anthers hairy at the apex.—Species 1. South Africa.
(Under Lobelia L.)  Grammatotheca Presl

Fruit roundish.  5

5. Anthers and stigmas ripe at the same time. All anthers hairy at the apex.
Odd sepal in front.—Species 12. South and East Africa and Comoro
Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Dobrowskya
Presl and Parastranthus Don, under Lobelia L.)  Monopsis Salisb.

Anthers ripe before the stigmas. Odd sepal usually behind.—Species 120.
Southern and tropical Africa, Madeira, and Azores. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Isolobus A.
DC. and Metzleria Presl)  Lobelia L.

6. Filaments adnate to the corolla on one side to beyond the middle. Corolla white.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. A poisonous and medicinal plant.  Isotoma Lindl.

Filaments free from the corolla or shortly adnate to it. Corolla blue or white.—Species 10. South and North-west Africa. (Including
Enchysia Presl)  Laurentia Neck.

7. (1.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally and septicidally.—Species 30. South and Central Africa. Several species have edible tubers. [Subfamily CYPHIOIDEAE.]  Cyphia Berg

Flowers regular or nearly so. [Subfamily CAMPANULOIDEAE.]  8

8. Corolla imbricate in the bud. Style very short, without collecting hairs.
Ovary 2-celled; placentas thick, suspended from the top of the partition.
Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers in spikes, small, greenish or yellowish.—Species
1. Tropics and Egypt. [Tribe SPHENOCLEEAE.]  Sphenoclea Gaertn.

Corolla valvate in the bud. Style with hairs or viscid glands for collecting the pollen. [Tribe CAMPANULEAE.]  9

9. Carpels 5, as many as the sepals or stamens, and alternating with them.  10

Carpels as many as the sepals or stamens, but opposite to them, or fewer.  11

10. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, deeply cleft, yellow or red. Filaments broadened at the base. Fruit opening laterally by many transverse slits. Large herbs or undershrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers large, in panicles.—Species 2. Madeira. Used as ornamental plants.  Musschia Dumort.

Corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate. Filaments not broadened.
Fruit opening loculicidally by 5 apical valves. Seeds few. Small herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, solitary or in clusters.—Species
4. South Africa.  Microcodon A. DC.

11. Filaments adnate to the corolla halfway or higher up. Fruit opening by an apical lid.  12

Filaments free from the corolla or nearly so.  13

12. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from the top of the cell. Flowers blue, in raceme- or panicle-like cymose inflorescences. Leaves linear.
Herbs or undershrubs.  Siphocodon Turcz.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Flowers red, in heads. Leaves ovate. Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Rhigiophyllum Hochst.

13. Anthers cohering at the base. Petals free or nearly so. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit opening loculicidally at the top. Flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre.—Species 4. North Africa.  Jasione L.

Anthers free.  14

14. Ovules 4, basal. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-, rarely 2-4-seeded.
Undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. South Africa.  Merciera A. DC.

Ovules axile, usually numerous. Ovary 2-10-celled.  15

15. Fruit a roundish berry. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, nearly always
6-merous. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow or red. Filaments broadened at the base. Leaves opposite, the lower whorled.—Species 3. East
Africa and Canary Islands. They yield edible roots and fruits and serve as ornamental plants.  Canarina L.

Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut. Flowers usually 5-merous.  16

16. Fruit narrow, opening by an apical lid and sometimes also by lateral slits, more rarely remaining closed. Ovary 2-celled.  17

Fruit opening by apical valves or by lateral valves, slits, or pores.  18

17. Flowers in terminal heads. Corolla tubular. Ovary ovoid.—Species
1. South Africa. (Leptocodon Sond.)  Treichelia Vatke

Flowers terminal and solitary, or in lateral glomerules. Ovary oblong.—Species
15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Roëlla L.

18. Fruit opening by lateral, but sometimes nearly apical valves, slits, or pores.  19

Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex, usually broad.  22

19. Fruit narrow, opening by pores or slits.  20

Fruit broad, opening by valves.  21

20. Fruit opening by long slits. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped or narrowly bell-shaped.—Species 20. South Africa.  Prismatocarpus L’Hér.

Fruit opening by short slits or pores. Ovary 3-celled. Corolla wheel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped.—Species 4. North Africa. They serve as ornamental plants; the root is edible. “Venus’s looking-glass.”  Specularia Heist.

21. Corolla tubular. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style projecting far beyond the corolla. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant; the root is edible.  Trachelium L.

Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla.—Species 25. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables or as medicinal
or ornamental plants.  Campanula L.

22. Stigma-lobes 2-10, narrow.  23

Stigma-lobes 2-3, broad, sometimes very small.  24

23. Petals free or nearly so, narrow.—Species 50. Southern and tropical
Africa. (Plate 149.)  Lightfootia L’Hér.

Petals obviously united below, or broad.—Species 80. Some of them serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cervicina Del.)  Wahlenbergia Schrad.

24. Petals free or nearly so, narrow, blue. Herbs.—Species 6. Central and
South-west Africa.  Cephalostigma A. DC.

Petals obviously united below.  25

25. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply cleft, yellow. Style equalling the corolla.
Fruit opening at the top and laterally. Seeds numerous. Stem woody.
Species 1. Mascarene Islands. (Under Wahlenbergia Schrad.)  Heterochaenia A. DC.

Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Style much exceeding the corolla. Fruit opening at the top only. Seeds about ten. Stem herbaceous.—Species 1. Morocco. (Under Trachelium L.)  Feeria Buser

FAMILY 225. GOODENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, slit open behind, with folded aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes, free from the corolla. Anthers free, turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 2-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style simple. Stigma capitate, surrounded by a fringed cup. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen; embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. They yield wood for carpenters’ work, pith used in the manufacture of paper, vegetables, and medicaments.  Scaevola L.

FAMILY 226. COMPOSITAE

Leaves simple and exstipulate, but sometimes dissected or provided with stipule-like auricles. Flowers seated upon a dilated or elevated receptacle and arranged in sometimes spike-like or one-flowered heads which are surrounded by an involucre. Heads either containing only hermaphrodite flowers, several of which are sometimes sterile (male), or consisting of hermaphrodite or male central (disc-) flowers and female or neuter marginal (ray-) flowers, more rarely heads unisexual or reduced to a single flower. Calyx-limb (pappus) formed of sometimes connate scales or hairs, fully developed only in fruit, or wanting. Corolla of united petals, in the hermaphrodite and male flowers 3-5-lobed with valvate aestivation, regular (tube-, funnel-, or bell-shaped) or 2-lipped or 1-lipped (strap-shaped), in the female flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the corolla-tube. Anthers connate, rarely free, opening inwards by

CAMPANULACEAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 149.

J. Fleischmann del.

Lightfootia subulata L’Hér.

A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Seed.

COMPOSITAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 150.

J. Fleischmann del.

Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise and pappus-bristle. D Anther from front and back.

two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style of the fertile hermaphrodite flowers cleft into two branches, which bear stigmatic papillae on the inner face or the margins, and hairs on the outer face, on both sides, or at the top; style of the sterile flowers usually entire. Fruit indehiscent, mostly dry. Seed solitary, with a thin coat usually adnate to the pericarp, exalbuminous. Embryo straight; radicle short, inferior.—Genera 327, species 4200. (Including AMBROSIACEAE.) (Plate 150.)

1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [Tribe
CICHORIEAE.]  2

Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice not milky.  31

2. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like herbs.—Species
3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. [Subtribe SCOLYMINAE.]  Scolymus L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not thistle-like plants.  3

3. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple bristles or by a small crown. [Subtribe LEONTODONTINAE.]  4

Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether.  10

4. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven pinnae.
Receptacle without scales.  5

Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers yellow.  7

5. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads terminal, solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.—Species 3. North
Africa; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used as vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (Including Geropogon L.)  Tragopogon L.

Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows.  6

6. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves radical.—Species 1.
North-west Africa (Algeria)  Tourneuxia Coss.

Fruits straight at the top.—Species 7. North and Central Africa; one species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including Podospermum DC.)  Scorzonera L.

7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts in several rows.—Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in medicine.
(Including Seriola L.)  Hypochoeris L.

Receptacle without scales.  8

8. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa.  Urospermum Scop.

Involucral bracts in several rows.  9

9. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus persistent.—Species
20. North Africa. (Including Asterothrix Coss.,
Fidelia Schultz, Kalbfussia Schultz, Microderis DC., Millina Cass., and
Thrincia Roth).  Leontodon L.

Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.—Species
20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables.
(Including Deckera Schultz, Helminthia Juss., Spitzelia Schultz, Viraea
Vahl, and Vigineixia Pomel).  Picris L.

10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles. [Subtribe
CREPIDINAE.]  11

Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes prolonged into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [Subtribe
CICHORINAE.]  24

11. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked.  12

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate.  13

12. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.—Species 1. North-east
Africa (Egypt). (Lagoseris M. Bieb.)  Pterotheca Cass.

Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles. Fruits oblong.—Species 10. North Africa.  Andryala L.

13. Fruits ending in a beak.  14

Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex.  18

14. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak.  15

Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak.  17

15. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a pappus.
Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Egypt).  Heteroderis Boiss.

Outer fruits similar to the inner.  16

16. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and cauline.—Species
1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine.  Chondrilla L.

Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.—Species 8.
Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.”  Taraxacum Hall.

17. Fruits compressed.—Species 40, one of them (L. sativa L.) only cultivated.
They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are poisonous.
“Lettuce.” (Including Cicerbita Wallr.)  Lactuca L.

Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.—Species 35.
(Including Anisorhamphus DC. and Barkhousia Moench).  Crepis L.

18. Fruits much narrowed at the top.  19

Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at the top.  20

19. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape.
Flowers yellow.—Species 2. East Africa.  Dianthoseris Schultz

Stem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.)  Crepis L.

20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral bracts in many rows, with scarious margins.  21

Fruits all alike.  22

21. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and glabrous.—Species
20. Some of them are used medicinally. (Including Heterachaena
Fres., Microrhynchus Less., Rhabdotheca Cass., and Zollikoferia
DC.)  Launaea Cass.

Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.—Species 5.
North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Picridium
Desf.)  Reichardia Roth

22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular. Flowers red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 2.
Canary Islands and Socotra.  Prenanthes L.

Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow.  23

23. Fruits compressed.—Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. “Sowthistle.”  Sonchus L.

Fruits terete or angular.—Species 7. North and South Africa and
Madagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.”  Hieracium L.

24. (10.) Pappus present.  25

Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow.  29

25. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting of toothed or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious appendage.—Species
5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Catananche L.

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long bristles in the centre.  26

26. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow.  27

Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity.  28

27. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.—Species 3. North Africa.  Hyoseris L.

Fruits terete, not winged.—Species 2. North Africa. (Under Leontodon
L.)  Hedypnois Schreb.

28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits 6-8-ribbed.
Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles.—Species
12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Tolpis Bivona

Flowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length. Fruits
5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.—Species 6. North and
Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two of them only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder for cattle, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.”  Cichorium L.

29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits. Fruits linear, the outer spreading.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as salad.  Rhagadiolus Juss.

Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits.  30

30. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with short prickles.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Koelpinia Pall.

Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked, glabrous.—Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (Lampsana Juss.)  Lapsana L.

31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below the point of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather long hairs.
Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and ARCTOTIDEAE.]  32

Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with a ring of long hairs at or below the point of division.  67

32. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed.  33

Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly tailed.  41

33. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex. Flower-heads solitary.  34

Involucral bracts united below. [Subtribe GORTERINAE.]  35

34. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like and usually prickly. Leaves prickly.—Species 12. North Africa. One of the species yields gum and is used in medicine.  Atractylis L.

Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or wanting.—Species
85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Arctotheca Wendl., Cryptostemma R. Br.,
Damatris Cass., Haplocarpha Less., Landtia Less., Microstephium Less., and Venidium Less.)  Arctotis L.

35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep pits enclosing the fruits.  36

Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more or less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits.  38

36. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than the inner.
Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.—Species 5. South Africa.  Didelta L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly.  37

37. Pappus formed of scales.—Species 80. South and Central Africa. Some are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (Crocodiloides Adans.,
including Stephanocoma Less. and Stobaea Thunb.)  Berkheya Ehrh.

Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.—Species
15. South Africa.  Cullumia R. Br.

38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits clothed with long hairs.  39

Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs.  40

39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of scales.
Herbs.—Species 7. South and Central Africa.  Berkheyopsis O. Hoffm.

Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or wanting.
Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa.  Hirpicium Cass.

40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. Pappus formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly glabrous.—Species
4. South Africa.  Gorteria L.

Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.—Species 35.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Meridiana Hill).  Gazania Gaertn.

41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads collected in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. Leaves pinnately divided. [Subtribe GUNDELINAE.]  42

Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then flower-heads not in clusters.  43

42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves cauline, prickly.—Species 1. North Africa.  Gundelia L.

Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves radical.—Species
3. South and Central Africa.  Platycarpha Less.

43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial involucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.—Species 20.
Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.”
(Sphaerocephalus L.)  Echinops L.

Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads.  44

44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of attachment.
[Subtribe CENTAUREINAE.]  45

Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment.  51

45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre of leaves. Leaves prickly.  46

Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (Centaurea) surrounded by some unarmed leaves.  48

46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits ribbed.
Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers yellow.—Species
1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Used medicinally. (Carbenia Adans.)  Cnicus Gaertn.

Pappus simple or wanting.  47

47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all hermaphrodite.—Species
13. North Africa and northern East Africa.  Carduncellus Juss.

Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.—Species 15. North
Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower, C. tinctorius L.) yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including Kentrophyllum Neck.)  Carthamus L.

48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Egypt).  Zoegea L.

Fruits with a simple border at the top.  49

49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided into narrow segments.—Species 1. North Africa.  Crupina Cass.

Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus.  50

50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely without an appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long scales or double.—Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the species naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Aegialophila Boiss. &
Heldr., Amberboa DC., Leuzea DC., Melanoloma Cass., Microlonchus
Cass., Phaeopappus Boiss., Rhaponticum Lam., and Volutarella Cass.)  Centaurea L.

Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, but sometimes with a small point. Pappus of unequally long bristles.—Species 4.
North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. “Sawwort.”  Serratula L.

51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, not margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARLININAE.]  52

Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARDUINAE.]  56

52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the involucre leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. Leaves prickly.  53

Pappus formed of not feathery scales.  54

53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. Flower-heads large.—Species 7. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Carlina L.

Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.)  Atractylis L.

54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with a regular corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped corolla. Inner involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves entire, not prickly.—Species
2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Xeranthemum L.

Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly.  55

55. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.)  Berkheya Ehrh.

Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (Broteroa Willd.)  Cardopatium Juss.

56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly.  57

Filaments free.  58

57. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer neuter.
Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 3. North Africa. (Lupsia Neck.)  Galactites Neck.

Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species
2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in
South Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine.  Silybum Gaertn.

58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly.  59

Filaments glabrous.  62

59. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.—Species 9. North Africa.  Onopordon L.

Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly.  60

60. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves divided.—Species
6. North Africa; one species (C. Scolymus L., artichoke) only cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Including
Cynaropsis O. Ktze.)  Cynara L.

Receptacle not fleshy.  61

61. Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 17. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Cnicus L., including Chamaepeuce
DC., Notobasis Cass., and Picnomon DC.)  Cirsium Scop.

Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species 20. North and East Africa.  Carduus L.

62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow. Anthers not tailed.  63

Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles.  64

63. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.)  Didelta L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See
37.)  Berkheya Ehrh.

64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Herbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Yields oil and medicaments. “Burdock.” (Lappa Juss.) Arctium L.

Involucral bracts without hooked awns.  65

65. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below. Flowers red.
Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally.  Staehelina L.

Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery.  66

66. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.—Species 1.
North Africa.  Jurinea Cass.

Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.)  Cirsium Scop.

67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two acuminate, awned, or ciliate appendages.  68

Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly mucronate at the base.  200

68. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less 2-lipped.  69

Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones, regular.  71

69. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and bristles.
Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.—Species 3.
Central and South Africa.  Pegolettia Cass.

Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length. Pappus of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe
MUTISINAE.]  70

70. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cloiselia S. Moore

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female. Herbs.—Species
30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Perdicium L.)  Gerbera Gronov.

71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe GOCHNATINAE.]  72

Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.]  78

72. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed with long silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads solitary, large; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately cleft.—Species
1. North Africa.  Warionia Benth. & Coss.

Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs.  73

73. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.—Species
2. East Africa.  Achyrothalamus O. Hoffm.

Pappus consisting of bristles or scales.  74

74. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all hermaphrodite, but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits glabrous. Pappus of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species
10. Central Africa.  Erythrocephalum Benth.

Receptacle without scales.  75

75. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of scales.
Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. Central Africa. (Phyllactinia
Benth.)  Pasaccardoa O. Ktze.

Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges.  76

76. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of several rows of bristles.—Species 13. Central Africa.  Pleiotaxis Steetz

Involucral bracts pointed.  77

77. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers with
a 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles. Shrubs with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large, red-flowered.—Species
3. South Africa.  Oldenburgia Less.

Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or with neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (Including
Brachyachaenium Bak. and Hochstetteria DC.)  Dicoma Cass.

78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at least towards the margin.  79

Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy.  114

79. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite.  80

Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal female or neuter.  85

80. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting.  81

Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales.  82

81. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads collected in compound heads.—Species 3. East Africa.  Polycline Oliv.

Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the time of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.—Species 3. North
Africa.  Anvillea DC.

82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly 3-lobed.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland).  Eenia Hiern & Moore

Pappus of bristles.  83

83. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa.  Lachnospermum Willd.

Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like plants.  84

84. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.—Species 15. South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants.  Helipterum DC.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.—Species 300.
Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants (“everlastings”).
(Elichrysum Gaertn., including Aphelexis Don).  Helichrysum Gaertn.

85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped.  86

Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped.  102

86. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded, with the marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip. Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or white. [Tribe
INULEAE, subtribe BUPHTHALMINAE.]  87
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the tip.  97

87. Pappus absent.  88

Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits.  89

88. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle broad.
(See 81.)  Anvillea DC.

Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.—Species 2.
Central Africa.  Astephania Oliv.

89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.—Species 12.  Sphacophyllum Boj.

Pappus of scales or bristles.  90

90. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.
Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.—Species 3. North Africa.  Rhanterium Desf.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and bristles.  91

91. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and inner bristles.
Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only. Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.—Species
1. South-west Africa (Kalahari).  Philyrophyllum O. Hoffm.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (Anisopappus) of scales intermingled with some bristles.  92

92. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads solitary.—Species
1. German South-west Africa.  Ondetia Benth.

Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage.  93

93. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply
5-cleft. Heads in cymes.—Species 20. South and Central Africa.  Geigeria Griesselich

Involucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed.  94

94. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than the limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with an outer involucre of mucronate leaves.—Species 1. North Africa.  Pallenis Cass.

Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than the limb.  95

95. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales unequal.
Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa.  Anisopappus Hook. & Arn.

Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal.  96

96. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal scales. Herbs.—Species 5. South Africa.  Callilepis DC.

Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal scales.—Species
13. North and Central Africa. O. pygmaeum O. Hoffm. is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.” (Asteriscus
Moench)  Odontospermum Neck.

97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs.  98

Pappus present.  99

98. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent, nearly glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa.  Arrowsmithia DC.

Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves glandular-hairy.—Species
2. South Africa. Used medicinally.  Osmitopsis Cass.

99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown.  100

Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles.  101

100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate. Undershrubs.—Species
8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Osmites L.

Involucral bracts in many rows.—Species 20. South Africa.  Relhania L’Hér.

101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns. Shrubs.—Species
2. South Africa.  Rosenia Thunb.

Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. South,
North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Leyssera L.

102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female marginal flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe FILAGININAE.]  103

Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured appendage.
Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles.  110

103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs.  104

Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a pappus.  106

104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits. Corolla of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary. Herbs.—Species
2. North Africa.  Micropus L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits.  105

105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads. Herbs.—Species
7. North Africa. (Including Evacidium Pomel)  Evax Gaertn.

Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules or in spikes. Leaves linear.—Species 10. South and North Africa.
(Including Trichogyne Less.)  Ifloga Cass.

106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the marginal ones of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous herbs.—Species
1. North Africa.  Gymnarrhena Desf.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles.  107

107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony.  108

Stem woody, at least at the base.  109

108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of bristles.—Species
1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (Monenteles Labill.)  Pterocaulon Ell.

Stem not winged.—Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape
Verde Islands. (Including Logfia Boiss. and Xerotium Bluff & Fing.)  Filago L.

109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius.  Cylindrocline Cass.

Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female flowers few.—Species 7. Central Africa.  Blepharispermum Wight

110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs.—Species
9. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Achyrocline Less.

Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers.  111

111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales. Shrubs.  112

Hermaphrodite flowers fertile.  113

112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts and separated from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner involucral bracts.—Species
1. South Africa.  Petalactella N. E. Brown

Female flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts. Pappus-bristles thickened or penicillate at the apex.—Species 1. South Africa.  Petalacte Don

113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Rhynea DC.)  Cassinia R. Br.

Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.)  Helichrysum Gaertn.

114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe
TARCHONANTHINAE.]  115

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (Anaphalis) subdioecious, but then herbs.  117

115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of the female in two rows. Pappus none.—Species 3. South and Central
Africa. They yield timber and medicaments.  Tarchonanthus L.

Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles.  116

116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Synchodendron Boj.

Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 10.
Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber.  Brachylaena R. Br.

117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male).  118

Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile.  134

118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped.  119

Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped.  125

119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa.  Macowania Oliv.

Pappus wanting.  120

120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed.
Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.)  Arrowsmithia DC.

Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.]  121

121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs.  122

Marginal fruits all alike.  123

122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.—Species 15. North and South
Africa and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena, and one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used as ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute for saffron.  Calendula L.

Fruits straight. Heads small.—Species 3. South Africa. (Including
Xenisma DC.)  Oligocarpus Less.

123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row.—Species 35. South and Central Africa.  Tripteris Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages.  124

124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled, usually tubercled.
Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. South
Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Dimorphotheca Moench

Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.—Species 60. South and Central Africa. (Including Gibbaria Cass.)  Osteospermum L.

125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers male, the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly or cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Anaphalis DC.

Heads all alike.  126

126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the inner petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs.  127

Female flowers in several rows.  128

127. Heads large, solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Phaenocoma Don

Heads small, in dense cymes.—Species 7. South Africa.  Anaxeton Cass.

128. Pappus consisting of bristles.  129

Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits.  131

129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Monarrhenus Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs.  130

130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (Placus Lour.)  Blumea DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.—Species
15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including Tecmarsis DC.)  Pluchea Cass.

131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.  132

Inner and outer fruits without a pappus.  133

132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of the female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.—Species 6.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including Demidium DC.)  Amphidoxa DC.

Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges, subequal.
Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles 1-2.—Species
2. South and Central Africa.  Denekia Thunb.

133. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.
(Including Litogyne Harv.)  Epaltes Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally.  Sphaeranthus L.

134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose within, hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of division.  135

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges, hairy only in their upper part.  149

135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite.  136

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female.  138

136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the apex.
Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Apodocephala Bak.

Pappus present. Heads medium-sized.  137

137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under
Geigeria Griesselich).  Thysanurus O. Hoffm.

Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads stalked. Shrubs.—Species 5. Madagascar.  Centauropsis Boj.

138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped. Receptacle pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.—Species
1. South-west Africa (Namaland).  Eremothamnus O. Hoffm.

Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe PLUCHEINAE.]  139

139. Pappus wanting.  140

Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers.  141

140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.)  Epaltes Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.)  Sphaeranthus L.

141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a pappus.  142

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus.  143

142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the female flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.)  Denekia Thunb.

Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers
4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.—Species 1. East Africa.  Delamerea S. Moore

143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound heads collected in heads of the third order.—Species 1. East Africa.  Triplocephalum O. Hoffm.

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles.  144

144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy panicles, red-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Porphyrostemma Grant

Pappus of bristles.  145

145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous. Heads in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland). (Under Pluchea Cass.)  Pechuel-Loeschea O. Hoffm.

Female flowers in several rows.  146

146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few together.
Undershrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa.  Nicolasia S. Moore

Fruits terete or angular.  147

147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.)  Monarrhenus Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs.  148

148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.)  Blumea DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See
130.)  Pluchea Cass.

149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or rounded; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex. Female
(marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a tubular one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe INULINAE.]  150

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex.  166

150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 3. West
Africa.  Mollera O. Hoffm.

Pappus of scales or bristles or of both.  151

151. Pappus of scales.  152

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles.  153

152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in panicles. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Anisochaeta DC.

Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.—Species 4. Central and South-west Africa.  Calostephane Benth.

153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles.  154

Pappus of scales and bristles.  161

154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Shrubs.—Species
7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Printzia Cass.

Ray-flowers yellow or wanting.  155

155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several rows.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Cypselodontia DC.

Ray-flowers fertile.  156

156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are shorter.  157

Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter ones.  159

157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without ray-flowers.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.  Iphiona Cass.

Pappus-bristles in 2 rows.  158

158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without ray-flowers.
Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Anisothrix O. Hoffm.

Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers. Undershrubs.—Species
1. South Africa.  Minurothamnus DC.

159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or corymbs.
Involucre of few bracts.—Species 2. Egypt. (Under Iphiona Cass.)  Varthemia DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts.  160

160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads with ray-flowers, solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa.  Homochaete Benth.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.—Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Bojeria
DC., Pentatrichia Klatt, Schizogyne Cass., and Vicoa Cass.)  Inula L.

161. Pappus-scales united below.  162

Pappus-scales free.  163

162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 2. Canary Islands.  Allagopappus Cass.

Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.—Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Francoeuria
Cass.)  Pulicaria Gaertn.

163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.)  Pegolettia Cass.

Pappus-scales very narrow.  164

164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers.
Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 3. North
Africa. (Under Grantia Boiss.)  Perralderia Coss.

Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers.  165

165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.—Species 1. Canary
Islands.  Viraea Webb

Fruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North-west Africa.  Jasonia Cass.

166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla.  167

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or wanting.
[Tribe INULEAE, subtribes GNAPHALINAE and RELHANINAE.]  176

167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small. Heath-like plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe RELHANINAE.]  168

Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants.  172

168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or 2-flowered with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus of feathery bristles united at the base. Shrubs.—Species 8. South Africa.  Disparago Gaertn.

Heads many-flowered.  169

169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.—Species 2. South Africa.  Anaglypha DC.

Pappus present.  170

170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.—Species 13. South
Africa.  Nestlera Spreng.

Pappus of bristles.  171

171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa.  Amphiglossa DC.

Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.—Species 1. South
Africa.  Bryomorphe Harv.

172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 124.)  Dimorphotheca Moench

Pappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe ATHRIXINAE.]  173

173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner of bristles or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs.
(See 101.)  Leyssera L.

Pappus consisting of bristles.  174

174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
15. Southern and tropical Africa.  Athrixia Ker

Involucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Shrubs.  175

175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre hemispherical.—Species
3. South Africa.  Heterolepis Cass.

Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.—Species 3. Central and
South Africa.  Antithrixia DC.

176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female.  177

Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all flowers hermaphrodite.  184

177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall herbs.—Species
1. East Africa.  Chiliocephalum Benth.

Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus.  178

178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.
Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.)  Amphidoxa DC.

Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus.  179

179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of the outer only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.
East Africa.  Artemisiopsis S. Moore

Pappus of all fruits formed of bristles.  180

180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.—Species
2. South and North Africa.  Lasiopogon Cass.

Pappus-bristles not feathery.  181

181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha.  Chevreulia Cass.

Fruits without a beak.  182

182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in panicles.
Undershrubs. (See 110.)  Achyrocline Less.

Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate.  183

183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary or in long-stalked glomerules.—Species 15. North and Central Africa.  Phagnalon Cass.

Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.—Species 50. “Cudweed.”  Gnaphalium L.

184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered.  185

Heads 2- or more-flowered.  188

185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.)  Disparago Gaertn.

Flowers all hermaphrodite.  186

186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.—Species 2. South
Africa.  Perotriche Cass.

Pappus formed of bristles.  187

187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious. Heath-like shrubs.—Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa.  Stoebe L.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.—Species
12. Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland.
Some are used medicinally.  Stenocline DC.

188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs.  189

Pappus formed of bristles.  190

189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Syncephalum DC.

Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Astephanocarpa Bak.

190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.  191

Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery.  192

191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa.  Pterothrix DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not heath-like plants. (See 84.)  Helipterum DC.

192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row.  193

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows.  197

193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads small, in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Eriosphaera Less.

Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells.  194

194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite.  195

Habit not heath-like.  196

195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and surrounded by
a ring- or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.—Species 7. South
Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Elytropappus Cass.

Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts coloured above.—Species 25. South Africa.  Metalasia R. Br.

196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired. Heads
2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.)  Stenocline DC.

Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.)  Helichrysum Gaertn.

197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs.  198

Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs.  199

198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cullumiopsis Drake

Heads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear.
(See 83.)  Lachnospermum Willd.

199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts yellow.—Species 1. South Africa.  Pachyrhynchus DC.

Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.—Species 8. South
Africa.  Leontonyx Cass.

200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a stigma and usually entire or shortly toothed.  201

Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile.  238

201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus wanting, rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.]  202

Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (Adelostigma) distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly.  207

202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs.  203

Outer fruits all alike.  204

203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.)  Calendula L.

Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.)  Oligocarpus Less.

204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row. (See 123.)  Tripteris Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages.  205

205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts in two
or more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.)  Osteospermum L.

Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or undershrubs.
Heads solitary.  206

206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.)  Dimorphotheca Moench

Involucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Garuleum Cass.

207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales.  208

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers.  213

208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a thread-shaped corolla.  209

Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the others with all the flowers female and provided with a tubular corolla or without a corolla.  211

209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer fruits hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous one-ranked bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.—Species 1.
South Africa. (Under Eriocephalus L.)  Lasiocoma Bolus

Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or wanting.  210

210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers 2-toothed.
Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in panicles.—Species
1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally.  Parthenium L.

Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes or umbels, or solitary.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland.
Some are used medicinally.  Eriocephalus L.

211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows. Corolla
4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base. Style cleft.
Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves opposite.
Heads in leafy panicles.—Species 2. Island of St. Helena.  Petrobium R. Br.

Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla, the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts, and without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at the base.
Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs.
[Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribe AMBROSINAE.]  212

212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female heads
2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves.—Species
4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands; naturalized in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are noxious
to pasturing cattle.  Xanthium L.

Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free or nearly so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or racemes.—Species
2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South Africa.
Used medicinally.  Ambrosia L.

213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped, sometimes produced into two small points, or wanting.  214

Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles.  223

214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2 small points or wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle pitted. Corolla of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with lanceolate appendages.
Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species
8. South Africa. (Heteractis DC.)  Gymnostephium Less.

Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting.  215

215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla.  216

Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla.  220

216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the inner 4-toothed, yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two rows.—Species
40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Brocchia Vis. and Cenia Juss.)  Cotula L.

Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed.  217

217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Style-branches of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits flattened, without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.—Species 4. South Africa.  Steirodiscus Less.

Involucral bracts in two or more rows.  218

218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers red, of the central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs. Herbs.
Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Island of
Tristan da Cunha.  Lagenophora Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed.  219

219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 206.)  Garuleum Cass.

Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits 5-10-ribbed.—Species
50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.
Some species yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison, or serve
as ornamental plants. (Including Argyranthemum Webb, Ismelia Cass.,
Leucanthemum DC., Monoptera Schultz, Myconia Neck., Pinardia Cass.,
Plagius L’Hér., Preauxia Schultz, Prolongoa Boiss., Pyrethrum Gaertn., and Tanacetum L.)  Chrysanthemum L.

220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the female
2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows.
Herbs. Flowers yellow.  221

Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female 2-4-toothed.  222

221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows, without
a corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves divided.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira.  Soliva Ruiz & Pav.

Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.)  Cotula L.

222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with marginal ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 4. South Africa.
Used medicinally.  Hippia L.

Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without strong ribs.—Species 20. Some of them (especially A. Absinthium
L., wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs, or for preparing liquors and vinegar.  Artemisia L.

223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles.  224

Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of bristles.  233

224. Pappus-bristles feathery.  225

Pappus-bristles not feathery.  226

225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa.  Homochroma DC.

Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones yellow.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 13. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Mairia Nees

226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles.  227

Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3 or more rows.  228

227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.—Species 3. South
Africa.  Gymnodiscus Less.

Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.—Species 45. Southern and tropical
Africa.  Cineraria L.

228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers entire or shortly toothed.  229

Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones, strap-shaped, rarely (Psiadia) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads in
corymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft.  230

229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed, glabrous. (See 216.)  Cotula L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete, hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Adelostigma Steetz

230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread- or shortly strap-shaped.
Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads in corymbs.—Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs.  Psiadia Jacq.

Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue, strap-shaped.
Fruits compressed.  231

231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.—Species 65. South and Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Asterosperma Less.,
Detris Adans., and Diplopappus DC., under Aster L.)  Felicia Cass.

Stem herbaceous.  232

232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with a mostly short triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.—Species
13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are used medicinally.  Erigeron L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage.
Pappus-bristles in two rows.—Species 10. South and
North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Linosyris Cass.)  Aster L.

233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.)  Aster L.

Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much smaller ones.  234

234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite (male), the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb shortly strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.
Heads in racemes or corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Petasites Gaertn.

Heads all alike.  235

235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.
Heads solitary.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.”  Tussilago L.

Female marginal flowers in one row.  236

236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven hairs.
Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.—Species
3. South Africa.  Ruckeria DC.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles.  237

237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally free.
Undershrubs.—Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Othonnopsis Jaub. et Spach)  Hertia Less.

Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less united.—Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Doria Less.)  Othonna L.

238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface, with hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the style below the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped.  239

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to the point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below that point.  262

239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers.  240

Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (Vernonia) subdioecious by incomplete development of one sex.  242

240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla. Style-branches blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.—Species 17. Tropical and
South Africa and Egypt.  Laggera Schultz.

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow.
Receptacle pitted.  241

241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.
(See 37.)  Berkheya Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary.
(See 138.).  Eremothamnus O. Hoffm.

242. Flowers yellow.  243

Flowers white, red, or blue.  244

243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.
(See 37.)  Berkheya Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.—Species 7. Central Africa.
(Including Autunesia O. Hoffm. and Newtonia O. Hoffm., under Vernonia
Schreb.)  Gongrothamnus Steetz

244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or lanceolate.  245

Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders to the pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather long and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.]  247

245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous. Style-branches rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad scales.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Dewildemania O. Hoffm.

Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage.
Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scales
united into a toothed cup.  246

246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly irregular.
Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola).  Omphalopappus O. Hoffm.

Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola).  Gossweilera S. Moore

247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits 10-ribbed.
Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales. Herbs.—Species 5.
Tropics. Used medicinally.  Elephantopus L.

Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [Subtribe VERNONINAE.]  248

248. Pappus wanting.  249

Pappus present.  251

249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with an indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.)  Apodocephala Bak.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs.  250

250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.—Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa and Egypt.  Ethulia L.

Fruits rounded at the top.—Species 10. Central Africa.  Gutenbergia Schultz

251. Pappus ear- or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs.  252

Pappus formed of scales or bristles.  253

252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.—Species 1.
East Africa.  Hoehnelia Schweinf.

Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.—Species 1. Tropics.  Sparganophorus Vaill.

253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within them.  254

Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small scales outside them.  257

254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white.
Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 1.
West Africa (Congo).  Msuata O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales short. Herbs.  255

255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet. Receptacle pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in glomerules.—Species
3. Central Africa.  Ageratina O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted.  256

256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear, with parallel veins.—Species 10. South Africa.  Corymbium L.

Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits
3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.—Species
4. Central Africa.  Herderia Cass.

257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles.  258

Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and scales.  260

258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads 4-5-flowered, in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.  Volkensia O. Hoffm.

Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs.  259

259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the inner. Fruits blunt, 8-10-ribbed.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).  Centratherum Cass.

Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits 4-5-angled.—Species
30. Central and South Africa. (Including Bothriocline Oliv. and Stephanolepis S. Moore)  Erlangea Schultz

260. Leaves unarmed.—Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some of the species yield wood or medicaments. (Including Bechium DC.,
Cyanopis Blume, and Decaneurum DC.) (Plate 150.)  Vernonia Schreb.

Leaves prickly.  261

261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits hairy.—Species
2. South Africa.  Hoplophyllum DC.

Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits many-ribbed.—Species 2. West Africa.  Aedesia O. Hoffm.

262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely projecting and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the upper part subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all hermaphrodite, red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.]  263

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing conspicuous marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with or without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or flowers yellow or partly female.  266

263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular, without prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite.
Heads in panicles.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally.  Adenostemma Forst.

Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of scales. [Subtribe AGERATINAE.]  264

264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.—Species
1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant.  Ageratum L.

Pappus of numerous bristles.  265

265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves opposite.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Willugbaeya Neck.)  Mikania Willd.

Involucral bracts 6 or more.—Species 6. Four species indigenous to
North and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Eupatorium L.

266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the lower part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in the upper part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short subequal hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.]  267

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both directions by shorter ones.  301

267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or very shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre.  268

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla overtopping the involucre, or wanting.  276

268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of the marginal flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [Subtribe GRANGEINAE.]  269

Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread- or strap-shaped. [Subtribe CONYZINAE.]  272

269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits. Fruits compressed.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments.  Dichrocephala DC.

Pappus present.  270

270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.—Species 1. Central
Africa.  Microtrichia DC.

Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales.  271

271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.—Species 1. Central Africa and Egypt.  Ceruana Forsk.

Receptacle without scales between the flowers.—Species 3. Tropics to
Egypt. Used medicinally.  Grangea Adans.

272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or salad.  Microglossa DC.

Fruits compressed.  273

273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches.—Species
6. South and North Africa. (Leptothamnus DC.)  Nolletia Cass.

Female flowers in two or more rows.  274

274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the style, or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.—Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (Marsea Adans., including Webbia Schultz).  Conyza Less.

Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style. Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs.  275

275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.—Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa.  Nidorella Cass.

Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.)  Erigeron L.

276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting.
Pappus of bristles. [Subtribe SOLIDAGININAE.]  277

Ray-flowers white, blue, or red.  289

277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers sometimes sterile.  278

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row of female or neuter marginal flowers.  286

278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the outer of much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs.  279

Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows.  280

279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles.
Leaves radical.—Species 1. West Africa.  Psednotrichia Hiern

Hairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves alternate.—Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (Including
Crassocephalum Moench, under Senecio L.)  Gynura Cass.

280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy corymbs.  281

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows.  282

281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.—Species 1. South Africa (Orange River Colony).  Pentheriella O. Hoffm. & Muschler

Fruits compressed.—Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Chrysocoma L.

282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short, sometimes scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed.  283

Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows.  284

283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. Southern
West Africa. (Adenogonum Welw.)  Engleria O. Hoffm.

Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa.  Fresenia DC.

284. Stem woody, shrubby.—Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland.  Pteronia L.

Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows.  285

285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Chrysocoma L.)  Heteromma Benth.

Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.)  Aster L.

286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the rounded apex of the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre broad, of many rows of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows. Herbs.—Species 2. South
Africa.  Alciope DC.

Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or campanulate.  287

287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid dots.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Glycideras Cass.

Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows.  288

288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles in one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.—Species 3.
Madagascar.  Rochonia DC.

Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs.
Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Goldenrod.”  Solidago L.

289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs.  290

Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles.
[Subtribe ASTERINAE.]  292

290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the style-branches linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous.
Leaves dissected.—Species 1. Tropics.  Chrysanthellum Rich.

Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [Subtribe BELLIDINAE.]  291

291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Brachycome Cass.

Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.—Species
5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Daisy.”  Bellis L.

292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer without
a pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.—Species 1. South Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant.  Charieis Cass.

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus.  293

293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that of the outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary, terminating the branches. Herbs.—Species 12. South Africa.  Amellus L.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles.  294

294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales. Ray-flowers white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.—Species 1.
North Africa.  Bellium L.

Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales.  295

295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.)  Mairia Nees

Pappus-bristles not feathery.  296

296. Fruits compressed.  297

Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs.  300

297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or trees.—Species
4. Island of St. Helena.  Commidendron DC.

Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs, undershrubs, or non-gummiferous shrubs.  298

298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout and then much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at the edge, usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.
Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second of much shorter bristles. (See 231.)  Felicia Cass.

Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base.  299

299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner sometimes with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches usually short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows. (See
232.)  Erigeron L.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more rows.
Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped, usually oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.
Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.)  Aster L.

300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal flowers in 1 row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles in one row. Downy undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Henricia Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in
2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena.  Melanodendron DC.

301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed, but not feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus. Receptacle without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.]  302

Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting.  316

302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [Subtribe OTHONNINAE.]  303

Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering. [Subtribe
SENECIONINAE.]  306

303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers sterile.
Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy. Inner disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus of numerous interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs. Leaves pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.)  Ruckeria DC.

Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile.
Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem.  304

304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several rows of caducous bristles.—Species 40. South and Central Africa.
Some species yield a resin.  Euryops Cass.

Stem herbaceous throughout.  305

305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.—Species
3. Central and South Africa.  Oligothrix DC.

Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes without a strong midnerve.—Species 2. East Africa.  Werneria H. B. & Kunth

306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla.  307

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting.  311

307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious borders.
Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without ribs. Heads solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.)  Phagnalon Cass.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows.  308

308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or 10-ribbed.
Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.  Erechthites Raf.

Female marginal flowers in 1 row.  309

309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate. Outer fruits without a pappus.—Species 1. South Africa.  Stilpnogyne DC.

Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline.  310

310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.
Involucral bracts leaf-like.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.  Eriothrix Cass.

Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Madagascar and
Mascarenes.  Faujasia Cass.

311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal.
Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or several together, on long stalks.—Species 7. North Africa.  Doronicum L.

Receptacle flat or slightly convex.  312

312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median nerve,
1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches with
a crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits many-nerved.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species 8. South
Africa.  Lopholaena DC.

Involucral bracts without an appendage.  313

313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present. Style-branches rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs. (See
286.)  Alciope DC.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (Senecio) indistinctly arranged in
3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer hairs.  314

314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a distinct crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.)  Gynura Cass.

Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs.  315

315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches truncate, ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs.
(See 227.)  Cineraria L.

Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.—Species 500. Some of them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Brachyrhynchos Less., Cacalia L. partly,
Emilia Cass., Kleinia DC., Lachanodes DC., Mesogramma DC., Notonia
DC., and Pladaroxylon Hook. fil.)  Senecio L.

316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip and the edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown- or ear-shaped or wanting.
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs.  317

Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of rather large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers ending in a hairy appendage.  356

317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer 3-edged.
Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See 124.)  Dimorphotheca Moench

Anthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [Tribe
ANTHEMIDEAE.]  318

318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [Subtribe ANTHEMIDINAE.]  319

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. [Subtribe
CHRYSANTHEMINAE.]  331

319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and apex.
Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs.
Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5) branches of the much-branched cyme.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant.  Cladanthus Cass.

Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top only, or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or panicles.  320

320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla persistent.
Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire.
Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Diotis Desf.

Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without any appendages.  321

321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.—Species 3. South Africa.  Lasiospermum Lag.

Fruits not woolly.  322

322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs.  323

Fruits not or scarcely compressed.  325

323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Anacyclus L.

Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus.  324

324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.—Species 7. North
Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Achillea L.

Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter, white.—Species
2. North-west Africa. (Fradinia Pomel, under Cladanthus
Cass.)  Mecomischus Benth. & Hook.

325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present.  326

Leaves alternate.  327

326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales sometimes united into a small crown.—Species 4. South
Africa.  Oedera L.

Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.—Species
4. South Africa.  Eumorphia DC.

327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided.  328

Stem woody, at least at the base.  329

328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus crown-shaped.
Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa.
Lonas Adans.

Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus auricle-shaped or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with appendages.
Heads stalked, terminating the branches.—Species 30. North and
Central Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as medicinal plants (camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Cass.,
Ormenis Cass., Perideraea Webb, and Rhetinolepis Cass.)  Anthemis L.

329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong awns. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Canary Islands.
(Including Hymenolepis Schultz and Lugoa DC.)  Gonospermum Less.

Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without ray-flowers.  330

330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base, usually
compressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs.
Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species 6. Central and North-west Africa.
Some of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Santolina L.

Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled.
Heads in usually dense corymbs.—Species 55. Southern and tropical
Africa. (Including Bembycodium Kunze and Oligodora DC.)  Athanasia L.

331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite.  332

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter.  343

332. Flowers 4-merous.  333

Flowers 5-merous.  336

333. Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer shorter. Fruits 4-angled, glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected. Heads rather small.—Species 6. South and East Africa. (Under Tanacetum L.)  Schistostephium Less.

Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal.  334

334. Pappus ring- or crown-shaped. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species
20. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants
(camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Vis., Chlamydophora Ehrenb.,
Courrantia Schultz, and Otospermum Willk.)  Matricaria L.

Pappus wanting.  335

335. Stem herbaceous. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. (See
216.)  Cotula L.

Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs. Fruits compressed, glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa.  Peyrousea DC.

336. Heads in leafy racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Pappus wanting. (See 222.)  Artemisia L.

Heads solitary or in corymbs.  337

337. Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 334.)  Matricaria L.

Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones shorter.  338

338. Stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate. (See 219.)  Chrysanthemum L.

Stem woody, shrubby.  339

339. Leaves opposite. Pappus wanting.  340

Leaves alternate.  341

340. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in few rows. Fruits with 12-15 ribs. Leaves usually forked.—Species 2. South Africa.  Gymnopentzia Benth.

Heads solitary, seated between lateral tufts of leaves. Involucral bracts in many rows. Fruits 3-4-ribbed. Leaves entire, connate in pairs at the base.—Species 1. South Africa.  Asaemia Harv.

341. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Fruits 5-ribbed.—Species 20.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Pentzia Thunb.

Leaves entire.  342

342. Heads in corymbs. Central flowers sterile. Pappus none.—Species
3. South Africa.  Stilpnophytum Less.

Heads few together at the ends of the branches. Flowers all fertile.—Species
3. South Africa. (Including Adenosolen DC. and Brachymeris
DC.)  Marasmodes DC.

343. (331.) Female or neutral marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or without a corolla.  344

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla.  350

344. Hermaphrodite flowers 4-merous. Herbs or undershrubs.  345

Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Marginal flowers with a corolla.  349

345. Involucral bracts of two kinds, the outer four broad and membranous, the inner numerous, longer and narrower, scarious. Marginal flowers in one row, without a corolla. Corolla of the central flowers with a large appendage enclosing the fruit. Pappus none. Leaves opposite.
Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches.—Species 2. South
Africa.  Otochlamys DC.

Involucral bracts equal or nearly so.  346

346. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows, the outer shorter. Marginal flowers with
a corolla. Outer fruits compressed and hairy, the inner 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves fan-shaped or pinnately divided. (See 333.)  Schistostephium Less.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, about equal.  347

347. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches. (See 216.)  Cotula L.

Heads sessile or arranged in racemes or corymbs. Marginal flowers with
a corolla. Leaves undivided.  348

348. Female flowers in one row.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.  Abrotanella Cass.

Female flowers in several rows. Pappus wanting.—Species 1. Tropics.
(Myriogyne Less.)  Centipeda Lour.

349. Heads in racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Involucral bracts in few rows. Marginal flowers in one row. Fruits without ribs and without a pappus. (See 222.)  Artemisia L.

Heads solitary or in corymbs. (See 219.)  Chrysanthemum L.

350. (343.) Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, the outer much shorter.  351

Involucral bracts in few rows, about equal in length.  352

351. Leaves decurrent, undivided. Herbs. Heads in corymbs. Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Fruits glandular-hairy. Pappus of scales.—Species
1. South Africa.  Lepidostephium Oliv.

Leaves not decurrent. (See 219.)  Chrysanthemum L.

352. Involucral bracts broad. Herbs. Leaves dissected.  353

Involucral bracts narrow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. Corolla-limb of the ray-flowers elongate,
entire.  354

353. Corolla of the ray-flowers yellow, very shortly strap-shaped. Fruits compressed, 1-2-ribbed, without a pappus. Heads solitary on long stalks thickened above. (See 216.).  Cotula L.

Corolla of the ray-flowers white, usually long strap-shaped. Fruits usually several-ribbed and provided with a pappus. (See 334.)  Matricaria L.

354. Ray-flowers fertile. Disc-flowers 5-merous. Fruits 8-10-ribbed, glandular-warted.
Leaves linear or divided into 3 linear segments.—Species
7. South Africa. (Including Adenachaena DC. and Iocaste E. Mey.)  Phymaspermum Less.

Ray-flowers sterile. Disc-flowers 4-merous.  355

355. Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers acuminate. Involucre campanulate.
Heads short-stalked. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa.  Thaminophyllum Harv.

Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers not acuminate. Involucre hemispherical.
Heads long-stalked. Leaves lobed or cleft. Undershrubs.—Species 3.
South Africa.  Lidbeckia Berg

356. (316.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers.  357

Receptacle glabrous, rarely hairy, without scales between the flowers.  383

357. Pappus of 5-6 large scales sometimes intermixed with bristles. Fruits
10-ribbed, not compressed. Involucral bracts in several rows, scarious at the edges. Ray-flowers in one row, neuter, with a yellow, strap-shaped corolla. Style-branches truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually toothed or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or in lax panicles.—Species 65. South Africa and Abyssinia. (Including Sphenogyne R. Br.)  Ursinia Gaertn.

Pappus wanting or crown-shaped or consisting of bristles or minute scales, rarely of 1-2 or 8-16 larger scales. Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges. Leaves usually opposite. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE.]  358

358. Pappus of feathery bristles. Fruits hairy, angular. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2-3 rows. Ray-flowers yellow, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, broad, toothed. Heads on long stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in South Africa, Madagascar, and the neighbouring islands.  Tridax L.

Pappus of simple (not feathery) bristles or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting.  359

359. Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, formed of 8-16 rather large, fringed scales. Fruits angular. Receptacle conical. Marginal flowers in one row, white, fertile, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, embracing the outer fruits. Heads small, hemispherical.—Species 1.
Naturalized in East Africa.  Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav.

Pappus formed of minute scales or of 1-2 larger scales or of bristles, or
crown-shaped, or wanting.  360

360. Female or neuter marginal flowers persisting in the fruit, with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle conical. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads on long stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. Ornamental plants.  Zinnia L.

Female or neuter marginal flowers falling off before maturity or wanting.  361

361. Inner fruits compressed from front to back. Scales on the receptacle between the flowers flat or convex, not keeled. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. [Subtribe
COREOPSIDINAE.]  362

Inner fruits not or laterally compressed. [Subtribe VERBESININAE.]  368

362. Pappus formed of 2-6 barbed bristles (which are armed with minute reflexed prickles). Herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or divided.  363

Pappus formed of bristles which are not barbed, at least on the inner fruits, or ring-shaped, or wanting.  364

363. Fruits beaked. Ray-flowers red.—Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands.  Cosmos Cav.

Fruits not beaked. Ray-flowers, if present, yellow or white.—Species
20. Some of them are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds.
(Including Kerneria Moench)  Bidens L.

364. Involucral bracts 3-6. Marginal flowers female. Corolla glabrous at the base. Pappus of the inner fruits of 2-3 awns. Herbs. Leaves opposite.  365

Involucral bracts numerous, in two rows.  366

365. Involucral bracts partly herbaceous, partly membranous. Outer fruits winged. Heads several together in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa.  Synedrella Gaertn.

Involucral bracts herbaceous. Fruits all similar, not winged. Heads solitary.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).  Calyptrocarpus Less.

366. Involucral bracts free, the outer herbaceous, the inner membranous.
Ray-flowers female. Corolla hairy at the base. Pappus none. Herbs.
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Heads solitary or in cymes, stalked.—Species 8. Central Africa. One of the species yields oil from the seeds (ramtil-oil).  Guizotia Cass.

Involucral bracts more or less united. Corolla glabrous at the base.  367

367. Ray-flowers female. Fruits oblong, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus a minutely toothed crown. Herbs. Leaves opposite, divided. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Microlecane Schultz

Ray-flowers neuter or wanting. Pappus of two teeth or awns, or ring-shaped, or wanting.—Species 50. Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Coreopsis L.

368. (361.) Inner fruits much compressed laterally. Pappus of two awns or wanting. Receptacle convex, conical, or cylindrical. Herbs.  369

Inner fruits slightly or not compressed.  370

369. Fruits winged. Receptacle convex. Involucre as long as the disc.
Heads in lax corymbs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.—Species
1. Naturalized in the tropics and in Egypt. Used medicinally.
(Ximenesia Cass.)  Verbesina L.

Fruits not winged. Receptacle elongated. Involucre much shorter than the disc. Heads solitary. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields condiments and medicaments.  Spilanthes L.

370. Inner involucral bracts embracing the outer fruits. Pappus wanting.
Herbs. Leaves opposite.  371

Inner involucral bracts not embracing the outer fruits.  372

371. Female marginal flowers in one row. Heads in panicles.—Species 5.
Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used medicinally.  Siegesbeckia L.

Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Heads solitary, sessile. Marsh plants.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Enydra Lour.

372. Receptacle-scales wholly enclosing the fruits. Pappus ring-shaped or wanting. Flowers all hermaphrodite with a tubular corolla or the marginal neuter with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle convex or conical. Herbs.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Sclerocarpus Jacq.

Receptacle-scales partly or not enclosing the fruits.  373

373. Receptacle-scales very narrow, nearly bristle-like. Pappus wanting.
Marginal flowers in two rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Herbs.
Leaves opposite. Heads solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. They yield dye-stuffs, salad, and medicaments.  Eclipta L.

Receptacle-scales broad or rather broad, convex or keeled.  374

374. Pappus wanting. Heads containing hermaphrodite and female flowers.
Herbs. Leaves opposite.  375

Pappus present.  376

375. Inner flowers 4-merous, outer with a very shortly strap-shaped corolla-limb.
Fruits 4-angled. Leaves oblong. Heads in groups of three.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Micractis DC.

Inner flowers 5-merous, outer with a rather long strap-shaped corolla-limb.
Fruits 2-3-angled. Leaves ovate.—Species 15. Tropical and
South Africa.  Wedelia Jacq.

376. Pappus ring-shaped. Fruits 4-angled. Receptacle flat. Receptacle-scales slit. Heads in corymbs; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Temnolepis Bak.

Pappus cup-shaped or formed of scales and bristles. Herbs or undershrubs  377

377. Pappus of free, caducous bristles or scales.  378

Pappus of bristles united at the base, or cup-shaped with or without free
bristles.  379

378. Pappus-bristles 1-4, more or less broadened below. Heads large.
Ray-flowers neuter.—Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized.
Used as ornamental plants (sunflower) and yielding edible tubers, dye-stuffs, and oily seeds from which bread may be prepared.  Helianthus L.

Pappus-bristles thin, usually numerous. Heads middle-sized. Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales acuminate. Leaves opposite.—Species 17.
Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Lipotriche R. Br.)  Melanthera Rohr

379. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbs. Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales with a coloured appendage. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits 5-ribbed. Pappus a toothed cup. Leaves alternate, linear. (See 246.)  Omphalopappus O. Hoffm.

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter.  380

380. Marginal flowers neuter, with a strap-shaped corolla. Leaves opposite.—Species
40. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Aspilia Thouars

Marginal flowers female.  381

381. Marginal flowers with a tubular or shortly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles united at the base. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite.—Species 4. Central Africa.  Blainvillea Cass.

Marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus cup-shaped, with or without awns. Heads stalked.  382

382. Leaves alternate. Fruits 4-5-angled, many-ribbed.—Species 6.
Madagascar.  Epallage DC.

Leaves opposite. Fruits 2-3-angled, with indistinct angles. (See 375.)  Wedelia Jacq.

383. (356.) Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a yellow, thread-shaped,
2-3-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in several rows, imbricate, with scarious edges. Fruits without ribs. Pappus of one row of bristles. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads solitary or in glomerules.
(See 183.)  Phagnalon Cass.

Female or neuter marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped, rarely
a tubular but 4-toothed corolla, or wanting. [Tribe HELENIEAE.]  384

384. Female marginal flowers with a tubular, 4-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in 4-5 rows. Receptacle pitted. Pappus of scales. Herbs.
Leaves alternate. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola).  Welwitschiella O. Hoffm.

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting.
Heads solitary or in glomerules.  385

385. Receptacle bristly. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus of scales. Herbs.
Leaves alternate or radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant.  Gaillardia Foug.

Receptacle glabrous, rarely (Tagetes) ciliate at the edges of the pits.  386

386. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Heads solitary.—Species 9. Central Africa. (Including
Hypericophyllum Steetz).  Jaumea Pers.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows.  387

387. Involucral bracts free.  388

Involucral bracts united below. Heads solitary. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves.  390

388. Involucral bracts numerous. Heads many-flowered. Female marginal flowers numerous. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or all radical. Heads solitary. (See 124.)  Dimorphotheca Moench

Involucral bracts 2-6. Heads few-flowered. Female marginal flowers solitary or wanting. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves.
Heads in glomerules.  389

389. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. Naturalized in Egypt and Eritrea. They yield dyes and medicaments.  Flaveria Juss.

Pappus of slit scales. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate.—Species 1.
South Africa.  Phaeocephalus S. Moore

390. Pappus wanting. Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Leaves alternate.—Species 15.
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Gamolepis Less.

Pappus of scales or bristles. Herbs.  391

391. Pappus of 3-6 scales. Fruits scarcely ribbed. Leaves opposite, pinnately divided.—Species 3. Naturalized. Ornamental plants, also yielding dyes and medicaments.  Tagetes L.

Pappus of numerous bristles or slit scales. Fruit 10-12-ribbed. Leaves alternate, undivided.—Species 1. South Africa.  Cadiseus E. Mey.

STATISTICAL TABLE
showing the number of Genera and Species and the Geographical Distribution of each Family.

====================++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++============= || Whole || Africa || Africa || North || Central || Malagasy || South || Earth || (in all) ||(indigenous) || Africa || Africa || Islands || Africa ====================++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+====== Cycadaceae || 9 | 85 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 15 Ginkgoaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Taxaceae || 11 | 100 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 Pinaceae || 26 | 260 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 25 || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 Gnetaceae || 3 | 45 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || | --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Gymnospermae || 50 | 500 || 14 | 65 || 13 | 65 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 3 | 3 || 4 | 20 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Typhaceae || 1 | 9 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 Pandanaceae || 3 | 240 || 1 | 65 || 1 | 65 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 50 || | Sparganiaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | Potamogetonaceae || 9 | 100 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 20 || 6 | 20 || 4 | 5 Naiadaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 Aponogetonaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 9 Scheuchzeriaceae || 5 | 15 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 3 Alismataceae || 12 | 75 || 9 | 15 || 9 | 15 || 4 | 5 || 8 | 10 || 4 | 4 || | Butomaceae || 4 | 7 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | Hydrocharitaceae || 15 | 65 || 10 | 40 || 10 | 40 || 4 | 4 || 9 | 35 || 8 | 10 || 1 | 1 Triuridaceae || 2 | 25 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | Gramineae || 373 | 3700 || 205 | 1600 || 199 | 1600 || 108 | 380 || 130 | 850 || 66 | 200 || 80 | 460 Cyperaceae || 77 | 3000 || 40 | 880 || 40 | 880 || 9 | 90 || 25 | 490 || 26 | 270 || 28 | 350 Palmae || 169 | 1200 || 36 | 100 || 33 | 100 || 3 | 4 || 13 | 40 || 24 | 60 || 2 | 2 Cyclanthaceae || 6 | 45 || | || | || | || | || | || | Araceae || 115 | 1100 || 33 | 150 || 28 | 140 || 6 | 10 || 21 | 120 || 6 | 6 || 3 | 10 Lemnaceae || 3 | 25 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 10 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5 Flagellariaceae || 3 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Restionaceae || 23 | 250 || 12 | 230 || 12 | 230 || | || 1 | 1 || | || 12 | 230 Centrolepidaceae || 7 | 40 || | || | || | || | || | || | Mayacaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1|| | || | Xyridaceae || 2 | 55 || 1 | 40 || 1 | 40 || | || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 8 Eriocaulaceae || 9 | 570 || 4 | 80 || 4 | 80 || | || 4 | 60 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 10 Thurniaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Rapateaceae || 7 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Bromeliaceae || 57 | 920 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | Commelinaceae || 29 | 320 || 12 | 160 || 12 | 160 || 1 | 5 || 12 | 140 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 20 Pontederiaceae || 6 | 20 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || 3 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | Cyanastraceae || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || | || 1 | 5 || | || | Philydraceae || 3 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Juncaceae || 8 | 280 || 3 | 55 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 30 || 2 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 30 Stemonaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || | Liliaceae || 228 | 2600 || 79 | 1450 || 75 | 1450 || 27 | 130 || 37 | 600 || 22 | 65 || 52 | 880 Haemodoraceae || 9 | 30 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || | || | || 4 | 6 Amaryllidaceae || 83 | 950 || 33 | 310 || 29 | 300 || 6 | 20 || 16 | 110 || 5 | 15 || 19 | 190 Velloziaceae || 2 | 70 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 9 Taccaceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2 || | Dioscoreaceae || 10 | 240 || 2 | 45 || 2 | 45 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 15 Iridaceae || 60 | 1100 || 39 | 600 || 37 | 600 || 5 | 30 || 13 | 120 || 6 | 10 || 32 | 500 Musaceae || 6 | 85 || 4 | 25 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 4 Zingiberaceae || 41 | 900 || 11 | 120 || 7 | 110 || | || 4 | 110 || 4 | 6 || 1 | 3 Cannaceae || 1 | 40 || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | Marantaceae || 27 | 290 || 12 | 60 || 11 | 55 || | || 11 | 55 || 2 | 2 || | Burmanniaceae || 18 | 60 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 4 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 Orchidaceae || 500 | 7400 || 97 | 1600 || 97 | 1600 || 14 | 50 || 55 | 900 || 56 | 370 || 37 | 430 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Monocotyledonae || 1944 |26000 || 681 | 7800 || 650 | 7750 || 206 | 800 || 381 | 3850 || 261 | 1200 || 298 | 3200 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Casuarinaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || | Saururaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Piperaceae || 9 | 1100 || 3 | 80 || 3 | 80 || | || 3 | 40 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 7 Chloranthaceae || 4 | 35 || | || | || | || | || | || | Lacistemaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Salicaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 Garryaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Myricaceae || 1 | 55 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 13 Balanopsidaceae || 2 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | Leitneriaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Juglandaceae || 6 | 40 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | Batidaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Julianiaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Betulaceae || 6 | 90 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Fagaceae || 5 | 370 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || | || | || | Ulmaceae || 15 | 120 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 10 || 3 | 7 Moraceae || 70 | 1000 || 26 | 260 || 19 | 250 || 1 | 5 || 15 | 200 || 9 | 65 || 1 | 12 Urticaceae || 43 | 580 || 20 | 150 || 19 | 150 || 4 | 13 || 17 | 75 || 11 | 55 || 9 | 20 Proteaceae || 55 | 1000 || 13 | 400 || 13 | 400 || | || 3 | 50 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 360 Myzodendraceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || | Santalaceae || 26 | 250 || 6 | 140 || 6 | 140 || 2 | 5 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 3 || 5 | 90 Opiliaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 1 Grubbiaceae || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || 1 | 4 Olacaceae || 27 | 160 || 11 | 70 || 11 | 70 || | || 9 | 55 || 4 | 13 || 1 | 1 Octoknemataceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 3 || | || | Loranthaceae || 26 | 900 || 4 | 300 || 4 | 300 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 240 || 3 | 45 || 2 | 40 Balanophoraceae || 14 | 50 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 2 | 3 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 3 Aristolochiaceae || 6 | 200 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1 Rafflesiaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Hydnoraceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 8 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2 Polygonaceae || 34 | 800 || 9 | 120 || 8 | 120 || 5 | 50 || 5 | 45 || 2 | 20 || 4 | 45 Chenopodiaceae || 76 | 450 || 26 | 120 || 25 | 120 || 24 | 75 || 12 | 40 || 3 | 6 || 9 | 40 Amarantaceae || 56 | 500 || 32 | 200 || 32 | 200 || 8 | 17 || 28 | 140 || 12 | 35 || 18 | 50 Nyctaginaceae || 20 | 170 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 6 Cynocrambaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Phytolaccaceae || 22 | 120 || 5 | 15 || 4 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 4 | 8 || 3 | 4 || 2 | 8 Aizoaceae || 24 | 600 || 20 | 480 || 20 | 480 || 6 | 10 || 14 | 45 || 6 | 12 || 20 | 440 Portulacaceae || 18 | 210 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 2 | 13 || 2 | 5 || 5 | 20 Basellaceae || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | Caryophyllaceae || 79 | 1500 || 45 | 280 || 45 | 280 || 37 | 200 || 22 | 60 || 7 | 8 || 15 | 40 Nymphaeaceae || 8 | 60 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 Ceratophyllaceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Trochodendraceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cercidiphyllaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Ranunculaceae || 32 | 1200 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 70 || 5 | 30 || 2 | 13 || 4 | 23 Lardizabalaceae || 7 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | Berberidaceae || 9 | 150 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || | Menispermaceae || 63 | 360 || 27 | 100 || 27 | 100 || 1 | 1 || 20 | 75 || 10 | 25 || 6 | 15 Magnoliaceae || 13 | 110 || | || | || | || | || | || | Calycanthaceae || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Lactoridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Anonaceae || 76 | 900 || 27 | 240 || 26 | 230 || | || 25 | 200 || 11 | 30 || 5 | 8 Myristicaceae || 16 | 250 || 9 | 25 || 7 | 20 || | || 5 | 15 || 2 | 5 || | Gomortegaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Monimiaceae || 30 | 250 || 6 | 30 || 6 | 30 || | || 3 | 6 || 4 | 25 || 1 | 1 Lauraceae || 48 | 1100 || 15 | 75 || 12 | 70 || 4 | 5 || 6 | 30 || 7 | 35 || 3 | 10 Hernandiaceae || 4 | 25 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 7 || | || 3 | 4 || 2 | 4 || | Papaveraceae || 31 | 400 || 11 | 50 || 9 | 50 || 7 | 40 || 4 | 7 || | || 4 | 10 Capparidaceae || 43 | 450 || 20 | 260 || 20 | 260 || 7 | 15 || 19 | 200 || 7 | 35 || 8 | 40 Cruciferae || 232 | 1900 || 88 | 420 || 87 | 410 || 75 | 270 || 28 | 85 || 4 | 8 || 21 | 110 Tovariaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Resedaceae || 6 | 55 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 30 || 5 | 10 || | || 1 | 5 Moringaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | Sarraceniaceae || 3 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | Nepenthaceae || 1 | 60 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || | Droseraceae || 4 | 85 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 10 Podostemonaceae || 30 | 130 || 9 | 25 || 9 | 25 || | || 8 | 20 || 3 | 6 || 2 | 2 Hydrostachyaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 4 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1 Crassulaceae || 18 | 550 || 10 | 400 || 10 | 400 || 5 | 110 || 6 | 60 || 5 | 50 || 6 | 200 Cephalotaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Saxifragaceae || 78 | 650 || 11 | 25 || 10 | 25 || 3 | 10 || 4 | 7 || 6 | 7 || 3 | 4 Pittosporaceae || 9 | 110 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2 Brunelliaceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cunoniaceae || 21 | 130 || 3 | 17 || 3 | 17 || | || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2 Myrothamnaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Bruniaceae || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || | || | || | || 12 | 55 Hamamelidaceae || 20 | 50 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 2 || 2 | 15 || 1 | 2 Eucommiaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Platanaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | Crossosomataceae || 1 | 3 || | || | || | || | || | || | Rosaceae || 102 | 1700 || 32 | 230 || 30 | 220 || 18 | 65 || 13 | 85 || 5 | 20 || 12 | 65 Connaraceae || 20 | 180 || 12 | 140 || 12 | 140 || | || 12 | 130 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1 Leguminosae || 522 |11500 || 261 | 3300 || 253 | 3300 || 54 | 550 || 182 | 1650 || 82 | 440 || 88 | 1000 Pandaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Geraniaceae || 11 | 500 || 6 | 350 || 6 | 350 || 3 | 50 || 6 | 25 || 2 | 2 || 5 | 280 Oxalidaceae || 7 | 300 || 3 | 160 || 2 | 160 || 1 | 4 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 25 || 1 | 120 Tropaeolaceae || 1 | 50 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | Linaceae || 13 | 130 || 7 | 60 || 6 | 60 || 2 | 20 || 6 | 30 || 2 | 8 || 1 | 5 Humiriaceae || 3 | 20 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Erythroxylaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 40 || | || 2 | 5 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 4 Zygophyllaceae || 28 | 170 || 12 | 90 || 12 | 90 || 9 | 35 || 6 | 18 || 2 | 3 || 7 | 50 Cneoraceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Rutaceae || 125 | 950 || 33 | 320 || 30 | 310 || 1 | 8 || 17 | 80 || 7 | 35 || 17 | 210 Simarubaceae || 32 | 150 || 16 | 40 || 16 | 40 || | || 13 | 35 || 4 | 5 || 1 | 1 Burseraceae || 18 | 350 || 7 | 160 || 7 | 160 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 20 Meliaceae || 49 | 800 || 23 | 150 || 23 | 150 || | || 18 | 100 || 8 | 45 || 5 | 15 Malpighiaceae || 65 | 700 || 16 | 80 || 16 | 80 || | || 10 | 45 || 10 | 30 || 4 | 13 Trigoniceae || 3 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || | Vochysiaceae || 5 | 100 || | || | || | || | || | || | Tremandraceae || 3 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || | Polygalaceae || 11 | 700 || 6 | 240 || 6 | 240 || 1 | 10 || 5 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 4 | 140 Dichapetalaceae || 3 | 100 || 2 | 75 || 2 | 75 || | || 2 | 65 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1 Euphorbiaceae || 278 | 4500 || 122 | 1200 || 117 | 1150 || 5 | 70 || 95 | 600 || 47 | 360 || 31 | 220 Callitrichaceae || 1 | 25 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 Buxaceae || 7 | 30 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2 Empetraceae || 3 | 4 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || | || 1 | 1 Coriariaceae || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Limnanthaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Anacardiaceae || 69 | 480 || 29 | 250 || 26 | 240 || 2 | 6 || 16 | 130 || 12 | 30 || 9 | 95 Cyrillaceae || 3 | 6 || | || | || | || | || | || | Pentaphylacaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Corynocarpaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Aquifoliaceae || 4 | 280 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 Celastraceae || 51 | 500 || 15 | 160 || 15 | 160 || 2 | 4 || 5 | 50 || 9 | 35 || 11 | 90 Hippocrateaceae || 3 | 200 || 3 | 110 || 3 | 110 || | || 3 | 100 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 5 Salvadoraceae || 3 | 9 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2 Stackhousiaceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Staphyleaceae || 6 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | Icacinaceae || 48 | 200 || 19 | 90 || 19 | 90 || | || 15 | 65 || 10 | 20 || 3 | 5 Aceraceae || 2 | 110 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || | Hippocastanaceae || 3 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Sapindaceae || 128 | 1100 || 51 | 200 || 47 | 200 || | || 29 | 120 || 23 | 60 || 8 | 15 Sabiaceae || 3 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || | Melianthaceae || 3 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 30 | || | 1 || 18 | || | 3 || 10 | Balsaminaceae || 2 | 350 || 1 | 100 || 1 | 100 || | || 1 | 85 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 2 Rhamnaceae || 52 | 500 || 18 | 140 || 18 | 140 || 3 | 15 || 14 | 25 || 9 | 20 || 8 | 90 Vitaceae || 12 | 500 || 5 | 200 || 5 | 200 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 160 || 3 | 30 || 2 | 18 Elaeocarpaceae || 8 | 130 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 15 || | Chlaenaceae || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || | || | || 7 | 25 || | Gonystilaceae || 1 | 7 || | || | || | || | || | || | Tiliaceae || 45 | 350 || 18 | 260 || 18 | 260 || 2 | 4 || 17 | 180 || 8 | 70 || 4 | 20 Malvaceae || 50 | 900 || 21 | 300 || 21 | 300 || 7 | 40 || 16 | 140 || 13 | 85 || 13 | 85 Bombacaceae || 22 | 140 || 3 | 13 || 3 | 13 || | || 3 | 9 || 1 | 4 || | Sterculiaceae || 57 | 820 || 28 | 470 || 26 | 470 || 1 | 1 || 19 | 190 || 14 | 120 || 6 | 190 Scytopetalaceae || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || | || 5 | 40 || | || | Dilleniaceae || 14 | 320 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 18 || 3 | 8 || | Eucryphiaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Ochnaceae || 22 | 250 || 7 | 150 || 7 | 150 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 35 || 3 | 8 Caryocaraceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | Marcgraviaceae || 5 | 50 || | || | || | || | || | || | Quiinaceae || 2 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | Theaceae || 20 | 200 || 6 | 12 || 5 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 8 || | Guttiferae || 50 | 850 || 16 | 180 || 16 | 180 || 1 | 25 || 12 | 85 || 11 | 80 || 2 | 6 Dipterocarpaceae || 19 | 340 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 1 || | Elatinaceae || 2 | 35 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 5 Frankeniaceae || 5 | 60 || 2 | 10 || 2 | 10 || 1 | 9 || 2 | 3 || | || 1 | 3 Tamaricaceae || 4 | 90 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2 Fouquieriaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cistaceae || 7 | 140 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 1 | 1 || | || | Bixaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | Cochlospermaceae || 3 | 20 || 2 | 7 || 2 | 7 || | || 1 | 5 || 1 | 2 || | Koeberliniaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Winteranaceae || 4 | 8 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | Violaceae || 17 | 450 || 4 | 100 || 4 | 100 || 1 | 15 || 4 | 55 || 3 | 30 || 3 | 8 Flacourtiaceae || 84 | 650 || 46 | 250 || 46 | 250 || | || 39 | 150 || 18 | 95 || 11 | 25 Stachyuraceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | Turneraceae || 7 | 100 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || | || 3 | 12 || 5 | 6 || 2 | 2 Malesherbiaceae || 1 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || | Passifloraceae || 13 | 380 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 70 || | || 6 | 45 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 12 Achariaceae || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || | || | || | || 3 | 3 Caricaceae || 3 | 30 || 2 | 3 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | Loasaceae || 13 | 230 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || 1 | 1 Datiscaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Begoniaceae || 5 | 450 || 1 | 110 || 1 | 110 || | || 1 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 7 Ancistrocladaceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | Cactaceae || 23 | 1500 || 5 | 13 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 Geissolomataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || 1 | 2 Penaeaceae || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || | || | || | || 5 | 35 Oliniaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 4 Thymelaeaceae || 41 | 450 || 17 | 250 || 16 | 250 || 2 | 15 || 8 | 95 || 4 | 17 || 10 | 130 Elaeagnaceae || 3 | 30 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | Lythraceae || 25 | 500 || 12 | 90 || 11 | 90 || 4 | 15 || 7 | 65 || 7 | 17 || 6 | 25 Sonneratiaceae || 4 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | Punicaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | Lecythidaceae || 19 | 250 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 3 | 8 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1 Rhizophoraceae || 18 | 60 || 10 | 45 || 10 | 45 || | || 8 | 30 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 5 Nyssaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || | Alangiaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | Combretaceae || 17 | 450 || 12 | 330 || 12 | 330 || | || 10 | 280 || 6 | 40 || 4 | 25 Myrtaceae || 76 | 2900 || 10 | 85 || 7 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35 || 4 | 10 Melastomataceae || 169 | 2800 || 33 | 280 || 33 | 280 || | || 24 | 160 || 14 | 110 || 3 | 9 Oenotheraceae || 39 | 500 || 10 | 40 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 12 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 12 || 4 | 12 Halorrhagaceae || 7 | 150 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 3 Hippuridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | Cynomoriaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Araliaceae || 55 | 660 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 25 || 7 | 45 || 1 | 10 Umbelliferae || 270 | 2500 || 92 | 410 || 92 | 410 || 71 | 210 || 29 | 80 || 8 | 20 || 30 | 120 Cornaceae || 10 | 100 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Archichlamydeae || 4512 |67500 || 1703 |16700 || 1632 |16600 || 454 | 2300 || 1054 | 7800 || 577 | 2950 || 573 | 5000 --------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ Clethraceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | Pirolaceae || 10 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || | Lennoaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | Ericaceae || 77 | 1550 || 17 | 720 || 17 | 720 || 5 | 12 || 7 | 40 || 6 | 45 || 12 | 630 Epacridaceae || 23 | 340 || | || | || | || | || | || | Diapensiaceae || 6 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | Theophrastaceae || 4 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || | Myrsinaceae || 32 | 1000 || 10 | 130 || 10 | 130 || 3 | 3 || 5 | 35 || 7 | 95 || 4 | 8 Primulaceae || 22 | 560 || 11 | 45 || 10 | 45 || 9 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 2 | 6 || 3 | 8 Plumbaginaceae || 10 | 280 || 7 | 90 || 7 | 90 || 5 | 60 || 4 | 18 || 1 | 3 || 3 | 15 Sapotaceae || 51 | 650 || 19 | 150 || 16 | 140 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 110 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 15 Hoplestigmataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | Ebenaceae || 7 | 350 || 6 | 150 || 6 | 150 || | || 5 | 80 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35 Symplocaceae || 1 | 300 || | || | || | || | || | || | Styracaceae || 7 | 110 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || |

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

Abortive (abortivus). Imperfectly developed.

Accrescent (accrescens). Increasing in size with age.

Accumbent (accumbens). Placed along the edge, especially of the cotyledons.

Achene (achaenium). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with a thin pericarp.

Acuminate (acuminatus). Narrowed at the top and drawn out into a point.

Acute (acutus). Sharply pointed, but not drawn out.

Adelphous (adelphus). United in bundles, e.g., diadelphous = united in two bundles.

Adherent (adhaerens). Slightly united to an organ of another kind, usually to a part of another whorl.

Adnate (adnatus). Closely united with an organ of another kind, usually with a part of another whorl. Adnate anthers have their halves attached through their whole length to the filament.

Aërial (aëreus). Growing above the surface of the earth or water.

Aestivation (aestivatio). Praefloration, i.e., the arrangement of the perianth-leaves in the bud.

Albumen (albumen). The nutritive tissue (endosperm or perisperm) in which the embryo is more or less immersed.

Alternate (alternus). Placed between two parts; or inserted one on each node.

Androgynous (androgynus). Containing both male and female flowers.

Androphore (androphorum). An elongation of the receptacle below the stamens.

Annual (annuus). Terminating its whole cycle of life within one year.

Annular (annularis). Ring-shaped.

Anterior (anticus). Placed in front; or turned away from the axis upon which the organ is inserted.

Anther (anthera). The thickened upper part of the stamen, which encloses the pollen. It usually consists of two halves (cells) containing two pollen-sacs each and opening by a common slit or pore.

Appressed (appressus). Pressed close.

Areole (areola). A space marked out on a surface.

Aril (arillus). An expansion of the funicle or the adjoining part of the testa, more or less enveloping the seed.

Ascending (ascendens). Directed upwards. An ascending stem is more or less prostrate at the base, then erect; an ascending ovule is attached somewhat above the base.

Asymmetrical (asymmetricus). Which cannot be divided into two or more similar parts.

Auricle (auriculus). An earlet, i.e., a small roundish lateral appendage of a leaf or leaf-like organ.

Awn (arista). A strong bristle-like appendage.

Axil (axilla). The upper angle between a leaf and the stem from which it springs.

Axile (axilis). Placed in the axis.

Axillary (axillaris). Placed in the axil of a leaf.

Axis (axis). The line round which an organ is developed; or the part of the plant on which other parts are attached, especially the stem.

Baccate (baccatus). Berry-like.

Barbed (glochidiatus). Beset with hairs or spines directed backwards.

Basifixed (basifixus). Attached by the bottom.

Berry (bacca). A succulent indehiscent fruit with a thin and soft (membranous, parchment-like, or cartilaginous) endocarp.

Biennial (biennis). Fruiting the second year and then perishing.

Blade (lamina). The upper expanded part of a leaf or leaf-like organ.

Bract (bractea). A modified leaf, usually reduced in size, intermediate between the foliage leaves and the flowers, especially those in the axil of which a flower or branch of inflorescence arises.

Bracteole (bracteola). A bract arising immediately below a flower or on the pedicel.

Bulb (bulbus). A usually underground part of the stem of certain plants, which is surrounded by numerous fleshy scales.

Caducous (caducus). Falling off very early.

Calyx (calyx). The outer floral envelope, usually smaller and firmer than the inner and of green colour.

Campanulate (campanulatus). Bell-shaped.

Capitate (capitatus). Head-like.

Capsule (capsula). A dry dehiscent fruit, especially if formed of several carpels.

Carpel (carpellum). A modified leaf bearing the female reproductive organs (ovules).

Caruncle (caruncula). An outgrowth near the hilum of certain seeds.

Catkin (amentum). A deciduous spike with a thin rachis and inconspicuous unisexual flowers.

Cauline (caulinus). Arising along the stem.

Cell (cellula). One of the sack-like bodies of which the tissue of the plants is composed.

Cell (loculus). One of the cavities into which the ovary, the fruit, and the anthers are usually divided. The number of anther-cells refers to the time after their dehiscence, 2-celled anthers being 4-celled when young.

Centrifugal (centrifugus). Developing from the centre outwards or from the apex towards the base.

Centripetal (centripetus). Developing from without towards the centre or from the base towards the apex.

Circinnate (circinnatus). Coiled from the apex downwards.

Circumsciss (circumscissus). Split circularly around.

Claw (unguis). The narrow base of perianth-leaves, especially petals.

Cleft (fissus,-fidus). Divided half-way down.

Coherent (cohaerens). Slightly united to an organ of the same kind.

Collateral (collateralis). Placed side by side.

Compound Leaf (folium compositum). A leaf formed of leaflets jointed with the rachis and usually falling off separately.

Conduplicate (conduplicatus). Doubled along the midrib.

Cone (conus). A spike-like inflorescence flower or fruit with large bracts or scales usually becoming woody at maturity.

Confluent (confluens). Blended into one.

Connate (connatus). United with an organ of the same kind by confluence of the margins or by elongation of the common base.

Connective (connectivum). The part of the stamen which connects the anther-halves.

Connivent (connivens). Converging.

Contorted (contortus). Imbricate in bud, all segments overlapping on the same side (to the right or the left from the spectator).

Convolute (convolutus). Rolled up from one margin.

Cordate (cordatus). Heart-shaped, i.e., with two rounded basal lobes.

Corm (cormus). The thickened base of certain stems, enveloped by some large scales and usually underground.

Corolla (corolla). The inner floral envelope, usually larger than the outer, of soft texture, and bright coloured.

Corona (corona). A crown formed by scale-or thread-like appendages of the perianth or the stamens.

Corymb (corymbus). A more or less flat-topped, raceme-like or compound inflorescence.

Cottony (tomentosus). Covered with short matted hairs.

Cotyledon (cotyledo). Seed-leaf, i.e., one of the first leaves of the embryo, which differ from the following.

Crenate (crenatus). With rounded teeth at the margin.

Crustaceous (crustaceus). Crusty, i.e., thin and brittle.

Cyme (cyma). An inflorescence of the centrifugal (cymose) type, especially when loose and equally-branched.

Cymose (cymosus). Consisting of a main axis, which ends in a flower, and several stronger lateral axes.

Cystolith (cystolithus). Cell-stone, i.e., a hard outgrowth of the cell-wall, appearing as a point or short line on the surface of the leaves of certain plants.

Deciduous (deciduus). Falling off after flowering or at the end of the season.

Decumbent (decumbens). Reclining.

Decurrent (decurrens). Prolonged below the insertion.

Dehiscent (dehiscens). Opening spontaneously when ripe to discharge the contents (seeds or pollen).

Dentate (dentatus). Toothed, i.e., provided with small incisions and projections on the margin.

Descending (descendens). Tending downwards; or attached somewhat below the apex.

Dichotomous (dichotomus). Repeatedly divided in pairs, each branch dividing into two subequal branches.

Didymous (didymus). Bi-globose, i.e., divided into two roundish lobes.

Didynamous (didynamus). In two pairs of unequal length.

Digitate (digitatus). Palmately compound.

Dioecious (dioicus). Unisexual and the male and female flowers on different plants.

Disc (discus). A usually ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped expansion of the receptacle.

Dissected (dissectus). Divided to the base, but not jointed with the rachis.

Dissepiment (septum). A partition of the interior of the ovary, usually formed by the margins of the carpels. A partition not having that origin is called a false or spurious dissepiment.

Divaricate (divaricatus). Diverging at an angle approaching 180°.

Dorsal (dorsalis). Situated on the back, especially on the midrib of a folded leaf or leaf-like organ; or turned away from the axis to which the organ in question is attached.

Dorsifixed (dorsifixus). Attached by the back.

Drupe (drupa). Stone-fruit, i.e., a fruit with a hard (bony, woody, or crusty) endocarp called the stone, a succulent, more or less fleshy mesocarp, and a thin (membranous or leathery) epicarp.

Elliptical (ellipticus). About twice as long as broad and narrowed towards both ends.

Emarginate (emarginatus). With a small, usually apical notch.

Embryo (embryo). The rudimentary plant formed in the seed.

Endocarp (endocarpium). The innermost layer of the pericarp.

Entire (integerrimus). Without toothing or division.

Epicalyx (epicalyx). A whorl of bracts closely surrounding a flower and resembling an outer calyx.

Epicarp (epicarpium). The outermost layer of the pericarp.

Epigynous (epigynus). Inserted at the upper edge of a concave receptacle which is united with the ovary.

Epiphyte (epiphyticus). Growing upon other plants without deriving nourishment from them.

Ex- (ex-). Without. Exalbuminous = without albumen. Exstipulate = without stipules.

Exocarp (exocarpium). The outermost layer of the pericarp.

Exserted (exsertus). Projecting beyond the tube of the perianth or corolla.

Extrorse (extrorsus). Turned outwards.

Falcate (falcatus). Sickle-shaped.

Fascicle (fasciculus). A cluster, especially a short and dense cymose inflorescence of distinctly stalked or conspicuous flowers.

Female Flower (flos foemineus). A flower containing fertile (ovule-bearing) carpels, but no fertile (pollen-producing) stamens.

Fertile (fertilis). Capable of producing progeny, especially bearing pollen or ovules which develop into seeds.

Filament (filamentum). The lower narrow part (the stalk) of the stamen.

Filiform (filiformis). Thread-shaped, i.e., cylindrical and very slender.

Flexuous (flexuosus). Bent alternately in opposite directions.

Foliaceous (foliaceus). Leaf-like, i.e., having the shape and texture of a foliage-leaf.

Foliole (foliolum). Leaflet, i.e., one of the leaf-like parts of a compound leaf, which are jointed to the rachis.

Follicle (folliculus). A one-celled fruit opening lengthwise (at the ventral suture).

Forked (furcatus). Divided into two subequal branches.

Free (liber). Not united, not even at the base.

Funicle (funiculus). The stalk of the ovule.

Gamo- (gamo-). With the parts more or less united, e.g., gamopetalous = with the petals united below into a ring, cup, or tube.

Glabrous (glaber). Without hairs.

Gland (glans). A thick, usually roundish outgrowth, generally secreting a liquid.

Glandular (glandulosus). Bearing a gland or glands.

Glomerule (glomerulis). A short and dense cymose inflorescence of subsessile inconspicuous flowers.

Glume (gluma). A chaffy bract, especially in the inflorescence of grasses.

Gynophore (gynophorum). An elongation of the receptacle below the carpels.

Hastate (hastatus). Halbard-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal lobes turned outwards.

Head (capitulum). A centripetal inflorescence with a short and usually thick axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers.

Hermaphrodite (hermaphroditus). Bisexual, i.e., containing both kinds of sexual organs (stamens and carpels) in complete development.

Hilum (hilus). The point where the ovule or the seed is attached to the funicle or the placenta.

Hirsute (hirsutus). Densely covered with erect, rather short and stiff hairs.

Hispid (hispidus). Beset with long stiff hairs.

Hyaline (hyalinus). Membranous and translucid.

Hypogynous (hypogynus). Inserted at the base of the ovary or below it, upon a small and flat or an elevated receptacle.

Imbricate (imbricatus). Overlapping at the edges, as the tiles of a roof, especially in the bud.

Imparipinnate (imparipinnatus). Unequally pinnate, i.e., pinnate with a terminal leaflet.

Included (inclusus). Concealed within the tube of the perianth or corolla.

Incumbent (incumbens). Placed upon the back, especially of the cotyledons.

Indehiscent (indehiscens). Remaining closed at maturity.

Induplicate (induplicatus). Doubled along the midrib, with the margins turned inwards.

Inferior Ovary (ovarium inferum). An ovary adnate to a concave receptacle or to the tube of the perianth or calyx.

Inflorescence (inflorescentia). The flowering part of a branch and the arrangement of the flowers upon it. The flower-clusters constituting together a compound inflorescence are termed partial inflorescences.

Introrse (introrsus). Turned inwards.

Inverted Ovule (ovulum anatropum). An ovule with the micropyle next to the hilum.

Involucel (involucellum). The involucre of a partial inflorescence.

Involucre (involucrum). A group of bracts surrounding an inflorescence.

Involute (involutus). Rolled inward from the margins towards the midrib.

Irregular Flower (flos irregularis). A flower with unequally shaped or disposed perianth-leaves.

Jointed (articulatus). Divided into portions which subsequently separate; or separating at the point of attachment.

Laciniate (laciniatus). Lacerated, i.e., slit into narrow and irregular segments.

Lanceolate (lanceolatus). About 3-6 times as long as broad and ending in an angle or point.

Legume (legumen). A one-celled fruit opening by two valves.

Ligulate (ligulatus). Strap-shaped, i.e., produced on one side into a long and narrow limb.

Ligule (ligula). A strap-shaped body, especially the scale-like appendage on the inner side of certain leaves, usually between the sheath and the blade.

Limb (limbus). The upper, more or less expanded part of a perianth.

Linear (linearis). Very narrow (many times as long as broad) with almost parallel edges.

Lip (labium). A part of a perianth formed of several united segments or of one large segment which is separated from the rest.

Lobe (lobus). Division of a leaf or a perianth, especially when short.

Lobed (lobatus). Shortly divided, the incisions not reaching to the middle.

Loculicidal (loculicidus). Opening along the median line of the outer wall of the ovary-or fruit-cells (along the dorsal suture of the carpels).

Lyrate (lyratus). Lyre-shaped, i.e., pinnately divided with a large and rounded terminal lobe and small lateral ones.

Male Flower (flos masculus). A flower containing fertile (pollen-producing) stamens, but no fertile carpels.

Median (medianus). Placed in the middle-line of a bilateral organ.

Mericarp (mericarpium). Partial fruit, i.e., one of the parts into which a schizocarp separates.

Merous (merus). With the parts of the flower consisting of a certain number of divisions or leaves, e.g., dimerous = with the parts in twos.

Mesocarp (mesocarpium). The intermediate layer of the pericarp.

Micropyle (micropyle). The aperture in the coats of the ovule.

Monoecious (monoicus). Unisexual and the flowers of both sexes on the same plant.

Mucronate (mucronatus). Ending in a short bristle-like point (mucro).

Muticous (muticus). Without awns or spines.

Naked (nudus). Not enveloped by a perianth or by carpels.

Nerve (nervus). A vascular bundle in a leaf or leaf-like organ, usually appearing as a dark or translucent line or a ridge projecting on the under surface.

Net-veined (reticulatim venosus). With the lateral nerves irregularly connected by a network of small veins.

Neuter (neuter). Without perfect sexual organs.

Node (nodus). The usually knot-like part of the stem, where a leaf or a whorl of leaves are inserted.

Nut (nux). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with a thick and hard rind.

Ob- (ob-). Reversedly. Thus obcordate or obovate = cordate or ovate, the upper part the broader.

Oblong (oblongus). About 3-6 times as long as broad and rounded at the top.

Obtuse (obtusus). Blunt, i.e., narrowed, but not pointed at the apex.

Open Aestivation (aestivatio aperta). A form of aestivation in which the margins of the perianth-leaves do not touch one another.

Opposite (oppositus). Set against in pairs at the same level; or placed one before another.

Oval (ovalis). About twice as long as broad and rounded at the top.

Ovary (ovarium). The lower part of the pistil, which encloses the ovules.

Ovate (ovatus). Shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg, i.e., oval and narrowed towards the top.

Ovoid (ovoideus). Egg-shaped.

Ovule (ovulum). The grain-like body which contains the female reproductive cells and developes into the seed after fertilization.

Palmate (palmatus). With the divisions or branches springing from one point.

Panicle (panicula). A repeatedly branched inflorescence of more or less pyramidal or ovoid form.

Papilla (papilla). A soft superficial protuberance.

Parallelnerved (parallelinervius). With the principal nerves nearly parallel and connected almost at right angles by equally subparallel side-nerves.

Parasite (planta parasitica). A plant growing upon an other plant and feeding from it.

Parietal (parietalis). Attached to the wall of the ovary, usually at the sutures of the carpels.

Paripinnate (paripinnatus). Equally or abruptly pinnate, i.e., pinnate without a terminal leaflet.

Parted (partitus). Divided nearly to the base.

Pedate (pedatus). With the larger branches or divisions springing from the lowest lateral ones.

Pedicel (pedicellus). The stalk of a flower.

Peduncle (pedunculus). The stalk of an inflorescence.

Peltate (peltalus). Shield-shaped, i.e., roundish and attached by the middle of the under surface.

Penicillate (penicillatus). Shaped like a tuft of hairs or a painter’s brush.

Penninerved (penninervius). With pinnate nervation.

Perennial (perennis). Not perishing after maturity, the underground part of the stem at least remaining alive.

Perianth (perianthium). Floral envelope, i.e., the aggregate of the modified leaves surrounding the stamens and carpels and forming part of the flower.

Pericarp (pericarpium). The wall of the fruit enclosing the seeds.

Perigynous (perigynus). Inserted upon the margin of a more or less concave receptacle which is free from the ovary, at some distance from and usually higher than the ovary.

Persistent (persistens). Remaining on the plant at the time of maturity.

Petal (petalum). One of the inner perianth-leaves, usually differing from the outer in the larger size, the softer texture, and the bright colour.

Petaloid (petaloideus). Petal-or corolla-like.

Petiole (petiolus). The foot-stalk of a leaf.

Phyllode (phyllodium). A broadened, leaf-like branch.

Pinna (pinna). One of the lateral branches or divisions of a pinnate organ.

Pinnate (pinnatus). With the divisions, leaflets, or branches arranged along each side of the midrib or rachis. Unequally pinnate leaves have a terminal leaflet, equally (abruptly) pinnate ones have none.

Pistil (pistillum). The aggregate of the carpels of a flower.

Placenta (placenta). The part of the ovary or fruit which bears the ovules or seeds.

Plicate (plicatus). Folded along the ribs.

Plumule (plumula). The upper part of the embryo (above the cotyledons).

Pollen (pollen). The fertilizing cells produced in the anthers.

Polygamous (polygamus). Partly hermaphrodite and partly unisexual.

Posterior (posticus). Directed towards the axis upon which the organ in question is inserted.

Praefloration (praeflovatio). The arrangement of the perianth-leaves in the bud.

Praefoliation (praefoliatio). The mode in which a foliage-leaf is disposed before its expansion.

Procumbent (procumbens). Spreading along the ground.

Quincuncial (quincuncialis). Imbricate in bud, so that one perianth-leaf is overlapped on one side only, the others on either or neither side.

Raceme (racemus). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an elongated axis and distinctly stalked flowers.

Racemose (racemosus, botryosus). Consisting of a main axis not ending in a number of weaker lateral axes.

Rachis (rhachis). The main axis of an inflorescence or of a compound leaf.

Radiating (radians). Spreading all round; or bearing larger flowers or larger perianth-leaves at the circumference than in the centre.

Radical (radicalis). Arising from the base of the stem, apparently from the root.

Radicle (radicula). The lower part of the embryo (below the cotyledons).

Raphe (raphe). A cord of tissue forming a prolongation of the funicle along the coats of the ovule.

Receptacle (receptaculum). The extremity of the flower-stalk bearing the floral envelopes and the sexual organs; or the enlarged end of a branch upon which the flowers are seated.

Reduplicate (reduplicatus). Doubled along the midrib with the margins turned outwards.

Reflexed (reflexus). Bent back.

Regular (regularis). With all parts of the same kind, especially all perianth leaves, equal in shape and arrangement.

Reniform (reniformis). Kidney-shaped.

Revolute (revolutus). Rolled backwards from the margins.

Rib (costa). A strong, more or less projecting nerve.

Root-stock (rhizoma). The root-like, underground or prostrate lowest part of the stem of certain plants.

Rotate (rotatus). Wheel-shaped, i.e., with a very short tube and a spreading limb.

Rudimentary (rudimentarius). Very imperfectly developed.

Ruminate (ruminatus). Marked with irregular fissures.

Runcinate (runcinatus). Pinnately cleft with pointed recurved lobes.

Saccate (saccatus). Provided with a pouch-shaped appendage.

Sagittate (sagittatus). Arrow-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal lobes directed downwards.

Salver-shaped (hypocraterimorphus). With a long and narrow tube and a spreading limb.

Saprophyte (saprophytum). A plant living upon decaying organic matter.

Scale (squama). A reduced leaf usually destitute of green colour, or a similar outgrowth of the skin of a plant.

Scape (scapus). A leafless stalk of an inflorescence rising from the ground.

Scarious (scariosus). Dry and membranous.

Schizocarp (schizocarpium, fructus in coccos secedens). A fruit separating into several usually nut-like mericarps.

Scorpioid (scorpioideus). One-sided and coiled at the top.

Segment (segmentum). A division of a deeply divided leaf, or a division of the perianth, especially when the latter is deeply divided.

Sepal (sepalum). An outer perianth-leaf, usually small, green, and of a firm texture.

Sepaloid (sepaloideus). Sepal-or calyx-like.

Septate (septatus). Chambered, i.e., divided into cells by dissepiments.

Septicidal (septicidus). Opening at the dissepiments or placentas.

Septifragal (septifragus). Opening so that the valves of the fruit break away from the dissepiments.

Serrate (serratus). Cut at the margin into sharp teeth direct towards the apex.

Sessile (sessilis). Without a stalk.

Sheath (vagina). The dilated base of certain leaves.

Simple (simplex). Without branches; or without segments jointed to the rachis.

Smooth (laevis). With an even surface (without protuberances).

Spadix (spadix). A spike with a thick axis and inconspicuous flowers, usually enveloped by a spathe.

Spathe (spatha). A large bract more or less enveloping a flower or inflorescence.

Spatulate (spathulatus). More or less rounded above and tapering towards the base.

Spike (spica). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an elongated axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers.

Spikelet (spicula). A spike-like partial inflorescence.

Stamen (stamen). A modified leaf bearing the male reproductive cells (the pollen).

Staminode (staminodium). A barren stamen (without anthers or with incompletely developed anthers).

Sterile (sterilis). Barren, i.e., without well developed ovules or pollen.

Stigma (stigma). The uppermost, papillose part of the pistil, which receives the pollen.

Stipel (stipella). A stipule at the base of a leaflet of a compound leaf.

Stipule (stipula). A leaf-or scale-like appendage of the leaf-base.

Striate (striatus). Marked with longitudinal lines.

Strophiole (strophiolus). Caruncle, i.e., an outgrowth near the hilum of certain seeds.

Style (stylus). The narrowed part of the pistil, intermediate between the ovary and the stigma.

Sub- (sub-). Under; or almost, somewhat; e.g., subsessile = almost sessile.

Subtend (subtendere). Extend under; especially: bear in its axil.

Subulate (subulatus). Awl-shaped, i.e., very narrow and pointed.

Suffruticose (suffruticosus). Woody at the base, herbaceous above.

Superior Ovary (ovarium superum). An ovary free from the receptacle and the perianth.

Suture (sutura). Line of union, especially of the margins of carpels.

Symmetrical (symmetricus). Divisible by one or several planes into two or more similar parts.

Sympetalous (sympetalus, gamopetalus). With the petals more or less united.

Terete (teres). Cylindrical and circular in transverse section.

Ternate (ternatus). In threes; especially with 3 leaflets or divisions.

Testa (testa). The outer coat of the seed.

Throat (faux). The mouth of the perianth-tube.

Tomentose (tomentosus). Cottony, i.e., covered with short, soft, matted hairs.

Toothed (dentatus). Provided with short marginal incisions, especially when they are sharp and turned outwards.

Triquetrous (triqueter). Three-edged (with 3 salient angles).

Truncate (truncatus). Terminating abruptly as though cut off at the end.

Tube (tubus). A hollow, more or less elongated body, especially the lower undivided and more or less narrowed part of the perianth, or a concave receptacle bearing the perianth at the margin.

Tuber (tuber). A short and thick, more or less fleshy underground part of a stem, not surrounded by scales, or a similar root.

Tubercle (tuberculum). A wart-like swelling on the surface of an organ.

Umbel (umbella). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with a very short axis and stalked flowers arising apparently all from the same point.

Umbonate (umbonatus). Bearing a boss in the centre of the surface.

Unarmed (inermis). Without spines or bristles.

Undershrub (suffrutex). A plant woody in the lower part of the above-ground stem, herbaceous towards the top.

Unifoliolate (unfoliolatus). With a single leaflet, which is jointed to the leaf-stalk.

Unisexual (unisexualis). Having only the organs of one sex completely developed; or containing the flowers of one sex only.

Urceolate (urceolatus). Urn-or pitcher-shaped, i.e., with an inflated tube contracted at the mouth.

Utricle (utriculus). A bladder-shaped indehiscent or irregularly bursting fruit.

Valvate (valvatus). With the margins meeting in the bud without overlapping.

Vascular Bundles (fasciae vasculares). Fibre-like bundles of vessels (confluent cells).

Vein (vena). A faint nerve.

Ventral (ventralis). Placed at or directed towards the inner side of the carpel.

Ventricose (ventricosus). Swelling on one side.

Vernation (vernatio). Praefoliation, i.e., the disposition of a leaf in the bud.

Versatile (versatilis). Attached by a point and turning freely on its support.

Winged (alatus). With a much projecting, thin and flat appendage.

Whorl (verticillus). A group of similar organs arranged in a circle round an axis.

Whorled (verticillatus). Arranged in whorls of 3 or more parts.

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES

Adans. | Adanson
Afz. | Afzelius
Ait. | Aiton
All. | Allioni
Anders. | Anderson
Andrz. | Andrzeiowski
Ant. | Antoine
Arn. | Arnott
Aubl. | Aublet
Baill. | Baillon
Bak. | Baker
Balf. | Balfour
Barckh. | Barckhausen
Bartl. | Bartling
Battand. | Battandier
Baumg. | Baumgarten
Beauv. | Palisot de Beauvois
Becc. | Beccari
Benn. | Bennett
Benth. | Bentham
Berg. | Berger
Bernh. | Bernhardi
Berth. | Berthelot
Bertol. | Bertoloni
Bisch. | Bischoff
Bocq. | Bocquillon
Boeck. | Boeckeler
Boiss. | Boissier
Boiv. | Boivin
Boj. | Bojer
Bonpl. | Bonpland
Br. | Brown, Browne
Briq. | Briquet
Brongn. | Brongniart
Brot. | Brotero
Bur. | Bureau
Burch. | Burchell
Burm. | Burmann
Cambess. | Cambessèdes
Cass. | Cassini
Cav. | Cavanilles
Celak. | Celakovsky
Cerv. | Cervantes
Cham. | Chamisso
Chev. | Chevalier
Chiov. | Chiovenda
Cogn. | Cogniaux
Colebr. | Colebrook
Comm. | Commerson
Cord. | Cordemoy
Coss. | Cosson
Cost. | Costantin
Coult. | Coulter
Cuss. | Cusson
Cyr. | Cyrillo
Dalech. | Dalechamps
Dalz. | Dalzell
Decne. | Decaisne
DC. | De Candolle
Del. | Delile
Dennst. | Dennstedt
De Not. | De Notaris
Desf. | Desfontaines
Desv. | Desvaux
De Wild. | De Wildeman
Didr. | Didrichsen
Dill. | Dillen
Dumort. | Dumortier
Dun. | Dunal
Dur. | Durand
Durazz. | Durazzini
Duv. | Duval
Eckl. | Ecklon
Ehrenb. | Ehrenberg
Ehrh. | Ehrhart
Endl. | Endlicher
Engelm. | Engelmann
Engl. | Engler
f. (or fil.) | filius (son)
Fisch. | Fischer
Forsk. | Forskal
Forst. | Forster
Foug. | Fougeraux
Franch. | Franchet
Frapp. | Frappier
Fres. | Fresenius
Gaertn. | Gaertner
Gall. | Gallaud
Gaud. | Gaudin
Gaudich. | Gaudichaud
Gled. | Gleditsch
Gmel. | Gmelin
Godr. | Godron
Grah. | Graham
Gren. | Grenier
Griff. | Griffith
Griseb. | Grisebach
Gronov. | Gronovius
Guill. | Guillemin
Hack. | Hackel
Hamilt. | Hamilton
Harv. | Harvey
Haw. | Haworth
H. B. & K. | Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth
Heist. | Heister
Heldr. | Heldreich
Hemsl. | Hemsley
Herb. | Herbert
Hildebr. | Hildebrand
Hochst. | Hochstetter
Hoffm. | Hoffmann
Hoffmsg. | Hoffmannsegg
Hook. | Hooker
Horan. | Horaninow
Houst. | Houstoun
Humb. | Humboldt
Jacks. | Jackson
Jacq. | Jacquin
Jaub. | Jaubert
Jum. | Jumelle
Juss. | Jussieu
Kam. | Kamienski
Kit. | Kitaibel
Koel. | Koeler
Koen. | Koenig
Koern. | Koernicke
Korth. | Korthals
Kraenzl. | Kraenzlin
Ktze. | Kuntze
Labill. | Labillardière
Lag. | Lagasca
Lam. | Lamarck
Ledeb. | Ledebour
Lehm. | Lehmann
Leschen. | Leschenault
Less. | Lessing
L’Hér. | L’Héritier
Licht. | Lichtenstein
Lindb. | Lindberg
Lindl. | Lindley
L. | Linné
Loefl. | Loefling
Lopr. | Lopriore
Loud. | Loudon
Lour. | Loureiro
Marcgr. | Marcgraf
M. Bieb. | Marschall von Bieberstein
Marsh. | Marshal
Mart. | Martius
Mast. | Masters
Med. | Medikus
Meissn. | Meissner
Mey. | Meyer
Mich. | Micheli
Michx. | Michaux
Mill. | Miller
Miq. | Miquel
Moehr. | Moehring
Moq. | Moquin-Tandon
Moris. | Morison
Muell. | Mueller
Muell. Arg. | Mueller Argovensis
Naud. | Naudin
Neck. | Necker
Nied. | Niedenzu
Nor. | Noronha
Nutt. | Nuttall
Oerst. | Oersted
Oliv. | Oliver
Op. | Opiz
P. Beauv. | Palisot de Beauvois
Pall. | Pallas
Parl. | Parlatore
Pauq. | Pauquy
Pav. | Pavon
Perr. | Perrotet
Pers. | Persoon
Peyr. | Peyritsch
Pfitz. | Pfitzer
Pilg. | Pilger
Planch. | Planchon
Plum. | Plumier
Poepp. | Poeppig
Pourr. | Pourret
Radlk. | Radlkofer
Raf. | Rafinesque
Ram. | Ramond
Reichb. | Reichenbach
Rich. | Richard
Ridl. | Ridley
Roehl. | Roehling
Roem. | Roemer
Rohrb. | Rohrbach
Rottb. | Rottboell
Roxb. | Roxburgh
Ruhl. | Ruhland
Rumph. | Rumphius
Rupr. | Ruprecht
Salisb. | Salisbury
Schimp. | Schimper
Schlecht. | Schlechter
Schlechtd. | Schlechtendal
Schleid. | Schleiden
Schrad. | Schrader
Schreb. | Schreber
Schult. | Schultes
Schum. | Schumann
Schweinf. | Schweinfurt
Scop. | Scopoli
Seem. | Seemann
Soland. | Solander
Sond. | Sonder
Sonn. | Sonnerat
Sparm. | Sparmann
Spenn. | Spenner
Spreng. | Sprengel
Steinh. | Steinheil
Steud. | Steudel
Stev. | Steven
St. Hil. | St. Hilaire
Taub. | Taubert
Targ. Tozz. | Targioni-Tozzetti
Tausch. | Tauscher
Ten. | Tenore
Thonn. | Thonning
Thou. | Du Petit-Thouars
Thunb. | Thunberg
Thwait. | Thwaites
Torr. | Torrey
Tourn. | Tournefort
Trin. | Trinius
Tul. | Tulasne
Turcz. | Turczaninow
Urb. | Urban
Vaill. | Vaillant
Vand. | Vandelli
Van Tiegh. | Van Tieghem
Vell. | Velley
Vent. | Ventenat
Vill. | Villars
Vis. | Visiani
Vog. | Vogel
Volk. | Volkens
Wahlenb. | Wahlenberg
Waldst. | Waldstein
Wall. | Wallich
Walt. | Walter
Warb. | Warburg
Warm. | Warming
Wedd. | Weddell
Welw. | Welwitsch
Wendl. | Wendland
Wettst. | Wettstein
Wikst. | Wikstroem
Willd. | Willdenow
Willk. | Willkomm
Winckl. | Winckler
Wuert. | Wuertemberg
Zeyh. | Zeyher
Zucc. | Zuccarini

LIST OF POPULAR NAMES

OF AFRICAN PLANTS AND THEIR PRODUCTS

African ammoniacum—Ferula.
African mahogany—Khaya.
African sandal-wood—Osyris.
African teak—Oldfieldia.
African tulip-tree—Spathodea.
Akee—Blighia.
Alder—Alnus.
Alkanet—Anchusa.
Allseed—Radiola.
Allspice—Pimenta.
Almond—Prunus.
Ambatch—Aeschynomene.
Anise—Pimpinella.
Apple—Pirus.
Apricot—Prunus.
Arnatto—Bixa.
Arrow-root—Maranta, Tacca.
Artichoke—Cynara.
Ash—Fraxinus.
Avens—Geum.
Avocado-pear—Persea.

Balata—Mimusops.
Balm—Melissa.
Balsam—Impatiens.
Bamboo—Bambusa (and allies), Raphia.
Banana—Musa.
Baobab—Adansonia.
Barley—Hordeum.
Basil—Ocimum.
Bead-tree—Melia.
Bean—Phaseolus, Vicia.
Beef-wood—Casuarina, Mimusops.
Bent-grass—Agrostis.
Betel-palm—Areca.
Bindweed—Convolvulus.
Bird’s-foot—Ornithopus.
Bitter cress—Cardamine.
Black mustard—Brassica.
Bladderwort—Utricularia.
Blood-plum—Haematostaphis.
Borage—Borrago.
Bottle-gourd—Lagenaria.
Box—Buxus.
Bowstring-hemp—Sansevieria.
Bramble—Rubus.
Breadfruit—Artocarpus.
Broomrape—Orobanche.
Buckthorn—Rhamnus.
Buckwheat—Fagopyrum.
Bugle—Ajuga.
Bugloss—Echium.
Burdock—Arctium.
Bur-reed—Sparganium.

Cabbage—Brassica.
Calabar-bean—Physostigma.
Calla—Zantedeschia.
Calumba-root—Iatrorrhiza.
Camellia—Thea.
Camomile—Anthemis, Matricaria.
Camphor—Blumea, Cinnamomum.
Cam-wood—Baphia.
Canary-seed—Phalaris.
Candlenut—Aleurites.
Candytuft—Iberis.
Cane—Calamus (and allies).
Caper—Capparis.
Caraway—Carum.
Cardamom—Elettaria.
Carob—Ceratonia.
Carrot—Daucus.
Cashew—Anacardium.
Cassava—Manihot.
Castor-oil—Ricinus.
Cayenne-pepper—Capsicum.
Ceara-rubber—Manihot.
Cedar—Cedrus.
Celandine—Chelidonium.
Celery—Apium.
Cherry—Prunus.
Chervil—Anthriscus.
Chestnut—Castanea.
Chick-pea—Cicer.
Chicory—Cichorium.
Chillies—Capsicum.
Chinese grasscloth-plant—Boehmeria
Clover—Trifolium.
Cloves—Jambosa.
Cock’s foot—Dactylis.
Cocoa-plum—Chrysobalanus.
Coconut—Cocos.
Colt’s foot—Tussilago.
Columbine—Aquilegia.
Comfrey—Symphytum.
Copal—Copaifera, Cynometra, Trachylobium.
Coracan—Eleusine.
Cork—Quercus.
Corn-cockle—Agrostemma.
Corn-salad—Valerianella.
Cotton—Gossypium.
Cotton-grass—Eriophorum.
Coutch-grass—Agropyrum.
Crab’s eye—Abrus.
Cranes’s bill—Geranium.
Crawberry—Empetrum.
Cucumber—Cucumis.
Cudweed—Gnaphalium.
Custard-apple—Anona.
Cypress—Cupressus.

Daisy—Bellis.
Dandelion—Taraxacum.
Darnel—Lolium.
Date-palm—Phoenix.
Date-plum—Diospyros.
Dattock—Detarium.
Day-lily—Hemerocallis
Dead-nettle—Lamium.
Dika—Irvingia.
Dill—Anethum.
Dinde—Colocasia.
Dock—Rumex.
Dodder—Cuscuta.
Dog’s tail—Cynosurus.
Dog’s tooth—Cynodon.
Double coconut—Lodoicea.
Dragons blood—Dracaena.
Duchn—Pennisetum.
Duckweed—Lemna.
Dum-palm—Hyphaene.
Dwale—Atropa.
Dwarf-palm—Chamaerops.

Ebony—Dalbergia, Diospyros, Euclea.
Egg-plant—Solanum.
Elder—Sambucus.
Elemi—Canarium.
Elm—Ulmus.
Esparto-grass—Ampelodesmos, Lygeum, Stipa.
Evening-primrose—Oenothera.
Everlasting—Helichrysum.
Eyebright—Euphrasia.

False bamboo—Raphia.
Feathergrass—Stipa.
Fennel—Foeniculum.
Fescue—Festuca.
Fig—Ficus.
Fir—Abies.
Flame-tree—Poinciana.
Flax—Linum.
Flowering rush—Butomus.
Fool’s parsley—Aethusa.
Forget-me-not—Myosotis, Omphalodes.
Foxglove—Digitalis.
Foxtail—Alopecurus.
Frankincense—Boswellia.
Frogbit—Hydrocharis.
Fumitory—Fumaria.
Fundi—Paspalum.
Furze—Ulex.

Gambodge—Garcinia.
Garden-cress—Lepidium.
Garlic—Allium.
Germander—Teucrium.
Ginger—Zingiber.
Globe-thistle—Echinops.
Goldenrod—Solidago.
Gooseberry—Ribes.
Goosefoot—Chenopodium.
Grains of Paradise—Aframomum.
Grape-vine—Vitis.
Grasscloth-plant—Boehmeria.
Grasses—Gramineae.
Grasswrack—Zostera.
Gromwell—Lithospermum.
Groundnut—Arachis.
Guava—Psidium.
Guelder-rose—Viburnum.
Guinea-corn—Andropogon.
Guinea-pepper—Xylopia.
Gum-lac—Aleurites, Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus.
Guttapercha—Palaquium, Payena.

Hare’s tail—Lagurus.
Hawkweed—Hieracium.
Hawthorn—Mespilus.
Hazel—Corylus.
Heartseed—Cardiospermum.
Heath—Erica.
Hemlock—Conium.
Hemp—Cannabis.
Henbane—Hyoscyamus.
Henna—Lawsonia.
Holly—Ilex.
Holygrass—Hierochloe.
Honeysuckle—Lonicera.
Hop—Humulus.
Horehound—Marrubium.
Horseradish-tree—Moringa.
Hound’s tongue—Cynoglossum.
Houseleek—Sempervivum.

Indian corn—Zea.
Indian cress—Tropaeolum.
Indian plum—Flacourtia.
Indian shot—Canna.
Indigo—Indigofera.
Ireh—Funtumia.
Iron-wood—Acacia, Argania, Casuarina, Sideroxylon, Stadmannia.
Ivy—Hedera.

Jerusalem-artichoke—Helianthus.
Jessamine—Jasminum.
Job’s tears—Coix.
Jujube—Zizyphus.
Jute—Corchorus.

Kino—Eucalyptus, Pterocarpus.

Ladanum—Cistus.
Lady’s mantle—Alchimilla.
Lagos-rubber—Funtumia.
Larkspur—Delphinium.
Lattice-leaf—Aponogeton.
Laurustinus—Viburnum.
Lavender—Lavandula.
Leek—Allium.
Lemongrass—Andropogon.
Lentil—Lens.
Lettuce—Lactuca.
Ling—Calluna.
Liquorice—Glycyrrhiza.
Logwood—Haematoxylon.
Longan—Euphoria.
Loquat—Eriobotrya.
Lousewort—Pedicularis.
Lucern—Medicago.
Lymegrass—Elymus.

Mace—Myristica.
Madder—Rubia.
Mahogany—Khaya.
Maize—Zea.
Mallow—Malva.
Mandioc—Manihot.
Mandrake—Mandragora.
Mango—Mangifera.
Mangrove—Rhizophora.
Manila-hemp—Musa.
Manna—Alhagi, Astragalus, Cassia.
Maple—Acer.
Maram—Ammophila.
Marigold—Calendula.
Marjoram—Majorana.
Mastic—Pistacia.
Matgrass—Nardus.
Medlar—Mespilus.
Melon—Cucumis.
Mignonette—Reseda.
Milkwort—Polygala.
Millet—Panicum.
Mint—Mentha.
Mistletoe—Viscum.
Mousetail—Myosurus.
Mulberry—Morus.
Mullein—Verbascum.
Mustard—Brassica, Sinapis.
Myrrh—Commiphora.

Nettle—Urtica.
Nettle-tree—Celtis.
New Zealand flax—Phormium.
New Zealand spinach—Tetragonia.
Nitgrass—Gastridium.
Nitrebush—Nitraria.
Nutmeg—Myristica.

Oak—Quercus.
Oat—Avena.
Oil-palm—Elaeis.
Oleander—Nerium.
Oleaster—Elaeagnus.
Olive—Olea.
Onion—Allium.
Opium—Papaver.
Orange—Citrus.
Orris-root—Iris.
Ovala—Pentaclethra.

Palmiet—Prionium.
Palmyra-palm—Borassus.
Panama-rubber—Castilloa.
Pansy—Viola.
Papaw-tree—Carica.
Paper-mulberry—Broussonetia.
Para-rubber—Hevea.
Parsley—Petroselinum.
Parsnip—Pastinaca.
Passion-flower—Passiflora.
Pea—Pisum.
Peach—Prunus.
Pear—Pirus.
Pearlwort—Sagina.
Pellitory—Parietaria.
Pennycress—Thlaspi.
Pepper—Capsicum, Piper.
Periwinkle—Vinca.
Persian lilac—Melia.
Persian manna—Alhagi.
Piassava—Borassus, Dictyosperma, Raphia.
Pigeon-pea—Cajanus.
Pimpernel—Anagallis.
Pine-apple—Ananas.
Pink—Dianthus.
Pistachio-nut—Pistacia.
Pitcher-plant—Nepenthes.
Plane—Platanus.
Plantain—Musa, Plantago.
Plum—Prunus.
Poke—Phytolacca.
Pomegranate—Punica.
Pondweed—Potamogeton.
Poplar—Populus.
Poppy—Papaver.
Potato—Ipomoea, Solanum.
Prickly pear—Opuntia.
Primrose—Primula.
Privet—Ligustrum.
Pumpkin—Cucurbita.
Purslane—Portulaca.

Quaking-grass—Briza.
Quince—Cydonia.
Quinine—Cinchona.
Quitch-grass—Agropyrum.

Radish—Rhaphanus.
Rambutan—Nephelium.
Ramie—Boehmeria.
Ramtil-oil—Guizotia.
Rapeseed—Brassica.
Rattan-palm—Calamus.
Ray-grass—Lolium.
Reed—Arundo, Phragmites.
Reedmace—Typha.
Rice—Oryza.
Rock-cress—Arabis.
Rock-rose—Cistus, Helianthemum.
Rose of Jericho—Anastatica, Odontospermum.
Rose-wood—Calophyllum, Pterocarpus, Thespesia.
Rosemary—Rosmarinus.
Rubber—Various Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae, Ficus, Manihot.
Rue—Ruta.
Rush—Juncus.
Rye—Secale.

Safflower—Carthamus.
Saffron—Crocus.
Safu—Pachylobus.
Sage—Salvia.
Sago—Cycas.
Sainfoin—Onobrychis.
Salep—Orchis (and allies).
Salsify—Tragopogon.
Saltwort—Salsola.
Samphire—Crithmum.
Sandal-wood—Pterocarpus, Osyris.
Sandarac—Callitris.
Sandbox-tree—Hura.
Sandwort—Arenaria.
Sapodilla-plum—Achras.
Sassy-tree—Erythrophloeum.
Savory—Satureia.
Sawwort—Serratula.
Screw-pine—Pandanus.
Scull-cap—Scutellaria.
Sedges—Cyperaceae.
Senegal-ebony—Dalbergia.
Senna-leaves—Cassia.
Shea-butter—Butyrospermum.
Shellac—Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus.
Shepherd’s purse—Capsella.
Silver-fir—Abies.
Silver-tree—Leucadendron.
Snake-gourd—Trichosanthes.
Snapdragon—Antirrhinum.
Sneeze-wood—Pteroxylon.
Soapberry—Sapindus.
Soapwort—Saponaria.
Sorghum—Andropogon.
Soursop—Anona.
Sow-thistle—Sonchus.
Soy-bean—Glycine.
Spanish broom—Spartium.
Speedwell—Veronica.
Spinach—Spinacia, Tetragonia.
Spindle-tree—Evonymus.
Spurge—Euphorbia.
Spurry—Spergula.
Squill—Scilla.
Squirting cucumber—Ecballium.
Stitchwort—Stellaria.
Stock—Matthiola.
Stork’s bill—Erodium.
Strawberry—Fragaria.
Strawberry-tree—Arbutus.
Sugar-cane—Saccharum.
Sumac—Rhus.
Sundew—Drosera.
Sunflower—Helianthus.
Sweet basil—Ocimum.
Sweet flag—Acorus.
Sweet potato—Ipomoea.

Tallow-tree—Pentadesma.
Tapioca—Manihot.
Taro—Colocasia.
Tea—Thea.
Teak—Oldfieldia, Tectona.
Teasel—Dipsacus.
Tef—Eragrostis.
Teosinte—Euchlaena.
Thorn-apple—Datura.
Thrift—Armeria.
Thimothy-grass—Phleum.
Toad-flax—Linaria.
Tobacco—Nicotiana.
Tomato—Solanum.
Tragacanth—Astragalus.
Traveller’s tree—Ravenala.
Tulip-tree—Spathodea.
Turmeric—Curcuma.
Turnip—Brassica.
Turnsole—Chrozophora.
Turpentine—Abies, Pinus, Pistacia.

Vegetable silk—Various Asclepiadaceae, Strophantus.
Venus’ looking-glass—Specularia.
Verek—Acacia.
Vernal grass—Anthoxanthum.
Vervain—Verbena.
Vetch—Vicia.
Vetiver-root—Andropogon.
Violet—Viola.

Wallflower—Cheiranthus.
Walnut—Juglans.
Water-chestnut—Trapa.
Water-cress—Nasturtium.
Water-lily—Nymphaea.
Water-melon—Citrullus.
Water-plantain—Alisma.
Water-tree—Tetracera.
Wheat—Triticum.
White mustard—Sinapis.
Willow—Salix.
Willow-herb—Epilobium.
Winter-cherry—Physalis.
Winter-cress—Barbarea.
Woad—Isatis.
Woodruff—Asperula.
Woodrush—Luzula.
Wormwood—Artemisia.

Yams—Dioscorea.
Yew—Taxus.
Ylang-Ylang—Cananga.

Zachun-oil—Balanites.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

(especially from the years 1911 and 1912).

Page | VII., | after line 21, insert: R. MUSCHLER, A manual flora of Egypt (Berlin, 1912).
“ | VIII., | after line 13, insert: E. DE WILDEMAN, Etudes sur la flore des districts des Bangala et de l’Ubangi (Bruxelles, 1910).

“

10,

No. 110, for “83. Monimiaceae,” read: Leaves opposite, Xymalos, 83. Monimiaceae. Leaves alternate, Plagiostyles, 122. Euphorbiaceae.

“ | 19, | No. 202, for “Prrteaceae,” read: Proteaceae.
“ | 20, | No. 213, omit lines 1 and 2.
“ | 35, | No. 388, omit lines 1 and 2.
“ | 79, | line 3, read: Genus 1, species 4. West Africa, Madagascar, and Seychelles.
“ | 82, | No. 21, line 3, add: (Including Heteranthoecia Stapf).

“

84,

No. 41, after line 4, insert: Outer glumes convex, without spines. Flowering glume awned. Stigmas feathery.—Species 2. East Africa.  Dignathia Stapf

“ | 85, | No. 46, line 2, add: Rytilix Raf.
“ | 89, | No. 84, line 2, add: (Including Lepturella Stapf).

“

92,

No. 111, after line 3, insert: Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets many-flowered. Fruit elliptical. Leaves narrow.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Sclerodactylon Stapf

“ | 100, | No. 176, line 2, add: Weingaertneria Bernh.
“ | 102, | No. 195, line 5, add: Trichoneura Anders.

“

104,

No. 212, after line 3, insert: Spikelets in head-like panicles. Flowering glumes 5-nerved.—Species 1. East Africa.  Drake-Brockmania Stapf

“ | 105, | No. 222, line 1, add: Axis of the spikelet jointed between and below the flowering glumes.

“

105,

No. 222, after line 1, insert: Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved, much exceeding the outer glumes. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the flowering glumes only. Spikelets in 1-3 spike-like racemes.—Species 1. East Africa. (Including Negria Chiov.)  Lintonia Stapf

“ | 117, | No. 25, line 3, read: (Hydrosme Schott). (Plate 12).  Amorphophallus Blume
“ | 118, | No. 32, line 4, add: Rudimentary flowers club-shaped. Appendage of the spadix long.

“

118,

No. 32, after line 3, insert: Ovules 2. Leaves several, dissected. Rudimentary flowers awl-shaped. Appendage of the spadix short.—Species 1. Egypt.  Helicophyllum Schott

“ | 123, | No. 6, last line, insert: (Including Baoutia A. Chev.)

“

128,

No. 32, after line 3, insert: Capsule opening loculicidally. Flowers in spikes, with bracts. Ovary deeply lobed.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Neodregea C. H. Wright

“ | 129, | No. 35, lines 2 and 3, omit: “(Including Neodregea Wright).”
“ | 136, | No. 13, line 4, for “Perianth-tube long,” read: Perianth-tube short or moderately long, not longer than the segments.
“ | 136, | No. 13, line 7, omit “(Including Choananthus Rendle).”

“

136,

No. 13, after line 7, add: Filaments longer than the anthers. Perianth-tube much longer than the segments. Leaves ovate.—Species 2. Equatorial Africa (Ruwenzori).  Choananthus Rendle

“ | 146, | No. 4, line 3, insert: (Including Siphonochilus Wood & Franks).
“ | 151, | No. 11, line 4, after “Penthea Lindl.” add: and Orthopenthea Rolfe.
“ | 151, | No. 15, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east Africa.
“ | 155, | No. 52, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east Africa.
“ | 158, | No. 78, line 4, after “including” insert: Lemurorchis Kraenzl.
“ | 159, | No. 89, omit lines 3 and 4.
“ | 171. | No. 8, line 2, after “Including” insert: Diastella Knight.
“ | 176, | No. 3, line 6, after “Islands” insert: (Balaniella Van Tiegh.).
“ | 177. | No. 1, line 4, for “Species 1; Southern West Africa,” read: Species 2; Southern Central Africa.
“ | 179, | No. 5, line 5, add: Wings of the fruiting perianth equal.

“

179,

No. 5, at end add: Branches continuous. Disc lobed. Wings of the fruiting perianth unequal.—Species 1. Egypt.  Seidlitzia Bunge

“

181,

No. 18, at end add: Bracteoles united more than half-way up. Stigmas 2. Stem and leaves clothed with stellate hairs.—Species 1. Egypt.  Eurotia Adans.

“ | 184, | No. 17, line 3, add: (Including Centemopsis Schinz and Nelsia Schinz).
“ | 184, | No. 18, line 3, add: Stigma entire.

“

184,

No. 18, after line 3, add: Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Perianth woolly at base. Undershrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.  Lopriorea Schinz

“ | 185, | No. 20, line 2, add: Leaves opposite.

“

185,

No. 20, after line 2, add: Spurious staminodes none. Leaves alternate. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2-3 fertile and 2-4 spinous sterile flowers. Ovary glabrous.—Species 2. East Africa.  Neocentema Schinz

“ | 188, | No. 4, line 7, for “Species 15,” read: Species 25.
“ | 189, | No. 15, line 4, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3.—In the same line omit “Cape Colony.”

“

191,

No. 3, Portulacaria may be divided into two genera: Portulacaria Jacq. (Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary turgid. Fruit with 3 wings, dry. Species 1.) and Ceraria Pearson & Stephens (Flowers polygamous. Ovary compressed. Fruit with 1 wing, finally berry-like. Species 3).

“ | 193, | No. 9, line 4, for “sepals obtuse” read: style very short.
“ | 201, | No. 11, line 6, add: including Bricchettia Pax.
“ | 203, | No. 31, line 4, add: (Including Junodia Pax).
“ | 208, | No. 3, omit Chloropatane Engl., which belongs to Erythrococca Benth. (Euphorbiaceae).
“ | 233, | No. 7, line 4, add: including Geaya Cost. & Poisson.
“ | 236, | No. 3, line 6, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3.
“ | 238, | No. 11, line 5, add: Nebelia Neck.
“ | 244, | No. 6, line 3, add: (Including Santaloides Schellenb.).
“ | 244, | No. 7, line 2, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4.
“ | 244, | No. 7, line 3, add: (Under Byrsocarpus Schum. & Thonn.)

“

244,

No. 7, after line 3, insert: Stem twining. Inflorescence fasciculate. Calyx herbaceous. Anther-halves approximate. Seeds with thick cotyledons.—Species 2. West Africa.  Roureopsis Planch.

“ | 244, | No. 9, line 3, add: (Under Manotes Soland.).
“ | 246, | No. 18, line 4, read: Species 4. West Africa.

“

249,

No. 38, after line 3, insert: Receptacle saucer-shaped, thick. Calyx-lobes 2-3. Petals none. Stamens 16.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Mildbraediodendron Harms

“ | 249, | No. 38, line 4, add: Calyx-lobes 4-5. Stamens very numerous.
“ | 251, | No. 54, line 1, for “Species 10,” read: Species 25.
“ | 251, | No. 54, line 3, add: (Under Dialium L.)
“ | 252, | No. 61, line 2, read: Species 4. Central Africa.
“ | 252, | No. 61, line 3, add: including Eriander Winkl.
“ | 253, | No. 74, line 1, add: (Under Cynometra L.)
“ | 253, | No. 75, line 2, add: (Under Cynometra L.)

“

255,

No. 89, last line, read: Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and aromatic resin. (Under Daniella Benn.)  Paradaniellia Rolfe

“ | 256, | No. 95, line 4, after “pendulous,” insert: oblong. Flowers in few-flowered racemes.

“

256,

No. 95, after line 4, add: Petals subequal. Seeds roundish. Flowers subsessile, paniculate.—Species 3. West Africa. (Under Berlinia Soland.)  Isoberlinia Craib & Stapf

“ | 256, | No. 100, line 3, read: Species 8. Central Africa.
“ | 256, | No. 100. line 4, read: (Including Cyanothyrsus Harms)  Daniellia Benn.
“ | 256, | No. 101, line 4, read: Species 6. Central Africa.
“ | 258, | No. 117, line 5, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4.
“ | 259, | No. 125, line 3, for “Species 2,” read: Species 5.
“ | 263, | No. 160, line 5, add: some are poisonous for cattle.
“ | 265, | No. 175, line 1, add: Ovules few. Leaves distinctly stalked, stipulate.

“

265,

No. 175, after line 3, insert: Keel and style straight. Bracteoles present. Ovules many. Fruit elongate. Leaves sessile or nearly so, exstipulate.—Species 10. South Africa. (Under Lotononis L.)  Pearsonia Duemmer

“ | 272, | No. 239, line 5, add: other species yield dyes.
“ | 273, | No. 242, line 4, after “Balf. f.” add: and Saldania Sim.
“ | 278, | No. 283, line 3, insert: One species has edible fruits and tubers.
“ | 287, | No. 359, line 1, add: Standard broad.

“

287,

No. 359, after line 2, add: Fruit winged. Standard narrow, boat-shaped. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped. Branches of the panicle nodose.—Species 17. Central Africa. (Under Derris Lour.)  Leptoderris Dunn

“ | 288, | No. 368, line 1, add: Leaflets without stipels.

“

288,

No. 368, after line 1, insert: Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets with stipples. Fruit flat, indehiscent.—Species 4. Central Africa.  Ostryoderris Dunn

“

288,

No. 374, after line 3, insert: Leaves alternate, not dotted. Fruit compressed.—Species 15. Central Africa.  Craibia Harms & Dunn

“ | 297, | No. 21, omit lines 1-3, as Eriander Winkl. belongs to Oxystigma Harms (Leguminosae).

“

299,

No. 32, add: Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp hard. Leaves with a single leaflet.—Species 1. West Africa.  Aeglopsis Swingle

“ | 300, | No. 6, line 3, add: Filaments thread-like. Ovules laterally affixed. Leaflets few.

“

300,

No. 6, after line 4, insert: Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, with imbricate aestivation. Filaments broadened below, with a short scale. Style long. Ovules pendulous. Leaflets many, oblong.—Species 1. West Africa.  Simarubopsis Engl.

“ | 300, | No. 8, line 3, add: (Under Mannia Hook. fil.).

“

301,

No. 15, Irvingia may be divided into two genera: Irvingia Hook. fil. (inflorescence axillary, seeds exalbuminous) and Irvingella Van Tiegh. (inflorescence terminal, seeds albuminous).

“ | 302, | No. 4, line 3, add: Stamens inserted outside the cushion-shaped disc.
“ | 302, | No. 4, line 9, add: Stamens inserted on the edge of the disc.
“ | 302, | No. 2, line 4, add: (Including Katafa Cost. & Poisson).
“ | 303, | No. 4, omit lines 1-4, as Pynaertia De Wild. belongs to Anopyxis Pierre (Rhizophoraceae).
“ | 304, | No. 13, last line, omit “Bingeria A. Chev.”
“ | 305, | No. 20, for “Tourraea” read: Turraea.
“ | 305, | No. 25, line 3, add: (Including Bingeria A. Chev.)
“ | 309, | family 121, lines 7 and 13, for “species 75,” read: species 120.—Line 7, add: one species has edible fruits.
“ | 309, | family 122, line 6, omit “(Including Daphniphyllaceae).”
“ | 310, | No. 8, line 5, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20.
“ | 311 and 312, for | No. 14-23 substitute the following:
| 14. | Calyx splitting into 5 equal segments. Disc indistinct or wanting. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  15
| | Calyx splitting into 2-4 more or less unequal segments. Shrubs or trees.  16

15.

Styles two-cleft. Rudimentary pistil absent in the male flowers. Plants with stellate hairs.—Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments. “Turnsole.” (Tournesolia Scop.)  Chrozophora Neck.

Styles many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil present in the male flowers. Herbaceous plants with simple hairs.—Species 10. Tropics. Several species yield fibre.  Caperonia St. Hil.

| 16. | Petals of the male flowers united below.  17
| | Petals of the male flowers free.  18
| 17. | Styles two-cleft. Leaves palminerved. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields fibre.  Manniophyton Muell. Arg.

Styles 3-8-cleft. Leaves penninerved.—Species 12. West Africa. (Under Crotonogyne Muell. Arg.)  Neomanniophyton Pax & Hoffm.

| 18. | Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with scales.  19
| | Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with hairs or glabrous.  20

19.

Stamens 7-15. Receptacle of the male flowers with 5 glands, glabrous within them. Male inflorescence spicate.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.  Crotonogyne Muell. Arg.

Stamens 20-30. Receptacle of the male flowers with 10 glands, also glandular within them. Male inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Cyrtogonone Prain

20.

Fruit a drupe. Disc of the female flowers obscure or reduced to small glands. Stamens 8-20. Anthers attached by the base. Trees with stellate, rarely with simple hairs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.—Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and edible oily seeds (candle-nuts).  Aleurites Forst.

Fruit a capsule. Disc of the female flowers ring- or cup-shaped. Anthers attached by the tip or the back, sometimes near the base. Flowers in racemes, rarely in panicles, but then leaves penninerved. Glabrous or simple-haired shrubs or trees.  21

21.

Receptacle of the male flowers glandular on the whole surface, but without separate glands. Stamens 20-30. Anther-halves pendulous from the connective. Flowers in axillary racemes.—Species 1. Islands of Fernando-Po and St. Thomas. (Under Agrostistachys Dalz.)  Pseudagrostistachys Pax & Hoffm.

Receptacle of the male flowers with separate glands. Anther-halves attached by the back. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.  22

| 22. | Stamens 20-30.—Species 3. West Africa. (Including Fournaea Pierre)  Grossera Pax
| | Stamens 8-12. Flowers in racemes.  23

23.

Petals of the female flowers shorter than the calyx. Sepals of the female flowers free. Flowers dioecious.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under Tannodia Baill.)  Holstia Pax

Petals of the female flowers exceeding the calyx. Sepals of the female flowers united at the base.—Species 2. East Africa.  Tannodia Baill.

“ | 313, | No. 30, line 7, add: (Including Pseudotragia Pax).
“ | 313, | No. 31, line 5, for “Species 20,” read: Species 12.
“ | 315, | No. 48, omit lines 1-3, as Pseudotragia Pax belongs to Plukenetia L.
“ | 316, | No. 55, line 3, after “medicine” add: (Including Discoclaoxylon Pax & Hoffm.)
“ | 316, | No. 56, line 7, add: (Including Chloropatane Engl.).

“

316,

No. 57, after line 6, insert: Disc of the female flowers formed of 6-8 scales. Styles recurved, undivided. Stamens 7. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa.  Discoglypremna Prain

“

316,

No. 61, line 3, add: Bracts not forming an involucre. Petals membranous. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. (Under Mildbraedia Pax).

“

316,

No. 61, after line 3, insert: Flowers dioecious. Bracts forming an involucre. Petals leathery. Plants clothed with simple hairs.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Chlamydojatropha Pax & Hoffm.

“

317,

No. 66, at end, add: Stamens numerous. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in racemes, dioecious.—Species 1. West Africa. The seeds yield oil. (Under Daphniphyllum Blume)  Plagiostyles Pierre

Stamens numerous. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 3, entire. Flowers in racemes, dioecious.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under Plukenetia L.)  Hamilcoa Prain

“ | 317, | No. 70, line 5, read: (Excoecariopsis Pax, under Excoecaria L.)  Spirostachys Sond.
“ | 318, | No. 72, line 7, add: (Under Sapium P. Browne or Sebastiania Spreng.)
“ | 318, | No. 74, line 3, for “Species 3,” read: Species 6.
“ | 318, | No. 74, line 4, for “yields rubber,” read: and three other species yield rubber.

“

318,

No. 74, after line 7, insert: Flowers in panicles, which on the male plants are composed of fascicles, dioecious. Sepals 4-5, united half-way up in the male flowers. Disc present. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Klaineanthus Pierre

“ | 318, | No. 75, line 5, add: (Including Neochevaliera Beille).
“ | 318, | No. 76, line 3, add: (Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE).
“ | 319, | omit No. 81, as Junodia Pax belongs to Anisocycla Baill. (Menispermaceae).
“ | 319, | omit No. 82, as the African Daphniphyllum belongs to Plagiostyles Pierre.
“ | 319, | omit No. 85, as Bricchettia Pax belongs to Cocculus L. (Menispermaceae).
“ | 319, | No. 87, line 1, add: or nearly so.
“ | 320, | No. 89, line 4, for “Megabaria Pierre,” read: (Including Megabaria Pierre)  Spondianthus Engl.
“ | 320, | omit No. 92, as Neochevaliera Beille belongs to Chaetocarpus Thwait.
“ | 321, | No. 99, line 2, omit “Mosambic.”
“ | 321, | No. 104, omit lines 3-5.
“ | 322, | No. 107, line 2, for “Species 4.” read: Species 12.
“ | 322, | No. 107, line 3, add: (Including Staphysora Pierre).
“ | 322, | No. 109, line 2, add: (Under Thecacoris Juss.)

“

322,

No. 109, after line 3, insert: Disc divided into 5 glands. Styles 4, short, entire. Flowers monoecious. Trees. Stipules lanceolate.—Species 1. West Africa.  Apodiscus Hutchinson

“ | 322, | for No. 111, substitute the following:—

111. Bracts of the male flowers in 3 series, the intermediate in the shape of a cup. Disc of the female flowers adnate to the perianth.—Species 2. West Africa. (Under Megabaria Pierre).  Protomegabaria Hutchinson

| | Bracts of the male flowers solitary. Disc of the female flowers free from the perianth. 111, b.
| | 111, b. Fruit entire, 1-celled. (See 107).  Maesobotrya Benth.
| | Fruit lobed, 3-celled. (See 94).  Thecacoris Juss.
“ | 322, | No. 113, line 3, add: (Under Drypetes Vahl).
“ | 322, | No. 114, line 4, add: (Under Drypetes Vahl).
“ | 323, | No. 123, line 5, for “Species 2.” read: Species 5.
“ | 324, | No. 2, line 2, add: (Under Notobuxus Oliv.).
“ | 326, | No. 5, omit line 5.
“ | 327, | No. 12, line 6, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30.
“ | 328, | omit No. 20, as Spondianthus belongs to Euphorbiaceae.
“ | 329, | No. 27, line 7, for “Species 30,” read: Species 50.
“ | 341, | No. 51, line 2, after “capsular,” add: septicidal.

“

341,

No. 51, after line 5, insert: Disc annular, with 10 teeth on the inside. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1. West Africa  Anoumabia A. Chevs

“ | 344, | No. 6, line 4, add: including Tzellemtinia Chiov.
“ | 346, | line 9, for “200,” read: 250.
“ | 346, | No. 3, line 2, after “Inflorescences,” add: nearly always.
“ | 346, | No. 3, line 5, omit “mostly.”
“ | 346, | No. 4, line 6, for “150,” read: 200.
“ | 349, | No. 3, line 1, omit “Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.”
“ | 349, | No. 3, line 2, add: (Under Christiania DC.).
“ | 349, | No. 9, line 6, add: (Under Duboscia Bocq.).
“ | 349, | No. 10, line 4, add: under Desplatzia Bocq.
“ | 355, | No. 11, line 4, add: (Tribe HUAEAE).
“ | 384, | No. 5, for “Ammania” read: Ammannia.
“ | 386, | at top, for “LECTYHIDACEAE” read: LECYTHIDACEAE.
“ | 388, | No. 9, line 1, add: (Including Pynaertia De Wild.).
“ | 399, | No. 9, last line, add: (Raimannia Rose).

“

403,

No. 12, after line 4, insert: Secondary ribs thick, rounded, unarmed. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face, somewhat compressed from front to back.—Species

| | 1. Northern East Africa (Eritrea)  Stephanorossia Chiov.

“

406,

No. 37, after line 5, insert: Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs thread-shaped. Fruit with a broad commissure. Oil-channels 4-5 in each furrow.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Afrosison Wolff

“ | 409, | No. 53, line 2, after “furrows,” insert: and sometimes under the ribs.

“

409,

No. 53, after line 2, insert: Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary under each dorsal rib, 3 under each marginal rib. Calyx indistinctly toothed. Petals straight or nearly so.—Species 1. Abyssinia. (Under

| | Peucedanum L.)  Erythroselinum Chiov.

“

413,

No. 92, after line 2, insert: Mericarps with 5 broad and thick ribs. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none at the commissure. Calyx-teeth mucronate. Undershrubs.—Species 1. South-west Africa (Nama-land)  Marlothiella Wolff

“ | 413, | No. 92, line 4, add: Oil-channels in the furrows and at the commissure.
“ | 414, | No. 93, at end, add: Petals yellow or brown, notched. Herbs.—Species 1. Equatorial East Africa.  Volkensiella Wolff
“ | 418, | No. 5, line 8, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20.

“

421,

No. 3, after line 3, insert: Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 8. Calyx falling off very early, excepting the persistent base of the tube.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber.  Dumoria A. Chev.

“ | 421, | No. 3, line 4, add: Calyx persisting or falling off as a whole.
“ | 421, | No. 3, line 7, omit “Dumoria A. Chev.”

“

434,

No. 15, after line 4, insert: Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc wanting. Ovules numerous. Leaves with axillary glands.—Species 1. West Africa.  Farquharia Stapf

“ | 444, | No. 22, line 6, insert: rarely shrubs.
“ | 449, | No. 59, last line, add: including Folotsia Cost. & Bois and Voharanga Cost. & Bois.

“

454,

No. 99, after line 1, insert: Corona simple, of 10 lobes. Calyx without glands. Corolla deeply divided, with spatulate segments.—Species 1. Northern East Africa.  Spathulopetalum Chiov.

“ | 463, | No. 5, line 2, after “Shrubs,” read: Species 2. Socotra and German South-west Africa. (Subfamily WELLSTEDIOIDEAE.)
“ | 472, | No. 8, line 6, for “4-cleft,” read: 4-5-cleft.

“

472,

No. 9, after line 3, insert: Lower lip of the corolla deeply 3-cleft, the median lobe slightly concave, the lateral ones narrow. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, the lower 4-toothed.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Thorncroftia N. E. Brown

“ | 473, | No. 15, line 2, insert: Including Bouetia A. Chev.
“ | 473, | No. 19, line 4, read: Species 2. Tropics.
“ | 473, | No. 19, line 5, omit “including Iboza N. E. Brown.”

“

480,

No. 64, after line 5, insert: Corolla subequally 5-cleft; tube exserted. Stamens 4, about equal in length. Flowers very small, indistinctly dioecious.—Species 12. Central and South-east Africa. (Under Moschosma Reichb.)  Iboza N. E. Brown

“ | 482, | No. 10, line 2, for “Species 25” read: Species 40.

“

510,

No. 66, after line 2, insert: Corolla-tube funnel-shaped. Flowers in lateral spikes. Bracts narrow; bracteoles broad. Leaves elliptical.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Leiophaca Lindau

“ | 554, | No. 93, line 2, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30.
“ | 556, | No. 108, line 4, after “winged” add: Inner involucral bracts short, scale-like.

“

556,

No. 108, at end, add: Stem not winged. Inner involucral bracts long, bristle-like. Receptacle at first flat.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Lifago Schweinf. & Muschl.

“ | 562, | No. 186, after line 2, insert: Pappus wanting. Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Humea Sm.
“ | 570, | No. 258, line 2, for “Species 1,” read: Species 4.
Plate 12, for Hydrosme grata Schott, read: Amorphophallus gratus (Schott) N. E. Brown.
“ | 138, | last line, for “plant” read: branch.

MAP of AFRICA.

[Larger version of the map here. (667kb)]

INDEX

OF LATIN NAMES OF FAMILIES AND GENERA

Synonyms are printed in Italics.

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Abelmoschus, 352.
Aberia, 372.
Abies, 70.
Abildgaardia, 109.
Abrotanella, 579.
Abrus, 270.
Abutilon, 352.
Acacia, 247.
Acaena, 241.
Acalypha, 313.
Acampe, 158.
ACANTHACEAE, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 502, pl. 142.
Acanthonema, 501.
Acanthopale, 506.
Acanthophoenix, 113.
Acanthopsis, 509.
Acanthosicyos, 540.
Acanthotreculia, 167.
Acanthus, 509.
Acanthyllis, 270.
Acer, 335.
ACERACEAE, 31, 34, 335.
Aceras, 152.
Aceras, 152.
Achantia, 355.
Acharia, 376.
ACHARIACEAE 54, 376.
Acharitea, 469.
Achillea, 577.
Achneria, 105.
Achras, 423.
Achyranthes, 184, pl. 41.
Achyrocline, 556, 562.
Achyropsis, 184.
Achyrospermum, 478.
Achyrothalamus, 552.
Acidanthera, 142.
Acioa, 243.
Acmadenia, 297.
Acmena, 392.
Acocanthera, 437.
Aconitum, 199.
Acorus, 115.
Acrachne, 93.
Acridocarpus, 307, pl. 77.
Acritochaete, 82.
Acriulus, 106.
Acrocephalus, 473.
Acrocoelium, 335.
Acrolophia, 156.
Acrosanthes, 190.
Acrosepalum, 350.
Acrospira, 131.
Acrostemon, 416.
Acrostylia, 151.
Acrotome, 476.
Actephila, 320.
Actinoschoenus, 108.
Acuan, 245.
Acustelma, 445.
Adansonia, 353.
Adelodypsis, 113.
Adelosa, 470.
Adelostigma, 567.
Adenachaena, 580.
Adenandra, 297.
Adenanthera, 246.
Adenia, 376, pl. 106.
Adenium, 433.
Adenocarpus, 266.
Adenochlaena, 313.
Adenocline, 315.
Adenodolichos, 278.
Adenogonum, 572.
Adenogramma, 188.
Adenoplea, 427.
Adenoplusia, 428.
Adenopus, 539.
Adenosolen, 579.
Adenostemma, 570.
Adhatoda, 512, 513.
Adicea, 169.
Adina, 530.
Adinandra, 360.
Adolia, 344.
Adonis, 198.
Aechmolepis, 444.
Aedesia, 570.
Aegialophila, 550.
Aegilops, 90.
Aegle, 299.
Aeglopsis, 609.
Aeluropus, 104.
Aeolanthus, 474.
Aeonia, 159.
Aeonium, 232.
Aerangis, 158.
Aeranthus, 158.
Aerua, 184.
Aeschynomene, 269, 270, 284, 286.
Aetheilema, 505.
Aethionema, 225, 228.
Aethusa, 410.
Aframomum, 147, pl. 24.
Afrardisia, 418.
Afrocalathea, 149.
Afrodaphne, 210.
Afromendoncia, 502.
Afrorhaphidophora, 115.
Afrormosia, 259.
Afrosison, 611.
Afrostyrax, 425.
Afrothismia, 150.
Afzelia, 255.
Afzelia, 255.
Afzeliella, 394.
Agapanthus, 130.
Agathelpis, 489.
Agathophora, 180.
Agathophyllum, 209.
Agathosma, 296. pl. 73.
Agauria, 416.
Agave, 138.
Agelaea, 244.
Ageratina, 569.
Ageratum, 570.
Agialid, 293.
Agrimonia, 241.
Agropyrum, 90.
Agrostemma, 196.
Agrostis, 97.
Agrostis, 97.
Agrostistachys, 312, 610.
Agrostophyllum, 156.
Agyneia, 323.
Aichryson, 232.
Aira, 98.
Aira, 98, 100.
Airopsis, 98.
Aitonia, 305.
AITONIEAE, 302.
AIZOACEAE, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 48, 49, 63, 68, 188, pl. 43.
Aizoon, 190.
Ajuga, 471.
Alafia, 435.
ALANGIACEAE, 43, 65, 67, 389.
Alangium, 389.
Albersia, 183.
Alberta, 516.
Albizzia, 248.
Albuca, 126.
Alcea, 352.
Alchimilla, 241.
Alchornea, 314.
Alchornea, 314, 315.
Alciope, 573, 575.
Aldrovanda, 230.
Alectra, 486.
Alepidea, 403.
Aleurites, 312, 610.
Alhagi, 274.
Alisma, 76.
Alisma, 76.
ALISMATACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 6.
ALISMATACEAE, 77.
Alkanna, 465.
Allagopappus, 560.
Allamanda, 436.
Allanblackia, 361, pl. 99.
Allexis, 367.
Alliaria, 223.
Allium, 125.
Allocalyx, 494.
Allophyllus, 336.
Alluaudia, 335.
Alnus, 163.
Alocasia, 116.
Alocasiophyllum, 117.
Aloë 133.
Alonsoa, 490.
Alopecurus, 84, 86.
Alpinia, 147.
ALSINACEAE, 192.
Alsine, 195.
Alsodeia, 367.
Alsodeiidium, 334.
Alsodeiopsis, 334.
Alstonia, 441.
Alternanthera, 183.
Althaea, 352.
Althenia, 74.
Altheria, 356.
Alvesia, 474.
Alysicarpus, 273.
Alyssum, 218, 219.
Alyssum, 219.
Alyxia, 438.
Amanoa, 320.
Amaralia, 527.
AMARANTACEAE, 9, 11, 50, 182, pl. 41.
Amarantus, 183.
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 4, 6, 135, pl. 19.
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 139.
Amaryllis, 137.
Amberboa, 550.
Amblogyna, 183.
Amblygonocarpus, 246.
Ambora, 209.
Ambraria, 522.
Ambrosia, 565.
AMBROSIACEAE, 545.
Ambrosinia, 118.
Ambulia, 494.
Amelanchier, 239.
Amellus, 573.
Amerimnon, 273.
Ammannia, 384, 611.
Ammi, 412.
Ammiopsis, 404.
Ammocharis, 138.
Ammochloa, 101.
Ammochloa, 101.
Ammodaucus, 405.
Ammophila, 96.
Ammosperma, 223.
Amomum, 147.
Amorphophallus, 117, 607, pl. 12.
Ampalis, 166.
AMPELIDEAE, 346.
Ampelocissus, 346.
Ampelodesma, 100.
Ampelosicyos, 536.
Amphiblemma, 397.
Amphidoxa, 558, 561.
Amphiestes, 511.
Amphiglossa, 561.
Amphimas, 258.
Amphithalea, 263.
Amphoranthus, 187.
Amphorchis, 152.
Amphorocalyx, 394.
AMYGDALACEAE, 239.
Amygdalus, 242.
Anabasis, 180.
Anacampseros, 191.
Anacamptis, 152.
ANACARDIACEAE, 8, 19, 20, 27, 28, 325, pl. 81.
Anacardium, 326.
Anacolosa, 174.
Anacyclus, 577.
Anagallis, 419.
Anaglypha, 561.
Anagyris, 258.
Ananas, 122.
Ananassa, 122.
Anaphalis, 557.
Anaphrenium, 327.
Anarrhinum, 491, 493.
Anarthrosyne, 280.
Anastatica, 218.
Anastrabe, 492.
Anatherum, 87.
Anaxeton, 557.
Ancalanthus, 514.
Anchomanes, 118.
Anchusa, 466.
Ancistrocarpus, 350.
Ancistrochilus, 157.
ANCISTROCLADACEAE, 65, 378.
Ancistrocladus, 378.
Ancistrophyllum, 112.
Ancistrophyllum, 112.
Ancistrorhynchus, 158.
Ancylanthus, 519.
Ancylobothrys, 436.
Andira, 289.
Andrachne, 320.
Andradia, 251.
Androcymbium, 129.
Andrographis, 510.
Andropogon, 87.
Androsace, 420.
Androsaemum, 361.
Androsiphonia, 370.
Androstachys, 321.
Andryala, 546.
Aneilema, 123, pl. 16.
Anemone, 198, pl. 46.
Anethum, 409.
Aneulophus, 292.
Angelonia, 490.
Angkalanthus, 514.
Angolaea, 231.
Angrecopsis, 159.
Angrecum, 158.
Angrecum, 158, 159.
Angylocalyx, 259.
Anisacanthus, 515.
Anisanthus, 141.
Aniseia, 461.
Aniserica, 416.
Anisochaeta, 559.
Anisochilus, 475.
Anisocycla, 203.
Anisomeles, 478.
Anisopappus, 554.
Anisophyllea, 387.
Anisopoda, 413.
Anisopus, 452.
Anisorhamphus, 546.
Anisostachya, 512.
Anisostigma, 190.
Anisotes, 514.
Anisothrix, 560.
Anisotome, 457.
Anisotome, 457.
Annesorhiza, 409, pl. 119.
Anogeissus, 390.
Anoiganthus, 137.
Anomalanthus, 416.
Anona, 204, pl. 48.
Anona, 206.
ANONACEAE, 24, 26, 40, 41, 42, 54, 64, 203, pl. 48.
Anonidium, 206.
Anonychium, 246.
Anopyxis, 388.
Anoumabia, 611.
Ansellia, 156.
Anthaenantia, 81.
Anthagathis, 243.
Anthemis, 577.
Anthephora, 84.
Anthericopsis, 122.
Anthericum, 132.
Antherotoma, 394.
Anthistiria, 87.
Anthocleista, 428.
Antholyza, 141.
Anthospermum, 522.
Anthospermum, 523.
Anthostema, 310.
Anthoxanthum, 94.
Anthoxanthum, 94.
Anthriscus, 405.
Anthriscus, 412.
Anthyllis, 260.
Antiaris, 167.
Anticharis, 488.
Antidesma, 321.
Antinoria, 98.
Antirrhinum, 490.
Antirrhoea, 518.
Antithrixia, 561.
Antizoma, 200.
Antoschmidtia, 100.
Antrocaryon, 328.
Anubias, 116.
Anvillea, 553, 554.
Apalatoa, 255.
Apaloxylon, 255.
Apera, 97.
Aphanes, 241.
Aphania, 340.
Aphanocalyx, 252.
Aphanostylis, 436.
Aphelexis, 553.
Aphloia, 373.
Aphyllanthes, 130.
APIACEAE, 401.
Apicra, 133.
Apium, 413.
Apium, 413.
Apluda, 85.
APOCYNACEAE, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 66, 67, 432, pl. 129.
Apodanthes, 177.
Apodiscus, 611.
Apodocephala, 558, 569.
Apodolirion, 137.
Apodytes, 334, pl. 84.
Apodytes, 334.
Apollonias, 210.
Aponogeton, 75, pl. 5.
APONOGETONACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 5.
Aporrhiza, 339.
Apostellis, 155.
Aprevalia, 250.
Aptandra, 174.
Apteranthes, 455.
Aptosimum, 489.
AQUIFOLIACEAE, 59, 61, 329.
Aquilegia, 199.
Arabis, 217, 223.
Arabis, 218.
ARACEAE, 3, 114, pl. 12.
Arachis, 267.
ARALIACEAE, 43, 46, 67, 400, pl. 118.
Araliopsis, 298.
Araujia, 446.
Arbutus, 415.
Arceuthobium, 175.
Arceuthos, 71.
Arctium, 551.
Arctopus, 403.
Arctotheca, 548.
Arctotis, 548.
Ardisia, 418.
Ardisiandra, 420, pl. 122.
Arduina, 437.
Areca, 114.
Arenaria, 195.
Arenaria, 195.
Argania, 423.
Argemone, 213.
Argomuellera, 315.
Argostema, 532.
Argyranthemum, 565.
Argyreia, 461.
Argyreia, 461.
Argyrella, 394.
Argyrolobium, 264, 266.
Argyrostachys, 184.
Arisaema, 118.
Arisarum, 118.
Aristea, 143.
Aristea, 143.
Aristida, 95.
Aristogeitonia, 321.
Aristolochia, 176, pl. 38.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 17, 176, pl. 38.
Armeniaca, 242.
Armeria, 421.
Arnebia, 465.
Arnottia, 153.
AROIDEAE, 114.
Aroides, 117.
Arrhenatherum, 99.
Arrowsmithia, 555, 556.
Artabotrys, 204, 205.
Artanema, 495.
Artemisia, 566, 578, 597.
Artemisiopsis, 561.
Arthraerua, 184.
Arthratherum, 95.
Arthraxon, 86, 87.
Arthrocarpum, 273.
Arthrochortus, 90.
Arthrocnemum, 181.
Arthrolobium, 262.
Arthrophyllum, 497.
Arthrosolen, 381.
Arthrostylis, 108.
Artocarpus, 167.
Arum, 118.
Arundinaria, 88.
Arundinella, 98.
Arundo, 101.
Asaemia, 578.
ASCLEPIADACEAE, 64, 66, 441, pl. 130.
Asclepias, 449.
Asclepias, 449.
Ascolepis, 108.
Askidiosperma, 120.
Aspalathus, 264.
Asparagus, 129.
Aspera, 521.
ASPERIFOLIACEAE, 463.
Asperugo, 466.
Asperula, 521.
Asphodeline, 132.
Asphodelus, 132.
Aspidoglossum, 451.
Aspilia, 583.
Assonia, 357.
Astelia, 134.
Astephania, 554.
Astephanocarpa, 562.
Astephanus, 446.
Aster, 567, 572, 574.
Aster, 567.
Asteracantha, 504.
Asteranthe, 206.
Asteranthopsis, 206.
Asteriscus, 554.
Asterochaete, 107.
Asterolinum, 419.
Asterolinum, 419.
Asteropeia, 360.
Asterosperma, 567.
Asterothrix, 546.
Astiria, 357.
Astragalus, 270, 285, 288.
Astrocarpus, 229.
Astrochlaena, 462.
Astropanax, 400.
Astydamia, 409.
Asystasia, 510.
Asystasia, 509, 510.
Asystasiella, 510.
Ataenidia, 149.
Ataxia, 94.
Athamanta, 411.
Athamantha, 406.
Athanasia, 578.
Atheranthera, 536.
Athrixia, 561.
Atractocarpa, 88.
Atractogyne, 527.
Atractylis, 550.
Atraphaxis, 178.
Atriplex, 181.
Atropa, 482.
ATROPACEAE, 481.
Atropis, 105.
Atroxima, 308.
Atylosia, 283.
Aubyra, 292.
Aucoumea, 302.
Audouinia, 236.
Augea, 294.
Aulacocalyx, 517.
Aulax, 170.
Aulaya, 485.
Aulojusticia, 512.
Aulostephanus, 456.
Aulotandra, 147.
AURANTIACEAE, 295.
Aurelia, 136.
Australina, 168.
Autunesia, 568.
Auxopus, 154.
Avellinia, 103.
Avena, 97, 99, 105.
Avenastrum, 97.
Averrhoa, 290.
Avicennia, 469.
Aviceps, 151.
Axonopus, 82.
Azadirachta, 304.
Azima, 332.
Azorella, 402.

Babiana, 142.
Baccaurea, 322.
Baccaureopsis, 322.
Bachmannia, 214.
Bacopa, 494.
Badula, 418.
Baeometra, 129.
Baikiaea, 256.
Baillonella, 421.
Baissea, 435.
Bakerisideroxylon, 422.
Balaniella, 607.
Balanites, 293, pl. 72.
Balanophora, 176.
BALANOPHORACEAE, 7, 16, 176.
Balansaea, 406.
Ballochia, 511.
Ballota, 479.
Balsamea, 301.
BALSAMINACEAE, 35, 343, pl. 87.
Balsamocitrus, 299.
Balsamodendron, 301.
Bambusa, 89.
Bandeiraea, 248.
Banisterioides, 307.
Baoutia, 607.
Baphia, 257.
Baphiopsis, 249.
Barbacenia, 139, pl. 20.
Barbarea, 223.
Barberetta, 135.
Barbeuia, 188.
Barbeya, 163.
Barbeyastrum, 394.
Barkhousia, 546.
Barlaea, 152.
Barleria, 507.
Barlia, 152.
Baronia, 328.
Baroniella, 443.
Barosma, 296.
Barringtonia, 387, pl. 111.
Barrowia, 455.
Barteria, 370.
Bartholina, 153.
Bartschia, 484.
Bartsia, 484.
Basananthe, 376.
Basella, 191.
BASELLACEAE, 50, 191.
Baseonema, 442.
Basilicum, 473.
Bassia, 182.
Bassia, 423.
Batatas, 462.
Batesanthus, 443.
Bathiaea, 256.
Baudouinia, 251.
Bauhinia, 248, pl. 67.
Bauhinia, 248.
Baukea, 280.
Baumannia, 518.
Baumia, 486.
Beatsonia, 364.
Beaumontia, 434.
Bechium, 570.
Becium, 473.
Beckera, 82.
Begonia, 378, pl. 107.
BEGONIACEAE, 17, 49, 377, pl. 107.
Behnia, 130.
Beilschmiedia, 210.
Belamcanda, 144.
Bellardia, 484.
Bellevalia, 128.
Bellis, 573.
Bellium, 573.
Belmontia, 430.
Belonophora, 517.
Bembicia, 371.
Bembycodium, 578.
Bencomia, 241.
Benincasa, 541.
Berardia, 237, 238.
BERBERIDACEAE, 21, 22, 23, 199.
Berberis, 199.
Berchemia, 344.
Berenice, 234.
Bergia, 363, pl. 100.
Berkheya, 548, 551, 568.
Berkheyopsis, 549.
Berlinia, 255, 256.
Berlinia, 608.
Bernieria, 210.
Bersama, 342, pl. 86.
Bertiera, 529.
Berula, 412.
Berzelia, 237.
Berzelia, 237.
Beta, 181.
Betonica, 479.
BETULACEAE, 7, 17, 162.
Biarum, 118.
Biasolettia, 406.
Bicornella, 153.
Bidens, 581.
Bifaria, 175.
Bifora, 406.
BIGNONIACEAE, 53, 57, 58, 59, 495, pl. 137.
Bingeria, 304, 609.
Biophytum, 291, pl. 69.
Biscutella, 226.
Biserrula, 285.
Bismarkia, 111.
Bivinia, 371.
Bivonaea, 228.
Bixa, 365.
BIXACEAE, 25, 365.
BIXACEAE, 366, 367.
Blackwellia, 371.
Blaeria, 417.
Blainvillea, 537.
Blastania, 537.
Blatti, 385.
BLATTIACEAE, 385.
Bleekrodia, 164.
Blepharis, 508.
Blepharispermum, 556.
Blighia, 339.
Blighia, 338.
Blitum, 182.
Blumea, 557, 559.
Blyxa, 78.
Bobartia, 144.
Bocagea, 205.
Boeckeleria, 108.
Boehmeria, 170.
Boerhavia, 187.
Boissiera, 100.
Bojeria, 560.
Bolbophyllum, 160.
Bolbophyllum, 160.
Bolboxalis, 291.
Bolusanthus, 259.
Bolusia, 262.
BOMBACACEAE, 35, 38, 39, 63, 353, pl. 93.
Bombax, 353, pl. 93.
Bonamia, 459.
Bonatea, 152.
Bonaveria, 260.
Bonjeania, 262.
Bonnaya, 493.
Bonniera, 158.
Boottia, 78.
Bopusia, 487.
BORAGINEAE, 463.
Borassus, 111.
Borbonia, 264.
BORRAGINACEAE, 54, 55, 60, 64, 463, pl. 132.
Borraginoides, 466.
Borrago, 465.
Borreria, 522.
Boscia, 214.
Bosia, 183.
Bosqueia, 167.
Bosqueiopsis, 167.
Boswellia, 302.
Bothriocline, 570.
Bothriospermum, 466.
Botor, 272.
Botryceras, 327.
Boucerosia, 455.
Bouchea, 468.
Bouetia, 612.
Bougainvillea, 187.
Boussingaultia, 191.
Boutonia, 507.
Bowiea, 126.
Bowkeria, 492.
Bowlesia, 402.
Brabeium, 170.
Brachyachaenium, 553.
Brachycarpaea, 220.
Brachycome, 573.
Brachycorythis, 153.
Brachycorythis, 153.
Brachyelytrum, 96.
Brachylaena, 556.
Brachymeris, 579.
Brachypodium, 105.
Brachyrhynchos, 576.
Brachysiphon, 380.
Brachystegia, 254.
Brachystelma, 457.
Brachystelma, 456, 457.
Brachystelmaria, 457.
Brachystephanus, 511.
Brackenridgea, 359.
Bracteolaria, 257.
Bradburya, 276.
Bramia, 494.
Brandzeia, 249.
Brasenia, 197.
Brassica, 221, 224.
Brassica, 221, 224.
Brayera, 241.
Brazzeia, 358.
Brehmia, 429.
Bremontiera, 273.
Breonia, 525.
Breweria, 459, 460.
Brexia, 234, pl. 60.
Breynia, 324.
Bricchettia, 319, 608, 611.
Bridelia, 319.
Bridelia, 319.
Brignolia, 411.
Brillantaisia, 504.
Briza, 104.
Brizopyrum, 104.
Brocchia, 565.
Brochoneura, 208.
Brochoneura, 208.
BROMELIACEAE, 6, 122.
Bromus, 99, 104.
Broteroa, 551.
Broussonetia, 165.
Brownleea, 151.
Brucea, 300.
Brugmansia, 481.
Bruguiera, 388.
Brunella, 477.
Brunia, 237.
Brunia, 237.
BRUNIACEAE, 43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 65, 66, 67, 236, pl. 63.
Brunnichia, 178.
Brunsvigia, 137.
Bryodes, 493.
Bryomorphe, 561.
Bryonia, 540.
Bryonia, 540.
Bryonopsis, 541.
Bryophyllum, 233.
Bubania, 420.
Bubon, 409.
Bucculina, 153.
Buchenroedera, 265.
Buchholzia, 214.
Buchnera, 485.
Buchnerodendron, 368.
Buddleia, 428.
Buddleia, 427.
Buechnera, 485.
Buettnera, 356.
BUETTNERIACEAE, 354.
Buffonia, 195.
Buforrestia, 123.
Bulbine, 132.
Bulbinella, 132.
Bulbophyllum, 160.
Bulbostylis, 109.
Bulliarda, 232.
Bunburya, 527.
Bunias, 218.
Bunium, 412.
Bunium, 406, 412.
Buphane, 136.
Bupleurum, 405, 411.
Burasaia, 203.
Burchellia, 528.
Burkea, 249.
Burmannia, 149.
BURMANNIACEAE, 5, 149.
Burnatastrum, 474.
Burnatia, 76.
BURSERACEAE, 32, 301, pl. 75.
Buseria, 520.
Bussea, 250.
Butayea, 509.
BUTOMACEAE, 5, 77.
Butomopsis, 77.
Butomus, 77.
Buttonia, 486.
Butyrospermum, 423.
BUXACEAE, 13, 324.
Buxus, 324.
Byrsanthus, 371.
Byrsocarpus, 244.
Byrsocarpus, 608.
Byrsophyllum, 527.
Bystropogon, 480.

Cacalia, 576.
Cacara, 277.
Cachrys, 407.
Cacoucia, 390.
CACTACEAE, 45, 66, 378.
Cadaba, 214.
Cadalvena, 146.
Cadia, 249, 258.
Cadia, 258.
Cadiscus, 584.
Caesalpinia, 251.
CAESALPINIACEAE, 245.
Caesia, 131.
Cailliea, 246.
Cajanus, 280, 283.
Cakile, 224.
Caladium, 116.
Caladium, 116.
Calamagrostis, 96.
Calamintha, 479.
Calamus, 111.
Calamus, 112.
Calanda, 518.
Calanthe, 157.
Calantica, 371, 372.
Calathea, 149.
Calceolaria, 489.
Calceolaria, 367.
Caldesia, 76.
Calendula, 557, 563.
Calepina, 225.
Calesiam, 329.
Calicorema, 184.
Callianassa, 488.
Calliandra, 248.
Callicarpa, 469.
Callichilia, 439.
Calligonum, 178.
Callilepis, 554.
Callipeltis, 521.
CALLITRICHACEAE, 8, 324.
Callitriche, 324.
Callitris, 71, pl. 2.
Callopsis, 117.
Calluna, 417.
Calocrater, 439.
Calodendron, 296.
Calodryum, 305.
Caloncoba, 369.
Calonyction, 462.
Calophanes, 505, 506.
Calophyllum, 362.
Calopyxis, 390.
Calostephane, 559.
Calotropis, 449.
Calpocalyx, 246.
Calpurnia, 258.
Calvaria, 423.
Calvoa, 397.
Calycopteris, 390.
Calycotome, 267.
Calyptrocarpus, 581.
Calyptrochilus, 158.
Calyptrotheca, 215.
Calysaccion, 362.
Calystegia, 460.
Camarotea, 506.
Camelina, 219.
Camellia, 360.
Camilleugenia, 152.
Camoensia, 258.
Campanula, 543.
CAMPANULACEAE, 48, 59, 65, 67, 68, 541, pl. 149.
Camphorosma, 182.
Campnosperma, 326.
Camptocarpus, 443.
Camptolepis, 340.
Camptoloma, 488.
Camptostylus, 368.
Campulosus, 91.
Campylanthus, 487.
Campylochiton, 390.
Campylogyne, 390.
Campylostachys, 468.
Campylostemon, 332.
Cananga, 205.
Canarina, 543.
Canarium, 302.
Canarium, 302.
Canavalia, 276.
CANELLACEAE, 366.
Canephora, 528.
Canna, 147.
Cannabis, 166.
CANNACEAE, 5, 147.
Cannomois, 120.
Canscora, 431.
Canscora, 431.
Cantharospermum, 283.
Canthium, 519.
Cantuffa, 250.
Caopia, 361.
Caperonia, 311, 609.
Capitanya, 474.
Capnophyllum, 408.
CAPPARIDACEAE, 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 36, 37, 38, 39, 63, 213, pl. 54.
CAPPARIDACEAE, 229.
Capparis, 215.
Capraria, 487.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 65, 66, 67, 533, pl. 145.
Capsella, 220, 228.
Capsicum, 483.
Carallia, 388.
Caralluma, 455.
Carandas, 437.
Carapa, 304, 306.
Carapa, 303.
Carbenia, 549.
Cardamine, 223.
Cardanthera, 504.
Cardiochlamys, 460.
Cardiogyne, 165.
Cardiospermum, 336.
Cardopatium, 551.
Carduncellus, 550.
Carduus, 551.
Carex, 107.
Carica, 377.
CARICACEAE, 54, 63, 377.
Carissa, 437.
Carlina, 550.
Carolofritschia, 501.
Caroxylon, 179.
Carpacoce, 522.
Carpha, 107, 109.
Carphalea, 532.
Carphalea, 531.
Carpodinus, 436.
Carpodinus, 440.
Carpodiptera, 348.
Carpolobia, 308.
Carpolobia, 308.
Carpolyza, 136.
Carponema, 220.
Carregnoa, 135.
Carrichtera, 225.
Carruthia, 305.
Carthamus, 550.
Carum, 412.
Carum, 412, 413, 414.
Carvalhoa, 440.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 9, 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 50, 52, 191, pl. 45.
Caryophyllus, 392.
Casearia, 372.
Cassia, 252.
Cassine, 331.
Cassine, 331.
Cassinia, 556.
Cassinopsis, 334.
Cassipourea, 388.
Cassytha, 209.
Castalia, 197.
Castanea, 163.
Castilloa, 167.
Casuarina, 161.
CASUARINACEAE, 7, 160.
Catabrosa, 102.
Catananche, 547.
Catapodium, 105.
Catha, 330.
Cathastrum, 331.
Catophractes, 495.
Caucalis, 404.
Caucalis, 404, 406.
Caucanthus, 307.
Caulinia, 75.
Cayaponia, 538.
Caylusea, 229.
Cebatha, 201.
Cedrela, 303.
CEDRELEAE, 302.
Cedrelopsis, 302.
Cedronella, 476.
Cedrus, 71.
Ceiba, 353.
CELASTRACEAE, 21, 22, 27, 30, 31, 36, 44, 45, 47, 48, 329, pl. 82.
CELASTRACEAE, 332.
Celastrus, 330.
Celosia, 186.
Celsia, 489.
Celtis, 164.
Cenchrus, 81.
Cenia, 565.
Centaurea, 550.
Centauropsis, 558.
Centella, 402.
Centema, 184, 185.
Centemopsis, 608.
Centipeda, 579.
Centotheca, 104.
Centranthus, 534.
Centratherum, 570.
Centroplacus, 320.
Centrosema, 276, 280.
Centunculus, 419.
Cephaëlis, 524.
Cephalandra, 536.
Cephalanthera, 154.
Cephalanthus, 517, 525.
Cephalaria, 534, pl. 147.
Cephalocroton, 314.
Cephalocrotonopsis, 314.
Cephalonema, 350.
Cephalosphaera, 208.
Cephalostachyum, 88.
Cephalostigma, 544.
Ceraria, 608.
Cerastium, 194.
Cerastium, 195.
Cerasus, 242.
Ceratandra, 150.
Ceratiosicyos, 376.
Ceratocaryum, 120.
Ceratocephalus, 198.
Ceratocnemon, 224.
Ceratonia, 254.
Ceratophorus, 318.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 10, 197.
Ceratophyllum, 197.
Ceratosepalum, 350.
Ceratostigma, 420.
Ceratotheca, 499.
Cerbera, 438.
Cercestis, 117.
Cercestis, 117.
Cercopetalum, 214.
Cereus, 378.
Cerinthe, 464.
Ceriops, 388.
Cerolepis, 368.
Ceropegia, 456.
Ceruana, 571.
Cervicina, 544.
Cestichis, 156.
Cestrum, 481.
Chadsia, 287.
Chaenorrhinum, 491.
Chaenostoma, 493, pl. 136.
Chaerophyllum, 406.
Chaerophyllum, 406.
Chaetacanthus, 505.
Chaetacme, 164.
Chaetobromus, 99.
Chaetocarpus, 318.
Chaetosciadium, 406.
Chailletia, 309.
CHAILLETIACEAE, 309.
Chalazocarpus, 529.
Chamaealoe, 133.
Chamaelea, 295.
Chamaemeles, 239.
Chamaemelum, 577, 578.
Chamaenerium, 398.
Chamaepeuce, 551.
Chamaerops, 110.
Chamira, 220.
Chapeliera, 528.
Charadrophila, 487.
Charia, 305.
Charieis, 573.
Chasalia, 525.
Chasmanthera, 202.
Chasmanthera, 202.
Cheiranthus, 217.
Cheirolaena, 357.
Cheirostylis, 155.
Chelidonium, 212.
Chenolea, 182.
Chenolea, 182.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 7, 9, 15, 179, pl. 40.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 187, 191.
Chenopodina, 179.
Chenopodium, 182.
Chevreulia, 562.
Chilianthus, 427.
Chiliocephalum, 561.
Chilocalyx, 215.
Chionothrix, 184.
Chironia, 432, pl. 128.
CHLAENACEAE, 32, 33, 38, 39, 347, pl. 90.
Chlamydacanthus, 511.
Chlamydocardia, 514.
Chlamydocarya, 333.
Chlamydojatropha, 610.
Chlamydophora, 578.
Chlora, 431.
Chloridion, 81.
Chloris, 92, pl. 8.
Chlorocodon, 442.
Chlorocyathus, 443.
Chloromyrtus, 392.
Chloropatane, 208, 608, 610.
Chlorophora, 165.
Chlorophytum, 132.
Chlorophytum, 131.
Chloryllis, 278.
Choananthus, 607.
Chomelia, 526.
Chondrilla, 546.
Choristylis, 235.
Choritaenia, 408.
Chortolirion, 133.
Christiania, 348.
Christiania, 611.
Chrozophora, 311, 609.
Chrysalidocarpus, 114.
Chrysanthellum, 573.
Chrysanthemum, 566, 578, 579.
Chrysithrix, 107.
Chrysobalanus, 243.
Chrysocoma, 572.
Chrysocoma, 572.
Chrysophyllum, 422.
Chrysopia, 362.
Chrysopogon, 87.
Chrysurus, 95.
Chymococca, 382.
Chytranthus, 337, 338.
Cicca, 323.
Cicendia, 431.
Cicer, 261.
Cicerbita, 546.
Cichorium, 548.
Cienfuegosia, 353.
Cinchona, 531.
Cincinnobotrys, 397.
Cineraria, 566, 576.
Cinnamomum, 210.
Cinnamosma, 366.
Cipadessa, 304.
Circaea, 398.
Circinus, 260.
Cirrhopetalum, 160.
Cirsium, 551, 552.
Cissampelos, 200.
Cissampelos, 200.
Cissus, 346, pl. 89.
Cissus, 346.
CISTACEAE, 25, 33, 35, 37, 38, 365, pl. 102.
Cistanche, 500, pl. 139.
Cistanthera, 350.
Cistus, 365, pl. 102.
Citrullus, 541.
Citrus, 299.
Cladanthus, 576.
Cladanthus, 577.
Cladium,

108.
Cladosicyos, 537.
Cladostemon, 214.
Cladostigma, 459.
Claoxylon, 316.
Clathrospermum, 205.
Clausena, 299.
Cleanthe, 143.
Cleidion, 316.
Cleistachne, 86.
Cleistanthus, 319.
Cleistochlamys, 206.
Cleistopholis, 206.
Clematis, 198.
Cleome, 215.
Cleome, 215.
Cleomodendron, 215.
Cleonia, 477.
Clerodendron, 470, pl. 133.
Clerodendron, 470.
Clethra, 415.
CLETHRACEAE, 40, 414.
Cliffortia, 241.
Clinogyne, 149, pl. 25.
Clinogyne, 149.
Clinopodium, 479.
Clitandra, 436, pl. 129.
Clitoria, 276, 281, 285.
Clitoria, 276.
Clivia, 136.
Cloiselia, 552.
CLUSIACEAE, 360.
Cluytia, 317.
Cluytiandra, 323.
Clypeola, 218.
Cnemidostachys, 318.
CNEORACEAE, 30, 295.
Cneorum, 295.
Cnestis, 244.
Cnicus, 549.
Cnicus, 551.
Cnidium, 409.
Coccinia, 536, 539.
Coccobryon, 161.
Coccosperma, 416.
Cocculus, 201, pl. 47.
Cocculus, 201.
Cochlanthus, 444.
Cochlearia, 227.
COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 25, 38, 366.
Cochlospermum, 366.
Cockburnia, 502.
Cocos, 112.
Codon, 462.
Codonostigma, 416.
Codonura, 435.
Coelachne, 101.
Coelachyrum, 92.
Coelanthum, 189.
Coelidium, 263.
Coelocarpus, 468.
Coelocaryon, 207.
Coffea, 520.
Cogniauxia, 539.
Cohnia, 134.
Coilostigma, 416.
Coinochlamys, 428.
Coix, 83.
Cola, 354.
COLCHICACEAE, 125.
Colchicum, 125.
Coldenia, 464.
Colea, 497.
Coleonema, 297.
Coleotrype, 123.
Coleus, 475.
Colobachne, 84.
Colobanthus, 195.
Colocasia, 116.
Colocynthis, 541.
Colpias, 491.
Colpodium, 97.
Colpoon, 172.
Colubrina, 345.
Colutea, 287.
Coluteastrum, 285.
Colvillea, 250.
COMBRETACEAE, 16, 44, 389, pl. 113.
COMBRETACEAE, 211.
Combretum, 390, pl. 113.
Combretum, 390.
Cometes, 192.
Cometia, 321.
Commelina, 122.
COMMELINACEAE, 4, 122, pl. 16.
Commidendron, 574.
Commiphora, 301.
COMPOSITAE, 7, 9, 15, 64, 544, pl. 150.
Conchopetalum, 341.
Coniandra, 538.
CONIFERAE, 70.
Conium, 407.
CONNARACEAE, 20, 42, 52, 64, 243, pl. 66.
Connarus, 243, pl. 66.
Conocarpus, 390.
Conomitra, 447.
Conopharyngia, 439.
Conopodium, 406.
Conopodium, 407.
Conosapium, 318.
Conringia, 223.
CONVOLVULACEAE, 51, 52, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 457, pl. 131.
Convolvulus, 460.
Convolvulus, 460, 461.
Conyza, 572.
Copaiba, 252.
Copaifera, 252.
Coptosperma, 526.
Corallocarpus, 537.
Corbularia, 136.
Corchorus, 350.
Cordeauxia, 254.
Cordia, 463, pl. 132.
Cordyla, 249.
Cordyline, 134.
Cordylocarpus, 221.
Cordylogyne, 451.
Corema, 325.
Coreopsis, 581.
Coriandrum, 406.
Coriaria, 325.
CORIARIACEAE, 41, 325.
Coridothymus, 480.
Coris, 419.
CORNACEAE, 46, 47, 414.
CORNACEAE, 389.
Cornicina, 260.
Cornulaca, 180.
Cornus, 414.
Coronilla, 260.
Coronopus, 226.
Corrigiola, 193.
Corycium, 150.
Corydalis, 212.
Corylus, 162.
Corymbis, 155.
Corymbium, 569.
Corymborchis, 155.
Corymbostachys, 512.
Corynanthe, 531.
Corynanthe, 531.
Corynephorus, 100.
Cosmos, 581.
Cossignia, 341.
Cossonia, 222, 224.
Costularia, 108.
Costus, 146.
Cotoneaster, 239.
Cottsia, 306.
Cotula, 565, 566, 567, 578, 579, 580.
Cotyledon, 233.
Cotylodiscus, 340.
Cotylonychia, 355.
Coula, 174.
Courbonia, 214.
Courrantia, 578.
Courtoisia, 109.
Crabbea, 508.
Cracca, 272.
Craibia, 609.
Crambe, 225.
Cranzia, 298.
Craspedorhachis, 91.
Craspidosperma, 437.
Crassocephalum, 572.
Crassula, 232.
CRASSULACEAE, 41, 42, 64, 232, pl. 59.
Crassuvia, 233.
Crataegus, 240.
Crataeva, 215.
Craterispermum, 519.
Craterosiphon, 382.
Craterostemma, 457.
Craterostigma, 494.
Cremaspora, 517.
Cremocarpus, 523.
Crepis, 546, 547.
Cressa, 459.
Crinum, 138, pl. 19.
Crioceras, 439.
Crithmum, 410.
Crocodiloides, 548.
Crocosmia, 142.
Crocus, 140.
Crocyllis, 523.
Crossandra, 509.
Crossandrella, 508.
Crossonephelis, 337.
Crossopteryx, 526.
Crossostemma, 375.
Crossotropis, 102.
Crotalaria, 263.
Croton, 310.
Crotonogyne, 311, 610.
Crotonogyne, 610.
Crotonogynopsis, 314.
Crucianella, 521.
CRUCIFERAE, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 216, pl. 53.
Crudia, 255.
Crupina, 550.
Crypsis, 83.
Cryptadenia, 382.
Cryptocarya, 210.
Cryptogyne, 422.
Cryptolepis, 445.
Cryptolepis, 445.
Cryptopus, 159.
Cryptosepalum, 252, 255.
Cryptostegia, 444.
Cryptostemma, 548.
Cryptostephanus, 135.
Cryptotaenia, 412.
Ctenium, 91.
Ctenolepis, 537.
Ctenomeria, 313.
Ctenophrynium, 148.
Ctenopsis, 93.
Ctenorchis, 159.
Cubeba, 161.
Cucubalus, 196.
Cucumeropsis, 537.
Cucumis, 537, 541.
Cucurbita, 538.
CUCURBITACEAE, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 65, 66, 67, 535, pl. 148.
Culcasia, 117.
Cullumia, 549.
Cullumiopsis, 563.
Cuminum, 404.
Cunonia, 235.
CUNONIACEAE, 33, 39, 235, pl. 62.
Cupania, 339, 340.
Cuphea, 384.
Cuphocarpus, 401.
Cupressus, 71.
CUPULIFERAE, 162, 163.
Curculigo, 139.
Curcuma, 146.
Curroria, 445.
Curtisia, 414.
Cuscuta, 458.
Cussonia, 400, pl. 118.
Cutandia, 102.
Cuviera, 519.
Cyamopsis, 281, 284.
CYANASTRACEAE, 6, 124.
Cyanastrum, 124.
Cyanella, 139.
Cyanopis, 570.
Cyanothyrsus, 256, 608.
Cyanotis, 123.
Cyatanthus, 167.
Cyathogyne, 322.
Cyathula, 185.
CYCADACEAE, 1, 69, pl. 1.
Cycas, 69.
Cyclamen, 419.
Cyclantheropsis, 535.
Cyclocampe, 108.
Cyclocarpa, 269.
Cyclocheilon, 470.
Cyclocotyla, 437.
Cyclonema, 470.
Cyclopia, 257.
Cycloptychis, 220.
Cyclostemon, 322.
Cycniopsis, 485.
Cycnium, 485.
Cydonia, 239.
Cylicodiscus, 247.
Cylicomorpha, 377.
Cylindrocline, 556.
Cylindrolepis, 109.
Cylindropsis, 436.
Cylista, 279, 282.
Cymbalaria, 490.
Cymbidium, 159.
Cymbopogon, 87.
Cymbosepalum, 253.
Cymodocea, 74.
Cymodocea, 74.
Cynanchum, 449.
Cynanchum, 446, 448, 449.
Cynara, 551.
Cynaropsis, 551.
CYNOCRAMBACEAE, 15, 187.
Cynocrambe, 187.
Cynoctonum, 449.
Cynodon, 91.
Cynoglossum, 466.
Cynometra, 254.
Cynometra, 253, 608.
CYNOMORIACEAE, 15, 400.
Cynomorium, 400.
Cynorchis, 152.
Cynosorchis, 152.
Cynosurus, 102.
CYPERACEAE, 2, 106, pl. 9.
Cyperus, 109.
Cyperus, 109.
Cyphia, 542.
Cyphocarpa, 185.
Cyphocarpa, 185.
Cyphochlaena, 85.
Cypholepis, 92.
Cypselodontia, 559.
CYRTANDREAE, 500.
Cyrtanthus, 138.
Cyrtogonone, 610.
Cyrtopera, 157.
Cyrtopodium, 157.
Cyrtosperma, 115.
Cyrtoxiphus, 247.
Cysticapnos, 212.
Cystistemon, 465.
CYTINACEAE, 177.
Cytinus, 177.
Cytisus, 266.

Daboecia, 416.
Dactyliandra, 540.
Dactylis, 104.
Dactyloctenium, 93.
Dactylopetalum, 388.
Daemia, 448.
Daïs, 382.
Dalbergia, 273, 286.
Dalechampia, 313.
Dalhousiea, 257.
Damapana, 269.
Damasonium, 76.
Damatris, 548.
Danais, 531.
Daniellia, 255, 608.
Daniellia, 256, 608.
Danthonia, 99, 105.
Danthonia, 99.
Daphne, 383.
Daphniphyllum, 319, 610.
Dasylepis, 368.
Dasylepis, 368.
Dasysphaera, 186.
Dasystachys, 131.
Datura, 481.
Daubenya, 126.
Daucus, 405.
Daucus, 404, 405.
Debesia, 131.
Debregeasia, 170.
Decabelone, 454.
Decaceras, 457.
Decalepis, 108.
Decanema, 447.
Decanemopsis, 447.
Decaneurum, 570.
Deckenia, 113.
Deckera, 546.
Deeringia, 186.
Deguelia, 286.
Deidamia, 375.
Deinbollia, 340, 341, pl. 85.
Deinbollia, 340.
Dekindtia, 426.
Delamerea, 558.
Delognaea, 538.
Delphinium, 199.
Delpydora, 422.
Demeusea, 136.
Demidium, 558.
Dendrocalamus, 88.
Dendrosicyos, 537.
Denekia, 558.
Dermatobotrys, 492.
Deroemeria, 153.
Derris, 286, 287, 288.
Derris, 609.
Desbordesia, 301.
Deschampsia, 100.
Descurainia, 217.
Desmanthus, 245.
Desmazeria, 104.
Desmochaeta, 185.
Desmodium, 271, 273, 276, 280, 281.
Desmodium, 261.
Desmonema, 201, 202.
Desmophyllum, 295.
Desmostachya, 93.
Desmostachys, 334.
Desplatzia, 349.
Desplatzia, 611.
Detarium, 252.
Detris, 567.
Deverra, 413.
Dewevrea, 288.
Dewevrella, 433.
Dewildemania, 568.
Dewindtia, 252.
Deyeuxia, 96.
Dialiopsis, 342.
Dialium, 251.
Dialium, 608.
Dialypetalum, 541.
Dianella, 131.
Dianthella, 195.
Dianthera, 215, 512.
Dianthoseris, 547.
Dianthus, 196.
Diapedium, 514.
Diaphycarpus, 412.
Diascia, 490, 492.
Diaspis, 307.
Diastella, 607.
Diberara, 238.
Dicellandra, 395.
Diceratella, 216.
Dichaelia, 457.
Dichaelia, 457.
Dichaetanthera, 394.
DICHAPETALACEAE, 31, 33, 47, 55, 56, 61, 67, 309, pl. 79.
Dichapetalum, 309, pl. 79.
Dicheranthus, 192.
Dichilus, 264.
Dichondra, 458.
Dichostemma, 310.
Dichroanthus, 217.
Dichrocephala, 571.
Dichrostachys, 246.
Dicliptera, 514.
Dicliptera, 514.
Diclis, 491.
Dicoma, 553.
Dicoryphe, 238.
Dicraea, 231.
Dicraea, 231.
Dicraeanthus, 231.
Dicraeopetalum, 258.
Dicranolepis, 382.
Dicranotaenia, 158.
Dictyandra, 529.
Dictyochloa, 101.
Dictyosperma, 114.
Didelotia, 254.
Didelotia, 254.
Didelta, 548, 551.
Didesmus, 224.
Didierea, 335.
DIDIEREACEAE, 335.
Didymocarpus, 501.
Didymodoxa, 168.
Dierama, 142.
Dietes, 144.
Digera, 183.
Digitalis, 488.
Digitaria, 82.
Dignathia, 607.
Dilatris, 135.
Dillenia, 358.
DILLENIACEAE, 41, 42, 358, pl. 96.
Dilobeia, 170.
Dimorphochlamys, 540.
Dimorphotheca, 557, 561, 564, 576, 584.
Dinacria, 232.
Dineba, 93.
Dinebra, 93.
Dinklagea, 244.
Dinophora, 393.
Dintera, 493.
Dioclea, 268.
Diodia, 522.
Dioncophyllum, 371.
Dionychia, 394.
Dioscorea, 140, pl. 21.
DIOSCOREACEAE, 6, 140, pl. 21.
Dioscoreophyllum, 200.
Diosma, 297.
Diospyros, 425.
Diotis, 576.
Dipcadi, 127.
Diphaca, 273.
Diphasia, 298.
Dipidax, 129.
Diplachne, 103.
Diplachne, 93, 102.
Diplacrum, 106.
Diplanthemum, 349.
Diplanthera, 74.
Diplochonium, 189.
Diplocrater, 527.
Diplocyathus, 455.
Diplolophium, 411.
Diplopappus, 567.
Diplorrhynchus, 438.
Diplospora, 527.
Diplostigma, 448.
Diplotaxis, 221, 223.
DIPSACACEAE, 65, 534, pl. 147.
Dipsacus, 535.
Dipteracanthus, 507.
DIPTEROCARPACEAE, 33, 363.
DIPTEROCARPACEAE, 378.
Dipteropeltis, 459.
Dipterygium, 215.
Dirachma, 289.
Dirichletia, 531.
Disa, 151.
Disa, 151.
Dischisma, 489.
Dischistocalyx, 506, 507.
Discocapnos, 212.
Discoclaoxylon, 610.
Discoglypremna, 610.
Discopodium, 482, pl. 135.
Disparago, 561, 562.
Disperis, 150.
Disperma, 505.
Dissomeria, 368.
Dissotis, 394, pl. 115.
Distemonanthus, 251.
Distichocalyx, 507.
Dittelasma, 337.
Dobera, 332.
Dobrowskya, 542.
Dodonaea, 341.
Dolichandrone, 496.
Dolichandrone, 496.
Dolicholus, 272.
Dolichometra, 532.
Dolichos, 277, 278.
Dolichos, 278.
Dombeya, 357, pl. 94.
Donaldsonia, 375.
Donax, 101, 149.
Dopatrium, 493.
Doratanthera, 488.
Doratoxylon, 342.
Doria, 568.
Doronicum, 575.
Dorstenia, 165, pl. 31.
Doryalis, 372.
Doryanthes, 138.
Dorycnium, 262.
Dorycnopsis, 260.
Dovea, 120.
Dovyalis, 372.
Draba, 219, 227.
Dracaena, 134, pl. 18.
Dracunculus, 118.
Drake-Brockmania, 607.
Dregea, 454.
Drepanocarpus, 286.
Drimia, 128.
Drimiopsis, 126.
Droguetia, 168.
Droogmansia, 261.
Drosera, 230, pl. 56.
DROSERACEAE, 22, 25, 230, pl. 56.
Drosophyllum, 230.
Drusa, 402.
Drymaria, 194.
Drypetes, 322.
Drypetes, 611.
Duboscia, 349.
Duboscia, 611.
Ducrosia, 409.
Dumasia, 279.
Dumoria, 421, 612.
Duparquetia, 251, 257.
Duranta, 468.
Duvalia, 455.
Duvernoia, 513.
Dyerophyton, 420, pl. 123.
Dypsidium, 114.
Dypsis, 113.
Dyschoriste, 506.

EBENACEAE, 57, 61, 62, 424, pl. 125.
Ebenus, 284.
Ebermaiera, 503.
Ecastaphyllum, 273.
Ecballium, 541.
Ecbolium, 515.
Ecbolium, 514.
Echeveria, 233.
Echidnopsis, 454.
Echinaria, 100.
Echinodorus, 76.
Echinolaena, 82.
Echinophora, 405.
Echinops, 549.
Echinopsilon, 182.
Echinopteris, 306.
Echinospermum, 466.
Echinothamnus, 376.
Echinus, 315.
Echiochilon, 464.
Echium, 464.
Ecklonia, 108.
Eclipta, 582.
Ecpoma, 530.
Ectadiopsis, 445.
Ectadium, 444.
Ectinocladus, 435.
Edithcolea, 455.
Edwardia, 354.
Eenia, 553.
Egassea, 358.
Ehretia, 464.
Ehrharta, 94.
Eichhornia, 124.
Ekebergia, 305.
ELAEAGNACEAE, 10, 383.
Elaeagnus, 383.
Elaeis, 112.
ELAEOCARPACEAE, 33, 37, 347.
Elaeocarpus, 347.
Elaeodendron, 331, pl. 82.
Elaeodendron, 331.
Elaeophorbia, 310.
Elaeoselinum, 404.
Elaeoselinum, 404.
ELATINACEAE, 63, 393, pl. 100.
Elatine, 363.
Elatinoides, 490.
Elatostema, 169.
Elegia, 120.
Eleocharis, 109.
Elephantopus, 569.
Elephantorrhiza, 247.
Elettaria, 147.
Eleusine, 93.
Eleusine, 93.
Eliaea, 361.
Elichrysum, 553.
Elionurus, 87.
Ellertonia, 441.
Elsholtzia, 476.
Elymus, 91.
Elynanthus, 107.
Elytraria, 503.
Elytropappus, 563.
Elytrophorus, 101.
Embelia, 418.
Emex, 178.
Emicocarpus, 450.
Emilia, 576.
Emiliomarcelia, 328.
Eminia, 278.
EMPETRACEAE, 12, 26, 325.
Empetrum, 325.
Emplectanthus, 457.
Empleuridium, 296.
Empleurum, 296.
Empogona, 526.
Enalus, 78.
Enantia, 204.
Enarthrocarpus, 222.
Encephalartos, 69, pl. 1.
Enchysia, 542.
Endacanthus, 333.
Endodesmia, 362.
Endonema, 380.
Endonema, 380.
Endosiphon, 507.
Endostemon, 472.
Endotropis, 449.
Endymion, 127.
Englerastrum, 475.
Engleria, 572.
Englerodaphne, 382.
Englerodendron, 255.
Enicostemma, 432.
Enneapogon, 96.
Entada, 247.
Entandrophragma, 303.
Enteropogon, 92.
Enterospermum, 527.
Entoplocamia, 93.
Enydra, 582.
Epallage, 583.
Epaltes, 558.
Ephedra, 72.
Ephippiandra, 209.
Epiclastopelma, 506.
Epilobium, 398.
Epilobium, 398.
Epimedium, 199.
Epinetrum, 200, 202.
Epipactis, 154.
Epiphora, 156.
Epipogon, 155.
Epischoenus, 107.
Epitaberna, 527.
Epithema, 501.
Eragrostis, 103.
Eragrostis, 92, 93.
Eranthemum, 504.
Eranthemum, 509.
Erblichia, 374.
Erechthites, 575.
Eremia, 416.
Eremiopsis, 416.
Eremobium, 217.
Eremochlaena, 348.
Eremolaena, 348.
Eremomastax, 504.
Eremopyrum, 90.
Eremospatha, 112.
Eremothamnus, 558, 568.
Eriander, 297, 608, 609.
Eriandrostachys, 340.
Erianthus, 86.
Eribroma, 354.
Erica, 417.
Erica, 417.
ERICACEAE, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 415, pl. 120.
ERICACEAE, 415.
Ericinella, 417.
Erigeron, 567, 572, 574.
Erinacea, 267.
Erinus, 488.
Eriobotrya, 240.
ERIOCAULACEAE, 3, 121 pl. 15.
Eriocaulon, 121.
Eriocephalus, 564.
Eriocephalus, 564.
Eriochloa, 81.
Eriocoelum, 339.
Eriodendron, 353.
Erioglossum, 337.
Eriophorum, 109.
Eriosema, 272, 274, 279, 282.
Eriospermum, 131.
Eriosphaera, 562.
Eriospora, 106.
Eriospora, 106.
Eriothrix, 575.
Eritrichium, 466.
Erlangea, 570.
Ernestimeyera, 516.
Erodium, 290.
Erophaca, 270.
Erophila, 219.
Eruca, 224, 225.
Erucaria, 222.
Erucaria, 221.
Erucastrum, 221.
Ervatamia, 440.
Ervum, 269.
Eryngium, 403.
Erysimum, 217.
Erythraea, 430, 432.
Erythrina, 281.
Erythrocephalum, 552.
Erythrochlamys, 473.
Erythrococca, 316.
Erythrophloeum, 249.
Erythrophysa, 341.
Erythropyxis, 358.
Erythroselinum, 612.
Erythrospermum, 368.
Erythrostictus, 129.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE, 19, 21, 29, 34, 292, pl. 71.
Erythroxylon, 293, pl. 71.
Ethanium, 147.
Ethulia, 569.
Euadenia, 214.
Eucalyptus, 391.
Euchaetis, 297.
Euchlaena, 83.
Euchlora, 264.
Euclaste, 87.
Euclea, 425.
Euclidium, 219.
Eucomis, 126.
Eudianthe, 196.
Eufragia, 484.
Eugenia, 392, pl. 114.
Eugenia, 392.
Eulalia, 86.
Eulenburgia, 540.
Eulophia, 157.
Eulophia, 156, 159, 160.
Eulophidium, 160.
Eulophiella, 157.
Eulophiopsis, 159.
Eumorphia, 577.
Eupatorium, 571.
Euphorbia, 310.
Euphorbia, 310.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 27, 34, 55, 61, 309, pl. 80.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 324.
Euphoria, 339.
Euphoria, 338.
Euphrasia, 484.
Eureiandra, 539.
Eurotia, 608.
Euryandra, 539.
Eurylobium, 467.
Euryops, 575.
Eurypetalum, 253.
Eustegia, 450.
Euthystachys, 468.
Euxolus, 183.
Evacidium, 555.
Evax, 555.
Evodia, 296.
Evolvulus, 459.
Evonymus, 330.
Exacum, 430.
Excoecaria, 318.
Excoecaria, 611.
Excoecariopsis, 317, 610.
Exechostylus, 517.
Exocarpus, 172.
Exochaenium, 430.
Exomis, 181.
Eylesia, 485.

Faba, 269.
FABACEAE, 245.
Fabricia, 273.
Fadogia, 518.
FAGACEAE, 17, 163.
Fagara, 296.
Fagelia, 283.
Fagonia, 294.
Fagopyrum, 178.
Faguetia, 327.
Falcaria, 412.
Falkia, 458.
Fanninia, 451.
Faroa, 431.
Farquharia, 612.
Farsetia, 217, 219.
Farsetia, 217, 219.
Faujasia, 575.
Faurea, 171.
Fedia, 534.
Feeria, 544.
Fegimanra, 326.
Felicia, 567, 574.
Ferdinandia, 496.
Feretia, 527.
Fernandia, 496.
Fernelia, 526.
Ferraria, 144.
Ferula, 408.
Ferula, 409.
Ferulago, 409.
Festuca, 93, 96, 105.
Festuca, 105.
Fibigia, 219.
Ficalhoa, 416.
Ficaria, 198.
Ficinia, 109.
Ficinia, 109.
FICOIDEAE, 188.
Ficus, 167.
Fidelia, 546.
Filago, 556.
Filetia, 510.
Filicium, 336.
Filipendula, 241.
Fillaea, 249.
Fillaeopsis, 247.
Fimbristylis, 109.
Fingerhuthia, 94, 101.
Fintelmannia, 106.
Firmiana, 354.
Flabellaria, 307.
Flacourtia, 373, pl. 104.
FLACOURTIACEAE, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 45, 367, pl. 104.
FLACOURTIACEAE, 424.
Flagellaria, 119.
FLAGELLARIACEAE, 4, 119.
Flagenium, 528.
Flanagania, 448.
Flaveria, 584.
Flemingia, 274, 275.
Fleurya, 169, pl. 32.
Floscopa, 123.
Flueggea, 323.
Fockea, 452.
Foeniculum, 410.
Foetidia, 386.
Folotsia, 612.
Forcipella, 510.
Forficaria, 151.
Forgesia, 235.
Forrestia, 123.
Forskohlea, 168.
Forsythiopsis, 506.
Fourcroya, 138.
Fournaea, 610.
Fradinia, 577.
Fragaria, 242.
Franchetella, 411.
Franchetia, 238.
Francoeuria, 560.
Frankenia, 364.
Frankenia, 364.
FRANKENIACEAE, 25, 363 .
Fraxinus, 426.
Freesia, 141.
Fresenia, 572.
Freylinia, 492.
Fritillaria, 129.
Fropiera, 391.
Fuchsia, 398.
Fugosia, 353.
Fuirena, 110.
Fuirena, 109.
Fumana, 365.
Fumaria, 212.
FUMARIACEAE, 212.
Funtumia, 435.
Furcraea, 138.

Gabunia, 439, 441.
Gaertnera, 524.
Gaertnera 308.
Gagea, 125, 129.
Gagnebina, 246.
Gaillardia, 583.
Gaillonia, 521.
Galactia, 279.
Galactites, 551.
Galaxia, 140.
Galedupa, 287.
Galega, 268, 284.
Galenia, 190.
Galeola, 154.
Galera, 155.
Galilea, 109.
Galiniera, 527.
Galinsoga, 580.
Galium, 521.
Galopina, 523.
Galphimia, 306.
Galpinia, 384.
Galtonia, 128.
Gamolepis, 584.
Gamopoda, 203.
Garcinia, 362.
Gardenia, 526.
Garuleum, 564, 565.
Gasteria, 133.
Gastonia, 401.
Gastridium, 96.
Gastridium, 97.
Gastrocotyle, 466.
Gastrodia, 154.
Gaudinia, 90, 99.
Gazania, 549.
Geaya, 608.
Geigeria, 554.
Geigeria, 558.
Geissaspis, 269.
Geissoloma, 379.
GEISSOLOMATACEAE, 14, 379.
Geissorhiza, 142.
Gelonium, 318.
Gendarussa, 512.
Geniosporum, 473.
Geniostoma, 428.
Genipa, 526, 528.
Genista, 266.
Genlisea, 501.
Gennaria, 153.
GENTIANACEAE, 53, 54, 58, 59, 429, pl. 128.
Gentilia, 319.
Genyorchis, 160.
Geocaryum, 406.
Geopanax, 401.
Geophila, 524.
Geosiris, 143.
GERANIACEAE, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 289, pl. 68.
GERANIACEAE, 290, 291, 343.
Geranium, 290.
Gerardianella, 486.
Gerardiina, 487.
Gerardiopsis, 488.
Gerbera, 552.
Germanea, 474.
Geropogon, 545.
Gerrardanthus, 536.
Gerrardanthus, 535.
Gerrardina, 371.
GESNERACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 140.
Gesnouinia, 168.
Gethyllis, 137.
Geum, 242.
Ghikaea, 486.
Gibbaria, 557.
Giesekia, 188.
Gigalobium, 247.
Giganthemum, 258.
Gigasiphon, 248.
Gilgia, 311.
Gilletiella, 503.
Girardinia, 169.
Githago, 196.
Givotia, 317.
Gladiolus, 141.
Glaucium, 213.
Gleditschia, 250.
Glia, 413.
Glinus, 189.
Glischrocolla, 380.
Globularia, 502.
Globularia, 502.
GLOBULARIACEAE, 50, 502.
Gloriosa, 130.
Glossocalyx, 208, pl. 50.
Glossochilus, 508.
Glossolepis, 337.
Glossonema, 447.
Glossonema, 447.
Glossopholis, 201.
Glossostelma, 450.
Glossostephanus, 451.
Glumicalyx, 488.
Gluta, 326.
Glyceria, 105.
Glyceria, 105.
Glycideras, 573.
Glycine, 275, 279, 280, 284.
Glycosmis, 298.
Glycyrrhiza, 268.
Glyphaea, 350.
Gnaphalium, 562.
GNETACEAE, 1, 71.
Gnetum, 72.
Gnidia, 381, 382.
Gomphia, 359.
Gomphocalyx, 521.
Gomphocarpus, 449.
Gomphostigma, 427.
Gomphrena, 183.
Gonatopus, 115.
Gongrothamnus, 568.
Goniolimon, 421.
Gonioma, 441.
Gonocrypta, 443.
Gonospermum, 577.
GOODENIACEAE, 66, 544.
Goodyera, 155.
Gorteria, 549.
Gosela, 489.
Gossweilera, 569.
Gossypium, 353.
Gouania, 345.
Graderia, 487.
GRAMINEAE, 2, 79, pl. 8.
Grammangis, 160.
Grammanthes, 233.
Grammatophyllum, 159.
Grammatotheca, 542.
GRANATEAE, 386.
Grandidiera, 369.
Grangea, 571.
Grangeria, 242.
Grantia, 560.
Graptophyllum, 511.
Gravesia, 397.
Greenovia, 232.
Grevea, 234.
Grevellina, 305.
Grewia, 349, pl. 91.
Grewiella, 349.
Grewiopsis, 349.
Greyia, 342.
Grielum, 239.
Griffonia, 248.
Griffonia, 243.
Grisebachia, 416.
Grisollea, 334.
Grossera, 312, 610.
Grossularia, 234.
GROSSULARIACEAE, 233.
Groutia, 173.
Grubbia, 173.
GRUBBIACEAE, 16, 173.
Grumilea, 525.
Guaduella, 89.
Guaduella, 89.
Guarea, 304, 306.
Guazuma, 355.
Guerkea, 435.
Guettarda, 518.
Guettarda, 518.
Guidonia, 372.
Guiera, 390.
Guilandina, 251.
Guizotia, 581.
Gundelia, 549.
Gunnera, 399.
Gussonia, 159.
Gutenbergia, 569.
Guthriea, 376.
GUTTIFERAE, 9, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 33, 35, 38, 40, 360, pl. 99.
Guya, 373.
Guyonia, 394.
Guyonia, 394.
Gymnadenia, 153.
Gymnarrhena, 555.
Gymnema, 452.
Gymnocarpos, 193.
Gymnochilus, 155.
Gymnodiscus, 566.
Gymnolaema, 442.
Gymnopentzia, 578.
Gymnopogon, 92.
Gymnosiphon, 149.
Gymnosporia, 330.
Gymnostephium, 565.
Gymnothrix, 81.
Gynandropsis, 215.
Gynopogon, 438.
Gynura, 572, 576.
Gypsophila, 195.
Gyrocarpus, 211.

Habenaria, 152.
Habenaria, 151, 152, 153.
Hackelochloa, 85.
Haemanthus, 136.
Haematostaphis, 329.
Haematoxylon, 251, 254.
Haemax, 446.
HAEMODORACEAE, 4, 5, 134.
HAEMODORACEAE, 124.
Hagenia, 241.
Halimium, 365.
Halimus, 189.
Hallackia, 153.
Halleria, 492.
Hallia, 271.
Halocnemum, 181.
Halodule, 74.
Halogeton, 180.
Halogeton, 180.
Halopegia, 149.
Halopeplis, 180.
Halophila, 77.
Halopyrum, 103.
HALORRHAGACEAE, 16, 17, 43, 46, 399, pl. 117.
HALORRHAGIDACEAE, 324.
Haloxylon, 179.
HAMAMELIDACEAE, 12, 27, 46, 238, pl. 64.
HAMAMELIDACEAE, 173, 236.
Hamilcoa, 610.
Hammatolobium, 262.
Hannoa, 300.
Haplocarpha, 548.
Haplocoelum, 337.
Haplodypsis, 114.
Haplophloga, 114.
Haplophyllum, 295.
Hardwickia, 252.
Hariota, 379.
Harmsia, 357.
Haronga, 361.
Harpachne, 102.
Harpagophytum, 499.
Harpagophytum, 498.
Harpanema, 443.
Harpechloa, 92.
Harpephyllum, 329.
Harpullia, 341.
Harrisonia, 299.
Hartogia, 331.
Harungana, 361.
Harveya, 485.
Haselhoffia, 506.
Hasskarlia, 316.
Haworthia, 133.
Haworthia, 133.
Haya, 193.
Haynaldia, 90.
Hebenstreitia, 489.
Heberdenia,

418.
Heckeldora, 304.
Heckeria, 161.
Hedera, 400.
Hedychium, 140.
Hedyotis, 533.
Hedypnois, 547.
Hedysarum, 285.
Heeria, 327.
Heinekenia, 260.
Heinsenia, 517.
Heinsia, 529.
Heisteria, 174.
Hekistocarpa, 532.
Heleocharis, 109.
Heleochloa, 95.
Helianthemum, 365.
Helianthemum, 365.
Helianthus, 583.
Helichrysum, 553, 556, 563.
Heliconia, 145.
Helicophyllum, 607.
Helictonema, 332.
Helinus, 345.
Heliophila, 220, pl. 53.
Heliotropium, 463.
Helipterum, 553, 562.
Helleborine, 154.
Helminthia, 546.
Helminthocarpum, 260.
Helophytum, 232.
Helosciadium, 413.
Hemandradenia, 244.
Hemarthria, 85.
Hemerocallis, 134.
Hemicarex, 107.
Hemicarpha, 108.
Hemichlaena, 109.
Hemicrambe, 221.
Hemigraphis, 506.
Hemimeris, 490.
Hemiperis, 152.
Hemizygia, 473.
Hemprichia, 301.
Henonia, 186.
Henophyton, 222.
Henricia, 574.
Heptacyclum, 201.
Heptapleurum, 400.
Heracleum, 408.
Heracleum, 408.
Herderia, 569.
Heritiera, 354.
Hermannia, 356.
Hermas, 402.
Hermbstaedtia, 186.
Herminiera, 269.
Herminium, 153.
Hermodactylus, 144.
Hernandia, 211.
HERNANDIACEAE, 15, 43, 211.
Herniaria, 193.
Herpestis, 494.
Herschelia, 151.
Hertia, 568.
Herya, 331.
Hesperantha, 143.
Hessea, 136.
Hetaeria, 155.
Heterachaena, 547.
Heteractis, 565.
Heteradelphia, 506.
Heteranthera, 123.
Heteranthoecia, 607.
Heterochaenia, 544.
Heterochloa, 87.
Heteroderis, 546.
Heterolepis, 561.
Heteromma, 572.
Heteromorpha, 411.
Heterophragma, 496.
Heteropogon, 87.
Heteropteris, 307.
Heteropyxis, 391.
Heterosicyos, 539.
Heurnia, 455.
Heurniopsis, 454.
Hevea, 314.
Hewittia, 460.
Hexaglottis, 144.
Hexalobus, 205.
Hexastemon, 416.
Heywoodia, 319.
Hibbertia, 358.
Hibiscus, 352.
Hieracium, 547.
Hiernia, 486.
Hierochloë 94, 99.
Hildebrandtia, 459.
Hilleria, 187.
Himantochilus, 514.
Himantoglossum, 152.
Hinterhubera, 219.
Hippeastrum, 136, 138.
Hippia, 566.
Hippion, 432.
Hippobromus, 341.
Hippobromus, 342.
Hippocratea, 332.
HIPPOCRATEACEAE, 30, 36, 332, pl. 83.
Hippocrepis, 260.
Hippomarathrum, 407.
Hiptage, 308.
Hirpicium, 549.
Hirschfeldia, 221.
Hirtella, 243.
Hitzeria, 301.
Hochstetteria, 553.
Hoehnelia, 569.
Hoffmannseggia, 250.
Hohenackeria, 411.
Holalafia, 435.
Holarrhena, 441.
Holcus, 99.
Holmskioldia, 470.
Holmskioldia, 470.
Holocarpa, 518.
Holosteum, 194.
Holothrix, 153.
Holstia, 312, 610.
Holubia, 499.
Homalium, 371.
Homalocenchrus, 80.
Homeria, 144.
Homochaete, 560.
Homochroma, 566.
Homocnemia, 200.
Homopogon, 87.
Honckenya, 350.
Hoodia, 454.
Hoplestigma, 424.
HOPLESTIGMATACEAE, 54, 424.
Hoplophyllum, 570.
Hordeum, 91.
Hornea, 341.
Hornungia, 219.
Hoslundia, 474.
Hounea, 370.
Hua, 355.
Huernia, 455.
Huerniopsis, 454.
Hufelandia, 210.
Hugonia, 292, pl. 70.
Humbertia, 460.
Humblotia, 323.
Humea, 612.
Humiria, 292.
HUMIRIACEAE, 29, 292.
Humulus, 166.
Hunnemannia, 212.
Hunteria, 438.
Hura, 317.
Hussonia, 222.
Hutchinsia, 219, 220, 228.
Huttonaea, 153.
Hyacinthus, 128.
Hyaenanche, 321.
Hyalocalyx, 374.
Hyalocystis, 460.
Hybanthus, 367.
Hybophrynium, 148.
Hydnora, 177.
HYDNORACEAE, 16, 177.
Hydrangea, 234.
Hydranthelium, 494.
Hydrilla, 77.
HYDROCARYACEAE, 397.
Hydrocharis, 78.
HYDROCHARITACEAE, 5, 6, 77, pl. 7.
Hydrocotyle, 402.
Hydrocotyle, 402.
Hydrolea, 462.
Hydropeltis, 197.
Hydrophylax, 521.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 59, 462.
Hydrosme, 117, 607.
HYDROSTACHYACEAE, 7, 231, pl. 58.
Hydrostachys, 232, pl. 58.
Hydrotriche, 493.
Hygrocharis, 458.
Hygrophila, 504.
Hygrophila, 504.
Hylodendron, 254.
Hymenaea, 256.
Hymenocallis, 136.
Hymenocardia, 322.
Hymenocarpos, 260.
Hymenocnemis, 524.
Hymenodictyon, 531.
Hymenolepis, 577.
Hymenostegia, 253.
Hyobanche, 484.
Hyophorbe, 113.
Hyoscyamus, 482.
Hyoseris, 547.
Hypaelyptum, 108.
Hypecoum, 212.
Hyperaspis, 472.
HYPERICINEAE, 360.
Hypericophyllum, 584.
Hypericum, 361, 363.
Hyperstelis, 189.
Hyphaene, 111.
Hypobathrum, 528.
Hypocalyptus, 267, 274.
Hypochoeris, 545.
Hypodaphnis, 210.
Hypodematium, 522.
Hypodiscus, 120.
Hypoestes, 511.
Hypolaena, 120.
Hypolytrum, 108.
HYPOXIDEAE, 135.
Hypoxis, 139.
Hyptis, 474.
Hyssopus, 479.

Ianthe, 139.
Iatrorrhiza, 200.
Iberis, 226.
Iboga, 436.
Iboza, 612.
Icacina, 334.
ICACINACEAE, 11, 21, 51, 333, pl. 84.
Icacorea, 418.
Icomum, 474.
Idaneum, 433.
Ifloga, 555.
Ignatia, 429.
Ilex, 329.
ILICINEAE, 329.
ILLECEBRACEAE, 192.
Illecebrum, 193.
Illigera, 211.
Ilysanthes, 493.
Imbricaria, 421.
Imhofia, 137.
Impatiens, 343, pl. 87.
Imperata, 86.
Imperatoria, 409.
Indigofera, 270, 272, 273, 275, 278, 280, 282, 285, 288.
Indigofera, 262.
Indokingia, 401.
Intsia, 255.
Intsia, 255.
Inula, 560.
Iocaste, 580.
Iodes, 333.
Ionidium, 367.
Ionopsidium, 228.
Iphigenia, 128.
Iphiona, 560.
Iphiona, 560.
Ipomoea, 462.
Ipomoea, 461, 462.
Iresine, 183.
IRIDACEAE, 5, 140, pl. 22.
Iris, 145.
Irvingella, 609.
Irvingia, 301, pl. 74.
Irvingia, 301.
Isachne, 82, 98.
Isatis, 222, 226.
Ischaemum, 86.
Ischnolepis, 444.
Ischnurus, 89.
Iseilema, 87.
Ismelia, 565.
Isnardia, 398.
Isoberlinia, 608.
Isochoriste, 510.
Isoglossa, 513.
Isolepis, 110.
Isolobus, 542.
Isolona, 204.
Isonema, 433.
Isothylax, 231.
Isotoma, 542.
Ixanthus, 430.
Ixia, 142.
Ixianthes, 491.
Ixora, 520.

Jacaratia, 377.
Jacquemontia, 461, pl. 131.
Jaeggia, 376.
Jagera, 340.
Jambosa, 392.
Jamesbrittenia, 493.
Jardinea, 85.
Jasione, 543.
JASMINEAE, 425.
Jasminum, 426.
Jasonia, 560.
Jatropha, 316.
Jatrorrhiza, 200.
Jaumea, 584.
Jaundea, 244.
Jollydora, 243.
JUGLANDACEAE, 15, 43, 162.
Juglans, 162.
JUNCACEAE, 3, 124, pl. 17.
JUNCAGINACEAE, 75.
Juncago, 75.
Juncellus, 109.
Juncus, 124.
Juniperus, 71.
Junodia, 319, 608, 611.
Jurinea, 552.
Jussieua, 398, pl. 116.
Justenia, 529.
Justicia, 512, pl. 142.
Justicia, 512, 513.

Kaempfera, 146.
Kalaharia, 470.
Kalanchoë 233, pl. 59.
Kalanchoe, 233.
Kalbfussia, 546.
Kalidium, 180.
Kaliphora, 414.
Kanahia, 450.
Karlea, 343.
Katafa, 609.
Kedrostis, 538.
Keitia, 144.
Kelleronia, 294.
Kentrophyllum, 550.
Kentrosphaera, 186.
Keramanthus, 376.
Keraudrenia, 355.
Kernera, 227.
Kerneria, 581.
Kerstingia, 517.
Kerstingiella, 279.
Khaya, 303.
Kibera, 224.
Kickxia, 435.
Kigelia, 497, pl. 137.
Kigelianthe, 496.
Kigelkeia, 497.
Kiggelaria, 369.
Kirkia, 300.
Kissenia, 377.
Kitchingia, 233.
Klaineanthus, 611.
Klainedoxa, 301.
Klattia, 143.
Kleinhofia, 356.
Kleinia, 576.
Knautia, 535.
Kniphofia, 133.
Knowltonia, 198.
Kochia, 182.
Kochia, 182.
Koeleria, 97, 103, 104.
Koelpinia, 548.
Kolobopetalum, 201, 202.
Kompitsia, 443.
Koniga, 219.
Korthalsella, 175.
Kosteletzkya, 352.
Kotschya, 269.
Kralikia, 90.
Kralikiella, 90.
Kraussia, 527.
Krebsia, 449.
Kremeria, 224.
Krubera, 408.
Kundmannia, 411.
Kyllinga, 109, pl. 9.

LABIATAE, 60, 63, 470, pl. 134.
Lablab, 278.
Labourdonnesia, 421.
Labramia, 421.
Laccodiscus, 340.
Laccosperma, 112.
Lachanodes, 576.
Lachenalia, 127.
Lachnaea, 382, pl. 109.
Lachnocapsa, 218.
Lachnospermum, 553, 563.
Lachnostylis, 320.
Lactuca, 546.
Lafuentea, 488.
Lagarinthus, 451.
Lagarosiphon, 78.
Lagenaria, 539.
Lagenias, 430.
Lagenocarpus, 416.
Lagenophora, 565.
Laggera, 568.
Lagoecia, 403.
Lagoseris, 546.
Lagunaea, 352.
Laguncularia, 389.
Lagurus, 96.
Lamarckia, 95.
Lamellisepalum, 343.
Lamium, 478.
Lamprocaulos, 120.
Lamprothamnus, 517.
Lampsana, 548.
Lanaria, 139.
Landolphia, 436.
Landolphia, 436.
Landtia, 548.
Lankesteria, 505.
Lannea, 329, pl. 81.
Lanneoma, 329.
Lantana, 468.
Lapeyrousia, 141, pl. 22.
Lapiedra, 137.
Laportea, 169.
Lappa, 551.
Lappula, 466.
Lapsana, 548.
Lasianthera, 335.
Lasianthus, 524.
Lasiochloa, 104.
Lasiochloa, 103.
Lasiocladus, 511.
Lasiocoma, 564.
Lasiocorys, 478.
Lasiodiscus, 345.
Lasiopogon, 562.
Lasiosiphon, 381.
Lasiospermum, 577.
Lasiostelma, 457.
Lasiostelma, 457.
Latania, 111.
Lathriogyne, 263.
Lathyrus, 259, 261, 269, 271, 273, 285.
Latipes, 84.
Launaea, 547.
LAURACEAE, 10, 15, 209, pl. 51.
LAURACEAE, 211.
Laurembergia, 399, pl. 117.
Laurentia, 542.
Lauridia, 331.
Laurophyllus, 327.
Laurus, 209.
Lautembergia, 314.
Lavalleopsis, 174.
Lavandula, 472.
Lavatera, 352.
Lavigeria, 334.
Lawsonia, 385.
Lebeckia, 264, 265.
Lecaniodiscus, 338.
Lecanthus, 169.
Lecontea, 523.
LECYTHIDACEAE, 18, 48, 49, 68, 386, pl. 111.
Ledermanniella, 231.
Leea, 346.
Leersia, 80.
Lefeburia, 409.
Legendrea, 461.
LEGUMINOSAE, 11, 18, 19 20, 21, 23, 52, 245, pl. 67.
Leidesia, 315.
Leiocarpodicraea, 231.
Leiochilus, 520.
Leioclusia, 363.
Leiophaca, 612.
Leioptyx, 303.
Leiothylax, 231.
Leiphaimos, 429.
Lemna, 119.
Lemna, 119.
LEMNACEAE, 2, 119.
Lemurorchis, 159, 607.
Lens, 269, 285.
LENTIBULARIACEAE, 52, 501, pl. 141.
Leocus, 475.
Leonotis, 477.
Leontice, 199.
Leontodon, 546.
Leontodon, 547.
Leontonyx, 563.
Leonurus, 478.
Lepervenchea, 158.
Lepidagathis, 508.
Lepidium, 226.
Lepidobotrys, 292.
Lepidopironia, 92.
Lepidostephium, 579.
Lepidoturus, 314.
Lepigonum, 194.
Lepironia, 107.
Lepistemon, 461.
Lepistemonopsis, 461.
Leptactinia, 527, 529.
Leptadenia, 456.
Leptaleum, 217.
Leptaspis, 80.
Leptaulus, 335.
Lepterica, 416.
Leptocarpus, 120.
Leptocarydium, 93.
Leptochlaena, 347, pl. 90.
Leptochloa, 92, 93.
Leptochloa, 93.
Leptocodon, 543.
Leptoderris, 286, 609.
Leptodesmia, 272, 278.
Leptolaena, 347.
Leptonemea, 324.
Leptonychia, 356.
Leptopaetia, 443.
Leptothamnus, 571.
Lepturella, 607.
Lepturus, 90.
Lerchia, 179.
Lereschia, 412.
Lessertia, 285, 287.
Lestibudesia, 186.
Leucadendron, 171.
Leucadendron, 171.
Leucaena, 245.
Leucanthemum, 566.
Leucas, 478.
Leucobarleria, 507.
Leucoium, 137.
Leucomphalus, 257.
Leucophae, 477.
Leucophrys, 82.
Leucosalpa, 487.
Leucosidea, 240.
Leucospermum, 171, pl. 33.
Leucosphaera, 185.
Leurocline, 464.
Leuzea, 550.
Leycesteria, 533.
Leyssera, 555, 561.
Libanotis, 410.
Lichtensteinia, 411.
Lichtensteinia, 413.
Lidbeckia, 580.
Liebrechtsia, 278.
Lifago, 612.
Lightfootia, 544, pl. 149.
Ligusticum, 409.
Ligustrum, 426.
LILIACEAE, 4, 125, pl. 18.
Lilium, 129.
Limacia, 201.
Limaciopsis, 203.
Limeum, 188.
Limnanthemum, 429.
Limnophila, 494.
Limnophyton, 76, pl. 6.
Limodorum, 154.
Limonia, 298.
Limoniastrum, 420.
Limonium, 421.
Limosella, 494.
LINACEAE, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 291, pl. 70.
LINACEAE, 292.
Linaria, 490.
Linaria, 490, 491.
Linariopsis, 498.
Linconia, 237.
Lindackeria, 369.
Lindauea, 508.
Lindenbergia, 494.
Lindernia, 494.
Lingelsheimia, 323.
Linnaeopsis, 501.
Linociera, 426.
Linosyris, 567.
Lintonia, 607.
Linum, 291.
Linum, 291.
Liparia, 263, 271.
Liparis, 156.
Liparis, 156.
Lipocarpha, 108.
Lipotriche, 583.
Lippia, 468.
Liraya, 502.
Lissochilus, 157.
Listia, 265.
Listrostachys, 159, pl. 26.
Litanthus, 127.
Litchi, 338.
Lithospermum, 465.
Litogyne, 558.
Litorella, 516.
Litsea, 210.
Littonia, 130.
Lloydia, 129.
LOASACEAE, 46, 48, 377.
Lobelia, 542.
Lobelia, 542.
LOBELIACEAE, 541.
Lobostemon, 464.
Lobostemon, 464.
Lobostephanus, 450.
Lobularia, 219.
Lochia, 193.
Lochnera, 440.
Loddigesia, 267, 274.
Lodoicea, 111.
Loeflingia, 194.
Loesenera, 253.
Loewia, 374.
LOGANIACEAE, 53, 56, 57, 58, 62, 427, pl. 127.
Logfia, 556.
Lolium, 90.
Lomatophyllum, 133.
Lonas, 577.
Lonchocarpus, 280, 287.
Lonchophora, 216.
Lonchostoma, 237.
Lonicera, 533.
Lophacme, 102.
Lophiocarpus, 76, 188.
Lophira, 359.
Lopholaena, 575.
Lophospermum, 493.
Lophostephus, 457.
Lophostylis, 308.
Lophotocarpus, 76.
Lopriorea, 608.
LORANTHACEAE, 15, 16, 43, 64, 175, pl. 34.
Loranthus, 175, pl. 34.
Lortia, 310.
Lotea, 260.
Lotononis, 264, 265.
Lotononis, 609.
Lotus, 260.
Lotus, 260.
Lovoa, 303.
Loxostylis, 327.
Lubinia, 419.
Ludia, 373.
Ludovicia, 262.
Ludwigia, 398.
Luffa, 541.
Lugoa, 577.
Lumnitzera, 389.
Lupinus, 266.
Lupsia, 551.
Luteola, 229.
Luzula, 124.
Lyallia, 193.
Lychnis, 196.
Lychnodiscus, 339.
Lycium, 482.
Lycopersicum, 483.
Lycopus, 480.
Lygeum, 79, 98.
Lyperia 493.
Lysimachia 419.
Lytanthus 502.
LYTHRACEAE 11, 14, 22, 36, 37, 39, 383, pl. 110.
LYTHRACEAE 380, 385, 386.
Lythrum 384.

Maba 424, pl. 125.
Macaranga 312, 316.
Macarisia 388.
Machadoa 375.
Mackaya 509.
Mackenia 451.
Maclura 165.
Macnabia 417.
Macowania 556.
Macphersonia 340.
Macrocalyx 352.
Macrochaetium 107.
Macrochloa 95.
Macrolobium 253, 255, 256.
Macrolotus 264.
Macropelma 442.
Macropetalum 453.
Macroplectrum 158.
Macroplectrum 159.
Macropodandra 324.
Macrorhamnus 344.
Macrorungia 513, 514.
Macrosphyra 526.
Macrostylis 297.
Maerua 214.
Maesa 418, pl. 121.
Maesobotrya 322, 611.
Maesobotrya 322.
Maesopsis 343, 344.
Maesosphaerum 474.
Mafekingia 443.
Magnistipula 243.
Magydaris 407.
Mahernia 356.
Mahya 475.
Maillardia 165.
Mairia 566, 573.
Majidea 341.
Majorana 480.
Makokoa 381.
Malabaila 408.
Malacantha 422.
Malache 351.
Malachra 351.
Malcolmia 217.
Malcolmia 217.
Mallotus 315.
Malope 351.
Malouetia 433.
MALPIGHIACEAE 27, 28, 29, 306, pl. 77.
Maltebrunia 80.
Malus 240.
Malva 351.
MALVACEAE 26, 29, 33, 34, 38, 40, 60, 62, 63, 350, pl. 92.
MALVACEAE 353.
Malvastrum 351.
Mamboga 530.
Mammea 362.
Mandragora 482.
Mangifera 326.
Mangifera 326.
Manihot 318.
Manisuris 85.
Mannia 300.
Mannia 609.
Manniella 155.
Manniophyton 311, 609.
Manotes 244.
Manotes 608.
Manulea 493.
Mapania 107.
Mappa 312.
Maprounea 317.
Maranta 148.
MARANTACEAE 5, 148, pl. 25.
Marantochloa 149.
Marasmodes 579.
Marcellia 185.
Marcellia 185, 186.
Maresia 217.
Mareya 313.
Margaretta 450.
Margotia 404.
Marica 144.
Marignia 302.
Mariscus 109.
Markhamia 496.
Marlea 389.
Marlothia 345.
Marlothiella 612.
Marquesia 371.
Marrubium 477.
Marsdenia 454.
Marsdenia 453.
Marsea 572.
Martretia 318.
Martynia 500.
MARTYNIACEAE 53, 500.
Mascarenhasia 435.
Maschalocephalus 121.
Massonia 126.
Mathurina 373.
Matricaria 578, 580.
Matthiola 216.
Mattia 467.
Mauloutchia 207.
Maurandia 493.
Maurocenia 331.
Maximilianea 366.
Mayaca 120.
MAYACACEAE 4, 120.
Mayepea 426.
Mechowia 184.
Mecomischus 577.
Medemia 111.
Medicago 283.
Medinilla 396.
Medusagyne 360.
Megabaria 320.
Megalochlamys 514.
Megalopus 524.
Megastoma 466.
Meibomia 271.
Meiocarpidium 206.
Melandryum 196.
Melanocenchris 92.
Melanodendron 574.
Melanodiscus 337.
Melanoloma 550.
Melanophylla 414.
Melanoselinum 404.
Melanosinapis 221.
Melanosticta 250.
Melanthera 583.
Melanthesiopsis 324.
Melasma 486.
Melasphaerula 142.
Melastoma 394.
MELASTOMATACEAE 37, 44, 48, 392, pl. 115.
MELASTOMATACEAE 380.
Melhania 357.
Melia 305.
Melia 304.
MELIACEAE 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 54, 61, 302, pl. 76.
MELIANTHACEAE 26, 35,
37, 342, pl. 86.
Melianthus 342.
Melica 97, 103.
Melicocca 342.
Melicope 296.
Melilotus 283.
Melinis 82.
Melissa, 479.
Melissea, 483.
Melittacanthus, 513.
Mellera, 504.
Melocanna, 88.
Melochia, 356.
Melolobium, 264.
Melothria, 537.
Memecylon, 393.
Menabea, 451.
Mendoncia, 502.
Meniocus, 218.
MENISPERMACEAE, 14, 19, 41, 50, 199, pl. 47.
Menodora, 425.
Mentha, 480.
Merciera, 543.
Mercurialis, 315.
Merendera, 125.
Meriandra, 475.
Meridiana, 549.
Meringurus, 90.
Merremia, 461.
Merremia, 461.
Mesanthemum, 121, pl. 15.
MESEMBRIACEAE, 188.
Mesembrianthemum., 190.
Mesogramma, 576.
Mesogyne, 165.
Mespilodaphne, 210.
Mespilus, 240.
Messerchmiedia, 463.
Metalasia, 563.
Methyscophyllum, 330.
Metrosideros, 391.
Metroxylon, 111.
Metzleria, 542.
Meum, 409.
Mezierea, 378.
Mezoneurum, 251.
Mibora, 94.
Micractis, 582.
Micranthus, 141.
Micranthus, 505.
Micrargeria, 486.
Micraster, 457.
Microbambus, 89.
Microcala, 431.
Microcalamus, 88.
Microcharis, 271.
Microchloa, 91.
Micrococca, 315.
Microcodon, 542.
Microderis, 546.
Microdesmis, 317.
Microdon, 489.
Microdracoides, 106.
Microglossa, 571.
Microlecane, 581.
Microloma, 445.
Microlonchus, 550.
Micromeria, 479.
Micronychia, 327.
Micropus, 555.
Microrhynchus, 547.
Microsteira, 307.
Microstephanus, 446.
Microstephium, 548.
Microstylis, 156.
Microtea, 188.
Microtrichia, 571.
Miersiophyton, 202.
Mikania, 571.
Mildbraedia, 317.
Mildbraedia, 610.
Mildbraediodendron, 608.
Milium, 95.
Milla, 125.
Millettia, 287, 288, 289.
Millina, 546.
Mimetes, 171.
Mimosa, 245.
MIMOSACEAE, 245.
Mimulopsis, 506.
Mimulus, 494.
Mimusops, 421, pl. 124.
Minuartia, 195.
Minurothamnus, 560.
Mirabilis, 187.
Mitolepis, 444.
Mitracarpus, 522.
Mitragyne, 530.
Mitratheca, 533.
Mitriostigma, 528.
Mniothamnea, 237.
Mocquerysia, 370.
Modecca, 376.
Modiola, 352.
Moehringia, 195.
Moenchia, 195.
Moghania, 274.
Mohlana, 187.
Molinaea, 340.
Molinera, 98.
Molinia, 103.
Mollera, 559.
Mollinedia, 209.
Mollugo, 189.
Moluccella, 478.
Momordica, 537, 540, pl. 148.
Monachochlamys, 503.
Monachyron, 82.
Monadenia, 151.
Monadenium, 310.
Monadenium, 310.
Monanthes, 232.
Monanthotaxis, 205.
Monarrhenus, 557, 559.
Monechma, 512.
Monelytrum, 84.
Monenteles, 555.
Monerma, 89.
Monetia, 332.
Moniera, 494.
Monimia, 209.
MONIMIACEAE, 10, 14, 208, pl. 50.
Monixus, 158.
Monizia, 404.
Monochilus, 155.
Monochoria, 124.
Monodora, 203.
Monodora, 204.
Monopetalanthus, 252.
Monoporus, 418.
Monopsis, 542.
Monoptera, 566.
Monotes, 363.
Monothecium, 511.
Monotris, 153.
Monsonia, 290, pl. 68.
Monsonia, 290.
Montbretia, 142.
Montia, 191.
Montinia, 234.
MORACEAE, 7, 8, 10, 15, 164, pl. 31.
Moraea, 144.
Morelia, 529.
Morettia, 217.
Moricandia, 221, 222, 223.
Morinda, 520.
Moringa, 229.
MORINGACAE, 23, 229.
Morphixia, 142.
Morus, 166.
Moschosma, 473.
Moschosma, 612.
Mostuea, 428.
Mostuea, 428.
Motandra, 435.
Msuata, 569.
Mucizonia, 233.
Mucuna, 268.
Mukia, 537.
Mundia, 309.
Mundtia, 309.
Mundulea 261.
Muraltia, 308.
Muricaria, 224.
Murraya, 299.
Musa, 145.
MUSACEAE, 6, 145, pl. 23.
Musanga, 166.
Muscari, 127.
Mussaenda, 530, 532.
Musschia, 542.
Myagrum, 225.
Myaris, 299.
Myconia, 566.
Myonima, 520.
MYOPORACEAE, 56, 57, 60, 515.
Myoporum, 515.
Myosotis, 465.
Myosurandra, 236.
Myosurus, 198.
Myrianthemum, 396.
Myrianthus, 166.
Myrica, 162, pl. 29.
MYRICACEAE, 7, 8, 162, pl. 29.
Myricaria, 364.
Myriogyne, 579.
Myriophyllum, 399.
Myristica, 207.
Myristica, 208.
MYRISTICACEAE, 10, 206, pl. 49.
Myrosma, 148.
MYROTHAMNACEAE, 8, 236.
Myrothamnus, 236.
MYRSINACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 417, pl. 121.
Myrsine, 418.
Myrsine, 418.
Myrsiphyllum, 129.
Myrstiphyllum, 525.
MYRTACEAE, 36, 37, 46, 48, 49, 68, 391, pl. 114.
MYRTACEAE, 386.
Myrtus, 392.
Mystacidium, 159.
Mystacidium, 159.
Mystropetalon, 176.
Mystroxylon, 331.

Nageia, 70.
NAIADACEAE, 2, 3, 75.
NAIADACEAE, 73, 75.
Naias, 75.
Nanolirion, 131.
Nanostelma, 448.
Napoleona, 386.
Narcissus, 136.
Nardurus, 93.
Nardus, 89.
Naregamia, 304.
Nasturtiopsis, 224.
Nasturtium, 223, 227.
Nastus, 89.
Natalia, 342.
Nathusia, 426.
Nauclea, 525.
Nauclea, 530.
Navaea, 352.
Nazia, 84.
Nebelia, 608.
Necepsia, 314.
Nectaropetalum, 292.
Nectaropetalum, 300.
Negria, 607.
Nelanaregam, 304.
Nelsia, 608.
Nelsonia, 503.
Nematostylis, 516.
Nemesia, 491.
Nemia, 493.
Nenax, 522.
Neobaronia, 270.
Neobenthamia, 156.
Neobolusia, 153.
Neoboutonia, 314.
Neocentema, 608.
Neochevaliera, 320, 611.
Neodregea, 607.
Neodypsis, 114.
Neogoetzea, 319.
Neojatropha, 316.
Neoluederitzia, 294.
Neomanmophyton, 610.
Neomuellera, 475.
Neophloga, 114.
Neopycnocoma, 315.
Neorautanenia, 279.
Neoschimpera, 523.
Neoschumannia, 456.
Neotinea, 152.
NEPENTHACEAE, 13, 229.
Nepenthes, 230.
Nepeta, 476.
Nephelium, 338.
Nephelium, 338, 339.
Nephrophyllum, 458.
Nephrosperma, 113.
Nephthytis, 117.
Neptunia, 246.
Nerine, 137.
Nerium, 434.
Nerophila, 394.
Nertera, 522.
Nervilia, 155.
Nesaea, 385, pl. 110.
Nesiota, 345.
Neslia, 218.
Nesodaphne, 210.
Nesogenes, 469.
Nesogordonia, 360.
Nestlera, 561.
Neumannia, 373.
Neuracanthus, 507.
Neurada, 239.
Neurocarpaea, 532.
Neuropeltis, 459.
Neurotheca, 431.
Newbouldia, 496.
Newtonia, 246.
Newtonia, 568.
Neyraudia, 101.
Nicandra, 481.
Nicodemia, 428.
Nicolaia, 147.
Nicolasia, 559.
Nicoteba, 513.
Nicotiana, 482.
Nidorella, 572.
Niebuhria, 214.
Niedenzua, 313.
Nigella, 199.
Nirarathamnus, 411.
Nitraria, 293.
Nivenia, 143.
Nivenia, 171.
Noaea, 180.
Nolletia, 571.
Noltia, 344.
Nomaphila, 504.
Nonnea, 465.
Nopalea, 379.
Normania, 483.
Noronhia, 426.
Northea, 421.
Notelaea, 426.
Nothosaerua, 184.
Nothoscordum, 125.
Nothospondias, 329.
Notobasis, 551.
Notobuxus, 324.
Notobuxus, 611.
Notoceras, 216.
Notonia, 576.
Notosceptrum, 132.
Nucularia, 180.
Nuphar, 197.
Nuxia, 427, pl. 127.
NYCTAGINACEAE, 9, 10, 50, 186, pl. 42.
Nymania, 305.
Nymphaea, 197.
Nymphaea, 197.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 14, 38, 39, 40, 49, 197.

Oberonia, 156.
Obetia, 169.
Obione, 181.
Ochna, 359, pl. 97.
OCHNACEAE, 22, 24, 28, 40, 359, pl. 97.
Ochocoa, 207.
Ochradenus, 229.
Ochrocarpus, 362.
Ochronerium, 435.
Ochrosia, 437.
Ochthocosmus, 292.
Ochthodium, 226.
Ocimum, 473.
Ocimum, 472, 473.
Ocotea, 210, pl. 51.
Ocotea, 210.
Octodon, 522.
Octoknema, 175.
OCTOKNEMATACEAE, 16, 175.
Octolepis, 381.
Octolobus, 354.
Odina, 329.
Odontelytrum, 81.
Odontites, 484.
Odontospermum, 554.
Odyendea, 300.
Oedera, 577.
Oenanthe, 410.
Oenothera, 399.
Oenothera, 398, 399.
OENOTHERACEAE, 18, 45, 46, 48, 397, pl. 116.
Oeonia, 159.
Oftia, 515.
OLACACEAE, 11, 21, 22, 29, 44, 47, 52, 66, 173, pl. 37.
OLACACEAE, 173, 175, 333, 357.
Olax, 174, pl. 37.
Oldenburgia, 553.
Oldenlandia, 533.
Oldenlandia, 533.
Oldfieldia, 321.

Olea, 427.
OLEACEAE, 8, 13, 30, 55, 56, 58, 425, pl. 126.
Oligocarpus, 557, 563.
Oligodora, 578.
Oligogynium, 117.
Oligomeris, 229, pl. 55.
Oligostemon, 251.
Oligothrix, 575.
Olinia, 380.
OLINIACEAE, 47, 380.
Olyra, 80.
Ommatodium, 150.
Omphalea, 317.
Omphalocarpum, 423.
Omphalodes, 466.
Omphalogonus, 444.
Omphalopappus, 569, 583.
Onagra, 399.
ONAGRACEAE, 397.
Oncinema, 451.
Oncinotis, 434.
Oncoba, 369.
Oncoba, 369.
Oncocalamus, 112.
Oncostemma, 452.
Oncostemon, 418.
Ondetia, 554.
Ongokea, 174.
Onobrychis, 285.
Ononis, 259, 266, 268, 271, 281.
Onopordon, 551.
Onosma, 465.
Operculina, 461.
Ophiobotrys, 372.
Ophiocaulon, 376.
Ophiurus, 85.
Ophrys, 152.
Opilia, 173, pl. 36.
OPILIACEAE, 20, 173, pl. 36.
Oplismenus, 82.
Opuntia, 379.
Opuntia, 379.
ORCHIDACEAE, 5, 150, pl. 26.
Orchipeda, 439.
Orchis, 152.
Orchis, 152.
Oreacanthus, 511.
Oreobambus, 89.
Oreobliton, 182.
Oreodaphne, 210.
Oreograstis, 109.
Oreosyce, 536.
Orestia, 156.
Orfilea, 314.
Oricia, 298.
Origanum, 480.
Origanum, 480.
Orlaya, 404.
Ormenis, 577.
Ormocarpum, 273, 281, 286.
Ormosia, 257.
Ornithogalum, 127.
Ornithoglossum, 128.
Ornithopus, 262.
OROBANCHACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 139.
Orobanche, 500.
Orobus, 259.
Oropetium, 89.
Orothamnus, 171.
Orphium, 432.
Ortegia, 194.
Orthanthera, 455.
Orthochilus, 157.
Orthogoneuron, 396.
Orthogynium, 201.
Orthopenthea, 607.
Orthosiphon, 473.
Orthosiphon, 473.
Orygia, 189.
Oryza, 80.
Oryzopsis, 95.
Osbeckia, 395.
Osbeckia, 394.
Osmites, 555.
Osmitopsis, 555.
Osteospermum, 557, 563.
Osterdamia, 84.
Ostryocarpus, 288.
Ostryoderris, 609.
Osyridicarpus, 172.
Osyris, 172, pl. 35.
Othonna, 568.
Othonnopsis, 568.
Otiophora, 523.
Otocarpus, 224.
Otochlamys, 579.
Otomeria, 532.
Otoptera, 277.
Otospermum, 578.
Otostegia, 479.
Ottelia, 78, pl. 7.
Oubangia, 358.
Oudneya, 222.
Ouratea, 359.
Ouret, 184.
Ourouparia, 525.
Ouvirandra, 75.
OXALIDACEAE, 29, 34, 39, 60, 62, 63, 290, pl. 69.
Oxalis, 291.
Oxalis, 291.
Oxyanthus, 528.
Oxygonum, 178, pl. 39.
Oxygyne, 150.
Oxymitra, 204, 206.
Oxystelma, 446, 451.
Oxystigma, 252.
Oxytenanthera, 88.

Pachira, 353.
Pachites, 151.
Pachycarpus, 449.
Pachylobus, 302, pl. 75.
Pachylobus, 302.
Pachypodanthium, 206.
Pachypodium, 433.
Pachyrhynchus, 563.
Pachyrrhizus, 277.
Pachystela, 422.
Pachystigma, 518.
Pachystoma, 157.
Pachytrophe, 166.
Pacourea, 436.
Paederia, 523.
Paeonia, 198.
Paepalanthus, 121.
Paepalanthus, 121.
Paivaeusa, 321.
Palaquium, 423.
Palisota, 122.
Palissya, 315.
Paliurus, 344.
Pallenis, 554.
PALMAE, 3, 4, 110, pl. 10. 11.
Palmstruckia, 220.
Panax, 401.
Pancovia, 337.
Pancratium, 136.
Panda, 289.
PANDACEAE, 27, 289.
PANDANACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 3.
Pandanus, 73, pl. 3.
Pandiaka, 184.
Pandorea, 496.
Panicum, 82.
Panicum, 82.
Papaver, 213.
PAPAVERACEAE, 19, 21, 24, 211, pl. 52.
Papaya, 377.
PAPAYACEAE, 377.
PAPILIONACEAE, 245.
Pappea, 338.
Pappea, 408.
Pappophorum, 96, 100.
Paracaryum, 467.
Paracephaëlis, 525.
Paracolea, 497.
Paradaniella, 608.
Paradenocline, 315.
Paragenipa, 528.
Paragophyton, 518.
Paranomus, 171.
Parapodium, 447.
Parapodium, 447.
Parasia, 430.
Parastranthus, 542.
Parasystasia, 510.
Parentucellia, 484.
Parietaria, 168.
Parinari, 243.
Parinarium, 243, pl. 65.
Paritium, 352.
Parkia, 245.
Parkia, 247.
Parkinsonia, 249.
Parochetus, 262, 275.
Parolinia, 216.
Paronychia, 193.
PARONYCHIEAE, 192.
Paropsia, 370.
Paropsia, 370.
Paropsiopsis, 370.
Parquetina, 442.
Parthenium, 564.
Pasaccardoa, 552.
Paschanthus, 376.
Paspalum, 82.
Passerina, 383.
Passiflora, 375.
PASSIFLORACEAE, 12, 23, 26, 374, pl. 106.
PASSIFLORACEAE, 376, 377.
Pastinaca, 408.
Pastorea, 228.
Pattara, 418.
Paullinia, 336.
Paulowilhelmia, 504.
Paulowilhelmia, 506.
Pauridia, 135.
Pauridiantha, 529.
Pausynistalia, 531.
Pavetta, 520, pl. 144.
Pavonia, 351, pl. 92.
Paxia, 244.
Paxiodendron, 208.
Payena, 423.
Payera, 530.
Pearsonia, 609.
Pechuel-Loeschea, 559.
Pectinaria, 454.
Pectinaria, 159.
PEDALIACEAE, 51, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 498, pl. 138.
PEDALIACEAE, 500.
Pedaliophytum, 499.
Pedalium, 499.
Pedalium, 499.
Peddiea, 381.
Pedicellaria, 215.
Pedicularis, 484.
Pedilanthus, 310.
Pedrosia, 260.
Peganum, 294.
Peglera, 300.
Pegolettia, 552, 560.
Peireskia, 378.
Pelargonium, 290.
Pelea, 296.
Peliostomum, 489.
Pelletiera, 419.
Peltophorum, 250.
Peltophorum, 250.
Pemphis, 385.
Penaea, 380.
PENAEACEAE, 14, 379, pl. 108.
PENAEACEAE, 379.
Penianthus, 201, 202.
Penicillaria, 81.
Pennisetum, 81.
Pentabrachium, 320.
Pentacarpaea, 531.
Pentaclethra, 245.
Pentadesma, 362.
Pentadiplandra, 349.
Pentagonia, 481.
Pentaloncha, 530.
Pentameris, 99.
Pentanisia, 518.
Pentanopsis, 533.
Pentapera, 417.
Pentarrhinum, 448.
Pentas, 532.
Pentaschistis, 99.
Pentasticha, 109.
Pentatrichia, 560.
Pentatropis, 448.
Penthea, 151.
Pentheriella, 572.
Pentodon, 533.
Pentopetia, 445.
Pentopetia, 444.
Pentopetiopsis, 444.
Pentzia, 578.
Peperomia, 161.
Peplidium, 493.
Peplis, 384.
Peponia, 539.
Peponium, 539.
Perdicium, 552.
Pergularia, 448, 453.
Perianthostelma, 448.
Periblema, 507.
Perichasma, 200.
Perichlaena, 496.
Perideraea, 577.
Periestes, 511.
Periglossum, 451.
Perinerion, 435.
Peripeplus, 524.
Periploca, 442, 443.
PERIPLOCACEAE, 442.
Peristrophe, 514.
Peristylus, 151.
Perithrix, 443.
Perotis, 84.
Perotriche, 562.
Perralderia, 560.
Perriera, 300.
Persea, 211.
Persea, 211.
Persica, 242.
Pervillaea, 453.
Petalacte, 556.
Petalactella, 556.
Petalidium, 505.
Petalidium, 505.
Petalodiscus, 320.
Petalonema, 396.
Petasites, 567.
Petersia, 387.
Petrobium, 564.
Petrophyes, 232.
Petroselinum, 413.
Petroselinum, 414.
Peucedanum, 409.
Peucedanum, 408, 409, 612.
Peyrousea, 578.
Phaca, 270.
Phaenocoma, 557.
Phaenohoffmannia, 265, 274.
Phaeocephalus, 584.
Phaeomeria, 147.
Phaeoneuron, 396.
Phaeopappus, 550.
Phaeoptilon, 187.
Phagnalon, 562, 575, 583.
Phaius, 157.
Phalangium, 132.
Phalaris, 94.
Pharbitis, 462.
Pharnaceum, 189.
Phaseolus, 277.
Phaulopsis, 505.
Phaylopsis, 505.
Phelipaea, 500.
Phellolophium, 410.
Phenax, 169
Phialodiscus, 338.
Philippia, 417, pl. 120.
Phillipsia, 506.
Phillyrea, 426.
Philoxerus, 183.
Philyrophyllum, 554.
Phleum, 95.
Phloga, 114.
Phlogella, 114.
Phlomis, 478.
Phoberos, 371.
Phoebe, 211.
Phoenicophorium, 113.
Phoenix, 110.
Phormium, 134.
Phornothamnus, 396.
Photinia, 240.
Phragmites, 101.
Phrynium, 149.
Phrynium, 148.
Phycagrostis, 74.
Phygelius, 492.
Phylica, 345.
Phyllactinia, 552.
Phyllanthus, 323, pl. 80.
Phyllarthron, 497.
Phyllis, 523.
Phyllobotryum, 370.
Phylloclinium, 370.
Phyllocomos, 120.
Phyllocosmus, 292.
Phylloctenium, 497.
Phyllodes, 148.
Phyllopodium, 493.
Phyllorhachis, 80.
Phyllosma, 297.
Phylloxylon, 270.
Phymaspermum, 580.
Physacanthus, 506.
Physalis, 483.
Physaloides, 483.
Physanthyllis, 260.
Physedra, 539.
Physena, 372.
Physocaulis, 406.
Physospermum , 407.
Physostigma, 277.
Physotrichia, 410.
Phytolacca, 188.
PHYTOLACCACEAE, 9, 12, 14, 187.
Piaranthus, 454.
Picconia, 426.
Picnomon, 551.
Picralima, 437.
Picralima, 440.
Picridium, 547.
Picris, 546.
Pierreodendron, 300.
Pierrina, 358.
Pilea, 169.
Pilogyne, 537.
Pilostyles, 177.
Pimenta, 392.
Pimpinella, 412.
PINACEAE, 1, 10, pl. 2.
Pinardia, 566.
Pinus, 71.
Piper, 161, pl. 27.
Piper, 161.
PIPERACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 27.br />

Piptadenia, 247.
Piptatherum, 95.
Piptolaena, 439.
Piptostigma, 204.
Pipturus, 170.
Pircunia, 188.
Piriqueta, 374.
Pirus, 240.
Pisonia, 186, pl. 42.
Pisosperma, 537.
Pistacia, 326.
Pistaciopsis, 337.
Pistia, 115.
Pistorinia, 233.
Pisum, 261, 269.
Pithecolobium, 248.
PITTOSPORACEAE, 24, 53, 235, pl. 61.
Pittosporum, 235, pl. 61.
Pituranthos, 413.
Placodiscus, 338.
Placopoda, 532.
Placus, 557.
Pladaroxylon, 576.
Plagioscyphus, 337.
Plagiosiphon, 253, 256.
Plagiostyles, 321, 610.
Plagius, 566.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 515, pl. 143.
Plantago, 516, pl. 143.
PLATANACEAE, 41, 64, 238.
Platanthera, 153.
Platanthera, 151, 153.
Platanus, 238.
Platostoma, 473.
Platycalyx, 416.
Platycapnos, 212.
Platycarpha, 549.
Platycelephium, 259.
Platycoryne, 152.
Platykeleba, 447.
Platylepis, 155.
Platylophus, 235.
Platymitium, 332.
Platysepalum, 288.
Platytinospora, 201.
Plecospermum, 165.
Plectaneia, 440.
Plectranthus, 474, 475, pl. 134.
Plectranthus, 474, 475.
Plectronia, 519.
Pleiocarpa, 438.
Pleioceras, 433.
Pleiomeris, 418.
Pleiospora, 265.
Pleiostemon, 323.
Pleiotaxis, 553.
Pleuroblepharis, 509.
Pleurocoffea, 520.
Pleuropterantha, 183.
Pleurostelma, 448.
Pleurostelma, 442.
Pleurostylia, 331.
Plinthus, 189.
Plocama, 524.
Plocandra, 432.
Pluchea, 557, 559.
Pluchea, 559.
Plukenetia, 313.
Plukenetia, 610.
PLUMBAGINACEAE, 50, 420, pl. 123.
Plumbago, 420.
Plumeria, 440.
Plumiera, 440.
Poa, 105.
Poa, 105.
Poagrostis, 97.
Podalyria, 257.
Podandria, 152.
Podanthes, 455.
Podocarpus, 70.
Podococcus, 113.
Podogynium, 253.
Podonosma, 465.
Podorungia, 510.
Podospermum, 545.
Podostelma, 446.
Podostemon, 231.
Podostemon, 231.
PODOSTEMONACEAE, 10, 13, 230, pl. 57.
PODOSTEMONACEAE, 232.
Podranea, 496.
Poecilostachys, 94, 104.
Poga, 387.
Poggea, 369.
Poggeophyton, 316.
Pogonarthria, 93.
Pogonia, 155.
Pogonostigma, 272.
Pogostemon, 476.
Poinciana, 250.
Poivrea, 390.
Polanisia, 215, pl. 54.
Polemannia, 410.
Polia, 194.
Pollia, 122.
Pollichia, 193.
Pollichia, 466.
Pollinia, 86.
Polpoda, 188.
Polyadoa, 440.
Polyalthia, 206.
Polycardia, 330.
Polycarena, 492.
Polycarpaea, 194, pl. 45.
Polycarpia, 194.
Polycarpon, 194.
Polycephalium, 333.
Polyceratocarpus, 204.
Polycline, 553.
Polycnemum, 182.
Polygala, 309.
POLYGALACEAE, 19, 28, 51, 55, 59, 308, pl. 78.
POLYGONACEAE, 8, 177, pl. 39.
Polygonum, 179.
Polygonum, 178.
Polypogon, 87.
Polyscias, 401.
Polyspatha, 122.
Polysphaeria, 517.
Polystachya, 156.
Polystachya, 160.
Polystemonanthus, 256.
Polyxena, 127.
POMACEAE, 239.
Pongamia, 287.
PONTEDERIACEAE, 4, 123.
PONTEDERIACEAE, 124.
Popowia, 205.
Populina, 513.
Populus, 161.
Porana, 459.
Porphyranthus, 289.
Porphyrostemma, 559.
Portulaca, 190.
PORTULACACEAE, 18, 22, 35, 44, 52, 65, 190, pl. 44.
PORTULACACEAE, 191.
Portulacaria, 191.
Posidonia, 74.
Poskea, 463.
Potameia, 210.
Potamogeton, 74, pl. 4.
POTAMOGETONACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 4.
Potamophila, 80.
Potentilla, 242.
Poterium, 241.
Poterium, 241.
Pothos, 115.
Pouchetia, 526.
Poupartia, 329.
Pouzolzia, 170.
Prageluria, 453.
Prasium, 471.
Preauxia, 566.
Premna, 470.
Prenanthes, 547.
Preslia, 480.
Pretrea, 499.
Pretreothamnus, 499.
Preussiella, 396.
Prevostea, 460.
Priestleya, 263, 271.
Primula, 420.
PRIMULACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 419, pl. 122.
Pringlea, 220.
Printzia, 559.
Prionachne, 92, 98.
Prionanthium, 92.
Prionium, 124, pl. 17.
Priotropis, 263.
Prismatocarpus, 543.
Priva, 469.
Probletostemon, 528.
Prockiopsis, 368.
Procris, 169.
Prolongea, 566.
Prosopis, 246.
Prosopostelma, 447.
Protarum, 116.
Protea, 171.
PROTEACEAE, 9, 10, 19, 50, 51, 170, pl. 33.
Protium, 302.
Protomegabaria, 611.
Protorhus, 328.
Prunella, 477.
Prunus, 242.
Psamma, 96.
Psammotropha, 189.
Psathura, 524.
Psednotrichia, 572.
Pseudagrostistachys, 610.
Pseudarthria, 280.
Pseuderanthemum, 509.
Pseudobaeckea, 237.
Pseudobarleria, 505.
Pseudoblepharis, 509.
Pseudobromus, 96.
Pseudocadia, 258.
Pseudocalyx, 503.
Pseudocedrela, 303.
Pseudocinchona, 531.
Pseudogaltonia, 128.
Pseudohydrosme, 118.
Pseudolachnostylis, 323.
Pseudoprosopis, 247.
Pseudopteris, 339.
Pseudosopubia, 486.
Pseudospondias, 328.
Pseudotragia, 315, 610.
Psiadia, 567.
Psidium, 392.
Psilanthus, 517.
Psilostachys, 184.
Psilotrichum, 184.
Psiloxylon, 391.
Psilurus, 90.
Psophocarpus, 272, 276.
Psoralea, 262, 263, 265, 268, 272, 274, 275, 281, 282, 288.
Psorospermum, 361.
Psychine, 227.
Psychotria, 525.
Psychotria, 525.
PTAEROXYLEAE, 302.
Ptaeroxylon, 302.
Pteleopsis, 390.
Ptelidium, 331.
Pteranthus, 192.
Pterocarpus, 273, 286, 289.
Pterocaulon, 555.
Pterocelastrus, 330.
Pterocephalus, 535.
Pterodiscus, 499.
Pteroglossaspis, 157.
Pterolobium, 250.
Pteronia, 572.
Pteropetalum, 214.
Pterorhachis, 304.
Pterota, 296.
Pterotaberna, 439.
Pterotheca, 546.
Pterothrix, 562.
Pterygocarpus, 454.
Pterygodium, 150.
Pterygota, 354.
Ptilotrichum, 219.
Ptychopetalum, 174.
Ptychotis, 414.
Ptychotis, 413.
Puelia, 88.
Pueraria, 276.
Pulicaria, 560.
Punica, 386.
PUNICACEAE, 49, 386.
Pupalia, 185.
Pusactha, 247.
Putoria, 523.
Putterlickia, 330.
Pycnanthus, 208, pl. 49.
Pycnobotrya, 434.
Pycnocoma, 313.
Pycnocomon, 534.
Pycnocycla, 405.
Pycnoneurum, 449.
Pycnosphaera, 431.
Pycnostachys, 474.
Pycnostylis, 202.
Pycreus, 109.
Pygeum, 242.
Pynaertia, 303, 609, 611.
Pyramidocarpus, 368.
Pyrenacantha, 333.
Pyrethrum, 566.
Pyrostria, 519.
Pyrus, 239, 240.

Quamoclit, 462.
Quartinia, 384.
Quassia, 300.
Quassia, 300.
Quercus, 163.
Queria, 194.
Quisqualis, 390.
Quivisia, 305.
Quivisianthe, 305.

Radamaea, 487.
Radinocion, 158.
Radiola, 291.
Radlkofera, 337.
Raffenaldia, 222.
RAFFLESIACEAE, 16, 17, 44, 177.
Rafnia, 264.
Raimannia, 611.
Rameya, 202.
Randia, 528.
Randia, 529.
Randonia, 229.
RANUNCULACEAEA, 14, 23, 40, 41, 42, 197, pl. 46.
Ranunculus, 198.
Rapanea, 418.
RAPATEACEAE, 4, 121.
Raphanistrocarpus, 540.
Raphanocarpus, 540.
Raphanopsis, 178.
Raphanus, 222.
Raphia, 111, pl. 10. 11.
Raphiacme, 443, 444.
Raphidiocystis, 538.
Raphidophora, 115.
Raphionacme, 443.
Raphispermum, 487.
Rapistrella, 224.
Rapistrum, 224.
Rapistrum, 221.
Rapona, 458.
Raspalia, 237, pl. 63.
Ratonia, 340.
Rautanenia, 76.
Rauwolfia, 438.
Ravenala, 145.
Ravenea, 114.
Ravensara, 209.
Rawsonia, 368.
Reaumuria, 364.
Reboudia, 221.
Reichardia, 547.
Reinwardtia, 291.
Relhania, 555.
Remirea, 108.
Remusatia, 116.
Renealmia, 147.
Renschia, 478.
Requienia, 272.
Reseda, 229.
RESEDACEAE, 11, 25, 41, 42, 228, pl. 55.
Restio, 120, pl. 13.
RESTIONACEAE, 3, 119, pl. 13.
Retama, 266.
Retzia, 428.
Reutera, 412.
Rhabdia, 463.
Rhabdostigma, 517.
Rhabdotheca, 547.
Rhadamanthus, 128.
Rhagadiolus, 548.
RHAMNACEAE, 12, 17, 18, 27, 45, 343, pl. 88.
RHAMNACEAE, 380.
Rhamnus, 344.
Rhamphicarpa, 485.
Rhanterium, 554.
Rhaphanistrocarpus, 540.
Rhaphanocarpus, 540.
Rhaphanus, 222, 224.
Rhaphidanthe, 424.
Rhaphidiocystis, 538.
Rhaphidorhynchus, 158.
Rhaphidospora, 513.
Rhaphiostyles, 334.
Rhaphispermum, 487.
Rhaponticum, 550.
Rhaptonema, 203.
Rhaptopetalum, 358, pl. 95.
RHAPTOPETALACEAE, 357.
Rheedia, 362.
Rhektophyllum, 117.
Rhetinolepis, 577.
Rhigiocarya, 202.
Rhigiophyllum, 543.
Rhigozum, 495.
Rhinacanthus, 514.
Rhinopteryx, 306.
Rhipsalis, 379.
Rhizophora, 388.
RHIZOPHORACEAE, 32, 33 44, 45, 47, 387, pl. 112.
Rhodochlaena, 348.
Rhodoclada, 360.
Rhodocodon, 127.
Rhodocolea, 497.
Rhodolaena, 348.
Rhodorrhiza, 460.
Rhodosepala, 394.
Rhoeo, 123.
Rhoicissus, 346.
Rhoiocarpus, 172.
Rhombonema, 447.
Rhopalocarpus, 372.
Rhopalopilia, 173.
Rhus, 327.
Rhyacophila, 384.
Rhynchelytrum, 82.
Rhynchocalyx, 385.
Rhynchocarpa, 538.
Rhynchosia, 272, 279, 282.
Rhynchosia, 278.
Rhynchospora, 108.
Rhynchostigma, 453.
Rhynchotropis, 262, 272.
Rhynea, 556.
Rhyssolobium, 452.
Rhytachne, 85.
Rhyticarpus, 414.
Rhytidachne, 85.
Rhytiglossa, 512.
Ribes, 234.
Richardia, 117, 521.
Richardsonia, 521.
Ricinodendron, 317.
Ricinus, 313.
Ricotia, 226, 227.
Ridolfia, 413.
Rindera, 467.
Rinorea, 367, pl. 103.
Riocreuxia, 456.
Ritchiea, 215.
Rivea, 461.
Rivea, 461.
Rivina, 187.
Robbairea, 194.
Robinia, 268, 287.
Rochea, 233.
Rochelia, 464.
Rochonia, 573.
Roëlla, 543.
Roemeria, 213.
Roeperocharis, 151.
Roettlera, 501.
Rogeria, 499.
Romulea, 141.
Ropalandria, 200.
Ropalocarpus, 372.
Roridula, 359.
Roripa, 223.
Rosa, 240.
ROSACEAE, 9, 10, 14, 18, 20, 21, 27, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 239, pl. 65.
Roscheria, 113.
Rosenia, 555.
Rosmarinus, 471.
Rotala, 384.
Rotantha, 385.
Rothia, 274.
Rottboellia, 85.
Rottboellia, 85.
Roubieva, 182.
Roupellia, 434.
Rourea, 244.
Rourea, 244.
Roureopsis, 608.
Roussea, 234.
Rousseauxia, 397.
Royena, 424.
Rubia, 521.
RUBIACEAE, 17, 54, 65, 66, 67, 516, pl. 144.
Rubus, 242.
Ruckeria, 567, 574.
Ruelingia, 356.
Ruellia, 507.
Ruelliola, 506.
Ruelliopsis, 507.
Ruizia, 357.
Rumex, 178.
Rungia, 513.
Ruppia, 74.
Ruscus, 130.
Ruspolia, 509.
Russelia, 492.
Ruta, 295.
RUTACEAE, 11, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 295. pl. 73.
RUTACEAE, 299.
Ruthea, 413.
Rutidea, 519.
Ruttya, 511.
Ruttya, 500.
Rynchospora, 108.
Rytidocarpus, 224.
Rytilix, 607.

Sabicea, 530.
Sabina, 71.
Saccharum, 86.
Saccidium, 153.
Sacciolepis, 82.
Saccocalyx, 479.
Saccoglottis, 292.
Saccolabium, 158.
Saccolabium, 158.
Sacleuxia, 442.
Sageretia, 344.
Sagina, 195.
Sagittaria, 76.
Sagus, 111.
Saintpaulia, 501.
Sakersia, 395.
Salacia, 332, pl. 83.
Salaxis, 416.
Saldania, 609.
Saldinia, 524.
SALICACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 28.
Salicornia, 181.
Salix, 161, pl. 28.
Salsola, 179.
SALSOLACEAE, 179.
Salvadora, 332.
SALVADORACEAE, 18, 30, 50, 332.
Salvia, 476.
Salviacanthus, 512.
Samadera, 300.
Samara, 418.
Sambucus, 533.
Samolus, 419.
SAMYDACEAE, 367.
Sandersonia, 130.
Sanguisorba, 241.
Sanicula, 403.
Sanseverinia, 134.
Sansevieria, 134.
SANTALACEAE, 8, 16, 172, pl. 35.
SANTALACEAE, 173.
Santalina, 526.
Santaloides, 608.
Santiria, 302.
Santiriopsis, 302.
Santulina, 578.
SAPINDACEAE, 9, 12, 13, 18, 26, 28, 31, 32, 40, 335, pl. 85.
SAPINDACEAE, 335, 342.
Sapindus, 337, 340.
Sapindus, 338, 339, 340.
Sapium, 318.
Sapium, 610.
Saponaria, 196.
Saponaria, 196.
Sapota, 423.
SAPOTACEAE, 54, 60, 421, pl. 124.
Sarcocapnos, 212.
Sarcocaulon, 290.
Sarcocephalus, 525.
Sarcochlaena, 347.
Sarcocolla, 380, pl. 108.
Sarcocolla, 380.
Sarcocyphula, 447.
Sarcolaena, 347.
Sarcophrynium, 148.
Sarcophyte, 176.
Sarcopoterium, 241.
Sarcostemma, 447, 448.
Sarothamnus, 266.
Satanocrater, 505.
Satureia, 479.
Satureia, 479.
Satyridium, 151.
Satyrium, 151.
Sauromatum, 118.
Sauvagesia, 359.
Savia, 319, 320.
Savignya, 227.
Saviniona, 352.
Saxifraga, 233.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 16, 36, 39, 44, 45, 49, 62, 68, 233, pl. 60.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 235, 236.
Scabiosa, 535.
Scabiosa, 534, 535.
Scaevola, 544.
Scaligeria, 407.
Scandix, 405.
Scaphopetalum, 356.
Schanginia, 179.
Schaueria, 515.
Schefflera, 400.
Schefflerodendron, 288.
Schepperia, 214.
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 3, 75.
Schimpera, 225.
Schinus, 328.
Schinziella, 431.
Schismatoclada, 531.
Schismus, 104.
Schistostephium, 578, 579.
Schizobasis, 126.
Schizochilus, 153.
Schizochlaena, 348.
Schizodium, 151.
Schizoglossum, 451.
Schizoglossum, 450.
Schizogyne, 560.
Schizolaena, 348.
Schizostachyum, 88.
Schizostephanus, 449.
Schizostylis, 143.
Schizozygia, 439.
Schlechterella, 442.
Schlechteria, 218, 225.
Schlechterina, 375.
Schmidelia, 336.
Schmidtia, 100.
Schoberia, 179.
Schoenefeldia, 91.
Schoenlandia, 124.
Schoenodendron, 106.
Schoenoplectus, 110.
Schoenoxiphium, 107.
Schoenus, 107.
Schoenus, 108.
Schotia, 254, 256.
Schouwia, 227.
Schranckia, 245.
Schrebera, 426, pl. 126.
Schrebera, 331.
Schubea, 311.
Schultesia, 430.
Schumanniophyton, 529.
Schwabea, 514.
Schwarzkopffia, 153.
Schweinfurthia, 490.
Schwenkia, 481.
Sciadopanax, 401.
Sciadophyllum, 400.
Sciaphila, 79.
Scilla, 127.
Scirpus, 110.
Scirpus, 108.
SCITAMINEAE, 145, 146, 147, 148.
Scleranthus, 192.
Scleria, 106.
Scleria, 106.
Sclerocarpus, 582.
Sclerocarya, 329.
Sclerocephalus, 193.
Sclerochiton, 509.
Sclerochiton, 509.
Sclerochloa, 105.
Sclerodactylon, 607.
Sclerodictyon, 436.
Sclerolaena, 348.
Scleropoa, 105.
Sclerosciadium, 408.
Sclerosperma, 113.
Scolopia, 371.
Scolymus, 545.
Scoparia, 488.
Scopularia, 153.
Scorodophloeus, 253.
Scorpiurus, 260.
Scorzonera, 545.
Scottellia, 368.
Scrophularia, 491.
SCROPHULARIACEAE, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 483, pl. 136.
Scutellaria, 472.
Scutia, 344.
Scyphocephalium, 207.
Scyphochlamys, 519.
Scyphogyne, 416.
Scyphosyce, 167.
Scytanthus, 510.
SCYTOPETALACEAE, 33, 38, 62, 63, 68, 357, pl. 95.
Scytopetalum, 358.
Scytophyllum, 330.
Sebaea, 430.
Sebaea, 430.
Sebastiania, 318.
Sebastiania, 610.
Secale, 91.
Secamone, 451.
Secamone, 453.
Secamonopsis, 451.
Sechium, 536.
Securidaca, 308, pl. 78.
Securidaca, 260.
Securigera, 260.
Securinega, 323.
Securinega, 323.
Seddera, 459.
Sedum, 232.
Seemannaralia, 400.
Seetzenia, 294.
Seidelia, 315.
Seidlitzia, 608.
SELAGINEAE, 483, 502.
Selago, 489.
Selinopsis, 412.
Selinum, 409.
Semele, 130.
Semonvillea, 188.
Sempervivum, 232.
Senebiera, 226.
Senecio, 576.
Senecio, 572.
Senra, 352.
Serapias, 152.
Sericocoma, 184, 185.
Sericocoma, 184, 185, 186.
Sericocomopsis, 185.
Sericocomopsis, 185.
Sericorema, 186.
Sericostachys, 185.
Sericostoma, 465.
Seriola, 545.
Serissa, 522.
Serjania, 336.
Serpicula, 399.
Serratula, 550.
Serruria, 171.
Sersalisia, 422, 423.
Sesamothamnus, 498.
Sesamum, 499, pl. 138.
Sesbania, 267, 270.
Seseli, 410, 411.
Seseli, 414.
Sesuvium, 189.
Setaria, 81.
Sevada, 179.
Seychellaria, 79.
Seymeria, 487.
Sherardia, 521.
Sherbournia, 527.
Shutereia, 460.
Shuteria, 279.
Sibangea, 322.
Sibthorpia, 488.
Sicyos, 536.
Sida, 351.
Sideritis, 477.
Sideroxylon, 423.
Sideroxylon, 422.
Siegesbeckia, 582.
Sigmatosiphon, 498.
SILENACEAE, 192.
Silene, 196.
Silybum, 551.
SIMARUBACEAE, 28, 29, 40, 41, 42, 299, pl. 74.
SIMARUBACEAE, 295.
Simarubopsis, 609.
Simbuleta, 491.
Simethis, 132.
Simochilus, 416.
Sinapidendron, 224.
Sinapis, 221, 224.
Siphocodon, 542.
Siphocolea, 497.
Siphomeris, 523.
Siphonantha, 470.
Siphonia, 314.
Siphonochilus, 607.
Siphonoglossa, 512.
Siphonoglossa, 512.
Sison, 413.
Sisymbrium, 224.
Sisymbrium, 217, 218, 223.
Sisyndite, 294.
Sisyranthus, 456.
Sisyrinchium, 144.
Sium, 412.
Sloetiopsis,

164.
Smeathmannia, 370.
Smelophyllum, 339.
SMILACEAE, 125.
Smilax, 131.
Smithia, 269, 284, 286.
Smodingium, 328.
Smyrnium, 407.
Socotora, 442.
Socotranthus, 444.
SOLANACEAE, 57, 58, 59, 62, 481, pl. 135.
Solanum, 483.
Solenanthus, 466.
Solenixora, 520.
Solenostemma, 446.
Solenostemon, 475.
Solidago, 573.
Soliva, 566.
Somalia, 507.
Sonchus, 547.
Sonneratia, 385.
SONNERATIACEAE, 39, 385.
Sophora, 258, 259.
Sopubia, 486.
Sorbus, 240.
Sorghum, 87.
Sorindeia, 327.
Sorocephalus, 171.
Soulamea, 300.
Soyauxia, 369.
Spallanzania, 530.
Sparaxis, 142.
SPARGANIACEAE, 2, 73.
Sparganium, 73.
Sparganophorus, 569.
Sparmannia, 350.
Spartina, 81.
Spartium, 266.
Spartocytisus, 266.
Spatalla, 171.
Spatallopsis, 171.
Spathionema, 261.
Spathodea, 495.
Spathulopetalum, 612.
Specularia, 543.
Speirostyla, 349.
Spergula, 194.
Spergularia, 194.
Spermacoce, 522.
Spermacoce, 522.
Spermacoceoides, 522.
Sphacele, 475.
Sphacophyllum, 554.
Sphaeralcea, 352.
Sphaeranthus, 558.
Sphaerocephalus, 549.
Sphaerocodon, 456.
Sphaerocoma, 193.
Sphaeroma, 352.
Sphaerosepalum, 366.
Sphaerosicyos, 540.
Sphaerostylis, 312.
Sphaerothylax, 231.
Sphedamnocarpus, 307.
Sphedamnocarpus, 307.
Sphenandra, 492.
Sphenocentrum, 202.
Sphenoclea, 542.
SPHENOCLEACEAE, 541.
Sphenogyne, 580.
Sphenopus, 102.
Sphenostylis, 278.
Spilanthes, 582.
Spinacia, 181.
Spiraeea, 241.
Spiranthes, 155.
Spirodela, 119.
Spiropetalum, 244.
Spirospermum, 201.
Spirostachys, 610.
Spitzelia, 546.
Spondianthus, 328, 611.
Spondias, 328.
Spondias, 328, 329.
Spondiopsis, 328.
Sponia, 164.
Sporobolus, 95.
Staavia, 237.
Staberoha, 120.
Stachyanthus, 333.
Stachyothyrus, 250.
Stachys, 479.
Stachytarpheta, 468.
Stadmannia, 338.
Staehelina, 551.
Stangeria, 69.
Stapelia, 455.
Stapfiola, 93.
Staphylosyce, 539.
Staphysora, 322, 611.
Stathmostelma, 449.
Statice, 421.
Staudtia, 207.
Staurogyne, 503.
Stearodendron, 361.
Steirodiscus, 565.
Stellaria, 194.
Stellularia, 485.
Stemodia, 494.
Stemodiacra, 494.
Stemodiopsis, 495.
Stemonocoleus, 252.
Stenadenium, 310.
Stenandriopsis, 509.
Stenanthera, 204.
Stenocline, 562, 563.
Stenoglottis, 153.
Stenolirion, 138.
Stenolobium, 496.
Stenonia, 319.
Stenophragma, 218.
Stenosemis, 409.
Stenostelma, 450.
Stenotaphrum, 80.
Stephania, 200.
Stephanocoma, 548.
Stephanodaphne, 381.
Stephanolepis, 570.
Stephanorossia, 611.
Stephanostegia, 441.
Stephanostema, 433.
Stephanotis, 453.
Stephegyne, 530.
Sterculia, 354.
Sterculia, 354.
STERCULIACEAE, 13, 14, 19, 20, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 51, 61, 62, 63, 354, pl. 94.
STERCULIACEAE, 353.
Stereochlaena, 81.
Stereospermum, 496.
Sternbergia, 137.
Stevensonia, 113.
Stiburus, 103.
Stichorchis, 156.
Stictocardia, 461.
Stilbe, 468.
Stillingia, 318.
Stilpnogyne, 575.
Stilpnophytum, 579.
Stipa, 95.
Stipularia, 530.
Stironeurum, 423.
Stizolobium, 268.
Stobaea, 548.
Stoebe, 562.
Stolidia, 174.
Stomatostemma, 445.
Stomotechium, 466.
Streblocarpus, 214.
Strelitzia, 145, pl. 23.
Strephonema, 389.
Streptanthera, 142.
Streptocarpus, 501, pl. 140.
Streptogyne, 92, 101.
Streptopetalum, 374.
Striga, 485.
Strigina, 485.
Strobilanthes, 506.
Strobilanthopsis, 506.
Strombosia, 174.
Strombosiopsis, 174.
Strongylodon, 280, 281.
Strophanthus, 434.
Strumaria, 136.
Struthiola, 381.
Strychnopsis, 203.
Strychnos, 429.
Stuhlmannia, 253.
Stupa, 95.
Styasasia, 510.
Stylapterus, 380.
Stylarthropus, 505.
Stylidium, 389.
Stylochiton, 115.
Stylocoryne, 528.
Stylosanthes, 268.
STYRACACEAE, 22, 425.
Suaeda, 179.
Subularia, 228.
Succisa, 535.
Succowia, 226.
Suffrenia, 384.
Suregada, 318.
Suriana, 299.
Sutera, 493.
Sutera, 492, 493.
Sutherlandia, 287.
Swartzia, 249.
Sweertia, 430.
Swietenia, 393.
Swynnertonia, 452.
Sylitra, 271, 275.
Symmeria, 178.
Symphonia, 362.
Symphostemon, 474.
Symphyochlamys, 353.
Symphytonema, 443.
Symphytosiphon, 304.
Symphytum, 465.
Sympieza, 416.
Symplectochilus, 513.
Synadenium, 310.
Synaptolepis, 381.
Syncephalum, 562.
Synchodendron, 556.
Synchoriste, 510.
Synclisia, 202.
Syncolostemon, 473.
Syndesmanthus 416.
Synedrella, 581.
Syngonanthus, 121.
Synnema, 504.
Synnotia, 142.
Synsepalum, 423.
Syntherisma, 82.
Syntriandrium, 200.
Syringodea, 140.
Syrrheonema, 202.
Syzygium, 392.

Tabebuia, 497.
Tabernaemontana, 437, 439, 440.
Tabernanthe, 436.
Tacazzea, 443, pl. 130.
Tacazzea, 442, 444, 445.
Tacca, 139.
TACCACEAE, 6, 139.
Tachiadenus, 430.
Taenosapium, 318.
Tagetes, 584.
Talinella, 190.
Talinum, 191, pl. 44.
Talisiopsis, 342.
TAMARICACEAE, 22, 25, 364, pl. 101.
Tamarindus, 256.
Tamarix, 364, pl. 101.
Tamatavia, 528.
Tambourissa, 209.
Tamnus, 140.
Tamus, 140.
Tanacetum, 566, 578.
Tanghinia, 437.
Tannodia, 312, 610.
Tannodia, 610.
Tanulepis, 443.
Tapeinanthus, 135.
Tapeinostelma, 457.
Tapura, 309.
Taraxacum, 546.
Tarchonanthus, 556.
Tardavel, 522.
Tarenna, 526, 528.
Tavaresia, 454.
Taverniera, 271, 281.
TAXACEAE, 1, 70.
Taxus, 70.
Teclea, 297.
Tecmarsis, 557.
Tecoma, 495, 496.
Tecomaria, 495.
Tectona, 470.
Teedia, 492.
Teesdalia, 228.
Telanthera, 183.
Telephium, 194.
Telfairia, 536.
Teline, 266.
Telosma, 453.
Temnolepis, 582.
Temnopteryx, 530.
Tenagocharis, 77.
Tenaris, 457.
Tenaris, 457.
Tephrosia, 272, 273, 275, 276, 282, 284, 287.
Tephrothamnus, 264.
Teramnus, 267.
TEREBINTHACEAE, 301, 325.
Terminalia, 391.
TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 347, 360.
Tessmannia, 256.
Testudinaria, 140.
Tetracarpidium, 312.
Tetracera, 358, pl. 96.
Tetrachaete, 84.
Tetrachne, 93.
Tetrachne, 93.
Tetraclinis, 71.
Tetraclis, 424.
Tetradenia, 476.
Tetradiclis, 293.
Tetragonia, 190.
Tetragonolobus, 260.
Tetranthera, 210.
Tetraphyllaster, 395.
Tetrapleura, 246.
Tetrapogon, 92.
Tetraria, 107.
Tetraria, 108.
Tetraspidium, 485.
Tetrastemma, 205.
Tetrastigma, 529.
Tetrataxis, 385.
Tetratelia, 215.
Teucrium, 471.
Thalassia, 78.
Thalia, 148.
Thalictrum, 198.
Thaminophyllum, 580.
Thamnea, 236.
Thamnochortus, 120.
Thamnochortus, 120.
Thamnosma, 295.
Thamnus, 416.
Thapsia, 404.
Thapsia, 404.
Thaumatococcus, 148.
Thea, 360.
THEACEAE, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 63, 360, pl. 98.
Thecacoris, 320, 322, 611.
Thecacoris, 611.
Thelepogon, 86.
THELIGONACEAE, 187.
Theligonum, 187.
Themeda, 87.
Theobroma, 356.
Theodora, 254.
Thesidium, 172.
Thesium, 172.
Thespesia, 353.
Thespesocarpus, 425.
Thevetia, 437.
Thiegemella, 421.
Thiegemopanax, 401.
Thismia, 150.
Thlaspi, 228.
Thomandersia, 510.
Thomassetia, 360.
Thonnera, 205.
Thonningia, 176.
Thoracosperma, 416.
Thoracostachyum, 107.
Thorncroftia, 612.
Thrincia, 546.
Thuarea, 80.
Thunbergia, 503.
Thunbergia, 503.
Thunbergianthus, 486.
Thylachium, 213.
Thymelaea, 383.
THYMELAEACEAE, 10, 12, 19, 29, 51, 380, pl. 109.
Thymus, 480.
Thymus, 480.
Thyrsodium, 327.
Thysanolaena, 83.
Thysanurus, 558.
Tieghemella, 421.
TILIACEAE, 13, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 348, pl. 91.
TILIACEAE, 347.
Tiliacora, 201, 202, 203.
Tillaea, 232.
Timonius, 518.
Tina, 340.
Tinea, 152.
Tinguarra, 406.
Tinnaea, 478.
Tinnea, 471.
Tinopsis, 339.
Tinospora, 201.
Tinospora, 201.
Tisonia, 373.
Tissa, 194.
Tittmannia, 236.
Todaroa, 410.
Toddalia, 298.
Toddalia, 297, 298.
Toddaliopsis, 298.
Tolpis, 547.
Tordylium, 408.
Torenia, 494.
Torilis, 404.
Tornabenea, 404.
Torulinium, 109.
Tounatea, 249.
Tournefortia, 463.
Tournesolia, 311, 609.
Tourneuxia, 545.
Toxanthera, 538.
Toxicodendron, 321.
Toxicophloea, 437.
Toxocarpus, 451, 453.
Trachelium, 543.
Trachelium, 544.
Trachydium, 407.
Trachylobium, 256.
Trachyphrynium, 149.
Trachyphrynium, 148.
Trachypogon, 87.
Trachyspermum, 413.
Trachystigma, 501.
Traganum, 179, pl. 40.
Tragia, 313.
Tragiopsis, 413.
Tragopogon, 545.
Tragus, 84.
Trapa, 397.
Traunia, 453.
Treculia, 168.
Treichelia, 543.
Trema, 164, pl. 30.
Trematosperma, 333.
Triachyrium, 95.
Triadenia, 361.
Triainolepis, 525.
Trianoptiles, 108.
Trianosperma, 538.
Trianthema, 189, pl. 43.
Triaspis, 307.
Tribulus, 294.
Tricalysia, 527, 528.
Trichilia, 305, pl. 76.
Trichocalyx, 512.
Trichocaulon, 454.
Trichocladus, 238, pl. 64.
Trichodesma, 466.
Trichodypsis, 113.
Trichogyne, 555.
Tricholaena, 82.
Trichonema, 141.
Trichoneura, 607.
Trichoon, 101.
Trichopteryx, 98.
Trichosandra, 452.
Trichosanthes, 538.
Trichoscypha, 328.
Trichostachys, 525.
Trichostephanus, 372.
Triclisia, 202, 203.
Tricomariopsis, 307.
Tridax, 580.
Tridesmostemon, 423.
Tridianisia, 334.
Trifolium, 261, 275, 281.
Triglochin, 75.
Trigonella, 283.
Trigonocapnos, 212, pl. 52.
Triguera, 482.
Trimeria, 371.
Trimorphopetalum, 343.
Triodia, 102.
Triphasia, 298.
Triphlebia, 103.
Triplachne, 97.
Triplocephalum, 559.
Triplochiton, 355.
TRIPLOCHITONACEAE, 354.
Tripodandra, 203.
Tripogon, 92.
Tripteris 557, 563.
Triraphis, 100.
Trisetaria, 96.
Trisetum, 100.
Tristachya, 98.
Tristellateia, 308.
Tristemma, 395.
Tristicha, 231, pl. 57.
Triticum, 90.
Tritonia, 142.
Tritonixia, 142.
Triumfetta, 349.
TRIURIDACEAE, 4, 78.
Trixago, 484.
Trochetia, 357.
Trochomeria, 539.
Trochomeriopsis, 537.
TROPAEOLACEAE, 28, 291.
Tropaeolum, 291.
Trymatococcus, 165.
Tryphia, 153.
Tryphostemma, 376.
Tsimatimia, 362.
Tuberaria, 365.
Tubiflora, 503.
Tulbaghia, 130.
Tulipa, 129.
Tumboa, 72.
Tunica, 195.
Turgenia, 404.
Turnera, 374.
Turnera, 374.
TURNERACEAE, 25, 373, pl. 105.
Turraea, 305, 609.
Turraeanthus, 305.
Turritis, 218, 223.
Tussilago, 567.
Tylophora, 453, 456.
Tylophora, 446.
Tylophoropsis, 446.
Tylostemon, 210.
Tylostemon, 210.
Typha, 72.
TYPHACEAE, 3, 72.
TYPHACEAE, 73.
Typhonodorum, 116.
Tysonia, 467.
Tzellemtinia, 611.

Uapaca, 321.
Ubochea, 468.
Uebelinia, 196.
Ulex, 265.
ULMACEAE, 10, 163, pl. 30.
ULMACEAE, 164.
Ulmaria, 241.
Ulmus, 163.
UMBELLIFERAE, 17, 43, 46, 401, pl. 119.
Umbilicus, 233.
Umtiza, 253.
Uncaria, 525.
Uncaria, 499.
Uncarina, 498.
Uncinia, 107.
Unona, 206.
Unona, 206.
Uragoga, 524, 525.
Uraria, 285.
Urelytrum, 85.
Urena, 351.
Urera, 169.
Urginea, 126.
Urobotrya, 173.
Urochlaena, 101.
Urophyllum, 529.
Urospermum, 546.
Urotheca, 397.
Ursinia, 580.
Urtica, 168.
URTICACEAE, 7, 8, 15, 168, pl. 32.
URTICACEAE, 163, 164, 187.
Urticastrum, 169.
Usteria, 428.
Utricularia, 501, pl. 141.
Uvaria, 206.
Uvaria, 206.
Uvariastrum, 206.
Uvariopsis, 205.

Vaccaria, 196.
VACCINIACEAE, 415.
Vaccinium, 415.
Vachellia, 247.
Vahadenia, 436.
Vahea, 436.
Vahlia, 233.
Vaillantia, 521.
Valeriana, 534, pl. 146.
VALERIANACEAE, 65, 66, 534, pl. 146.
Valerianella, 534.
Valerianodes, 468.
Vallisneria, 78.
Vallota, 138.
Vandellia, 494.
Vangueria, 519.
Vanilla, 154.
Varangevillea, 469.
Varthemia, 560.
Vateria, 363.
Vatica, 363.
Vausagesia, 359.
Velezia, 196.
Vella, 225.
Vellozia, 139.
VELLOZIACEAE, 6, 139, pl. 20.
Veltheimia, 127.
Velvitsia, 486.
Venana, 234.
Venindium, 548.
Ventenata, 99.
Ventilago, 345, pl. 88.
Veprecella, 397.
Vepris, 298.
Verbascum, 489.
Verbena, 469.
VERBENACEAE, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 467, pl. 133.
Verbesina, 582.
Verdickia, 131.
Vernonia, 570, pl. 150.
Vernonia, 568.
Veronica, 487.
Verschaffeltia, 113.
Viborgia, 265.
Vibernum, 533, pl. 145.
Vicia, 269, 270.
Vicoa, 560.
Vieusseuxia, 144.
Vigineixia, 546.
Vigna, 278.
Vigna, 278.
Vignopsis, 277.
Vilfa, 95.
Villarsia, 429.
Vinca, 440.
Vinca, 440.
Vincetoxicum, 449.
Viola, 367.
VIOLACEAE, 24, 366, pl. 103.
Viraea, 560.
Viraea, 546.
Virecta, 532.
Virgilia, 258.
Virola, 207.
Viscum, 175.
Vismia, 361.
Visnea, 360, pl. 98.
VITACEAE, 30, 60, 345, pl. 89.
Vitex, 470.
Vitis, 346.
Vitis, 346.
Voacanga, 439.
Voandzeia, 277.
Vogelia, 218, 420.
Voharanga, 612.
Vohemaria, 446.
Volkensia, 570.
Volkensiella, 612.
Volkensiophyton, 508.
Volutarella, 550.
Vonitra, 114.
Vossia, 85.
Vouacapoua, 289.
Vouapa, 253.
Voyria, 429.
Vulpia, 93.

Wachendorfia, 135.
Wahlenbergia, 544.
Wahlenbergia, 544.
Walafrida, 489.
Walleria, 139.
Wallinia, 188.
Walpersia, 263.
Waltheria, 356.
Wangenheima, 93.
Warburgia, 366.
Warionia, 552.
Warneckea, 393.
Warpuria, 508.
Watsonia, 141.
Webbia, 572.
Webera, 526.
Wedelia, 582, 583.
Weihea, 388, pl. 112.
Weingaertneria, 607.
Weinmannia, 235, pl. 62.
Wellstedia, 463.
Welwitschia, 72.
Welwitschiella, 583.
Welwitschiina, 202.
Werneria, 575.
Whiteheadia, 127.
Whitefieldia 505.
Wiborgia, 265.
Widdringtonia, 71.
Wielandia, 319.
Wiesnera, 76.
Wikstroemia, 383.
Willdenowia, 120.
Willkommia, 91.
Willugbaeya, 571.
Winklerella, 231.
WINTERANCEAE, 23, 54, 366.
Wisneria, 76.
Wissadula, 352.
Withania, 483.
Witsenia, 143.
Wolffia, 119.
Wolffiella, 119.
Woodfordia, 385.
Woodia, 450.
Wormia, 358.
Wormskioldia, 374, pl. 105.
Wormskioldia, 374.
Wrightia, 433.
Wrightia, 433.
Wulfhorstia, 303.
Wurmbea, 128.

Xanthium, 564.
Xanthocercis, 270.
Xanthochymus, 362.
Xanthosoma, 116.
XANTHOXYLEAE, 295.
Xanthoxylum, 296.
Xenisma, 557.
Xeranthemum, 550.
Xerochlamys, 347.
Xerocladia, 246.
Xeropetalum, 357.
Xerophyta, 139.
Xeroplana, 467.
Xerotium, 556.
Ximenesia, 582.
Ximenia, 174.
Xylia, 247.
Xylocalyx, 486.
Xylocarpus, 303, 305.
Xylochlaena, 348.
Xyloolaena, 348.
Xylopia, 204.
Xylopia, 204.
Xylopicrum, 204.
Xylopleurum, 398.
Xylotheca, 369.
Xymalos, 208.
XYRIDACEAE, 4, 121, pl. 14.
Xyris, 121, pl. 14.
Xysmalobium, 450.

Yaundea, 244.
Yucca, 134.

Zaa, 497.
Zaluzianskia, 492.
Zamioculcas, 115.
Zanha, 342.
Zannichellia, 74.
Zantedeschia, 117.
ZANTHOXYLEAE, 295.
Zanthoxylum, 296.
Zapania, 468.
Zea, 83.
Zehneria, 537.
Zenkerella, 253.
Zenkerina, 503.
Zeuxine, 155.
Zilla, 227.
Zimmermannia, 323.
Zingiber, 147.
ZINGIBERACEAE, 5, 146, pl. 24.
Zinnia, 581.
Ziziphora, 479.
Zizyphus, 344.
Zoegea, 550.
Zollikoferia, 547.
Zombiana, 515.
Zornia, 266.
Zostera, 73.
ZOSTERACEAE, 73.
Zoysia, 84.
Zozimia, 408.
Zyganthera, 118.
Zygia, 248.
Zygodia, 435.
Zygonerion, 434.
Zygoon, 527.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 12, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 293, pl. 72.
Zygophyllum, 295.
Zygoruellia, 505.

BRISTOL: BURLEIGH LTD., AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS.

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Petals tranversely folded=> Petals transversely folded {pg 205}

(Plumeria Willd.) Plumeria=> (Plumeria Willd.) Plumiera {pg 440}

(Huerniopsis N. E. Brown). Huerniopsis=> (Huerniopsis N. E. Brown). Heurniopsis {pg 454}

tranverse crest at the base=> transverse crest at the base {pg 454}

(Huernia R. Br.) Huernia=> (Huernia R. Br.) Heurnia {pg 455}

FAMILY 215. GOBULARIACEAE=> FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE {pg 502}

Madeira amd Canary Islands.=> Madeira and Canary Islands. {pg 523}

conspicuous tranverse veins=> conspicuous transverse veins {pg 524}

latter has posionous=> latter has poisonous {pg 533}

Outer fruits tranversely=> Outer fruits transversely {pg 547}

solitary or in facsicles=> solitary or in fascicles {pg 569}

expecially one with=> especially one with {pg 591}

Lettuce—Lattuca=> Lettuce—Lactuca {pg 604}

Rosmary—Rosmarinus=> Rosemary—Rosmarinus {pg 605}

Diparago, 561, 562.=> Disparago, 561, 562. {pg 623}

Ochiosia, 437.=> Ochrosia, 437. {pg 635}

Orhthodium, 226.=> Ochthodium, 226. {pg 635}

Trypyhostemma, 376.=> Tryphostemma, 376. {pg}

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

back

Table of Contents

- THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA
- PREFACE
- LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- LIST OF PLATES
- MAP

- KEY TO THE FAMILIES EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA (PHANEROGAMAE)

- KEY TO THE GENERA

- SUBDIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE CLASS IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

- ORDER RANALES
- STATISTICAL TABLE
- GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS
- ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES

- LIST OF POPULAR NAMES OF AFRICAN PLANTS AND THEIR PRODUCTS

- ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS (especially from the years 1911 and 1912).

- INDEX OF LATIN NAMES OF FAMILIES AND GENERA

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE