The Project Gutenberg eBook of Names and places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha, with their modern identifications

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Title: Names and places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha, with their modern identifications

Compiler: George Armstrong

Editor: C. R. Conder

Sir Charles William Wilson

Release date: March 7, 2024 [eBook #73117]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Alexander P. Watt, 1889

Credits: Brian Coe, Neil Mercer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was created from images of public domain material made available by the University of Toronto Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NAMES AND PLACES IN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT AND APOCRYPHA, WITH THEIR MODERN IDENTIFICATIONS ***

Transcriber's Note

The Arabic letter hamza is here represented by the character ʾ (MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING).

NAMES AND PLACES

IN THE

Old and New Testament and Apocrypha,

WITH THEIR MODERN IDENTIFICATIONS.

COMPILED BY

GEORGE ARMSTRONG,

AND

REVISED BY

COLONEL SIR CHARLES W. WILSON,

K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., D.C.L., R.E.,

AND

MAJOR CONDER, D.C.L., R.E.

PUBLISHED FOR THE

COMMITTEE OF THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND

BY

ALEXANDER P. WATT,

2, PATERNOSTER SQUARE.

1889.

All rights reserved.]

PREFACE.

This Index has been compiled from the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha, the alterations in the Revised Version being noted in their places; from the ‘Memoirs and Name Lists of the Survey of Western Palestine;’ from that portion which is completed (as yet unpublished) of the ‘Memoirs and Name Lists of the Survey of Eastern Palestine;’ from Smith’s ‘Bible Dictionary;’ from the list drawn up by Sir George Grove for Clarke’s ‘Bible Atlas’ (S.P.C.K.); and from Conder’s ‘Handbook to the Bible’ and ‘Primer of Bible Geography,’ with numerous references to the ‘Quarterly Statements.’ The identifications adopted are those that will be found on the new maps (to be issued about the end of this year) of the Old and New Testament, covering both sides of the Jordan, and authorized by Colonel Sir Charles Wilson and Major Conder, R.E.

The Index to the Old Testament Sites includes upwards of 1,150 names of places in the Holy Land, Mesopotamia, Edom, the Desert of Sinai, and Egypt; being, it is believed, all those that are mentioned in the Old Testament and the Apocrypha.

The Index to the New Testament Sites contains 162 names, with references to Josephus (Whiston’s), in addition to those in the New Testament. Of these names 144 are known, 10 uncertain, and 8 not identified.

The identifications suggested by Major Conder as due to the Survey are marked with a star.

There are still 290 places mentioned in the Old Testament, in the East of Jordan, the Desert and Western Palestine, which remain to be identified. Reference is made in every case to the number of the sheet of the large and small maps on which the modern name will be found. Under the heading ‘Remarks,’ etc., will be found fuller particulars of the proposed site from the ‘Memoirs of Western Palestine.’

G. A.

1, ADAM STREET,

ADELPHI,

March 22nd, 1888.

OLD TESTAMENT SITES

(Including all the Names to Sites in the Bible and Apocrypha.)

In the column ‘Modern Identification,’ those marked with a single ? are doubtful; those with double ?? are very doubtful; those marked with a star are due to the Survey. Abbreviations—‘R.V.’ is Revised Version; ‘A.V.’ is Authorized (Old) Version; ‘Mem.,’ with the letters, refers to the Memoirs of the Survey of Western Palestine; ‘Sh.’ is Sheet or Plan of the Large Map, with the number where the name is found; ‘B. R.,’ Robinson’s Biblical Researches.

Bible and Apocrypha Name.

References.

Modern

Identification.

No. of Sheet on ⅜-in. Map.

Remarks, References, and No. of Sheet on Large Map.

ABANA, RIVER

(R.V. ABANAH or AMANAH  )

2 Kings v. 12

Nahr Abanias, a branch of the Nahr Barada

3 and 4

One of the rivers of Damascus. Now called the Barada, rising in the Anti-Lebanon, near Zebdany, flowing through Suk Wady, Barada, receiving the waters of the copious spring of ʾAin Fijeh, and continuing its course through Damascus on to the great marsh on the plain called Bahret el Kibliyeh.

ABARIM, M  OUNTAINS OF

Num. xxvii. 12; xxxiii. 47, 48; Deut. xxxii. 49

The range of Neba (Nebo  )

15

Mountains beyond Jordan, the range of Nebo.

ABDON

Josh. xxi. 30; 1 Chron. vi. 74

Kh. ʾAbdeh

6

A city of Ashar, 10 miles north of ʾAkka. (Mem.   I. 170; Sh. III.)

ABEL, T  HE GREAT STONE OF

1 Sam. vi. 18

Deîr ʾAbân   (?) near Beth-shemesh

—

Signifying ‘The great stone of the meadow’ (R.V.).—M. Clermont-Ganneau.

ABEL BETH-MAACHAH,

(R.V. ABEL BETH-MAACAH  )

2 Sam. xx. 14, 15, 18; 1 Kings xv. 20; 2 Kings xv. 29

Abl

6

Now a village, 6½ miles west of Banias, in Naphtali; also called Abel-maim. (Mem.   I. 85 & 107; Sh. II.)

ABEL-CERAMIM,

(R.V. ABEL-CHERAMIM  )

Judg. xi. 33

Not identified

—

A place east of Jordan, beyond ‘Aroer.’

ABEL-MAIM

2 Chron. xvi. 4

Abl

—

Apparently identical with Abel Beth-maachah. (Compare with 1 Kings xv. 20.)

ABEL-MEHOLAH

Judges vii. 22; 1 Sam. xviii. 19; 2 Sam. xxi. 8; 1 Kings iv. 12; xix. 16

ʾAin Helweh  *

10

Jerome places it 10 miles south of Scythopolis, or at the present ‘ʾAin Helweh,’ 9½ miles south of Beth-shean. (Mem.   II. 231; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

ABEL-MIZRAIM

Gen. l. 11

Not identified

—

The threshing-floor of Atad. ‘Beyond Jordan.’ Placed by Jerome at Beth Hoglah, on the west bank.

ABEL-SHITTIM

Num. xxxiii. 49

Kefrein  , at northern margin of Ghôr es Seîsebân

14

Known in the days of Josephus as Abila; 60 stadia from the river. The town and palms have disappeared; but an extensive acacia-grove and some ruins still remain on the plain now called Seîsebân. (Conder’s Heth and Moab  , p. 148.)

ABEZ,

(R.V. EBEZ  )

Josh. xix. 20

Kh. el Beida   (?)*

6

A town of Issachar, named between Kishion and Remeth. Possibly the ruin el Beida = ‘white,’ at north limit of the plain of Esdraelon. (Mem.   I. 309; Sh. V.)—Conder.

ABRONAH (E  BRONAH)

Num. xxxiii. 34, 35

Not identified

—

ACCAD

Gen. x. 10

Nisibis   (??)

—

One of the cities in the land of Shinar. Nisibis, a city on the Khabour river at the north-east part of Mesopotamia, and midway between Orfa and Nineveh, is generally believed to occupy the ancient site.

ACCARON

1 Macc. x. 89

—

See Ekron  .

ACCHO,

(R.V. ACCO  )

Judg. i. 31

ʾAkka

6

St. Jean d’Acre. The Ptolemais of the 1st Book of Maccabees. A seaport town. (Mem.   I. 145, 153, 160; Sh. III.)

ACHOR, V  ALLEY OF

Josh. vii. 24, 26; xv. 7; Is. lxv. 10; Hos. ii. 15

Wâdy Kelt

14

Now Wâdy Kelt, the deep ravine south of Jericho. (Mem.   III. 167; Sh. XVIII.)

ACHSHAPH

Josh. xi. 1; xii. 20; xix. 25

Kefr Yasîf   (?)*

6

The present village, ‘Kefr Yasîf,’ 6 miles north-east of ‘Accho.’—Conder. Named between Beten and Alammelech, a city in Asher. Kh. Iksâf (Sh. II., p. 119), and Haifa (Sh. V.), have also been proposed. (Mem.   I. 169; Sh. III.)

ACHZIB   (1)

Josh. xv. 44; Micah i. 14

ʾAin Kezbeh   (?)*

14

A city of Judah, named with ‘Keilah’ and ‘Mareshah.’—Conder. See Chezib  .

ACHZIB   (2)

Josh. xix. 29; Judg. i. 31; v. 17

ez Zîb

—

The Ecdippa of Josephus. The present town, ‘Ez Zîb,’ 8½ miles north of ‘Akka’ in ‘Asher.’ (Mem.   I. 155; Sh. III.)

ADADAH

Josh. xv. 22

ʾAdʾadah

14

One of the cities in the south of Judah, named with ‘Dimonah’ and ‘Kedesh.’ Probably the present ruin Adâdah in the desert east of Beersheba.

ADAM

Josh. iii. 16

ed Dâmieh   (?)

10

‘A city on the Jordan, beside Zarthan.’ The name is probably preserved in that of Tell Dâmieh, near the ford of ed Dâmieh. (Mem.   II. 387; Sh. XV.)

ADAMAH

Josh. xix. 36

ed Dâmieh  *

6

One of the fenced cities of Naphtali. Now the ruin ‘ed Dâmieh,’ 5 miles west of Tiberias. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

ADAMI,

(R.V. ADAM-NEKEB  )

Josh. xix. 33

Kh. Admah  *

10

A place named as being on the border of Naphtali. The present ruin ‘Admah,’ 5 miles south-west of the Sea of Galilee. (Mem.   II. 89; Sh. IX.)—Conder.

ADAR, or HAZAR ADDAR

(R.V. ADDAR  )

Josh. xv. 3; 1 Macc. vii. 40–45

Not identified

—

A place on the south boundary of Palestine. ‘Jebel Maderah,’ in the desert, is proposed for this site. (Quarterly Statement  , p. 61, 1881.)

ADASA

Kh. ʾAdaseh

14

According to Josephus (12 Ant. x. 5; 5 Wars xi. 5) was 30 stadia from Beth-horon. Now the present ruin ʾAdaseh, 8 miles south of Jufna. (Mem.   III. 106; Sh. XVII.)

ADDAN, or ADDON

Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61

Not identified

—

One of the places from which some of the Captivity returned to Judea, who could not show their pedigree.

ADIDA

1 Macc. xii. 38; xiii. 13

Hadîtheh

10

A town on an eminence (13 Ant. vi. 4) in the Shephelah. The present village Hadîtheh, close to Lydda on east. See Hadid. (Mem.   II. 297; Sh. XIV.)

ADITHAIM

Josh. xv. 36

Hadîtheh

—

A town in the territory of Judah. Somewhere in the Shephelah. Named between Gederah (Jedîreh) and Gederothaim, thought to be another name for Hadid  , which see.

ADMAH

Gen. x. 19; xiv. 2–8; Deut. xxix. 23; Hosea xi. 8

Not identified

—

One of the cities of the plain mentioned with ‘Zeboim.’ Possibly ‘Adam’ (Sheet X.), or ‘el Adeimeh’ (Sheet XIV.), in the region of the Ciccar. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 241, and Primer of Bible Geography  , p. 38.)

ADORAIM

2 Chron. xi. 9

Dûra

14

A fortified city, built by Rehoboam—the ‘Adora’ of Josephus. Now the village of ‘Dura,’ 5 miles west of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 301–304; Sh. XXI.)

ADORA (A  DORAIM)

1 Macc. xiii. 20

Dûra

14

The Dûra of Josephus = Adoraim.

ADULLAM

Gen. xxxviii. 1, 12–20; Josh. xii. 15; xv. 35; 2 Chron. xi. 7; Neh. xi. 30; Micah i. 15; 2 Macc. xii. 38

ʾAîd el Mîyeh, or Kh. ʾAîd el Ma

14

A city of Judah in the low country. Eusebius places it 10 miles east of Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin.) ‘Kh. ʾAid el Mâ’ is about 8 miles to the north-east. A discovery of M. Clermont-Ganneau, now generally recognised. (Mem.   III. 311; Sh. XXI.)

ADULLAM, C  AVE OF

1 Sam. xxii. 1; 2 Sam. xxiii. 13; 1 Chron. xi. 15

The cave near the ruins of ʾAîd el Mîyeh

14

David’s hiding place. The cave near the ruins of ʾAîd el Mâ.

ADUMMIM  , ‘Going up to,’ or ‘of’

Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 17

Tʾalat ed Dumm  *

14

On the road from Jerusalem to Jericho. (Mem.   III. 172; Sh. XVIII.)—Mr. C. F. T. Drake.

AHAVA, RIVER OF

(A Place or a River)

Ezra viii. 15, 21, 31

Hit   (?)

—

Not identified with any certainty, but supposed to be the modern ‘Hit’ on the Euphrates, due east of Damascus. The Theras of Esd. viii. 41–61.

AHLAB

Judg. i. 31

el Jish   (?)

6

A city of Asher, from which the Canaanites were not driven out. Supposed to be the Giscala of Josephus and the Talmudic Gush Halab. The modern village, ‘el Jish,’ is thought to represent the ancient site; but ‘el Jish’ is in Naphtali, some 6 miles from the territory of Asher. (Mem.   I. 225; Sh. IV.)

AI, HAI, or AIATH (Isaiah x. 28)

AIJA, same as A  I (Neh. xi. 31)

Gen. xii. 8; xiii. 3; Josh. vii. 2–5; viii. 1–29; ix. 3; x. 1, 2; xii. 9; Ezra ii. 28; Neh. vii. 32; Jer. xlix. 3

et Tell, or Kh. Haiyan  *

14

Called by Josephus ʾAina; was ‘close to’ Bethel. The claims to this royal city lie between ‘et Tel,’ a mound 1⅜ miles to the E.S.E. of Bethel, and ‘Kh. Haiyan,’ near Deir Diwan, 2⅛ miles S.E. of Bethel. The former advocated by Col. Sir Charles Wilson and others, the latter by Capt. Conder (Mem.   II. 372; III. 30; Sh. XVII.)

AIJALON or AJALON

Josh. xix. 42; xxi. 24; Judg. i. 35; 1 Sam. xiv. 31; 1 Chron. vi. 69; viii. 13; 2 Chron. xi. 10; xxviii. 18

Yâlô

14

The present village Yâlô, a little to the north of the Jaffa road, about 13 miles from Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 19; Sh. XVII.)

AIJALON, V  ALLEY OF

Josh. x. 12

Merj Ibn ʾAmîr

14

The valley in which Aijalon is situated.

AIJALON

Judg. xii. 12

Kh. Jallûn   (??)

—

A town of Zebulun, the burial-place of Elon, one of the Judges of Israel.

AIN   (1)

Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; xxi. 16; 1 Chron. iv. 32

Not identified

13

One of the southern cities of Judah towards the coast of Edom, mentioned with Rimmon (Josh. xv. 32), afterwards allotted to Simeon (Josh. xix. 7). Possibly Ain and Rimmon were one place = En-rimmon  , which see.

AIN   (2)

Num. xxxiv. 11

ʾAin el ʾAsy   (?)

—

Supposed to be ʾAin el ʾAsy, the main source of the Orontes, near Riblah.

AKRABBIM, A  SCENT OF

Num. xxxiv. 4; Judges i. 36

Not identified

—

Perhaps the range of cliffs at the south end of the Dead Sea, or Nakib ibn Mar. See Maaleh Acrabbim  .

ALAMMELECH

Josh. xix. 26

Not identified

—

Between Achshaph and Amad in Asher. Supposed by some that Wâdy el Melek (Sheet V.) is a relic of this name.

ALEMA

1 Macc. v. 26

Kefr el Ma   (?)*

7

Only once mentioned. Described as a city ‘strong and great in Gilead.’ ʾAlma, some 8 miles south of Edrei.—Merrill. Kefr el Ma, a village east of the Sea of Galilee.—Schumacher.

ALEMETH,

(R.V. ALLEMETH  )

1 Chron. vi. 60; viii. 36; ix. 42

ʾAlmît

14

The present ruined village ʾAlmît, 3½ miles north-east of Jerusalem. See Bahurim. (Mem.   III. 35; Sh. XVII.)

ALEXANDRIA

3 Macc. ii. 30; iii. 1, 21; Acts xviii. 24; vi. 9

Alexandria

—

ALLON

Josh. xix. 33

—

The ‘Revised Version’ renders this name ‘The Oak,’ others ‘Plain.’

ALLON-BACHUTH

(R.V. ALLON-BACUTH  )

Gen. xxxv. 8

10

‘Beneath Bethel,’ where Deborah, the nurse of Rebekah was buried.

ALMON

Josh. xxi. 18

ʾAlmît

14

Same as Alemeth (ʾAlmît) in Benjamin. (Mem.   III. 35; Sh. XVIII.)

ALMON DIBLATHAIM

Num. xxxiii. 46, 47

Kh. Deleiyât   (??)*

—

See Beth-diblathaim. One of the camping-stations of the Israelites, between Dibon-gad and the mountains of Abarim. In Moab. (Conder’s Heth and Moab  , page 269.)

ALOTH

(R.V. BEALOTH  )

1 Kings iv. 16

Not identified

6

(?) A town or district. Perhaps ʾAlia, east of Achzib. (Mem.   I. 170; Sh. III.)—Conder.

ALUSH

Num. xxxiii. 13

Not identified

—

One of the camping-stations of the Israelites next to Rephidim.

AMAD

Josh. xix. 26

Kh. el ʾAmûd   (?)*

6

A town in Asher, mentioned between Alammelech and Misheal. Probably el ʾAmûd, north of Akka.—Conder. There is also a ruined town called Umm el ʾAmûd, between Bethlehem and Abez, south of Wâdy el Melek, which some identify with Amad. (Mem.   I. 170; Sh. III.)

AMAM

Josh. xv. 26

Not identified

—

A city in the south of Judah, mentioned with ‘Shema’ and ‘Moladah.’

AMANA

Cant. iv. 8

Not identified

—

Apparently a mountain in or near Lebanon. It is commonly assumed that this is the mountain in which the river Abana has its source. (Smith’s Dictionary to the Bible  .)

AMATHIS

1 Macc. xii. 25

Hamath

—

‘The land of Amathis.’ Believed to be the district of Hamath in the north of Palestine.

AMMAH, THE   HILL OF

2 Sam. ii. 24

Not identified

—

‘That lieth before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon.’

ANAB

Josh. xi. 21; xv. 50

ʾAnâb

13

The ruin ‘ʾAnâb,’ 2½ miles west of ‘Debir.’ (Mem.   III. 392, 393; Sh. XXIV.)

ANAHARATH

Josh. xix. 19

en Nʾaûrah

10

The village, ‘en Nʾaûrah,’ 5½ miles north-east of Jezreel, in Issachar. (Mem.   II. 85; Sh. IX.)—De Saulcy.

ANANIAH

Neh. xi. 32

Beit Hannîna

14

Named between ‘Nob’ and ‘Hazor.’ The present village Beit Hannîna near Gibeon. (Mem.   III. 8; Sh. XVII.)

ANATHOTH

Josh. xxi. 18; 1 Kings ii. 26; 1 Chron. vi. 60; Ezra ii. 23; Neh. vii. 27; xi. 32; Isa. x. 30; Jer. i. 1; xi. 21, 23; xxix. 27; xxxii. 7, 9; 2 Sam. xxiii. 27; 1 Esdr. v. 18

ʾAnâta

14

The village ʾAnâta of Benjamin, 3 miles north-east of Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 7; Sh. XVII.)

ANEM

1 Chron. vi. 73

ʾAnîn   (?)*

10

Probably the village ‘ʾÂnîn,’ west of the plain of Esdraelon. A city of Issachar. (Mem.   II. 44 and 50; Sh. VIII.)—Conder.

ANER

1 Chron. vi. 70

Ellar   (??)*

10

Possibly ‘Ellar,’ in the hills south-west of the plain of Esdraelon. A city of Manasseh. (Mem.   II. 154; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

ANIM

Josh xv. 50

Ghuwein

14

Now a ruin called ‘Ghuwein,’—south of Hebron, and near ‘Eshtemoa.’ (Mem.   III. 408; Sh. XXV.)

ANTI-LIBANUS

Judith i. 7

Anti-Lebanon

—

The range of mountains west of Damascus.

ANTIOCH

1 Macc. iii. 37; iv. 35; xi. 13; 2 Macc. iv. 33; viii. 35; xiii. 23; v. 21; xi. 36

Antakîa

—

The modern Antakîa on the Orontes. North-east of ‘Daphne.’

APHEK   (1)

Josh. xii. 18

Not identified

—

Somewhere in Judah.

APHEK   (2)

Josh. xix. 30

Not identified  —probably same as Aphek (3)

—

Somewhere in Asher. In Judg. i. 31 it is rendered Aphik.

APHEK   (3)

Josh. xiii. 4

Afka   (?)

—

Probably ‘Afka’ on the north-west slope of Lebanon—perhaps the same as (2).

APHEK   (4)

1 Sam. iv. 1

Not identified

14

Possibly the present ruin of ‘Belled el Foka’ = Upper town, near Gath. (Mem.   III. 109; Sh. XVII.)

APHEK   (5)

1 Sam. xxix. 1

Fukûʾa   (??)*

10

Possibly the modern village ‘Fukûʾa’ on ‘Gilboa,’ in Issachar. (Mem.   II. 84; Sh. IX.)—Conder.

APHEK   (6)

1 Kings xx. 26, 30; 2 Kings xiii. 17

Fîk

7

A walled city in the Mishor, east of the Jordan; believed to be the village ‘Fîk,’ east of the Sea of Galilee, on the highway to Damascus.

APHEKAH

Josh. xv. 53

Not identified—perhaps same as Aphek   (1)

—

In the mountains of Judah, (?) the same place as that of Josh. xii. 18.

APHEREMA

1 Macc. xi. 34

Ephraim

—

Probably the same as Ephraim   (Ophrah Taiyibeh), which see.

APHIK

Judg. i. 31

Same as Aphek   (2)

—

APHRAH

(R.V. BETH-APHRAH  )

Micah i. 10

Not identified

—

Probably in the low country of Judah. Supposed by some to be Ophrah.

AR OF MOAB

Num. xxi. 28; Deut. ii. 9, 18, 29; Isa. xv. 1

Rabba

14

The ruin ‘Rabba,’ north of ‘Kerak,’ known in the time of Jerome as ‘Areopolis’ and Rabbath-Moab.

ARAB

Josh. xv. 52

Kh. er Rabîyeh  *

14

The present ruin, er Rabîyeh, in the mountains of Judah, south of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 311–360; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

ARABAH

Josh. xviii. 18

The Ghôr and the ʾArabah

—

The great Jordan Valley.

ARABATTINE

1 Macc. v. 3

Acrabbim

—

In Idumea. Akrabbim   (ascent of), which see.

ARABIA

1 Kings x. 15; 2 Chron. ix. 14; Is. xxi. 13; Jer. xxv. 24; Ezek. xxvii. 21; Judith ii. 25; 1 Macc. xi. 16; 2 Macc. xii. 11; 2 Esd. xv. 29; Gal. i. 17; iv. 25

—

ARAD

Num. xxi. 1; xxxiii. 40; Josh. xii. 14; Judg. i. 16

Tell ʾArâd

14

Named with ‘Hormah’ and ‘Libnah.’ The large ruin Tell ʾArâd, east of Beersheba. (Mem.   II. 403, 415; Sh. XXV.)

ARADUS

1 Macc. xv. 23

Island Er Ruad

—

Same as Arvad.

ARAM (S  YRIA)

Gen. x. 22, 23; xxii. 21; Num. xxiii. 7; 1 Chr. i. 17; ii. 23

—

The country from the Sea of Galilee to Euphrates and north part of Mesopotamia. Aram means ‘highlands.’

ARAM-DAMMESEK (S  YRIA OF DAMASCUS)

2 Sam. viii. 5, 6; 1 Chr. xviii. 5, 6

—

The country round Damascus.

ARAM-BETH-REHOB

2 Sam. x. 6

—

District bordering on the Euphrates.

ARAM-MAACHAH

1 Chron. xix. 6

—

District south of Aram Zobah and west of Aram Beth-rehob.

ARAM-NAHARAIM

Gen. xxiv. 10; Deut. xxiii. 4; Judg. iii. 8; 1 Chron. xix. 6; Ps. lx., Title

—

Mesopotamia.

ARAM-ZOBAH

2 Sam. x. 6–8; Ps. lx., Title

—

Eastward of CoeleSyria, extending north-east and east to the Euphrates.

ARARAT

Gen. viii. 4; 2 Kings xix. 37; Isa. xxxvii. 38; Jer. li. 27

—

See Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

ARARATH, ARARAH, T  HE MOUNTAINS OF

Tobit i. 21

Same as Ararat

—

ARBATTIS

1 Macc. v. 23

Not identified

—

A district of Palestine. Probably either that north of the Sea of Galilee, called ‘Ard el Batîhah,’ or ‘Acrabatene,’ between Jericho and Neapolis.

ARBA

Josh. xv. 13; xxi. 11

El Khalîl   (Hebron)

—

See Hebron  .

ARBAH

Gen. xxxv. 27

Do. do.

—

ARBELA

1 Macc. ix. 2

Kh. Irbid

6

The present ruin ‘Irbid,’ west of the Sea of Galilee. (Mem.   I. 365, 366; Sh. VI.)

ARBONAI, R  IVER

Judith ii. 24

Not identified

—

ARCHI

Josh. xvi. 2; 2 Sam. xv. 32; xvi. 16; xvii. 5, 14; 1 Chron. xxvii. 33

ʾAin ʾArîk  *

14

The present village ʾAin ʾArîk. (Mem.   III. 7; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ARDATH

2 Esd. ix. 26

Not identified

—

‘The field called Ardath.’

ARGOB

Deut. iii. 4, 13, 14; 1 Kings iv. 13

el Lejjah

8

A district of country in Bashan, in later times Trachonitis, now called el Lejjah.

Dr. Porter says: ‘It is wholly composed of black basalt, which appears to have issued from innumerable pores in the earth in a liquid state, and to have flowed out on every side. Before cooling its surface was violently agitated, and it was afterwards shattered and rent by internal convulsions. The cuplike cavities   from which the liquid mass was extruded are still seen, and likewise the wavy surface a thick liquid assumes which cools while flowing. The rock is filled with little pits and air-bubbles: it is hard as flint, and emits a sharp metallic sound when struck. This ungainly and forbidding region is thickly studded with deserted cities and villages, in all of which the dwellings are solidly built’ (p. 238).

ARIEL

Isa. xxix. 1, 2, 7

Jerusalem   (?)

—

The city where David encamped. (R.V.)

ARIOCH, P  LAIN OF

Judith i. 6

Not identified

—

In the Euphrates country.

ARMENIA

(R.V. ARARAT  )

2 Kings xix. 37; Isa. xxxvii. 38

ARNON, RIVER

(R.V. ARNON, V  ALLEY OF)

Num. xxi. 13–28; xxii. 36; Deut. ii. 24, 36; iii. 8, 12, 16; iv. 48; Josh. xii. 1, 2; xiii. 9, 16; Judg. xi. 13, 26; 2 Kings x. 33; Isa. xvi. 2; Jer. xlviii. 20

Wâdy Môjib

15

Wâdy Môjib, eastern side of Dead Sea.

AROER   (1)

Deut. ii. 36; iii. 12; iv. 48; Josh. xii. 2; xiii. 9, 16; Judg. xi. 26, 33; 2 Sam. xxiv. 5; 2 Kings x. 33; 1 Chron. v. 8; Jer. xlviii. 19

ʾArʾaîr

15

The ruin ʾArʾaîr, on the north bank of Wâdy Môjib.

AROER   (2)

Num. xxxii. 34; Josh. xiii. 25

Not identified

—

A town ‘built’ by, and belonging to, Gad. (?) the same as (1).

AROER   (3)

1 Sam. xxx. 28

ʾArʾarah

21

The ruin ʾArʾarah, 12 miles east of Beersheba.

AROER   (4)

Isa. xvii. 2

Not identified

—

ARPAD, or ARPHAD

2 Kings xviii. 34; xix. 13; Isa. x. 9; xxxvi. 19; xxxvii. 13; Jer. xlix. 23

Tell Erfâd

—

13 miles north of Aleppo.

ARSARETH

2 Esdr. xiii. 45

Not identified

—

A district beyond the Euphrates.

ARUBOTH

(R.V.

ARRUBBOTH  )

1 Kings iv. 10; 8 Ant. 2, 3

Not identified

—

One of the provinces of Solomon, which included Sochoh.

ARUMAH

Judg. ix. 41

El ʾOrmeh   (?)

10

Possibly el ʾOrmeh, 6 miles south-east of Shechem. (Mem.   II. 387; Sh. XV.)

ARVAD

Ezek. xxvii. 8–11

Er Ruad Island

—

See Aradus  .

ASCALON

Judith ii. 28; 1 Macc. x. 86; xi. 60; xii. 33

ʾAskalân

—

Ashkelon  , which see.

ASER

Tobit i. 2

Not identified

—

Probably a corruption of Hazor.

ASHAN

Josh. xv. 42; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32; vi. 59

Not identified

13

Possibly the old ruin of ‘ʾAseileh,’ which is 3½ miles from the now accepted site of ‘Rimmon.’ (Mem.   III. 393; Sh. XXIV.)—Conder.

ASHDOD, or AZOTUS

Josh. xi. 22; xv. 46, 47; 1 Sam. v. 1–7; vi. 17; 2 Chr. xxvi. 6; Neh. xiii. 23, 24; Isa. xx. 1; Jer. xxv. 20; Am. i. 8; iii. 9; Zep. ii. 4; Zech. ix. 6

Esdûd

13

The large village ‘Esdud,’ in the plain of Philistia. (Mem.   II. 409; Sh. XVI.)

ASHDOTH PISGAH (PISGAH, S  LOPES OF, R.V.)

Deut. iii. 17; iv. 49; Josh. x. 40; xii. 3; xiii. 20

ʾAyûn Mûsa, or The Slopes of Neba

15

In the old version is rendered ‘The springs of Pisgah,’ and has generally been identified with ‘ʾAyûn Mûsa,’ the famous springs under Mount Nebo. The Revised Version gives ‘the slopes of Pisgah.’ (Heth and Moab  , p. 131.)

ASHER, T  RIBE OF

Josh. xix. 24–31; Josephus v. Ant. 1, 22

—

ASHER

Josh. xvii. 7

Not identified

—

Named with Michmethah as being on the borders of Manasseh. According to Reland it is a double name Asherham-Michmethah. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 264, and Mem.   II. 169; Sh. XI.)

ASHKELON, ASKELON

Judg. i. 18; xiv. 19; 1 Sam. vi. 17; 2 Sam. i. 20; Jer. xxv. 20; xlvii. 5, 7; Am. i. 8; Zeph. ii. 4, 7; Zech. ix. 5

ʾAskalân

13

The present ruined city ʾAskalân, on the coast of Philistia. (Mem.   III. 237; Sh. XIX.)

ASHKENAZ

Jer. li. 27

One of the ‘Kingdoms of Ararat.’

ASHNAH   (1)

Josh. xv. 33

Kefr Hasan   (?)*

14

‘A city of Judah.’ The ruined town ‘ʾAslin,’ between ‘Zorah’ and Eshtaol, has been proposed for this site.

ASHNAH   (2)

Josh. xv. 43

Not identified

—

‘A city of Judah.’ Idhnah, 5 miles south-east of Beit Jibrin, has been suggested.

ASHTAROTH

Deut. i. 4; Josh. ix. 10; xii. 4; xiii. 12, 31; 1 Chron. vi. 71

Tell ʾAshtarah   (?)

7

‘A city in Bashan.’ Very probably Tell ʾAshtarah in Jaulan. (Across the Jordan  , p. 209.)

ASHTEROTH KARNAIM

Gen. xiv. 5; 1 Macc. v. 26, 43, 44; 2 Macc. xii. 21, 26

Tell ʾAshtarah   (?)

7

The Samaritan version of the Pentateuch renders ‘Ashteroth Karnaim,’ by the name ‘Sunamein,’ a town on the Haj road, 28 miles south of Damascus. Tell ʾAshtarah farther north is also possible.

ASIA

2 Esdr. xv. 46; xvi. 1; 1 Macc. viii. 6; xi. 13; xii. 39; xiii. 32; 2 Macc. iii. 3; x. 24

Asia Minor

—

Asia is here used in its earlier sense, for Asia Minor or the country north of the Tarsus mountains.

ASPHAR, T  HE POOL OF

1 Macc. ix. 33; Ant. xiii. 1, 2

Not identified

—

In the wilderness of Tekoa.

ASSYRIA

Very frequently mentioned

—

ATAD, T  HRESHING FLOOR OF

Gen. l. 10, 11

Not identified

‘Beyond Jordan.’

ATARGATIS, T  EMPLE OF

2 Macc. xii. 26

At Ashteroth Karnaim

—

ATAROTH   (1)

Num. xxxii. 3, 34

Kh. ʾAttarûs   (?)

15

In the land of Jazer and Gilead, built by Gad. Possibly the ruins of ʾAttarus, north of the river Arnon.

ATAROTH   (2)

Josh. xvi. 7

Not identified

10

Perhaps ‘Tell et Trûny,’ at the foot of the hills in the Jordan Valley. (Mem.   II. 403; Sh. XV.; also p. 393, under the name Kh. Kaswah.)—Conder.

ATAROTH   (3)

Josh. xvi. 2

Same as Ataroth Adar

—

ATAROTH ADAR

Josh. xvi. 2, 5; xviii. 13; 1 Chron. ii. 54

Kh. ed Dârieh  *

14

Now the ruined Dârieh, west of Bethoron. (Mem.   III. 35; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ATHACH

1 Sam. xxx. 30

Not identified

—

ATHENS

2 Macc. vi. 1; ix. 15

—

ATROTH-BETH-JOAB

R.V., 1 Chron. ii. 54

ATROTH-SHOPHAN

Num. xxxii. 35

Not identified

—

A city of Gad. Named between ‘Aroer and Jaazer.’

AVA, or IVAH

(R.V. AVVA and IVVAH  )

2 Kings xvii. 24; xviii. 34

Not identified

—

Supposed to be the same place as Ahava  , which see.

AVEN, THE PLAIN OF

(R.V. V  ALLEY OF)

Amos i. 5

Not identified

—

AVEN, H  IGH PLACES OF

Hos. x. 8

Bethaven

10 & 14

Beitîn.

AVEN

Ezek. xxx. 17

On; Heliopolis

—

The sacred city of Heliopolis or On, in Egypt.

AVIM

(R.V. AVVIM  )

Joshua xviii. 23; Deut. ii. 23

Not identified

—

A town of Benjamin.

AVITH

Gen. xxxvi. 35; 1 Chron. i. 46

Not identified

—

A city of Hadad Ben-Bedad, one of the Kings of Edom.

AZAL

(R.V. AZEL  )

Zech. xiv. 5

Not identified

—

The limit to which the valley or ravine of the Mount of Olives shall reach.

AZEKAH

Josh. x. 10, 11; xv. 35; 1 Sam. xvii. 1; 2 Chron. xi. 9; Neh. xi. 30; Jer. xxxiv. 7

Tell Zakarîya

14

Both Tell Zakarîya and Deir el ʾAshek have been proposed, the former in the ‘Valley of Elah,’ and the latter in the ‘Valley of Sorek.’ (Mem.   II. 420 and 441; Sh. XVI.)—Conder.

AZEM, or EZEM

(R.V. EZEM  )

Josh. xv. 29; xix. 3; 1 Chron. iv. 29

Not identified

—

In the south of Judah, allotted to Simeon.

AZMAVETH

1 Chron. xii. 3; Ezra ii. 24; Neh. xii. 29

Hizmeh

14

The village Hizmeh, 4 miles north-east of Jerusalem = Beth-azmaveth. (Mem.   III. 9; Sh. XVII.)

AZMON

Num. xxxiv. 4, 5; Josh. xv. 4

Not identified

—

Named as being between Hazar-addar and the River or Brook of Egypt (Wâdy el Arîsh), in the extreme south of Judah; thought to refer to the same place as Heshmon. (?)

AZNOTH-TABOR

Josh. xix. 34

Summit (?) of Mount Tabor

6

A place on the boundary of Naphtali. (Sh. VI.)

AZOTUS

Judith ii. 28; 1 Macc. iv. 15; v. 68; x. 77, 84; xi. 4; xiv. 34; xvi. 10

—

Ashdod  , which see.

AZOTUS, M  OUNT

1 Macc. ix. 15

The hill above Bîr ez Zeit

10

The hill of ‘Bir ez Zeit,’ 4 miles north of Bethel.

AZZAH

(R.V. GAZA  )

Deut. ii. 23; 1 Kings iv. 24; Jer. xxv. 20

Gaza

—

Identical with Gaza  , which see. (In 1 Chr. vii. 28, the Revised Version reads Azzah, in the margin Ayyah.)

BAAL

1 Chron. iv. 33

Same as Baalath Beer

—

See Baalath Beer  .

BAALAH

Josh. xv. 9, 10; 2 Sam. vi. 2; 1 Chron. xiii. 6

Same as Kirjath Jearim

—

Another name for Kirjath-jearim or Kirjath-baal. (In 2 Sam. vi. 2, the Revised Version reads Baale Judah.)

BAALAH, BALAH or BILHAH

Josh. xv. 29; xix. 3; 1 Chr. iv. 29

Not identified

—

A town in the south of Judah. (Mem.   III. 261; Sh. XX.)

BAALAH, M  OUNT

Josh. xv. 11

Not identified

—

Named between ‘Ekron’ and ‘Jabneel.’ Probably one of the tops on the ridge running north of ‘el Mughâr’ (Makkedah).

BAALATH

Josh. xix. 44; 1 Kings ix. 18; 2 Chron. viii. 6

Belʾaîn  *

10

Perhaps the village Belʾaîn, and identical with the town in Kings ix. 18, Ant. viii. 6, 1. (Mem.   II. 296; Sh. XIV.)—Conder.

BAALATH BEER

Josh. xix. 8; 1 Sam. xxx. 27

Not identified

—

In the south part of Judah. Also called Ramah or Ramath of the South.

BAAL-GAD

Josh. xi. 17; xii. 7; xiii. 5

Bâniâs   (?)

7

‘In the valley of Lebanon, under Mount Hermon.’ (Bâniâs, Schwarz & Robinson.) (Mem.   I. 109; Sh. II.)

BAAL-HAMON

Cant. viii. 11

Not identified

—

Perhaps Amana (Conder). See Balamo  .

BAAL-HAZOR

2 Sam. xiii. 23

Tell ʾAsûr

10

The present mountain, Tell ʾAsûr, near Ephraim (Taiyibeh). (Mem.   II. 298; Sh. XIV.)

BAAL-HERMON, M  OUNT

Judg. iii. 3; 1 Chron. v. 23

Mount Hermon; Jebel esh Sheikh

3

Also called Mount Hermon, Deut. iii. 8; ‘Sirion,’ and ‘Shenir,’ Deut. iii. 9; Mount Zion, Deut. iv. 48. Now called Jebel esh Sheikh.

BAAL-MEON

Num. xxxii. 38; 1 Chron. v. 8; Ezek. xxv. 9

Tell Mʾaîn

15

See Beth-baal-meon  . A town of Reuben.

BAAL-PERAZIM

2 Sam. v. 20; 1 Chron. xiv. 11

Not identified

—

One of the scenes of David’s victories in the neighbourhood of the Valley of Rephaim.

BAAL-SHALISHA

2 Kings iv. 42

Kefr Thilth  * (?)

10

Kh. Sirîsia is 14 miles north-east of Lydda. This place is identified in the Onomasticon with Baal Shalisha. The village Kh. Kefr. Thilth is 4 miles further on. (Mem. II. 299; Sh. XIV.) See Conder’s Bible Handbook  , p. 404.

BAAL-TAMAR

Judg. xx. 33

ʾAttâra   (?)

14

Jewish tradition identifies the site with the large ruin ʾAttâra, near Gibeah of Benjamin.

BAAL-ZEPHON

Ex. xiv. 2, 9; Num. xxxiii. 7

Not identified

—

A place in Egypt near which the Israelites crossed the Red Sea.

BABEL, T  OWER OF

Gen. x. 10; xi. 4, 5, 9

Birs Nimrûd

—

BABYLON

Very frequently mentioned

—

On the Euphrates. Usually connected with Birs Nimrûd.

BACA, V  ALLEY OF

Ps. lxxxiv. 6

Not identified

—

Signifying Valley of Weeping, or Balsam trees. (R.V.)

BAHURIM

2 Sam. iii. 16; xvi. 5; xvii. 18; xix. 16; 1 Kings ii. 8

Kh. ʾAlmît   (??)

14

The Targum of Jonathan reads Almon (ʾAlmît). Identical with Alemeth and Almon  , which see.

BAJITH

(R.V. BAYITH  )

Isaiah xv. 2

Not identified

—

In Moab.

BALAH

Josh. xix. 3

—

See Baalah  .

BALAMO

Judith viii. 3

See Baal-hamon and   Bileam

—

Near Dothaim (?). A corruption of Baal Hamon or Bileam.

BAMOTH-BAAL

Num. xxi. 19; xxii. 41; Josh. xiii. 17

el Maslûbîyeh   (?)*

15

‘The high places of Baal,’ between Nebo and Beth Peor. (Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 85; Heth and Moab  , pp. 144–147.)

BAMOTH, IN THE VALLEY

(R.V.   TO THE VALLEY)

Num. xxi. 20

‘High places’ or ‘altars’

15

This would perhaps refer to the dolmens in Wâdy Jedeid, immediately north of ‘el Maslûbîyeh.’ (See Heth and Moab  , p. 144.)

BASCAMA

1 Macc. xiii. 23

Not identified

—

A place in Gilead. The scene of Jonathan the Hasmonean’s death.

BASHAN

Num. xxi. 33; xxxii. 33; Deut. i. 4; iii. 1, 14; iv. 43; xxix. 7; xxxii. 14; xxxiii. 22; Josh. ix. 10; xii. 4; xiii. 11, 12, 30; xvii. 1, 5; xx. 8; xxi. 6, 27; xxii. 7; 1 Kings iv. 13–19; 2 Kings x. 33; 1 Chron. v. 11, 16, 23; vi. 62; Neh. ix. 22; Ps. xxii. 12; lxviii. 15, 22; cxxxv. 11; cxxxvi. 20; Isa. ii. 13; xxxiii. 9; Jer. xxii. 20; l. 19; Ezek. xxvii. 6; xxxix. 18; Am. iv. 1; Micah vii. 14; Nah. i. 4; Zech. xi. 2

6, 7, 11, 12

A district on the east of Galilee, extending from the borders of Gilead on the south to Mount Hermon on the north, and from the Jordan Valley on the west, to Bozrah on the east. The later Aramaic name, Batanea, applied to the south part of the district. It perhaps survives in the modern district name, el Butein, south-east of Galilee and in Ard el Bathania, further east. (See Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 315.)

BASHAN-HAVOTH-JAIR

(R.V. HAVVOTH-JAIR  )

Deut. iii. 14

Same as Argob

—

BATH-RABBIM

Cant. vii. 4

Not identified

—

One of the gates of Heshbon. See Heth and Moab  , p. 125.

BATH ZACHARIAS

1 Macc. vi. 32, 33; xii. Ant. 9, 4; 1 Wars i. 5

Kh. Beit Skâria

14

The present ruined village of Beit Skâria, south-west of Bethlehem. (Mem.   III. 35; Sh. XVII.)

BEALOTH

Josh. xv. 24

Not identified

—

Somewhere in the extreme south of Judah.

BEBAI

Judith xv. 4

Not identified

—

A place only mentioned in Judith.

BECTILETH, T  HE PLAIN OF

Judith ii. 21

Not identified

—

Mentioned as lying between Nineveh and Cilicia.

BEER   (1)

Num. xxi. 16, 18

Not identified

—

One of the stations of the Israelites, between ‘Ar’ and ‘Mattaneh.’

BEER   (2)

Judg. ix. 21

Not identified

—

Perhaps Beeroth of Benjamin.—Conder.

BEER-ELIM

Isa. xv. 8

Not identified

—

On the border of Moab.

BEER-LAHAI-ROI

Gen. xvi. 14; xxiv. 62; xxv. 11

ʾAin Muweileh   (?)

20

Between ‘Kedesh’ and Bered, in the south of Judah. The well ‘ʾAin Muweileh,’ 12 miles to the west of ‘ʾAin Kadîs,’ is supposed by Rowlands to be the ancient one.

BEEROTH

Deut. x. 6

Not identified

—

One of the camping-stations of the Israelites. ‘Beerothe Bene-Jaakan’ = the wells of the children of Jaakan.

BEEROTH

Josh. ix. 17; xviii. 25; 2 Sam. iv. 2, 3, 5, 9; xxiii. 37; Ezra ii. 25; Neh. vii. 29; 1 Chron. xi. 39

Bîreh

14

‘A city of Benjamin.’ The present village ‘Bîreh,’ a day’s journey from Jerusalem, on the main road to Shechem and the north. (Mem.   III. 88; Sh. XVII.)

BEER-SHEBA

Gen. xxi. 14–31; 33; xxii. 19; xxvi. 23, 33; xxviii. 10; xlvi. 1, 5; Josh. xv. 28; xix. 2; Jud. xx. 1; 1 Sam. iii. 20; viii. 2; 2 Sam. iii. 10; xvii. 11; xxiv. 2, 7, 15; 1 Kings iv. 25; xix. 3; 2 Kings xii. 1; xxiii. 8; 1 Chron. iv. 28; xxi. 2; 2 Chron. xix. 4; xxiv. 1; xxx. 5; Neh. xi. 27, 30; Am. v. 5; viii. 14

Bîr es Sebʾa

13

The present ruin ‘Bîr es Sebʾa,’ with three wells. (Mem.   III. 394; Sh. XXIV.)

BEESH-TERAH

Josh. xxi. 27

Same as Ashtaroth

—

In the Hauran, another name for Ashtaroth  , which see. Considered by Gesenius as a contracted form of Beth-Ashtaroth.

BELA

Gen. xiv. 2, 8

Same as Zoar

—

The original name for Zoar  , which see.

BELMAIM or BELMEN

Judith iv. 4; vii. 3

ʾAin Belâmeh   (?)*

6

See Bileam. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 289.) Proposed by C. F. T. Drake.

BENEBERAK

Josh. xix. 45

Ibn Ibrâk

9

The present village Ibn Ibrâk. (Mem.   II. 251; Sh. XIII.)

BENJAMIN HIGH GATE, or G  ATE OF

Jer. xx. 2; xxxvii. 13; xxxviii. 7; Zech. xiv. 10

—

Somewhere in the north wall of Jerusalem.

BENJAMIN, T  RIBE OF

Josh. xviii., and Josephus v. Ant. i. 22

—

BEON or

BAAL-MEON

Num. xxxii. 3, 38

—

See Beth-baal-meon  .

BERACHAH, VALLEY OF

(R.V. BERACAH  )

2 Chron. xx. 26

Wâdy ʾArrûb, (Breikût  )

14

‘The valley called Wâdy ʾArrûb, above which is the ruin Breikût, a relic of the name.’ (Mem.   III. 311; Sh. XXI.)

BEREA   (1)

2 Macc. xiii. 4

Aleppo

—

The modern Aleppo.

BEREA   (2)

1 Macc. ix. 4; xii. Ant. 11, 1

Bîreh

14

= Beeroth, which see. (Beroth, 1 Esdr. v. 19.) (Mem.   III. 88; Sh. XVII.)

BERED

Gen. xvi. 14

Khalasah   (?)

20

Between ‘Kadesh’ and ‘Bered’ lay the well ‘Lahai Roi.’ The Targum of pseudo-Jonathan reads ‘Khalutza’ = Khalasah, a heap of ruins, 13 miles south of Beersheba.

BEROTH

1 Esdr. v. 19

Bîreh

—

Probably the same as Berea = Beeroth  , which see.

BEROTHAH

Ezek. xlvii. 16

Not identified

—

The Rev. G. H. Tomkins, in Quarterly Statement   for April, 1885, p. 108, suggests the vicinity of the rock-hewn inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar in ‘Wâdy Brissa,’ north-west of Baalbek, and between Damascus and Hamath, as the site of the ancient Berothah. Others suggest Beirût.

BEROTHAI

2 Sam. viii. 8

Not identified

—

Perhaps the same as Berothah.

BESOR, THE B  ROOK

1 Sam. xxx. 9, 10, 21

Not identified

—

Somewhere in the south of Judah.

BETAH

2 Sam. viii. 8

Not identified

—

Same as Tibhath  , which see.

BETANE

Judith i. 9

Not identified

—

Possibly Kh. Beit ʾAinûn. (Sh. XXI.) (See ‘Beth-anoth  .’)

BETEN

Josh. xix. 25

el Bʾaneh

6

‘One of the cities on the border of the tribe of Asher.’ Eusebius places ‘Bebeten’ 8 Roman miles east of Ptolemais. This indicates the village ‘el Bʾaneh,’ which is 12 miles east. (Mem.   I. 153; Sh. III.)

BETH-ACHATH or EKED

2 Kings x. 12

Beit Kâd  *

10

‘The Shearing House’ or ‘House of Gathering,’ (R.V.) The small village, ‘Beit Kâd,’ 3 miles east of Jenîn. (Mem.   II. 83; Sh. IX.)

BETH-ANATH

Josh. xix. 38; Judg. i. 33

ʾAinîtha

6

‘One of the fenced cities of Naphtali.’ The village, ‘ʾAinîtha,’ 6 miles west of ‘Kedesh.’ (Mem.   I. 200; Sh. IV.)

BETH-ANOTH

Josh. xv. 59

Kh. Beit ʾAinûn

14

‘One of the cities in the mountains of Judah.’ The ruin, ‘Beit ʾAinûn,’ 1½ miles south-east of Halhul. (Mem.   III. 351; Sh. XXI.)

BETH-ARABAH

Josh. xv. 6, 61; xviii. 22

Not identified

—

One of the six cities of Judah in the Arabah; but in chap. xviii. 21, allotted to Benjamin.

BETH-ARAM

(R.V. BETH-HARAM  )

Josh. xiii. 27

Tell Râmeh

14

One of the towns of Gad, on the east of Jordan. See Beth-haran  .

BETH-ARBEL

Hosea x. 14

Not identified

—

Probably Irbid in the Ajlûn, east of Jordan.

BETH-AVEN

Josh. vii. 2; 1 Sam. xiii. 5; xiv. 23; Hos. iv. 15; v. 8; x. 5

Not identified

—

A place east of Bethel, belonging to Benjamin.

BETH-AVEN, W  ILDERNESS OF

Josh. xviii. 12

The wilderness to the east of Bethel

10 and 14

To the east of Bethel and Ai, in Benjamin.

BETH-AZMAVETH

Neh. vii. 28

Hizmeh

14

The village Hizmeh, 4 miles north of Jerusalem. Also called ‘Azmaveth’ and Bethsamos, which see. (Mem.   III. 9; Sh. XVII.)

BETH-BAAL-MEON

Josh. xiii. 17

Tell Mʾaîn

15

Also called Baal-meon, Beth-meon, and Beon, belonging to Reuben. Now Tell Mʾaîn and ruins.

BETH-BARAH

Judg. vii. 24

Not identified

—

Perhaps near the ford in the Jordan, called ‘Mkt Abarah,’ north of Beth-shean. (Mem.   II.; Sh. IX.)

BETH-BASI

1 Macc. ix. 62, 64

Not identified

—

In the wilderness, east of Jerusalem. Identified by Josephus (xiii. Ant. i. 5) with Beth Aglah (Beth Hoglah).

BETH-BIREI

(R.V. BETH-BIRI  )

1 Chron. iv. 31

Not identified

—

A town of Simeon, in the extreme south. (Mem.   III. 261.)

BETH-CAR

1 Sam. vii. 11; vi. Ant. 2, 2

Not identified

—

Possibly ‘ʾAin Kârim,’ west of Mizpeh, the site of the stone ‘Eben-ezer,’ between ‘Mizpeh’ and ‘Shen.’

BETH-DAGON   (1)

Josh. xv. 41

Dajûn   (?)

9

Dajûn, between Lydda and Yebnah. Originally apportioned to Judah, afterwards in Dan. Suggested by M. Clermont-Ganneau. This ruin is south of the village Beit Dejan, which preserves the name. (Mem.   II. 251; Sh. XIII.)

BETH-DAGON   (2)

Josh. xix. 27

Tell Dʾaûk   (?)

6

Probably Tell or Kh. Dʾaûk near the boundary of Asher, south of Acre. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 268; Mem.   I. 309; Sh. V.)

BETH-DAGON   (3)

1 Macc. x. 83

Temple of Dagon in Azotus

—

BETH-DIBLATHAIM

Jer. xlviii. 22

See   Almon Diblathaim

—

A town of Moab. See Almon Diblathaim. Signifying house of the two discs. ‘Possibly the name Deleiyât may be a corruption of Diblah, as the situation seems appropriate, south of Tell Mʾaîn.’ (Heth and Moab  .)

BETHEL

Gen. xii. 8; xiii. 3; xxviii. 19; xxxi. 13; xxxv. 1–16; Josh. vii. 2; viii. 9, 12, 17; xii. 9, 16; xvi. 2; xviii. 13, 22; Judg. i. 22; iv. 5; xxi. 2, 19; 1 Sam. vii. 16; x. 3; xxx. 27; 1 Kings xii. 29, 32, 33; xiii. 1, 4, 10, 11, 32; 2 Kings ii. 2, 23; x. 29; xvii. 28; xxiii. 4, 15, 17, 19; 1 Chron. vii. 28; 2 Chron. xiii. 19; Ezra ii. 28; Neh. vii. 32; xi. 31; Jer. xlviii. 13; Hos. x. 15; xii. 4; Am. iii. 14; iv. 4; v. 5, 6; vii. 10, 13; 1 Macc. ix. 50

Beitin

10

The present village Beitin, 9½ miles north of Jerusalem. (Mem.   II. 305; Sh. XIV.)

BETHEL, M  OUNT

Josh. xvi. 1; 1 Sam. xiii. 2

The hill country around Bethel

10

The hill country around Bethel (R.V.).

BETH-EMEK

Josh. xix. 27

ʾAmka   (?)

6

Possibly the present village ‘Amka,’ 7 miles north-east of Accho, on or near the border of Asher. (Mem.   I. 145; Sh. III.)

BETHER, M  OUNTAINS OF

Cant. ii. 17

Not identified

14

Possibly Bethel. Possibly Bittîr, south-west of Jerusalem.

BETH-EZEL

Mich. i. 11

Not identified

—

Probably in the plain of Philistia. ? Azal, in Zech. xiv. 5.

BETH-GADER

1 Chron. ii. 51

See   Geder

—

BETH-GAMUL

Jer. xlviii. 23

Kh. Jemail   (?)*

15

In Moab. Perhaps Jemail, east of Dibon. (Conder. See Heth and Moab   list.)

BETH-HACCEREM

(R.V. BETH-HACCHEREM  )

Neh. iii. 14; Jer. vi. 1

Not identified

—

Possibly the Frank mountain; but the name, ‘Beth Haccerem,’ ‘House of the Vineyards,’ has not been recovered. A more recent suggestion would place the house of vineyards at ‘ʾAin Karîm,’ the ‘spring of vineyards.’ (Conder, Quarterly Statement  , p. 271, 1881).

BETH-HARAN

Num. xxxii. 36

Tell Râmeh

14

One of the fortified towns of Gad. The ruins, or Tell, called Rameh, near Kefrein, east of Jericho, identical with Beth-aram  , which see.

BETH-HOGLAH

Josh. xv. 6; xviii. 19, 21

ʾAin Hajlah

14

A town of Benjamin. The ruin of ‘ʾAin Hajlah,’ south-east of Jericho. Beth-basi of Macc. ix. 62. (Mem.   III. 173; Sh. XVIII.)

BETH-HORON, THE U  PPER

Josh. x. 10, 11; xvi. 5; xxi. 22; 1 Sam. xiii. 18; 1 Chron. vii. 68; 2 Chron. viii. 5; xxv. 13; 1 Macc. iii. 24

Beit ʾUr el Foka

14

On the tribal boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin. The present village, ‘Beit Ur el Foka.’ (Mem.   III. 86; Sh. XVII.)

BETH-HORON, THE N  ETHER

Josh. xvi. 3; xviii. 13, 14; 1 Kings ix. 17; 1 Chron. vi. 24; 2 Chron. viii. 5; Macc. iii. 16; vii. 39; ix. 50; Ecclus. xlvi. 6

Beit ʾUr el Tahta

14

On the tribal boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin. The present village ‘Beit Ur el Tahta.’

BETHORON

Judith iv. 4

Beth-horon.

BETH-JESIMOTH, or JESHIMOTH

Num. xxxiii. 49; Josh. xii. 3; xiii. 20; Ezek. xxv. 9

ʾAin Suweimeh

14

A small mound with ruins and spring near the north-east corner of the Dead Sea.

BETH-LEBAOTH

Josh. xix. 6

Not identified

—

A town in the lot of Simeon, somewhere in the south of Judah.

BETHLEHEM

OF JUDAH

Gen. xxxv. 19; xlviii. 7; Judg. xii. 8–10; xvii. 7, 9; xix. 12, 18; Ruth i. 1, 2, 19, 22; ii. 4; iv. 11; 1 Sam. xvi. 4; xvii. 12, 15; xx. 6, 28; 2 Sam. ii. 32; xxiii. 14, 15, 16, 24;   1 Chron. ii. 51, 54; iv. 4; xi. 16, 26; 2 Chron. xi. 6; Ezra ii. 21; Neh. vii. 26; Jer. xli. 17; Micah v. 2

Beit Lahm

14

The present town Beit Lahm, 5 miles south of Jerusalem. One of the fenced cities of Rehoboam, and originally called ‘Ephrath’ or ‘Ephratah.’ (Mem.   III. 28, 83; Sh. XVII.)

BETHLEHEM

OF ZEBULON

Josh. xix. 15; Judg. xii. 8, 10

Beit Lahm

6

The small village Beit Lahm, 7 miles north-west of Nazareth. (Mem.   I. 301; Sh. V.)

BETHLOMON

1 Esd. v. 17

Beit Lahm

Bethlehem of Judah.

BETH-MAACAH

2 Sam. xx. 14, 15

See   Aram-maachah

—

BETH-MARCABOTH

Josh. xix. 5; 1 Chron. iv. 31

Not identified

—

A town of Simeon, somewhere in the south of Judah.

BETH-MEON

Jer. xlviii. 23

Tell Mʾaîn

—

Same as Beth-baal-meon  , which see.

BETH-MERHAK

2 Sam. xv. 17 (R.V.)

Not identified

—

‘The Far House.’ A place near Jerusalem.

BETH-NIMRAH

Num. xxxii. 36; Josh. xiii. 27

Tell Nimrîn

14

The ruins of Tell Nimrîn, on the edge of the plain of Shittim, 10 miles to the north of the Salt Sea. ‘A fenced city of Gad.’

BETH-PALET or PHALET

(R.V. BETH-PELET  )

Josh. xv. 27; Neh. xi. 26

Not identified

—

In the south of Judah.

BETH-PAZZEZ

Josh. xix. 21

Not identified

—

Mentioned with En-gannim and En-haddah of Issachar.

BETH-PEOR

Deut. iii. 29; iv. 46; xxxiv. 6; Josh. xiii. 20

Mareighât   (?)*

14

(Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 14, and Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 88.) See Peor (Num. xxii. 28), which is perhaps Minyeh  , at west end of same ridge.

BETH-REHOB   (1)

Judg. xviii. 28

Hunîn   (?)

—

Somewhere near the town of Laish or Dan. Possibly Hunîn, a fortress commanding the plain of Hûleh, in which the city of Dan (Tell el Kâdy) lay. (Robinson.)

BETH-REHOB   (2)

2 Sam. x. 6

Not identified

—

An Aramean state south of Zobah and near the Euphrates.

BETHSAMOS

1 Esdr. v. 18

Hizmeh

—

Same as Beth Azmaveth and Azmaveth  , which see.

BETH-SAN

1 Macc. v. 52; xii. 40, 41

—

See Beth-shean  .

BETH-SHEAN or BETH-SHAN

Josh. xvii. 11, 16; Judg. i. 27; 1 Sam. xxxi. 10, 12; 2 Sam. xxi. 12; 1 Kings iv. 12; 1 Chron. vii. 29

Beisân

10

Represented by the modern town ‘Beisân’ and the extensive ruins surrounding it. (Mem.   I. 101–107; Sh. IX.)

BETH-SHEMESH   (1)

Josh. xv. 10; xxi. 16; 1 Sam. vi. 9, 20; 1 Kings iv. 9; 2 Kings xiv. 11; 1 Chron. vi. 59; 2 Chron. xxv. 21; xxviii. 18

ʾAin Shems

14

On the boundary of Judah; now the ruins called ‘ʾAin Shems’ in the valley of Sorek. (Mem.   III. 35, 60; Sh. XVII.)

BETH-SHEMESH   (2)

Josh. xix. 22

ʾAin es Shemsîyeh   (??)*

10

A city of Issachar. Possibly ʾAin esh Shemsîyeh, in the Jordan Valley, south of Beisân. (Mem.   II. 231; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

BETH-SHEMESH   (3)

Jer. xliii. 13

Heliopolis

—

In the Middle Ages Heliopolis was called Ain Shems, by the Arabs. A ruin 10 miles north-east of Cairo. (Robinson, i. 25.)

BETH-SHEMESH   (4)

Josh. xix. 38; Judg. i. 33

Kh. Shemsîn (?)*

Kh. Shemʾa   (??)

6

Thought by some to be Kh. Shemʾa, 3 miles west of Safed. One of the ‘fenced cities’ of Naphtali. (Mem. I. 246; Sh. IV.) Possibly Kh. Shemsîn  , east of Mount Tabor.—Conder, Sh. VI.

BETH-SHITTAH

Judg. vii. 22

Shutta   (?)

10

Was in or near Jordan Valley. The name exists at Shutta (Sheet IX.), where Robinson places this site.

BETHSURA

1 Macc. iv. 29, 61; vi. 7, 26, 31, 49, 50; ix. 52; x. 14; xi. 65; xiv. 7, 33; 2 Macc. xi. 5; xiii. 19, 22

Beit Sûr

—

The Beth-zur of Joshua xv. 58, etc.

BETH-TAPPUAH

Josh. xv. 53

Tŭffûh

14

Now represented by the modern village Tŭffûh, west of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 310, 379; Sh. XXI.)

BETHUL or BETHUEL

Josh. xix. 4; 1 Chron. iv. 30

Not identified

14

Possibly the small village ‘Beit Aûla,’ 5 miles west of Hûlhûl. Mentioned with ‘Eltolad’ and ‘Hormah,’ and belonging to Simeon. (Mem.   III. 302; Sh. XXI.)

BETHULIA

Judith iv. 6; vi. 10, 11, 14; vii. 1–20; viii. 3, 11; x. 6; xi. 9; xii. 7; xiii. 10; xv. 3, 6; xvi. 21, 23

Melithia   (?)*

10

The village Methilieh, 5 miles south of Jenin. (Mem. II. 156; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

In the Middle Ages the name of Bethulia was given to the ‘Frank mountain’ south of Jerusalem (Rob., i. 479), later to ‘Safed,’ in Upper Galilee (Rob., ii. 425). ‘Sanur,’ immediately south of Methilieh, has been proposed; but the site of Methilieh appears to meet all the requirements. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 289.)

BETH-ZACHARIAS

See   Bath Zacharias

—

BETH-ZUR

Josh. xv. 58; 1 Chron. ii. 45; 2 Chron. xi. 7; Neh. iii. 16

Beit Sûr

14

Between Hŭlhûl and Gedor in the mountains of Judah. The present ruined town, Beit Sûr, 4 miles north of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 311; Sh. XXI.)

BETOLIUS

1 Esdr. v. 21

Bethel

—

= Bethel  .

BETOMESTHAM

Judith iv. 6; xv. 4

Kh. Massîn  (??)*

10

A town ‘over against Esdraelon, facing the plain that is near Dothaim.’ Possibly Kh. Massîn, 8 miles south-west of Tell Dothan.

BETONIM

Josh. xiii. 26

Not identified

—

‘A town in Gad.’ The name ‘Bataneh’ applies to a heap of ruins, 3½ miles to south-west of es Salt.

BEZEK   (1)

Judg. i. 4, 5

Bezkah   (??)*

14

In Judah. Perhaps the present ruin, Bezkah, 6 miles south-east of Lydda. (Mem.   III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

BEZEK   (2)

1 Sam. xi. 8

Kh. Ibzîk  *

10

Now Kh. Ibzîk, 13 miles north-east of Shechem. (Mem.   II. 231, 237; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

BEZER, IN THE W  ILDERNESS

Deut. iv. 43; Josh. xx. 8; xxi. 36; 1 Chr. vi. 78

Kŭsr el Besheir   (?)

14

A town of Reuben ‘in the wilderness’ upon ‘the plain’ or table-land. One of the six cities of refuge. The name ‘Kŭsr el Besheir’ occurs near Dibon, and was proposed by the late Professor Palmer.

BEZETH

1 Macc. vii. 19

Mt. of Olives (?), or Bezetha   (?)

—

Possibly Bezetha, at Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 312; Sh. XXI.)

BILEAM

1 Chron. vi. 70

In the Wâdy Belʾameh.* Not identified

10

A town in western Manasseh. In Joshua xvii. 11, Ibleam. In Joshua xxi. 25, Gath-rimmon. The name is still recognisable in Wâdy Belʾameh, near Jenîn. (Mem.   II. 47–48; Sh. VIII.)

BILHAH

1 Chron. iv. 29

Not identified

—

A town of Simeon; also called Baalah and Balah.

BITHRON

2 Sam. ii. 29

Not identified

—

A district on the east side of the Jordan Valley, and between the Jordan and Mahanaim.

BIZJOTHJAH

(R.V.

BIZIOTHIAH  )

Josh. xv. 28

Not identified

—

A town in the south of Judah, named next to Beer-sheba.

BOCHIM

Judg. ii. 1, 5

Not identified

—

A place on the west of Jordan above Gilgal, so called because the people ‘wept’ there.

BOHAN, S  TONE OF

Josh. xv. 6; xviii. 17

Not identified

14

A landmark on the boundary between Benjamin and Judah. Placed at ‘Hajr el Asbâh,’ on the cliff to the west of the north end of the Dead Sea (Ganneau)—uncertain. (Mem.   III. 199; Sh. XVIII.)

BOSOR

1 Macc. v. 26

Busr el Hariri   (?)

7

A fortified city on the east of Jordan. Named with the cities of Bosora, Alemais, etc., etc. Probably Busr el Hariri, 5 miles south-east of Edrei.

BOSORA

1 Macc. v. 26, 28

Busrah

12

A fortified city on the east of Jordan, mentioned with ‘Bosor,’ etc. Probably ‘Bozrah,’ east of Bashan.

BOZEZ

1 Sam. xiv. 4, 5

The north cliff of Wâdy Suweinît

14

The north cliff of the valley of ‘Michmash,’ and nearly opposite is the rugged precipice of ‘Seneh.’ (See Conder’s Tent Work in Palestine  .)

BOZKATH or BOSCATH

Josh. xv. 39; 2 Kings xxii. 1

Not identified

—

A city of Judah, mentioned between ‘Lachish’ and ‘Eglon.’

BOZRAH OF EDOM   (1)

Gen. xxxvi. 33; 1 Chron. i. 44; Isa. xxxiv. 6; lxiii. 1; Jer. xlix. 13, 22; Amos i. 12; Micah ii. 12

el Buseirah

21

Now the ruins called ‘el Buseirah,’ in Edom, south-east of the Dead Sea. (Burckhardt, 407; Robinson, ii. 167.)

BOZRAH OF MOAB   (2)

Jer. xlviii. 24

Probably same as   Bezer, in the wilderness, which see.

12

Is perhaps the Bosor of Moabite Stone in Moab, but see preceding.

CABBON

Josh. xv. 40

Not identified

—

A town in the low country of Judah.

CABUL

Josh. xix. 27; 1 Kings ix. 13

Kâbûl

6

The present village, ‘Kabûl,’ 9 miles east of ʾAkka. Named as one of the places on the boundary of Asher. (Robinson, iii. 87–8; Mem.   I. 308; Sh. V.)

CADES

1 Macc. xi. 63, 73

See Kedesh

—

See Kedesh Naphtali (3)  .

CADES-BARNE

Judith v. 14

See   Kadesh-barnea

—

CAIN

(R.V. KAIN  )

Josh. xv. 57

Kh. Yukîn

14

Named between Zanoah and Gibeah. Possibly the ruin Yukîn, 3 miles south-east of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 312; Sh. XXI.)

CALAH

Gen. x. 11

Nimrûd

—

The south quarter of Nineveh.

CALNEH, or CALNO

Gen. x. 10; Isa. x. 9; Amos vi. 2; Ezek. xxvii. 23, Canneh

Zerghul   (?)

—

CALEB EPHRATAH

1 Chron. ii. 24

Not identified

—

Possibly Bethlehem.

CAMON

(R.V. KAMON  )

Judg. x. 5

Not identified

—

A city of Gilead, and the place where Jair, one of the Judges of Israel, was buried. v. Ant. 7, 6.

CANAAN, THE L  AND OF

Gen. xii. 5; xxiii. 2, 19; xxxi. 18; xxxiii. 18; xxxv. 6; xxxvii. 1; xlviii. 3, 7; xlix. 30; Num. xiii. 2, 17; xxxiii. 40, 51; Josh. xxi. 2; Judg. xxi. 12; etc., etc.

Western Palestine

—

The low country of the Jordan Valley and the Mediterranean coast. The word means ‘Lowlands.’ It is sometimes applied to all Palestine.

CAPHAR-SALAMA

1 Macc. vii. 31; xii. Ant. 10, 4

Not identified

—

Kefr Silwan (Smith’s Bible Dictionary), near Jerusalem. The village Selmeh, near Joppa. (Conder, Handbook to the Bible  .)

CAPHIRA

1 Esdr. v. 19

See   Chephirah

—

CAPHENATHA

1 Macc. xii. 37

Not identified

—

A place close and on east side of Jerusalem, and repaired by Jonathan.

CAPHTOR

Deut. ii. 23; Jer. xlvii. 4; Amos ix. 7

Not identified

CARCHEMISH

(R.V.

CARCHEMISH  )

2 Chron. xxxv. 20; Isa. x. 9; Jer. xlvi. 2

Jerablûs or Membij

—

In 2 Chron. xxxv. 20, Charchemish, and in Esdras i. 25, Carchamis.

CARIA

1 Macc. xv. 23

South-west portion of Asia Minor

—

CARMEL, M  OUNT

Josh. xii. 22; xix. 26; 1 Kings xviii. 19, 20, 42; 2 Kings ii. 25; iv. 25; xix. 23; 2 Chron. xxvi. 10; Cant. vii. 5; Isa. xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; xxxvii. 24; Jer. xlvi. 18; l. 19; Amos i. 2; ix. 3; Micah vii. 14; Nah. i. 4; Judith i. 8

Jebel Kŭrmŭl

6

Now called Jebel Kŭrmŭl. (Mem.   I. 264; Sh. V.)

CARMEL (  OF JUDAH)

Josh. xv. 55; 1 Sam. xv. 12; xxv. 2, 5, 7, 40

el Kŭrmŭl

14

The present ruined town Kŭrmŭl, south of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 212; Sh. XXI.)

CARNAIM

1 Macc. v. 26, 43, 44

Ashtaroth Karnaim

—

See Ashteroth Karnaim  , also called Carnion (2 Macc. xii. 21, 26).

CASIPHIA

Ezra viii. 17

Not identified

—

On the road between Babylon and Jerusalem.

CASPHON or CASPHOR

1 Macc. v. 26, 36

Not identified

—

One of the strong cities in the country of Galaad.

CASPIS

2 Macc. xii. 13

Not identified

—

Whether east or west of Jordan uncertain. Possibly the same place as the preceding two names (Casphon and Casphor) apply to.

CEDRON

1 Macc. xv. 39, 41; xvi. 9

Katrah

13

The modern village, Katrah, 5 miles east of Yebnah (Jamnia). (Mem.   II. 410; Sh. XVI.)

CHADIAS

1 Esdr. v. 20

Not identified

—

CHALDEA or CHALDAEA

Jer. l. 10; li. 24, 35; Ezek. xi. 24; xvi. 29; xxiii. 15, 16; Judith v. 6

—

The most southern part of Babylonia. The name Kaldai occurs in cuneiform for an early tribe.

CHARACA

2 Macc. xii. 17

Not identified

—

East of Jordan, in Gilead—750 stadia from the city Caspis; position of Caspis not known.

CHARASHIM, VALLEY OF

(R.V. GE-HARASHIM  )

1 Chron. iv. 14; Neh. xi. 35

Kh. Hirsha   (?)*

9

Near Lod and Ono (Neh. xi. 35). The name is preserved in the ruin Hirsha, 4½ miles to the east of Yalo (Sh. XVII.), and 12½ south-east of Lydda. The Wâdy from it passing Yâlô and joining Wâdy Selmân (the Valley of Ajalon) is one of the principal watercourses leading by Lod and Ono. (Mem.   III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

CHEBAR

Ezek. i. 1, 3; iii. 15, 23

Not identified

—

A river in ‘the land of the Chaldeans.’

CHELLUS

Judith i. 9

Not identified

—

On the west of Jordan.

CHELOD

Judith i. 6

Not identified

—

CHEPHAR-HAAMMONAI

(R.V. CHEPHAR-AMMONI  )

Josh. xviii. 24

Kh. Kefr ʾÂna   (?)

10

Mentioned among the towns of Benjamin. Thought to be the ruin ‘Kefr ʾÂna,’ 3 miles north of Bethel. (Mem.   II. 299; Sh. XIV.)

CHEPHIRAH

Josh. ix. 17; xviii. 26; Ezra ii. 25; Neh. vii. 29

Kefîreh

14

The ruin Kefîreh, 8 miles north-west of Jerusalem. 1 Esdr. v. 19, Caphira. (Mem.   III. 36; Sh. XVII.)

CHERITH,

T  HE BROOK

1 Kings xvii. 3, 5

Not identified

—

Jerome (Onomasticon Chorath) would place the Cherith beyond Jordan. Schwarz, ‘Wâdy Alias or Yabis,’ opposite ‘Beth Shean.’ Marino Sanuto, in 1321, makes it run by Phasaelis,—Herod’s city in the Jordan Valley. Robinson proposed ‘Wâdy Kelt,’ behind Jericho. The expression ‘facing’ Jordan favours the view that it was east of that river.

CHERUB

Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61

Not identified

14

Possibly in Babylonia, but uncertain. One of the (five) places from which some of the Captivity returned and could not prove their pedigree.

CHESALON

Josh. xv. 10

Kesla

14

On Mount Jearim. The name is preserved in Kesla, the village 10 miles west of Jerusalem. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 259; Mem.   III. 25, 26; Sh. XVII.)

CHESIL

Josh. xv. 30

Not identified Same as Bethul

14

In Josh. xix. 4, Bethul. 1 Chr. iv. 30, Bethuel.

CHESULLOTH

Josh. xix. 18

Iksâl

6

The present village, Iksâl of Issachar. The Xaloth of Josephus, or Chisloth Tabor. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

CHETTIIM

1 Macc. i. 1

Chittim or Macedonia

—

CHEZIB

Gen. xxxviii. 5

ʾAin Kezbeh   (?)*

14

The name appears to linger in that of ʾAin Kezbeh. Possibly Beit Nettîf near it. (Mem.   III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

CHIDON, THE T  HRESHING-FLOOR

1 Chron. xiii. 9

Not identified

—

= Nachon, 2 Sam. vi. 6. Somewhere between Kirjath-jearim and Jerusalem.

CHILMAD

Ezek. xxvii. 23

Kalwâdha

—

Near Baghdad. Named with ‘Sheba’ and ‘Asshur.’

CHINNERETH

(R.V.

CHINNEROTH  , Josh. xi. 2; 1 Kings xv. 20)

Deut. iii. 17; Josh. xix. 35; xi. 2

Not identified

—

A fortified city of Naphtali. The Talmud (Tal. Jer. Megillah, 70a) renders the name by Ginizer = Gennesareth. See   the next.

CHINNERETH,

S  EA OF

Num. xxxiv. 11; Deut. iii. 17; Josh. xii. 3; xiii. 27

Sea of Galilee

6

Sea of Galilee or Bahr Tubarîya. By Josephus and Maccabees. Gennesar  , which see.

CHISLOTH-TABOR

Josh. xix. 12

Same as Chesulloth

—

See Chesulloth. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

CHITTIM

Num. xxiv. 24; Isa. xxiii. 1, 12; Jer. ii. 10; Ezek. xxvii. 6; Dan. xi. 30

Cyprus

—

A Japhetic people or place, remote from Palestine, separated therefrom by sea. In Macc. i. 1, Chettims; 1 Macc. viii. 5, Citims; Gen. x. 4, 1 Chron. i. 7, Kittim. In Old Testament no doubt Cyprus is intended; but in Apocrypha, perhaps Macedonia. See Cyprus (Grove’s Bible Atlas  ).

CHOBA, or CHOBAI

Judith iv. 4; xv. 4, 5

el Mekhubby   (?)*

10

The present ruin, ‘el Mekhubby,’ 9 miles south-east of Jenîn. (Mem.   II. 231; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

CHORASHAN

(R.V. CORASHAN)

(R.V. BORASHAN  , margin)

1 Sam. xxx. 30

Not identified

—

Probably = Ashan   of Simeon, Josh. xix. 4.

CHOZEBA

(R.V. COZEBA  )

1 Chron. iv. 22

Kh. Kûeizîba   (?)*

14

Possibly the present ruin Kûeizîba, 2½ miles north-east of Hŭlhûl. (Mem.   III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

CHUN

(R.V. CUN  )

1 Chron. xviii. 8

Not identified

—

See Berothah  .

CHUSI

Judith vii. 18

Kûzah   (?)*

10

The present village, near the brook Mochmur, 6 miles south of Shechem. (Mem.   II. 286; Sh. XIV.)—Conder.

CINNEROTH

(R.V.

CHINNEROTH  )

1 Kings xv. 20

El Ghuweir

—

Probably the district called later the ‘land of Genesareth.’ Identical with Chinnereth  , which see.

CIRAMA

1 Esdr. v. 20

Not identified

—

CNIDUS

1 Macc. xv. 23; Acts xxvii. 7

On Cape Krio

—

A city of great importance, at one time situated on a promontory called Cape Crio, at the extreme south-west of the peninsula of Asia Minor. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

CILICIA

Judith i. 7, 12; ii. 21, 25; 1 Macc. xi. 14; 2 Macc. iv. 36

In Asia Minor.

COELESYRIA and CELOSYRIA

1 Esd. ii. 17, 24, 27; iv. 48; vi. 29; vii. 1; viii. 67; 1 Macc. x. 69; 2 Macc. iii. 5, 8; iv. 4; viii. 8; x. 11; Ant. i. 11, 5; xiii. 13, 2

el Bukâʾa

3

A name given by the Greeks to the great valley between Libanus and Anti-Libanus. Also applied to the district east of Anti-Libanus, including the Damascus country. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

COLA

Judith xv. 4

Kh. Kâʾaûn   (?)*

10

A place named with Chobai (Judg. xv. 4). Perhaps Kh. Kâʾaûn in the Jordan Valley. (Mem.   II. 238; Sh. XII.)—Conder.

COS

1 Macc. xv. 23

Stanchio

—

Now called Stanchio or Stanko, an island in the Grecian Archipelago. For a good account of the island, see Clarke’s Travels  , vol. ii., pp. 196–213, and 321–333.

CRETE

1 Macc. x. 67

The island of Crete.

CUSH

Gen. x. 6, 8; 1 Chron. i. 8–10; Isa. xi. 11

See Ethiopia  .

CYAMON

Judith vii. 3

Tell Keimûn

10

‘Lying in the plain over Esdraelom.’ Eusebius and Jerome identify it with Camon in Upper Galilee, the burial-place of Jair; see Camon  . Now generally believed to be represented by Tell Keimûn (Jokneam), on the edge of the plain of Esdraelon, near the south-east corner of Carmel.

CYPRUS

1 Macc. xv. 23; 2 Macc. x. 13; xii. 2

Cyprus

—

The well-known island off the coast of Syria. In the Old Testament called Chittim and Kittim. (Grove’s Bible Index.) See Chittim  .

CYRENE

1 Macc. xv. 23

el Krenna

—

A city of Africa, between Carthage and Egypt.

DABBASHETH

(R.V.

DABBESHETH  )

Josh. xix. 11

Kh. Dabsheh  *

6

A town on the boundary of Zebulon, next to Jokneam. Now the ruin Dabsheh, south of Teirshiha. (Sh. III.)—Conder.

DABERATH or DABAREH

(R.V. DABERATH  )

Josh. xix. 12; xxi. 28; 1 Chr. vi. 72

Debûrieh

6

The present village Debûrieh under Tabor. (Mem.   I. 365, 366; Sh. VI.)

DAMASCUS

Gen. xiv. 15; xv. 2; 2 Sam. viii. 5, 6, etc., etc.; 1 Macc. xi. 62; xii. 32

Dimeshk esh Shâm

3

The ancient city now called Dimeshk esh Shâm.

DAN (LESHEM or L  AISH)

Gen. xiv. 14; Deut. xxxiv. 1; Josh. xix. 47; Judg. xviii.; 1 Sam. iii. 20; 2 Sam. iii. 10; xvii. 11; xxiv. 2, 15; 1 Kings iv. 25; xii. 29, 30; xv. 20; 2 Kings x. 29; 1 Chr. xxi. 2; 2 Chr. xvi. 4; xxx. 5; Jer. iv. 15; viii. 16; Ezek. xxvii. 19; Am. viii. 14

Tell el Kâdy

6

Laish, Judg. xviii. 7, 14, 27, 29; Isa. x. 30; Leshem, Josh. xix. 47. Josephus (viii. Ant. 8, 4) places it near the springs of Lesser Jordan. The name lingers in that of the stream called Leddân—and the site of the city may be found at Tell el Kâdy. (Mem.   I. 96; Sh. II.)

DAN, T  RIBE OF

Gen. xxx. 6; xxxv. 25; xlvi. 23; xlix. 16, 17; Exod. i. 4; xxxi. 6; xxxv. 34; xxxviii. 23; Lev. xxiv. 11; Num. i. 12, 38, 39; ii. 25, 31; vii. 66; x. 25; xiii. 12; xxvi. 42; xxxiv. 22; Deut. xxvii. 13; xxxiii. 22; Josh. xix. 40, 47, 48; xxi. 5, 23; Judg. i. 34; v. 17; xiii. 25; xviii. 1–30; 1 Chr. ii. 2; xii. 35; xxvii. 22; 2 Chr. ii. 14; Ezek. xlviii. 1, 2, 32

—

‘And the border of their inheritance was Zorah and Eshtaol; and Ir-shemesh; and Shaalabbin, and Ajalon, and Ithlah; and Elon, and Timnah, and Ekron; and Eltekeh, and Gibbethon, and Baalath, and Jehud, and Beneberak, and Gath-rimmon; and Mejarkon, and Rakkon, with the border over against Joppa’ (Josh. xix. 40, 47). ‘Included all that part of the valley which respects the sunsetting, and were bounded by Azotus Dora; as also they had all Jamnia and Gath, from Ekron   to that mountain where the tribe of Judah begins’ (v. Ant. i. 22).

DAN-JAAN

2 Sam. xxiv. 6

Kh. Dâniân

6

Now the ruin Dânîan, 4 miles north of Achzib. Between Tyre and Akka. (Mem.   I. 152, Sh. III.)

DANNAH

Josh. xv. 49

Idhna  *

14

Probably the present village Idhna, west of Hebron 8 miles. There is a Kh. Dahneh, 4½ miles south of Beit Jibrin. (Mem.   III. 330; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

DAPHNE

2 Macc. iv. 33

Beit el Maa

—

A famous sanctuary of Apollo, with a grove. A place now called Beit el Maa, on the Orontes, 5 miles south-west of Antioch.

DATHEMA or DAMETHA

1 Macc. v. 9

Remtheh   (?)

7

Perhaps Dâmeh in the Lejjah. See Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 295.

DAVID, C  ITY OF

2 Sam. vi. 12, 16; 1 Kings ii. 10; iii. 1; viii. 1; ix. 24; xi. 27, 43; xiv. 31; xv. 8, 24; xxii. 50; 2 Kings viii. 24; ix. 28; xii. 21; xiv. 20; xv. 7, 38; xvi. 20; 1 Chr. xi. 5, 7; xiii. 13; xv. 1, 29; 2 Chr. v. 2; viii. 11; ix. 31; xii. 16; xiv. 1; xvi. 14; xxi. 1, 20; xxiv. 16, 25; xxvii. 9; xxxii. 5, 30; xxxiii. 14; Neh. iii. 16; xii. 37; Isa. xxii. 9; 1 Macc. i. 33; ii. 31; vii. 32; xiv. 36

DEBIR   (1)

Josh. x. 38, 39; xi. 21; xii. 13; xv. 15, 49; xxi. 15; Judg. i. 11; 1 Chr. vi. 58

edh Dhâherîyeh  *

14

Also called Kirjath-sannah (Josh. xv. 49); Kirjath-sepher (Josh. xv. 15; Jud. i. 11, 12). Now the village ‘edh Dhâherîyeh,’ south-west of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 402; Sh. XXV.)—Conder.

DEBIR   (2)

Josh. xv. 7

Thoghret ed Debr   (?)

14

A place on the border of Judah and Benjamin, named next to ‘Adummim.’ The name ‘Thoghret ed Debr’ (the pass of the rear) occurs half-a-mile south-west of ‘Talʾat ed Dumm.’ (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVIII.)

DEBIR (3)

(R.V. margin LIDEBIR  )

Josh. xiii. 26

Not identified

7

One of the border towns of Gad, named next to ‘Mahanaim.’ Possibly Ibdir, 6½ miles to the east of Zaphon, and south of ‘The Yarmûk,’ and apparently identical with Lo-debar  , which see.

DEDAN

Jer. xxv. 23; xlix. 8; Ezek. xxv. 13; Isa. xxi. 13

Not identified

—

DELUS

1 Macc. xv. 23

Delos

—

One of the smallest of the Cyclades in the Ægean Sea.

DESSAU

2 Macc. xiv. 16

Not identified

—

Adassa has been suggested (Ewald).

DIBLATH

(R.V. DIBLAH  )

Ezek. vi. 14

Dibl   (??)*

6

Probably Riblah, north of Baalbek. See Dictionary of Bible. Or the present village ‘Dibl’ in Naphtali. (Mem.   I. 21; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

DIBON   (1)

Num. xxi. 30; xxxii. 3, 34; xxxiii. 45, 46; Josh. xiii. 9, 17; Isa. xv. 2; Jer. xlviii. 18, 22

Dhîbân

15

Also called ‘Dibon Gad.’ Now the heaps of ruins north of the river Arnon, called ‘Dhîbân.’ (Irby and Mangles, 142; Burckhardt, Syr., 372.)

DIBON   (2)

Neh. xi. 25

—

Thought to be identical with Dimonah.

DIBON-GAD

Num. xxxiii. 45, 46

Dhîbân

—

See Dibon   (1).

DILEAN

(R.V. DILAN  )

Josh. xv. 38

Not identified

—

One of the cities of Judah in the low country. Mentioned with Migdal-gad, Lachish, Eglon, etc. Beit Tîma, north-west of the latter, has been proposed.

DIMNAH

Josh. xxi. 35

Rummâneh   (?)

6

A city in the tribe of Zebulon. Thought to be Rimmon (1). Compare 1 Chron. vi. 77.

DIMON, W  ATERS OF

Isa. xv. 9

Umm Deineh   (?)*

15

Streams east of the Salt Sea. Possibly ‘Umm Deineh,’ near ‘Wâdy Themed.’ See Conder’s Heth and Moab  .

DIMONAH

Josh. xv. 22

—

‘Towards the coast of Edom, southwards.’

DINHABAH

Gen. xxxvi. 32; 1 Chron. i. 43

Not identified

—

City of Bela, King of Edom.

DIZAHAB

(R.V. DI-ZAHAB  )

Deut. i. 1

Dahab   (??)

—

Identified by Robinson (i. 147, ii. 187) with Dahab, a promontory on the western shore of the Gulf of Akabah.

DOCUS

1 Macc. xvi. 15

Near ʾAin Dûk

14

A fort somewhere near Jericho—the name is recoverable in ‘ʾAin Dûk.’ (Mem.   III. 173; Sh. XVIII.)

DOPHKAH

Num. xxxiii. 12, 13

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites, between Rephidim and the Sea.

DOR (DORA   1 Macc. xv. 11, 13, 25)

Josh. xi. 2; xii. 23; xvii. 11; Judg. i. 27; 1 Kings iv. 11; 1 Chr. vii. 29

Tantûra

9

Jerome places it 9 miles (the exact distance is 8 miles) from Cæsarea, on the road to Ptolemais. The ruins of a city here exist near the modern village Tantûra. (Mem.   II. 7; Sh. VII.)

DOTHAIM

Judith iv. 6; vii. 3, 18; viii. 3

Tell Dôthân

10

= Dôthân  , which see.

DOTHAN

Gen. xxxvii. 17; 2 Kings vi. 13

Tell Dôthân

10

The present ruins and well, ‘Tell Dôthân,’ north of Samaria. (Mem. II. 215; Sh. XI. See   also Vol. I. p. 368, under ‘Khan Jubb Yûsef.’)

DRAGON’S WELL

Neh. ii. 13

Not identified

—

In the neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

DUMAH

Josh. xv. 52

ed Dômeh

14

The present ruin, Dômeh, 10 miles south-west of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 313; Sh. XXI.)

DURA, THE P  LAIN OF

Dan. iii. 1

Dûair   (?)

—

The mound and vicinity of Dûair, south-east of Babylon.—M. Oppert.

EBAL, M  OUNT

Deut. xi. 29; xxvii. 4, 13; Josh. viii. 30, 33

Jebel Eslâmîyeh

Jebel et Tôr

10

Now called Jebel Eslamîyeh, and Jebel et Tôr. (Mem.   II. 186; Sh. XI.) Ebal, Gerizim, Olivet, and Tabor are all named Tôr or ‘summit.’

EBEN-EZER

1 Sam. iv. 1; v. 1; vii. 12; 6 Ant. ii. 2

Deir Abân   (?)*

14

Jerome places near ‘Beth-shemesh,’ probably intending the site of the present village, Deir Abân, east of ʾAin Shems. See Shen. (Mem.   III. 24; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

EBRONAH

(R.V. ABRONAH  )

Num. xxxiii. 34

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

ECBATANA

Ezra vi. 2; Esdr. vi. 23; Jud. i. 1, 2, 14; Tob. iii. 7; vi. 5; vii. 1; xiv. 12, 14; 2 Macc. ix. 3

Takht-i-Suleiman and Hamadan

—

There were two places of this name. One the capital of Northern Media, now called Takht-i-Suleiman. The southern one the metropolis of the province of Media Magna (2 Macc. ix. 3), now Hamadan in Persia.—Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

ED, A  LTAR OF

Josh. xxii. 34

Not identified

—

Somewhere east of Jordan.

EDAR, TOWER OF

(R.V. EDER, T  OWER OF)

Gen. xxxv. 21

Not identified

14

Jerome places it 1,000 paces from Bethlehem. (Mem.   III. 28; Sh. XVII.)

EDER

Josh. xv. 21

Not identified

—

One of the uttermost cities of Judah, towards the coast of Edom. Kh. el ʾAdâr, 5 miles south of Gaza, has been suggested (Henderson’s Handbook  ); but the situation is too far west apparently.

EDOM, IDUMEA, T  HE LAND OF MT. SEIR

Gen. xxv. 30; xxxii. 3; xxxvi. 1, 8, 9–43; Ex. xv. 15; Num. xx. 14; xxi. 4; xxiv. 18; Jos. xv. 1; Judg. v. 4; xi. 17, 18; 1 Sam. xiv. 47; 2 Sam. viii. 14; 1 Kings ix. 26; 2 Kings iii. 8, 20;   viii. 20; xix. 7; 2 Chr. viii. 17; xxi. 8; xxv. 19; Ps. lxxxiii. 6; cviii. 9; Isa. xi. 14; xxxiv. 5; lxiii. 1; Jer. ix. 26; xxv. 21; xxvii. 3; xl. 11; xlix. 7, 17; Lam. iv. 21; Ezek. xxv. 12; xxxii. 29; xxxv. 15; xxxvi. 5; Dan. xi. 41; Joel iii. 19; Am. i. 6; ii. 1; ix. 12; Obad. i. 8; Mal. i. 4; etc.

The district east of the Wâdy ʾArabah. See Mount Seir  .

EDREI

Num. xxi. 33; Deut. i. 4; iii. 1, 10; Josh. xii. 4; xiii. 12, 31

Ed Deraʾah

7

South-east of el Mezeirib.

EDREI   (2)

Josh. xix. 37

Yʾater   (?)*

6

Probably the present village Yʾater, 11 miles south-east of Tyre. Allotted to Naphtali. (Mem.   I. 205; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

EGLAIM

Isa. xv. 8

Not identified

—

Thought to be identical with En-eglaim  , which see.

EGLON

Josh. x. 3, 5, 23, 34, 36, 37; xii. 12; xv. 39

Kh. ʾAjlân

13

The present mound and ruins, ʾAjlân, 16 miles north-east of Gaza. (Mem.   III. 278; Sh. XX.)

EGYPT

Very frequently mentioned

EKREBEL

Judith vii. 18

ʾAkrabeh

10

The present village ʾAkrabeh, south-east of Nablus. (Mem. II. 389; Sh. XV.)—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , 290.

EKRON (  ACCARON, 1 Macc. x. 89)

Josh. xiii. 3; xv. 11, 45, 46; xix. 43; Judg. i. 18; 1 Sam. v. 10; vi. 16; vii. 14; xvii. 52; 2 Kings i. 1, 2–16; Jer. xxv. 20; Am. i. 8; Zeph. ii. 4; Zech. ix. 5, 7

ʾAkir

13

Now the village ʾAkir, in Philistia, 6 miles west of Gezer. The Accaron of the Crusaders. (Mem.   II. 408; Sh. XVI.)

ELAH, VALLEY OF

(R.V. ELAH, V  ALE OF, ‘or Terebinth’)

1 Sam. xvii. 2, 19; xxi. 9

Wâdy es Sŭnt

14

The scene of the conflict and death of Goliath. Now called Wâdy es Sŭnt, which passes Shocoh and Gath immediately on the north. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVII.)

ELAM

Gen. xiv. 1, 9; Isa. xi. 11; xxi. 2; Jer. xxv. 25; xlix. 34–39; Ezek. xxxii. 24; Dan. viii. 2

The Susiana and Persia of the Greeks.—Grove’s Bible Index  .

ELATH, or ELOTH

Deut. ii. 8; 1 Kings ix. 26; 2 Kings xiv. 22; xvi. 6; 2 Chr. viii. 17; xxvi. 2

Close to ʾAkabah Ailah

—

‘Beside Ezion-geber, on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom.’ The present town ʾAkabah, or Ailah, at the head of the Gulf of ʾAkabah.

ELEALEH

Num. xxxii. 3–37; Isa. xv. 4; xvi. 9; Jer. xlviii. 34

el ʾAl

15

The present ruin ‘el ʾAl,’ near Heshbon.

ELEASA

1 Macc. ix. 5

Kh. Ilʾasa  *

14

Now the ruins Ilʾasa, between the Upper and Nether Beth-horon. (Mem.   III. 36; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ELEPH

Josh. xviii. 28

Lifta   (?)*

14

One of the towns allotted to Benjamin. The present village Lifta (Conder), 2 miles west of Jerusalem.

ELEUTHERUS, THE R  IVER

1 Macc. xi. 7; xii. 30

Nahr el Kebîr

—

The modern ‘Nahr el Kebîr,’ north of Tripolis.

ELIM

Exod. xv. 27; xvi. 1; Num. xxxiii. 9, 10

Not identified

—

The second camping station of the Israelites after crossing the Red Sea, and noted for 12 springs and 70 palm-trees. Thought to be ‘Wâdy Ghŭrŭndul,’ on the route from Suez to Jebel Mŭsa.

ELKOSH

Nah. i. 1

Not identified

—

The birth-place of Nahum the prophet. Probably somewhere in Galilee.

ELLASAR

Gen. xiv. 1

Senkereh

—

Now Senkereh, on the left bank of the Euphrates.

ELON

Josh. xix. 43

Not identified   Perhaps same as Elon-beth-hanan

10

Probably the present village ‘Beit Ello,’ a town on the border of Dan, 8 miles north-west of Bethel (Conder). (Mem.   II. 293; Sh. XIV.)

ELON-BETH-HANAN

1 Kings iv. 9

Beit ʾAnân   (?)*

14

The present village Beit ʾAnân (Conder), 8½ miles from Jerusalem, on the ancient road leading to Gimzo. (Mem.   III. 16; Sh. XVII.)

ELTEKEH

(R.V. ELTEKE   Josh. xxi. 23)

Josh. xix. 44; xxi. 23

Beit Lîkia   (?)*

14

One of the cities in the border of Dan. Probably the present Beit Lîkia, 2 miles south of Beth-horon the Nether. (Mem.   III. 16; Sh. XVII.)—T. Drake.

ELTEKON

Josh. xv. 59

Not identified

—

One of the towns of Judah, named next to Beth-anoth.

ELTOLAD

Josh. xv. 30; xix. 4; 1 Chr. iv. 29

Not identified

—

One of the cities in the south of Judah, transferred to Simeon = Tolad  , 1 Chr. iv. 29.

EMMAUS, N  ICOPOLIS

1 Macc. iii. 40, 57; iv. 3; ix. 50; 2 Wars xx. 20, 4; 3, iii. 5; J. Ant. xiii. 1, 3

ʾAmwâs

14

The present village ʾAmwâs, 15 miles from Jerusalem, near the modern road to Jaffa, mentioned by Josephus, 16 Ant. x. 7, 9, etc. (Mem.   II. 63; Sh. XVII.)

ENAM

Josh. xv. 34

Kh. Wâdy ʾAlîn   (?)*

14

Possibly the present ruin ʾAlîn, near Beth-shemesh.—Conder.

ENDOR

Josh. xvii. 11; 1 Sam. xxviii. 7; Ps. lxxxiii. 10

Endôr

10

Now the modern village Endôr, 6 miles to the east of Nazareth. (Mem.   II. 84; Sh. IX.)

EN-EGLAIM

Ezek. xlvii. 10

Not identified

—

Eusebius places a town of this name 8 miles to the south of ‘Ar Moab’; this would probably mean ‘Kerak.’ ʾAin Hajlah, the ancient Beth Hoglah, has been suggested by Tristram. See Eglaim  .

ENGADDI

Ecclus. xxiv. 14

ʾAin Jîdy

—

See En-gedi  .

EN-GANNIM   (1)

Josh. xv. 34

Kh. Umm Jîna

14

A city in the low country of Judah, named between Zanoah and Tappuah. Now the ruin Umm Jîna, west of Beth-shemesh. (Mem.   III. 42; Sh. XVII.)—Clermont-Ganneau.

EN-GANNIM   (2)

Josh. xix. 21; xxi. 29

Jenîn

10

Now the modern town Jenîn, on the extreme south corner of Esdraelon. On or near the border of Issachar. (Mem.   II. 44; Sh. VIII.)

EN-GEDI

Josh. xv. 62; 1 Sam. xxiii. 29; xxiv. 1; 2 Chr. xx. 2; Cant. i. 14; Ezek. xlvii. 10

ʾAin Jîdy

14

Original name Hazazon-tamar. The well-known spring and ruins of ʾAin Jîdy, on the west shore of the Dead Sea. (Mem.   III. 384; Sh. XXII.)

EN-HADDAH

Josh. xix. 21

Kefr Adân  *

10

On the border of Issachar, and named next to ‘En-gannim.’ Probably the present village Kefr Adân, 3 miles to the west of Jenîn.—Conder. (Mem.   II. 45; Sh. VIII.)

EN-HAKKORE

Judg. xv. 19

Not identified

—

The scene of one of Samson’s exploits.

EN-HAZOR

Josh. xix. 37

Kh. Hazîreh

6

One of the fenced cities of Naphtali. Now the heap of ruins Hazîreh, on the Naphtali side of the boundary by Wâdy el ʾAyûn. (Mem.   I. 204; Sh. IV.)

EN-MISHPAT

Gen. xiv. 7

Also called Kadesh. See Kadesh-barnea  .

EN-RIMMON

Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; Neh. xi. 29; 1 Chr. iv. 32; Zech. xiv. 10

Kh. Umm er Rŭmâmîn

13

The Ain and Rimmon mentioned together in Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32, are supposed by some to be one place (?) and identical with the En-rimmon of Neh. xi. 29. The proposed site is that of Kh. Umm er Rŭmâmîn. (Mem.   III. 32; Sh. XXIV.)

EN-ROGEL

Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 16; 1 Kings i. 9; 2 Sam. xvii. 17

ʾAin Umm ed Dêraj

14

A landmark on the boundary between Judah and Benjamin. The traditional place is ‘Bîr Eyûb’ (a spring well), but the arguments in favour of ‘ʾAin Umm ed Deraj’ (spring of the mother of steps), known to Christians as the ‘Virgin’s Fountain,’ are stronger and more generally accepted.—(Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 334.) See Jerusalem   vol., p. 94.

EN-SHEMESH

Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 17

ʾAin Haud

14

A landmark on the boundary between Judah and Benjamin, apparently ‘ʾAin Haud,’ east of Bethany (the well of the Apostles—called the Apostles’ fountain by Christians). (Mem.   III. 42; Sh. XVII.)

EN-TAPPUAH

Josh. xvii. 7

Yasûf   (?)*

10

The spring near Yasûf, at the head of the branches of Wâdy Kânah, south of Shechem (Samaritan Chronicle). (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 263.)

EPHES-DAMMIM

1 Sam. xvii. 1; 1 Chr. xi. 13

Not identified

—

Or Pas-dammim, ‘the boundary of blood,’ the place where the Philistines encamped before the conflict between David and Goliath took place. Between Socoh and Azekah.

EPHRAIM, EPHRAIN, or EPHRON

2 Sam. xiii. 23; 2 Chron. xiii. 19; John xi. 54

Taiyibeh   (?)

10

Named with Bethel and Jeshanah. Apparently Ophrah   of Benjamin, which see.

EPHRAIM, G  ATE OF

2 Kings xiv. 13; 2 Chr. xxv. 23; Neh. viii. 16; xii. 39

One of the gates of the city of Jerusalem, probably on the north-west.

EPHRAIM, MOUNT

(R.V.

EPHRAIM, H  ILL COUNTRY OF)

Josh. xvii. 15; xix. 50; xx. 7; xxi. 21; xxiv. 30, 33; Judg. ii. 9; iii. 27; iv. 5; vii. 24; x. 1; xvii. 1, 8; xviii. 2, 13; xix. 1, 16, 18; 1 Sam. i. 1; ix. 4; xiv. 22; 2 Sam. xx. 21; 1 Kings iv. 8; xii. 25; 2 Kings v. 22; 1 Chr. vi. 67; 2 Chr. xiii. 4; xv. 8; xix. 4; Jer. iv. 15; xxxi. 6; l. 19; Judith vi. 2

The hill country of Ephraim, extending from Bethel and Ramah on the south, to the Great Plain on the north.

EPHRAIM, THE WOOD OF

(R.V.

EPHRAIM, THE F  OREST OF)

2 Sam. xviii. 6

Not identified

—

Somewhere on the east of Jordan. The forest in which the great battle took place between the forces of Absalom and David. Not far from Mahanaim. (Heth and Moab  , p. 180.)

EPHRAIM, T  RIBE OF

Josh. xvi.; 5 Ant. i. 22

—

‘The tribe of Ephraim had by lot the land that extended in length from the river Jordan to Gezer; but in breadth as far as from Bethel, till it ended at the Great Plain  ’ (5 Ant. i. 22).

EPHRATH or EPHRATAH

(R.V.

EPHRATHAH  )

Gen. xxxv. 16, 19; xlviii. 7; Ruth iv. 11; 1 Chr. ii. 24, 50; Ps. cxxxii. 6; Mic. v. 2

Beit Lahm

—

The original name of Bethlehem   of Judah, which see.

EPHRON

1 Macc. v. 46, 52; 2 Macc. xii. 27

Not identified

—

One of the strong cities on the east of Jordan, between Ashteroth Karnaim and Beth-shean—was in a valley, and destroyed by Judas Maccabæus.

EPHRON, M  OUNT

Josh. xv. 9

—

Between the waters of Nephtoah and Kirjath-jearim.

ERECH

Gen. x. 10

Warka

—

One of Nimrod’s cities on the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of Babylon.

ESDRAELON,

THE GREAT P  LAIN

Judith i. 8; iii. 9; iv. 6; vii. 3

Merj Ibn ʾAmr

10

This name is the Greek form of the word Jezreel. Now called ‘Merj ibn ʾAmr.’ (Sh. V. and VIII.)

ESEK, THE W  ELL

Gen. xxvi. 20

Not identified

—

A well dug by Isaac’s herdmen in the valley of Jerar.

ESHCOL,

BROOK or V  ALLEY OF

Gen. xiv. 13, 24; Num. xiii. 23, 24; xxxii. 9; Deut. i. 24

Not identified

—

The name ‘ʾAin Kashkaleh,’ perhaps a remnant of the ancient one, is applied to a spring on the north side of Hebron, near the head of a valley where some of the most extensive vineyards of Palestine exist.

ESHEAN

(R.V. ESHAN  )

Josh. xv. 52

es Sîmia   (?)*

14

One of the cities in the mountains of Judah. Possibly the ruin ‘es Sîmia,’ near Dumah. (Mem.   III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

ESHTAOL

Josh. xv. 33; xix. 41; Judg. xiii. 25; xvi. 31; xviii. 2, 8, 11

Eshûʾa

14

Probably the present village Eshûʾa, in the low country of Judah, close to Zorah. (Mem.   II. 25; Sh. XVII.)

ESHTEMOA

(R.V. ESHTEMOH  , Josh. xv. 50)

Josh. xv. 50; xxi. 14; 1 Sam. xxx. 28; 1 Chr. iv. 17, 19; vi. 57

es Semûʾa

14

The present village es Semûʾa, in the hill country south of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 412, Sh. XXV.)

ESORA

Judith iv. 4

ʾAsîret el Hatab   (??)

10

The present village ʾAsîret el Hatab, near Shechem, on the north. (Mem.   II. 155; Sh. XI.)

ETAM   (1)

1 Chr. iv. 32

Kh. ʾAitûn   (?)*

13

The present ruin ʾAitûn, south-west of Hebron, of the tribe of Simeon. (Mem.   III. 261; Sh. XX.)—Conder.

ETAM   (2)

2 Chr. xi. 6; 1 Chr. iv. 3

ʾAin ʾAtân  *

14

Probably the village Urtâs, south of Bethlehem, near which is the spring called ʾAin ʾAtân. (Mem.   III. 43; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ETAM, T  HE ROCK

Judg. xv. 8

Beit ʾAtâb   (?)*

14

The rocky top on which Beit ʾAtâb stands, west of Bethlehem. (Mem.   III. 83; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

ETHAM

Exod. xiii. 20; Num. xxxiii. 6

Not identified

—

One of the stations of the Israelites ‘on the edge of the wilderness.’

ETHER

Josh. xv. 42; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32

Kh. el ʾAtr   (?)*

10

Probably the ruin el ʾAtr, near Beit Jibrin, allotted to Simeon. (Mem.   III. 261; Sh. XX.)—Conder.

ETHIOPIA

Gen. ii. 13; 2 Kings xix. 9; Esth. i. 1; viii. 9; Job xxviii. 19; Ps. lxviii. 31; lxxxvii. 4; Isa. xviii. 1; xx. 3, 5; xxxvii. 9; xliii. 3; xlv. 14; Ezek. xxix. 10; xxx. 4, 5; xxxviii. 5; Nah. iii. 9; Zeph. iii. 10; 1 Esd. iii. 2; Judith i. 10; Esth. xiii. 1; xvi. 1; Acts viii. 27

—

Named ‘Cush’ by the Hebrews, and ‘Aithiopia’ by the Greeks. Æthiopia embraced Nubia, Sennaar, Kordofan, and Northern Abyssinia. The name Cush, however, in some cases, if not in all, applies to part of Western Asia south of the Caspian—the country of the Kassi or Cosseans.

EUPHRATES, R  IVER

Gen. ii. 14; xv. 18; Deut. i. 7; xi. 24; Josh. i. 4; 2 Sam. viii. 3; 2 Kings xxiii. 29;   xxiv. 7; 1 Chr. v. 9; xviii. 3; 2 Chr. xxxv. 20; Jer. xiii. 4–7; xlvi. 2, 6, 10; li. 63; 1 Esd. i. 25, 27; 2 Esd. xiii. 43; Judith i. 6; ii. 24; Eccles. xxiv. 26; 1 Macc. iii. 32, 37

—

EZEL, STONE OF,

or (R.V., margin, M  OUND OF)

1 Sam. xx. 19

Not identified

—

A ‘stone’ or ‘mound,’ the scene of David and Jonathan’s parting.

EZEM

1 Chr. iv. 29

—

See Azem  .

EZION-GABER or GEBER

Num. xxxiii. 35, 36; Deut. ii. 8; 1 Kings ix. 26; xxii. 48; 2 Chr. viii. 17; xx. 36

Not identified

—

The last camping station of the Israelites before entering the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh. ‘King Solomon made a navy of ships in Ezion-geber, which is beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom’ (1 Kings ix. 25). In the neighbourhood of ʾAkabah.

GAASH, MOUNT OF

(R.V. M  OUNTAIN OF)

Josh. xxiv. 30; Judg. ii. 9; 2 Sam. xxiii. 30; 1 Chr. xi. 32

Not identified

—

In ‘Mount Ephraim,’ near ‘Timnath-serah.’ In Samuel and Chronicles rendered ‘Brooks of Gaash.’

GABA

Josh. xviii. 24; Ezra ii. 26; Neh. vii. 30

Jebʾa

—

See Geba   (1).

GABDES

1 Esdr. v. 20

Not identified

—

GAD, R  IVER OF

2 Sam. xxiv. 5

Wâdy Môjib

—

Same as ‘River Arnon.’

GAD, T  RIBE OF

Josh. xiii. 24; 9 Ant. viii.

‘The eastern parts of the country beyond Jordan, which belonged to the Reubenites and Gadites’ (9 Ant. viii.).

GALAAD

Judith i. 8; xv. 5; 1 Macc. v. 9, 17, 20, 25, 27, 36, 45, 55

Gilead

—

The Greek form of ‘Gilead.’

GALEED

Gen. xxxi. 47, 48

—

See Jegar-sahadutha  .

GALGALA

1 Macc. ix. 2

—

Probably Gilgal (2 Kings ii. 1). Now Jiljilia  , which see.

GALILEE

Josh. xx. 7; xxi. 32; 1 Kings ix. 11; 2 Kings xv. 29; 1 Chr. vi. 76; Isa. ix. 1; 1 Macc. v. 15, 17, 20, 23, 55; x. 30; xi. 63; xii. 47, 49; Tob. i. 2; Judith i. 8; xv. 5; Matt. ii. 22, etc.

—

The region north of Samaria, including the Plain of Esdraelon and mountains north of it (Cf. 3 Wars, iii. 4).

GALLIM

1 Sam. xxv. 44; Isaiah x. 30

Not identified

14

Possibly ‘Beit Jâla,’ near Bethlehem. (Mem.   III. 20; Sh. XVII.)

GAREB, THE H  ILL

Jer. xxxi. 39

Not identified

—

Somewhere in the vicinity of Jerusalem.

GARIZIM

2 Macc. v. 23; vi. 2

Jebel et Tôr

—

Gerizim.

GATH

Josh. xi. 22; 1 Sam. v. 8; vi. 17; vii. 14; xvii. 4, 23, 52; xxi. 10; xxvii. 2, 3, 4, 11; 2 Sam. i. 20; xv. 18; xxi. 20, 22;    1 Kings ii. 39–41; 2 Kings xii. 17; 1 Chr. vii. 21; viii. 13; xviii. 1; xx. 6, 8; 2 Chr. xi. 8; xxvi. 6; Am. vi. 2; Micah i. 10

Tell es Sâfi

13

Five Roman miles from Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrîn), on the road to Diospolis (Lydda), according to the Onomasticon. This points to the fortress of ‘Tell es Sâfi.’ (Mem.   II. 440; Sh. XVI.)

GATH-HEPHER, or GITTAH-HEPHER

Josh. xix. 13; 2 Kings xiv. 25

el Mesh-hed

6

Now the village ‘el Mesh-hed,’ 3 miles north-east of Nazareth, containing the tomb of Jonah (Neby Yûnas). (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

GATH-RIMMON   (1)

Josh. xxi. 25

Not identified

—

A town of Manasseh. In the parallel passage in 1 Chr. vi. 70, the town is called Bileam.

GATH-RIMMON   (2)

Josh. xix. 45; xxi. 24; 1 Chr. vi. 69

Not identified

—

Signifying ‘lofty Gath.’ Named between ‘Beneberak’ (Ibn Ibrâk) (Sh. XIII.) and Mejarkon (Nahr el ʾAujeh), north of Jaffa. Probably in the immediate neighbourhood; but no trace has been discovered.

GAZA

Gen. x. 19; Josh. x. 41; xi. 22; xv. 47; Jud. i. 18; vi. 4; xvi. 1, 21; 1 Sam. vi. 17; 2 Kings xviii. 8; 1 Chr. vii. 28; Jer. xlvii. 1, 5; Am. i. 6, 7; Zeph. ii. 4; Zech. ix. 5; 1 Macc. xi. 61, 62; xiii. 43; Acts viii. 26

Ghŭzzeh

13

Now the city Ghuzzeh, in Philistia. (Mem.   III. 248; Sh. XIX.)

GAZARA

1 Macc. ix. 52; xiii. 53; xiv. 7, 34; xv. 28, 35; xvi. 1, 19, 21; 2 Macc. x. 32

Tell Jezar

—

Gazera (1 Macc. iv. 15; vii. 35). Tell Jezar. See Gezer  .

GEBA (1), GABA or GIBEAH

Josh. xxi. 17; 1 Sam. xiii. 3; 2 Sam. v. 25; 1 Kings xv. 22; 2 Kings xxiii. 8; 1 Chr. vi. 60; viii. 6; 2 Chr. xvi. 6; Neh. xi. 31; xii. 29; Isa. x. 29; Zech. xiv. 10

Jebʾa

14

Now the village Jebʾa of Benjamin, near Michmash. (Mem.   III. 94; Sh. XVII.)

GEBA   (2)

Judith iii. 10

Jebʾa

10

Now Jebʾa, a village north of Samaria. (Mem.   II. 155, 185; Sh. XI.)

GEBAL

Josh. xiii. 5; 1 Kings v. 18; Ps. lxxxiii. 7; Ezek. xxvii. 9

Jebeil

—

Now the ruined town Jebeil, on the coast, about midway between Beirût and Tripolis.

GEBIM

Isa. x. 31

Not identified

—

North of Jerusalem.

GEDER

Joshua xii. 13

Not identified

—

Named with Debir and Hormah, in the south somewhere, (?) the Gedor of Simeon (1 Chr. iv. 39), or Gedor (1).

GEDERAH,   OF JUDAH

Josh. xv. 36

Kh. Jedîreh  *

14

The Gedor of the Onomasticon, 10 miles from Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin), on the road to Diospolis, now the ruin Jedîreh, 9 miles south of Ludd. (Mem.   III. 43; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GEDERAH,   OF BENJAMIN

1 Chr. xii. 4

Jedîreh  *

14

The village Jedîreh, north of Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 9; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GEDEROTH

Josh. xv. 41; 2 Chr. xxviii. 18

Katrah   (?)

13

Apparently the present village Katrah, also called Cedron (1 Macc. xv. 39). (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVI.)—Warren.

GEDEROTHAIM

Josh. xv. 36

—

According to LXX. was part of Gederah.

GEDOR   (1)

Josh. xv. 58

Kh. Jedûr

14

The present village Jedûr, in the Hebron mountains, 4 miles north of Hŭlhûl. (Mem.   III. 313; Sh. XXI.)

GEDOR   (2)

1 Chr. iv. 39

Not identified

—

Apparently not the same as (1); but somewhere in the south of Judah in Simeon.

GEDOR   (3)

1 Chr. xii. 7

Not identified

—

If belonging to Benjamin, probably Jedîreh. See Gederah   of Benjamin.

GEHENNA

See Hinnom  —Valley of.

GELILOTH

Josh. xviii. 17

Not identified

—

On the south boundary of Benjamin, thought to be a corruption of Gilgal.

GENNESAR, W  ATER OF

Josh. xiii. Ant. 5, 7; 1 Macc. xi. 67

Bahr Tŭbarîya

6

Now called Bahr Tŭbarîya. See Chinnereth  , Sea of.

GEON

Eccles. xxiv. 27

—

One of the four rivers of Eden, Gihon.

GERAR

Gen. x. 19; xx. 1; xxvi. 6, 17, 20, 26; 2 Chr. xiv. 13, 14

Kh. Umm Jerrâr

13

Now the ruin ‘Umm Jerrâr,’ 6 miles south of Gaza. ‘A very ancient city south of Gaza.’ Jos. i. Ant. 12, 1. (Mem.   III. 389; Sh. XXIII.)

GERIZIM, M  OUNT

Deut. xi. 29; xxvii. 12; Josh. viii. 33; Judg. ix. 7

Jebel et Tôr

10

Now called et Tôr, on the south side of the valley, in which Nablus (Shechem) is situated. (Mem.   II. 148, 149; Sh. XI.)

GESEM, THE L  AND OF

Judith i. 9

Goshen

—

The Greek form of the name Goshen.

GESHUR

Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xii. 5; xiii. 2, 13; 1 Sam. xxvii. 8; 2 Sam. iii. 3; xiii. 37, 38; xiv. 23, 32; xv. 8; 1 Chr. ii. 23; iii. 2

—

Part of Bashan, north-east corner of.

GEZER, or GAZER

(R.V. GEZER  )

Josh. x. 33; xii. 12; xvi. 3, 10; xxi. 21; 1 Chr. vi. 67; vii. 28; xx. 4; Judg. i. 29; 1 Kings ix. 15, 16, 17; 2 Sam. v. 25; 1 Chr. xiv. 16; (Gazer)

Tell Jezar

13

Now the important site Tell Jezar, 4 miles west of Emmaus (Nicopolis). (Mem.   II. 428–432; Sh. XVI.)—Clermont-Ganneau.

GIAH

2 Sam. ii. 24

Not identified

—

‘The Ravine’ near the hill Ammah, by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon.

GIBBETHON

Josh. xix. 44; xxi. 23; 1 Kings xv. 27; xvi. 15, 17

Kibbieh  *

10

Probably the present village ‘Kibbieh,’ west of Timnathah (Tibneh). (Mem.   II. 297; Sh. XIV.)—Conder.

GIBEAH,   OF JUDAH (1)

Josh. xv. 57

Jebʾa  *

14

Named with Cain and Timnah. Now the village ‘Jeba,’ 8 miles west of Bethlehem. (Mem.   III. 25; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GIBEAH (2)

(R.V. GIBEATH  )

Josh. xviii. 28

Jebîʾa   (?)*

14

A town of Benjamin. Now the ruin Jebîa, between Jerusalem and Emmaus and north of Kirjath. (Mem.   III. 43; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

GIBEAH, OF BENJAMIN or   OF SAUL

Judg. xix. 12–16; xx. 4–43; 1 Sam. x. 26; xi. 4; xiii. 2, 15; xiv. 2, 16; xv. 34; xxii. 6; xxiii. 19; xxvi. 1; 2 Sam. xxi. 6; xxiii. 29; 1 Chr. xi. 31; 2 Chr. xiii. 2; Isa. x. 29; Hos. v. 8; ix. 9; x. 9

Not identified

—

Apparently Gibeah lay somewhere between Geba and Jerusalem. Mentioned as a separate place from Geba in Isa. x. 29. Placed by Robinson at Tell el Fûl, 2½ miles north of Jerusalem. Capt. Conder regards it as a district name.

GIBEAH   IN THE FIELD

Judg. xx. 31

Either Geba (1), or Gibeah.

GIBEAH,   OF PHINEHAS

Josh. xxiv. 33

ʾAwertah   (?)*

10

The burial-place of Eleazar. The traditional site is the village ʾAwertah, south of Shechem (Nâblus), in which are shown the tombs of Eleazar, Phinehas, and Ithamar. Jîbia, 7 miles west of Tell Asûr, has been suggested. (Mem.   II. 288; Sh. XIV.)

GIBEAH-HA-ELOHIM

1 Sam. x. 5; xiii. 3

—

A garrison of the Philistines = Geba, also a Philistine garrison.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .

GIBEON

Josh. ix. 3, 17; x. 1–12, 41; xi. 19; xviii. 25; xxi. 17; 2 Sam. ii. 12, 13, 16, 24; iii. 30; xx. 8; 1 Kings iii. 4, 5; ix. 2; 1 Chr. viii. 29; ix. 35; xiv. 16; xvi. 39; xxi. 29; 2 Chr. i. 3, 13; Neh. iii. 7; vii. 25; Is. xxviii. 21; Jer. xxviii. 1; xli. 12, 16

el Jîb

—

Now the village of ‘el Jîb,’ north of Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 94; Sh. XVII.)

GIDOM

Judg. xx. 45

Not identified

—

Somewhere on the outskirts of Gibeah.

GIHON, R  IVER

Gen. ii. 13

—

The second river of Paradise—Geon.

GIHON

1 Kings i. 33, 38; 45; 2 Chr. xxxii. 30; xxxiii. 14

—

= Siloam? The Upper spring of the waters of Gihon (2 Chr. xxxii. 30). ‘ʾAin Umm ed Dêraj,’ ‘the Virgin’s fountain.’ See En Rogel.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 335.

‘Gihon, from the fourteenth century, has been supposed to be the Birket Mamilla, and the Lower Gihon to be the Birket es Sultan; but the latter reservoir was only constructed in the twelfth century.’—See Jerusalem   vol., p. 94.

GILBOA, M  OUNT

1 Sam. xxviii. 4; xxxi. 1, 8; 2 Sam. i. 6, 21; xxi. 12; 1 Chr. x. 1, 8

Jelbôn

10

The name survives in ‘Jelbôn,’ a village on the high range east of the plain of Esdraelon. (Mem.   II. 84; Sh. IX.)

GILEAD, M  OUNT (1)

Gen. xxxi. 21, 25; xxxvii. 25; Num. xxxii. 1, 26, 29, 39, 40; iii. 10, 16; iv. Deut. ii. 36; 43; xxxiv. 1; Josh. xii. 2, 5; xiii. 11, 25, 31; xvii. 5, 6; xx. 8; xxi. 38; xxii. 9, 13, 15, 32; Judg. v. 17; x. 4, 8, 17, 18; xi. 5–11, 29; xii. 4–7; xx. 1; Sam. xiii. 7; 2 Sam. ii. 9; xvii. 26; xxiv. 6; 1 Kings iv. 13, 19; xvii. 1; xxii. 3; 2 Kings x. 33; xv. 29; 1 Chr. ii. 22; v. 9, 10, 16; vi. 80; xxvi. 31; xxvii. 21; Ps. lx. 7; cviii. 8; Cant. iv. 1; vi. 5; Jer. viii. 22; xxii. 6; xlvi. 11; l. 19; Ezek. xlvii. 18; Hos. vi. 8; xii. 11; Amos i. 3, 13; Obad. 19; Micah vii. 14; Zech. x. 10

—

The mountainous region east of the Jordan; bounded on the north by Bashan, on the east by the Arabian desert, and on the south by Moab and Ammon = The land of Gilead.

GILEAD, M  OUNT (2)

Judg. vii. 3

—

Probably Gilboa

GILGAL   (1)

Deut. xi. 30; Josh. iv. 19; v. 9, 10; ix. 6; x. 6, 15, 43; xiv. 6; xv. 7; Judg. ii. 1; iii. 19; 1 Sam. vii. 16; x. 8; xi. 14, 15;   xiii. 4–15; xv. 12, 21, 33; 2 Sam. xix. 15, 40; Neh. xii. 29; Hos. iv. 15; ix. 15; xii. 11; Am. iv. 4; v. 5; Micah vi. 5

Jiljûlia

14

Now the ruin Jiljûlia, 3 miles east of Jericho. (Mem.   III. 173, 191; Sh. XVIII.)

GILGAL   (2)

2 Kings ii. 1; iv. 38

Jîljîlia

10

Now the village Jîljîlia, north of Bethel. (Mem.   II. 290; Sh. XIV.)

GILGAL OF THE GOIM

(R.V. G  OIIM)

Josh. xii. 23

Jiljûlieh

10

Probably Jiljûlieh, in the plain of Sharon, north of Antipatris. (Mem.   II. 288; Sh. XIV.)

GILOH

Josh. xv. 51; 2 Sam. xv. 12; xxiii. 34

Kh. Jâla   (?)*

14

Probably the ruin Jâla, in the Hebron mountains, 3 miles north of Hŭlhûl. (Mem.   III. 313; XXI.)—Conder.

GIMZO

2 Chr. xxviii. 18

Jîmzu

10

Now the village Jîmzu, east of Lydda. (Mem.   II. 297; Sh. XIV.)

GITTAH-HEPHER

(R.V. GATH-HEPHER  )

Josh. xix. 13

el Mesh-hed

—

See Gath-hepher  .

GITTAIM

2 Sam. iv. 3; Neh. xi. 33

Not identified

—

In the neighbourhood of Beeroth.

GOATH

(R.V. GOAH  )

Jer. xxxi. 39

Not identified

—

A place in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

GOB

2 Sam. xxi. 18, 19

Not identified

—

GOLAN

Josh. xx. 8; xxi. 27; Deut. iv. 43; 1 Chr. vi. 71

Sahem el Jaulân   (?)

7

One of the three cities of refuge east of the Jordan, in Manasseh. The name has been recovered by G. Schumacher, in the Jaulân. A village exists called Sahem el Jaulân, occupying part of an extensive area of ruins.

GOMORRAH (or AMORAH), GOMORRHA   (2 Esd. ii. 2)

Gen. x. 19; xiii. 10; xiv. 2–11; xviii. 20; xix. 24–28; Deut. xxix. 23; xxxii. 32; Isa. i. 9, 10; xiii. 19; Jer. xxiii. 14; xlix. 18; l. 40; Am. iv. 11; Zeph. ii. 9; Matt. x. 15; Mark vi. 11; Rom. ix. 29; 2 Peter ii. 6; Jude 7

Not identified

—

At the north end of the Dead Sea there is a valley called ‘Wâdy ʾAmr,’ a word containing the radicals of the name Gomorrah.

GORTYNA

1 Macc. xv. 23

—

A city of Crete

GOSHEN (1) GESEM   (Judith i. 9)

Gen. xlv. 10; xlvi. 28, 29, 34; xlvii. 1, 4, 6, 27; l. 8; Exod. viii. 22; ix. 26

Near the eastern side of the ancient Delta.

GOSHEN, T  HE LAND OF

Josh. x. 41; xi. 16

Not identified

—

In Southern Palestine.

GOSHEN   (3)

Josh. xv. 51

Not identified

—

A town of Judah in the mountains.

GOZAN

2 Kings xvii. 6; xviii. 11; xix. 12; 1 Chr. v. 26; Is. xxxvii. 12

A district in Mesopotamia, watered by the River Khabour.

GREECE

Zech. ix. 13; 1 Macc. i. 1; Acts xx. 2

—

GRECIA

Dan. viii. 21; x. 20; xi. 2

—

GUDGODAH

Deut. x. 7

Not identified

—

A variation of the name Hor-hagidgad.

GUR, THE GOING UP TO

(R.V. T  HE ASCENT OF)

2 Kings ix. 27; Jos. 9 Ant. vi. 4

Not identified

—

‘By Ibleam.’ Perhaps Kh. Kâra, west of Yebla.—Conder. See Ibleam  .

GUR-BAAL

2 Chr. xxvi. 7

Not identified

—

A place or district lying between Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula.

HABOR

2 Kings xvii. 6; xviii. 11; 1 Chr. v. 26

Khabour

—

Called ‘Aborrhas’ by Strabo (XVI. 1, 27); ‘Aburas’ by Isidore of Charax (p. 4); ‘Abora’ by Zosimus (III. 12), and ‘Charboras’ by Pliny and Ptolemy (v. 18). Now called the river Khabour, an affluent of the Euphrates.

HACHILAH, H  ILL OF

1 Sam. xxiii. 19; xxvi. 1, 3

Dhahret el Kolah   (?)*

14

Apparently the ridge called ‘el Kolah,’ in the wilderness east of ‘Ziph.’ (Mem.   III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

HADADRIMMON

Zech. xii. 11

Rummâneh

10

A place in the valley of Megiddo. Jerome (Comm. in Zach.) makes this = Maximianopolis, or the present village Rummâneh, west of the plain of ‘Esdraelon.’ (Mem.   II. 68; Sh. VIII.)

HADASHAH

Josh. xv. 37

Ebdis, ʾEddis  *

13

Mentioned between ‘Zenan’ and ‘Migdal-gad.’ Probably the village ‘Ebdis,’ or ‘ʾEddis,’ 6½ miles to the east of Migdal-gad. It is spoken of by Eusebius as lying near Taphna. (Mem.   II. 409; Sh. XVI.)

HADATTAH

(R.V. HAZOR-HADATTAH  )

Josh. xv. 25

Not identified

—

One of the towns of Judah in the south. Should read ‘Hazor-hadattah.’ See Hazor-hadattah  .

HADID

Ezra ii. 33; Neh. vii. 37; xi. 34

Hadîtheh

10

Named with ‘Lod’ and ‘Ono.’ In the time of Eusebius (Onom. ‘Adithaim’), a town called ‘Aditha,’ or ‘Adatha,’ existed to the east of Lydda (Diospolis). ‘Adida in Sephela’ (1 Macc. xii. 38) is probably the same place. Now the present village ‘Hadîtheh,’ 3 miles to the east of Lydda = the Adithaim of Joshua xv. 36. (Mem.   II. 322; Sh. XIV.)

HADRACH, T  HE LAND OF

Zech. ix. 1

Not identified

—

Somewhere in Syria.

HAI

(R.V. AI  )

Gen. xii. 8; xiii. 3

—

See ‘Ai  .’

HALAH

2 Kings xviii. 11; 1 Chr. v. 26

Not identified

—

A different place to that of Gen. x. 11; thought to be the ‘Chalcitis’ of Ptolemy (v. 18). The modern name, ‘Gla,’ applies to a huge mound on the Upper Khabour, above its junction with the Jerujer. (Layard, Nin. & Bab.   312.)

HALAK, M  OUNT

Josh. xi. 17; xii. 7

Not identified

—

In the neighbourhood of ‘Mount Seir,’ signifying ‘the bare mountain’ (margin R.V.).

HALHUL

Josh. xv. 58

Hŭlhûl

14

The present village still called ‘Hŭlhûl,’ north of Hebron and near to Beth-zur, with which it is named. (Mem.   III. 305; Sh. XXI.)

HALI

Josh. xix. 25

Kh. ʾAlia   (?)*

6

A town on the boundary of Asher, named between ‘Helkath’ and ‘Beten.’ The name Kh. ʾAlia, some 13 miles south-east of Akka is suggestive of this site, and may probably be in the district of ‘Aloth,’ which see. (Mem.   I. 170; Sh. III.)

HALICARNASSUS

1 Macc. xv. 23; Jo. Ant. xiv. 10, 23

Budrûm

—

A city in ‘Caria,’ celebrated for its harbour and the strength of its fortifications, the birth-place of Herodotus and of the later historian, Dionysius. A plan of the site is given in Ross, Reisen auf den Griech Inseln   (vol. iv., p. 30). The modern name is ‘Budrûm.’

HAM

Gen. xiv. 5

Not identified

—

Thought to be another form of Ammon. The Targums of Onkelos and Pseudo Jonathan have Hemta. Schwartz (217) suggests ‘Humeitat,’ or ‘Hammet Animah,’ 1 mile north of ‘Rabba.’

HAMATH

Num. xiii. 21; xxxiv. 8; Josh. xiii. 5; Judg. iii. 3; 2 Sam. viii. 9; 1 Kings viii. 65; 2 Kings xiv. 25, 28; xvii. 24, 30; xviii. 34; xix. 13; xxiii. 33; xxv. 21; 1 Chr. xiii. 5; xviii. 3, 9; 2 Chr. vii. 8; viii. 4; Isa. x. 9; xi. 11; xxxvi. 19; xxxvii. 13; Jer. xxxix. 5; xlix. 23; lii. 9, 27; Ezek. xlvii. 16, 17, 20; xlviii. 1; Amos vi. 2, 14; Zech. ix. 2

Hama

—

The present city Hama, in the valley of the Orontes, north of Damascus. Hemath (Amos vi. 14).

HAMATH ZOBAH

2 Chr. viii. 3

Not identified

—

Perhaps same as last. North of Damascus.

HAMMATH

Josh. xix. 35

Hŭmmâm Ibrahim Basha

6

One of the fortified cities of Naphtali. The site was probably at the Emmaus of Josephus, so famed for its hot springs and baths (xviii. Ant. 2, 3; 4 Wars i. 3). Now Hammâm Tabariya. (Mem.   I. 379; Sh. VI.)

HAMMON

Josh. xix. 28

ʾAin Hamûl

6

The present ruin Hima, 11 miles south-east of Tyre, ‘Kh. Umm el ʾAmud,’ on the coast 10 miles south of Tyre, and ‘ʾAin Hamûl’ (Schwartz), a little farther south, have each been proposed. (Mem. I. 51 & 176; Sh. III., and Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .)

HAMMON

1 Chr. vi. 76

—

Allotted out of the tribe of Naphtali to the Levites. Possibly the same as Hammath.

HAMMOTH-DOR

Josh. xxi. 32

—

Same as Hammon (1 Chr. vi. 76), and Hammath of Josh. xix. 35.

HAMON-GOG, T  HE VALLEY OF

Ezek. xxxix. 11, 15

—

HAMONAH

Ezek. xxxix. 16

Not identified

—

HANANEEL, THE TOWER OF

(R.V. HANANEL  )

Neh. iii. 1; xii. 39; Jer. xxxi. 38; Zech. xiv. 10

Not identified

—

A tower which formed part of the wall of Jerusalem, between the Sheepgate and the Fishgate.

HANES

Isa. xxx. 4

Tell Defenneh

—

A place in Egypt, (?) Tahpanes  , which see.

HANNATHON

Josh. xix. 14

Kefr ʾAnân  *

6

The present village ‘Kefr ʾAnân’ of Zebulon. (Mem.   I. 205; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

HAPHRAIM

(R.V.

HAPHARA-IM  )

Josh. xix. 19

Kh. Farrîyeh  *

10

Probably the present ruin Farrîyeh, west of the plain of Esdraelon. The site of Affarea, 6 miles north of Legio—‘Lejjun.’ Onomasticon, s.v. Haphraim. A city of Issachar. (Mem.   II. 58; Sh. VIII.)—Conder.

HARA

1 Chr. v. 26

Harran

—

= Haran  , which see.

HARADAH

Num. xxxiii. 24, 25

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the desert.

HARAN

Gen. xi. 31, 32; xii. 4, 5; xxvii. 43; xxviii. 10; xxix. 4; 2 Kings xix. 12; Isa. xxxvii. 12; Ezek. xxvii. 23

Harran

—

Probably the small village now called ‘Harran,’ between the Euphrates and the Khabour.

HARETH, THE FOREST OF

(R.V. HERETH  )

1 Sam. xxii. 5; Ant. vi. 12, 4

Kharâs   (?)*

14

The LXX. reads ‘city.’ Very probably the name is preserved in that of Kharâs, a village in the Hebron mountains, between ‘Hŭlhul’ and ‘Adullam,’ where dense patches of scrub abound. Mem.   III. 305; Sh. XXI.—Conder.

HAROD, T  HE WELL OF

Judg. vii. 1

ʾAin Jalûd   (?)

10

ʾAin Jalûd, below Jezreel (Zerʾîn), is the generally-accepted spring. Capt. Conder suggests ‘ʾAin el Jemʾâin (the spring of two troops), near Beth-shean. (Mem.   II. 79, 81; Sh. IX.)

HAROSHETH   OF THE GENTILES

Judg. iv. 2, 13, 16

el Harathîyeh   (?)

6

The village ‘el Harathiyeh,’ in the narrow strait, on the north bank of the River Kishon, which separates Lower Galilee from Carmel, is generally looked to now as the ancient site; whilst others maintain that it was situated in the Upper Jordan Valley, near the Lake Huleh—Merom. (Mem.   I. 270; Sh. V.)

HARUPH, HARIPH

1 Chr. xii. 5; Neh. vii. 24

Kh. Kharûf   (?)*

—

Appears to have been in the south of Judah. Probably Kh. Kharûf, south of ʾAid el Mâ. (Mem.   III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

HASHMONAH

Num. xxxiii. 29, 30

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites, somewhere near ‘Mount Hôr.’

HAURAN

Ezek. xlvii. 16, 18

Hauran

7

A province of Palestine, bounded on the west by Gaulanitis, on the north by the wild and rocky district of Trachonitis, on the east by the mountainous region of Batanæa, and on the south by the great plain of Moab. (See Porter’s Damascus  , vol. ii.)

HAVILAH

Gen. ii. 11; x. 7, 29; xxv. 18; 1 Sam. xv. 7; 1 Chr. i. 9, 23

Not identified

—

HAVOTH-JAIR

Num. xxxii. 41; Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xiii. 30; 1 Chr. ii. 23; 1 Kings iv. 13

Not identified

—

‘Small towns of Jair,’ in the country of Argob.

HAZAR-ADDAR

Num. xxxiv. 4

Not identified

—

= Addar  . On the southern boundary of Judah, between Kadesh Barnea and Azmon.

HAZAR-ENAN

Num. xxxiv. 9, 10; Ezek. xlvii. 17; xlviii. i. 1

Not identified

—

The northern limit of the Promised Land. ‘Kuryetein,’ a village north-east of Damascus some 60 miles, has been proposed by Porter. (Damascus i. 252; ii. 358.) Conder suggests ʾAin el ʾAsi (see Heth & Moab  ).

HAZAR-GADDAH

Josh. xv. 27

Not identified

—

One of the towns in the south of Judah, named between ‘Moladah’ and ‘Heshmon.’

HAZAR-HATTICON

(R.V. HAZER-HATTICON  )

Ezek. xlvii. 16

Not identified

—

On the boundary of Hauran. Said to mean ‘middle village’ (R.V.)

HAZAR-SHUAL

Josh. xv. 28; xix. 3; 1 Chr. iv. 28; Neh. xi. 27

Not identified

—

One of the towns in the south of Judah, named next to Beer-sheba.

HAZAR-SUSAH

Josh. xix. 5; 1 Chr. iv. 31

Susîn   (?)

—

One of the southern cities of Judah allotted to Simeon. Or ‘Hazar-susim,’ ‘the village of horses.’ Probably the ruin Susîn, on the caravan road to Egypt, some 10 miles south of Gaza.—Tristram.

HAZARMAVETH

Gen. x. 26; 1 Chr. i. 20

Hadramâut

—

Now Hadramaut, a district in south-east of Arabia.

HAZERIM

Deut. ii. 23

—

‘The villages’ of the Avims.

HAZEROTH

Num. xi. 35; xii. 16; xxxiii. 17; Deut. i. 1

ʾAin Hudherah   (?)

—

The next camping station of the Israelites after ‘Kibroth-hattaavah.’ ‘Ain Hudherah,’ some two or three days’ journey north-east from Sinai, was first suggested by Burckhardt.—Burckhardt, p. 495; Robinson, vol. i., p. 223.

HAZEZON-TAMAR

(R.V.

HAZAZON-TAMAR  )

Gen. xiv. 7; 2 Chron. xx. 2

ʾAin Jidy

14

The original name of En-gedi (2 Chr. xx. 2). The name is probably preserved in that of the tract called ‘Hasâseh’ (pebbles), near ‘ʾAin Jîdy.’ Compare Ziz, cliff of.

HAZOR   (1)

Josh. xi. 1, 10–13; xii. 19; xix. 36; Jud. iv. 2, 17; 1 Sam. xii. 9; 1 Kings ix. 15; 2 Kings xv. 29; Jer. xlix. 28, 30, 33

Jebel Hadîreh   (?)

6

Named between ‘Ramah’ and ‘Kedesh’ (Kades) as one of the fenced cities of Naphtali. The name survives in Jebel Hadîreh, near Kades in Upper Galilee. (Mem.   I. 204; Sh. IV.)

HAZOR   (2)

Josh. xv. 23

Not identified

—

One of the uttermost cities of Judah in the south; also called Kerioth Hezron in Josh. xv. 25.

HAZOR-HADATTAH   (3)

Josh. xv. 25

Not identified

—

One of the towns of Judah in the south; should read ‘Hazor-hadattah’ (R.V.), and this reading is given by Eusebius and Jerome, who speak (Onom. ‘Asor’) of ‘New Hazor’ as being situated to the east of and near Ascalon.

HAZOR   (4)

Neh. xi. 33; 1 Kings ix. 15

Kh. Hazzûr

14

Now the heap of ruins ‘Hazzûr,’ north of Jerusalem, near Beit Hanîna, and in Benjamin. (Mem.   III. 43; Sh. XVII.)

HEBRON

Gen. xiii. 18; xxiii. 2, 19; xxxv. 27; xxxvii. 14; Num. xiii. 22; Jos. x. 3, 5, 23, 36, 39; xi. 21; xii. 10; xiv. 54; xx. 7; xxi. 13–15; xv. 13, 11, 13; Judg. i. 10, 20; xvi. 3; 1 Sam. xxx. 31; 2 Sam. ii. 1, 3, 11, 32; iii. 2, 32; iv. 1–12;   v. 1–13; xv. 7–10; 1 Kings ii. 11; 1 Chr. ii. 42, 43; iii. 1, 4; vi. 2, 55, 57; xi. 1, 3; xii. 23, 38; xxix. 27; 2 Chr. xi. 10; 1 Macc. v. 65

el Khŭlîl

14

One of the oldest cities of Palestine, built seven years before ‘Zoan’ in Egypt (Num. xiii. 22). Originally named Kirjath-arba (Judg. i. 10). The burial-place of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, and Jacob. One of the six cities of refuge. Now a large town called ‘el Khulîl.’ (Mem.   III. 305; Sh. XXI.)

HEBRON

(R.V. EBRON  )

Josh. xix. 28

—

See ‘Abdon  ,’ a town of Asher, which is thought to represent this place.

HELAM

2 Sam. x. 16, 17

Not identified

—

Between the Jordan and Euphrates, thought to be identical with Alamatha, a town named by Ptolemy, on the west of the Euphrates, near Nicephorium.

HELBAH

Judg. i. 31

Not identified

6

A town in Asher.

HELBON

Ezek. xxvii. 18

Helbôn

3

Now represented by the village still called Helbôn, in the mountains, 13 miles north of Damascus. (Five years in Damascus  , II. 330.—Porter.)

HELEPH

Josh. xix. 33

Beit Lîf

6

On the boundary of Naphtali. Van de Velde proposed Beit Lîf. (Mem.   I. 204; Sh. IV.)

HELKATH

Josh. xix. 25; xxi. 31

Yerka   (?)

6

Mentioned next to ‘Hali’ (Kh. ʾAlia) in Josh. xix. 25, and to ‘Rehob’ in xxi. 31. On the boundary of Asher. The village ‘Yerka,’ 8½ miles to east of ʾAkka, proposed by Van de Velde. In 1 Chr. vi. 75, it is rendered ‘Hukok.’

HELKATH-HAZZURIM

2 Sam. ii. 16

Wâdy el ʾAskar   (?)*

14

Possibly ‘Wâdy el ʾAskar,’ between ‘Gederah’ (Jedîreh) and ‘Gibeon’ (el Jîb). (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVII.)—C. F. T. Drake.

HEMATH

Amos vi. 14

Hama

—

= Hamath  .

HENA

2 Kings xviii. 34; 2 Kings xix. 13; Is. xxxvii. 13

ʾAnah   (?)

—

Probably ‘Anah,’ near ‘Mosaib,’ on the Euphrates.

HEPHER

Josh. xii. 17; 1 Kings iv. 10

Not identified

—

Named between ‘Tappuah’ and Aphek in Josh. xii. 17, and between Socoh (Shuweikeh), and Dôr (Tanturah), 1 Kings iv. 10. Not Gath Hepher.

HERES, M  OUNT

Judg. i. 35

—

Mentioned with Aijalon. Some 5 miles to the north of the valley of Aijalon is the village of ‘Khŭrbetha ibn Hârith,’ 5 miles due east of this place is a very prominent and commanding hill top called ‘Batn Harâsheh.’ Further north lie Hâris and Kefr Hâris (Timnath Heres). All these names may be connected with that of Mount Heres.

HERMON, M  OUNT

Deut. iii. 8, 9; iv. 48; Josh. xi. 3, 17; xii. 1–5; xiii. 5, 11; 1 Chr. v. 23; Ps. xlii. 6; lxxxix. 12; cxxxiii. 3; Song. iv. 8; Eccles. xxiv. 13

Jebel esh Sheikh

Jebel eth Thelj

—

Now called ‘Jebel esh Sheikh,’ or ‘Jebel eth Thelj,’ the highest mountain in the Anti-Lebanon range (9,166 feet). Special Papers   Vol., p. 115–116.

HESHBON

Num. xxi. 25–34; xxxii. 3, 37; Deut. i. 4; ii. 24, 30; iii. 2, 6; iv. 46; xxix. 7; Josh. ix. 10; xii. 2, 5; xiii. 10, 17, 21, 26, 27; xxi. 39; Judg. xi. 19, 26; 1 Chr. vi. 81; Neh. ix. 22; Cant. vii. 4; Is. xv. 4; xvi. 8, 9; Jer. xlviii. 2, 34, 45; xlix. 3

Hesbân

15

The capital of Sihon King of the Amorites, rebuilt by the children of Reuben (Num. xxxii. 37). Near or on the border between Reuben and Dan. In Joshua xiii. 17, as belonging to Reuben, and in Joshua xxi. 39 and 1 Chr. vi. 81, mentioned as given ‘out of the tribe of Gad.’ Now the ruined city ‘Hesbân.’ For details see Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 8, Eastern Survey  .

HESHMON

Josh. xv. 27

Not identified

—

Named with ‘Beer-sheba,’ ‘Moladah,’ etc. Apparently to the south; thought to be another form of the name ‘Azmon  ,’ which see.

HETHLON

Ezek. xlvii. 15; xlviii. 1

—

Supposed to be the Pass at the northern end of Mount Lebanon, from the Mediterranean to the great Plain of Hamath—and would thus be identical with ‘the entrance to Hamath.’ (Five Years in Damascus   II. 356.)—Porter.

HEZRON

Josh. xv. 3

J. Hadîreh   (?)*

20

Named as being on the southern boundary of Judah and between ‘Kadesh-barnea’ and ‘Adar.’ ‘Jebel Hadîreh,’ south of Bîr-sheba, proposed by Capt. Conder. (See Handbook to the Bible  , p. 257.) The position agrees, and the Arabic name is radically the same as the Hebrew.

HIDDEKEL

Gen. ii. 14; Dan. x. 14

River Tigris

—

One of the rivers of Eden, ‘which goeth toward the east of Assyria.’ The old name of the Tigris, which is now called Dijlah.

HILEN

1 Chron. vi. 58

Not identified

—

In Joshua xv. 51, = Holon  , which see.

HINNOM, V  ALLEY OF

Josh. xv. 8; xviii. 16; 2 Kings xxiii. 10; 2 Chr. xxviii. 3; xxxiii. 6; Neh. xi. 30; Jer. vii. 31, 32; xix. 2, 6; xxxii. 35

Wâdy er Rabâbeh   (?)

14

Now ‘Wâdy er Rabâbeh’—the valley surrounding Jerusalem on the west and south.—Jerusalem   Vol. p. 94. Some have thought the Kedron Valley to be intended.

HOBAH

Gen. xiv. 15

Jôbar (?) or Buzreh   (?)

3

The Jews of Damascus have a tradition that the village of ‘Jôbar,’ immediately north of Damascus, is the ‘Hobah’ of Scripture. Again, the Moslems have another tradition that Abraham took refuge in a cleft of the rock in Buzreh, which is farther north and to the west of Jobâr.—Porter’s Handbook for Syria and Palestine  , pp. 491, 492. The Hebrew word is said to mean ‘hiding.’

HOLON (1), or   HILEN

Josh. xv. 51; xxi. 15; 1 Chron. vi. 58

Beit ʾAlâm   (?)*

14

A town in the mountains of Judah, named between ‘Goshen’ (not recovered) and Giloh (Kh. Jala.) In the same group as ‘Dannah’ (Idhna)—very probably the ruins ‘Beit ʾAlâm’ (Sheet 14.) (Mem.   III. 313; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

HOLON   (2)

Jer. xlviii. 21

Not identified

—

In the ‘plain country,’ or Mishor in Moab. Perhaps ‘ʾAleiyan.’—Conder.

HOR, M  OUNT (1)

Numb. xxxiv. 7, 8

Not identified

—

One of the landmarks on the northern limits of the boundary of the Promised Land. Supposed to be the Lebanon Range. (See Conder’s Heth & Moab  .)

HOR, M  OUNT (2)

Num. xx. 22–27; xxi. 4; xxxiii. 37, 41; Deut. xxxii. 50

Jebel Neby Harûn

28

The next camping station of the Israelites after ‘Kadesh’ (Num. xx. 22); ‘By the coast of the land of Edom’ (Num. xx. 23); or ‘in the edge’ (xxxiii. 37.) ‘And Aaron went up into “Mount Hor” and died there’ (Num. xxxiii. 38.) A double-peaked mountain on the eastern side of the ‘Wâdy ʾArabah,’ and about midway between ‘the Salt Sea’ and the Gulf of ʾAkabah. The northern peak is the highest one, on which is the traditional tomb of Aaron. A great open plain extends from the western base into the ‘Wâdy ʾArabah’—and has an area of about 20 square miles. At a higher elevation of 1,000 feet above this plain and between the eastern base of the mountain and Petra, is the open piece of rolling land—called ‘the Plain of Aaron,’ which is encircled by the surrounding peaks and over 2 square miles in extent. There is also a little plateau at the fork of the two peaks (now called Jebel Neby Harûn.)—For various descriptions see the records of Burckhardt, Irby and Mangles, Stephens, Wilson, Robinson, Martineau, Stanley. (Professor Hull’s Mt. Seir, also the Quarterly Statement  , October, 1884.)—Major Kitchener.

HOREB, M  OUNT

Exod. iii. 1; xvii. 6; xxxiii. 6; Deut. i. 2, 6, 19; iv. 10, 15; v. 2; ix. 8; xviii. 16; xxix. 1; 1 Kings viii. 9; xix. 8; 2 Chr. v. 10; Ps. cvi. 19; Mal. iv. 4; Eccles. xlviii. 7

Not identified

—

‘The Mount of God’—another name for Sinai and the wilderness. ‘The rock in Horeb’ = Massah and Meribah  . Exodus xvii. 7. The name in Hebrew means ‘desert’ or ‘dry,’ and may apply to the whole Sinaitic block.

HOREM

Josh. xix. 38

Kh. Hârah  *

6

Named between Migdal-el (Mujeidel) and Beth-anath (Ainitha) in Naphtali. Now the ruin Hârah, between these two places. (Mem.   I. 205; Sh. IV.)—Conder.

HOR-HAGIDGAD

(R.V. HOR-HAGGIDGAD  )

Num. xxxiii. 32, 33

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the desert.

HORMAH or   ZEPHATH

Num. xiv. 45; xxi. 3; Deut. i. 44; Josh. xii. 14; xv. 30; xix. 4; Judg. 1, 17; 1 Sam. xxx. 30; 1 Chron. iv. 30

Not identified

—

Also called ‘Zephath’ (Judg. i. 17.) Named between Geder (not recovered) and Arad (Tell ʾArâd) Josh. xii. 14. Also between Chesil or Bethul (Beit Âûla) Sheet 14, and Ziklag: xv. 30; xix. 4. Robinson (II. 181) identifies the pass es Sŭfa with Zephath (Sheet 21.) S’baita, south of Beersheba (Sheet 20) is also proposed and has many supporters. The name Kh. Hôra (Sheet 13) east of Beersheba, exists at a very ancient site. (Mem.   III. 396; Sh. XXIV.) S’beita does not represent the Hebrew, which is correctly rendered by Sŭfa, as Robinson proposes.

HORONAIM

Is. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 3, 5, 34

Not identified

—

Possibly ‘Wâdy Ghûeir’ (with ancient road). The Hebrew and Arabic have the same meaning, with a slight change of guttural. (Conder, Heth and Moab  , 403) situated between ‘Beth Jesimoth’ (Sheet 14) and ‘Luhith’ (Sheet 15.)

HOSAH

Josh. xix. 29

ʾEzzîyat el Fôka or et Tahta   (?)*

6

A city of Asher. Probably the present ruins now called ‘ʾEzzîyat el Fôka,’ south of Tyre. (Mem.   I. 48, 51; Sh. I.)—Conder.

HUKKOK

Josh. xix. 34

Yakûk

6

Named next to ‘Aznoth Tabor’ as being on the boundary of Naphtali. The present village Yakûk. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

HUKOK

1 Chr. vi. 75

Not identified

—

Apparently another name for ‘Helkath’ of Joshua xix. 25

HUMTAH

Josh. xv. 54

Not identified

—

In the mountains of Judah, and mentioned next to Hebron.

HYDASPES, R  IVER

Judith i. 6

Not identified

—

Possibly the Choaspes of Susiana. Not the Hydaspes of India (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

IBLEAM

Josh. xvii. 11; Judg. i. 27; 2 Kings ix. 27

Yebla

6

A city of Manasseh in Issachar. Probably Yebla, north-west of Beth-shean. See also Bileam  .

IDALAH

Josh. xix. 15

el Huwarah   (?)*

6

One of the cities of Zebulon. Its later name was Hirii (Talmud Jer, Megillah I.) Now identified with ‘el Huwarah,’ south of Bethlehem in Zebulon. (See Conder’s Handbook, p. 268, and Mem.   I. 288; Sh. V.)

IDUMEA

(R.V. EDOM  )

Is. xxxiv. 5, 6; Ezek. xxxv. 15; xxxvi. 5; 1 Macc. iv. 15, 29, 61; v. 3; vi. 31; 2 Macc. xii. 32; Mark iii. 8

See   Edom

—

The Greek form of the name Edom.

IIM (1)

(R.V. IYIM  )

Num. xxxiii. 45

See   Ije-abarim

—

A contracted form of the name Ije-abarim  , which see.

IIM   (2)

Josh. xv. 29

Not identified

—

Mentioned with ‘Beer-sheba,’ and ‘Chesil,’ or ‘Bethul,’ somewhere in the south of Judah. The Peshito Syriac version has Elin.

IJE-ABARIM

(R.V. IYE-ABARIM  )

Num. xxi. 11; xxxiii. 44

Not identified

—

Between ‘Oboth’ and ‘the valley of Zared,’ ‘wilderness which is before Moab.’ One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

IJON

1 Kings xv. 20; 2 Kings xv. 29; 2 Chr. xvi. 4

el Khîam   (?)*

6

A town belonging to the tribe of Naphtali, ‘el Khîam,’ in the Merj ʾAyûn, north of Banias (Conder). Tell Dibbin, in the same district, has also been proposed. (Mem.   I. 88; Sh. II.)

IMMER

Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61

Not identified

—

One of the places from which some of the captivity returned, who could not prove their pedigree.

INDIA

1 Esd. iii. 2

—

—

IR-NAHASH

(R.V. ‘THE CITY   OF NAHASH.’)

1 Chron. iv. 12

Deir Nakhkhâs   (?)*

13

Of Judah. Possibly ‘Deir Nakhkhâs,’ near Beit Jibrîn. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XX.)—Conder.

IRON

Josh. xix. 38

Yârûn

6

Named between ‘Migdal-el’ and ‘En-hazor’ in Naphtali. Now the village Yârûn. (Mem.   I. 204; Sh. IV.)

IRPEEL

Josh xviii. 27

Râfât  *

14

Mentioned between ‘Rekem’ and ‘Taralah,’ of Benjamin, both places unknown. Probably the village ‘Rafât,’ near Gibeon, (Mem.   III. 154; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

IR-SHEMESH

Josh. xix. 41

ʾAin Shems

14

Identical with Beth Shemesh  , which see.

ISHTOB

2 Sam. x. 6, 8

—

—

R.V. ‘Men of Tob.’ See Tob  .

ISSACHAR, T  RIBE OF

Gen. xxx. 18; xxxv. 23; xlvi. 13; xlix. 14; Exod. i. 3; Num. i. 8, 28, 29; ii. 5; vii. 18; x. 15; xiii. 7; xxvi. 23, 25; xxxiv. 26; Deut. xxvii. 12; xxxiii. 18; Josh. xvii. 10, 11; xix. 17, 23; xxi. 6, 28; Judg. v. 15; x. 1; 1 Kings iv. 17; xv. 27; 1 Chron. ii. 1; vi. 62, 72; vii. 1, 5; xii. 32, 40; xxvii. 18; 2 Chr. xxx. 18; Ezek. xlviii. 25, 26–33; Rev. vii. 7

—

‘The fourth lot came out for Issachar. And their border was unto Jezreel, and Chesulloth and Shunem; and Haphraim, and Shion, and Anaharath; and Rabbith, and Kishion, and Ebez; and Remeth, and En-gannim, and En-haddah, and Beth-pazzez; and the border reached to Tabor, and Shahazumah, and Beth-shemesh; and the goings out of their border were at Jordan; sixteen cities with their villages.’ (Josh. xix. 17–23 R.V.) ‘Issachar had its limits in length, Mount Carmel and the river, but its limit in breadth was Mount Tabor  .’ (5 Ant. I. 22.)

ITHNAN

Josh. xv. 23

Not identified

—

A town in the south of Judah named with ‘Kadesh,’ ‘Hazor,’ and ‘Ziph.’

ITTAH-KAZIN

(R.V. ETH-KAZIN  )

Josh. xix. 13

Not identified

—

On the boundary of Zebulon between Gittah-hepher and Remmon.

IVAH or AVA

(R.V. IVVAH and AVVA  )

2 Kings xvii. 24; xviii. 34; xix. 13; Isa. xxxvii. 13

Hit   (?)

—

Thought to be ‘Hît’ on the Euphrates?

JAAZER

(R.V. JAZER  )

Num. xxi. 32; xxxii. 35

—

See Jazer  .

JABBOK, R  IVER

Gen. xxxii. 22; Num. xxi. 24; Deut. ii. 37; iii. 16; Josh. xii. 2; Judg. xi. 13–22

Wâdy Zêrka

11

The brook which Jacob crossed on his way from ‘Haran.’ Between Gerasa (Jerash) and Philadelphia (Amman)—Onomasticon. Now called Wâdy ez Zêrka, having its source at the clear and copious springs in the valley above ‘Ammân,’ then sweeping round in a north-westerly direction to the south of Jerash, and entering the Jordan near ‘Succoth’ and ‘Adam.’

JABESH-GILEAD

Judg. xxi. 8, 14; 1 Sam. xi. 1–10; xxxi. 11–13; 2 Sam. ii. 4, 5; xxi. 12; 1 Chr. x. 11, 12

Not identified

11

Six Roman miles from Pella on the road to Gerasa (Onomasticon.) The name survives in Wâdy el Yâbis, and possibly the ruin ed Deir marks the site.

JABEZ

1 Chron. ii. 55

Not identified

—

‘Deir Abu Kabûs, between Eshtaol and Ashnah, has been proposed for this place.’ (Henderson’s Handbook to Students  .) The Arabic and Hebrew have, however, no connection.

JABNEEL, or JABNEH

Josh. xv. 11; 2 Chron. xxvi. 6; 1 Macc. iv. 15; v. 58; x. 69; xv. 40; 2 Macc. xii. 8, 9, 40

Yebnah

13

One of the places on the northern boundary of Judah. Now the village Yebnah, in Philistia. The Jamnia of the 1st Book of Maccabees. (Mem.   II. 441; Sh. XVI.)

JABNEEL

Josh. xix. 33

Yemma  *

6

Now the ruins Yemma, 7 miles south of Tiberias in Naphtali.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 269. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

JABNEH

2 Chr. xxvi. 6

See Jabneel  .

JAGUR

Josh. xv. 21

Not identified

—

Named with other towns towards the coast of Edom.

JAHAZ

Num. xxi. 23; Deut. ii. 32; Judg. xi. 20; Is. xv. 4; Jer. xlviii. 34

Not identified

10

Identified as one town in Reuben. ‘Rujm el Makhsiyeh,’ north-east of Heshbon, proposed by Capt. Conder. Eusebius (Onom) says it existed in his day between Medeba and Dibon; but this direction does not appear correct.

JAHAZA

(R.V. JAHAZ  )

Josh. xiii. 18

Not identified

—

JAHAZAH

(R.V. JAHAZ and JAHZAH  )

Josh. xxi. 36; Jer. xlviii. 21

Not identified

—

JAHZAH

(R.V. JAHZAH  )

1 Chr. vi. 78

Not identified

—

JAMNIA

1 Macc. iv. 15; v. 58; x. 69; xv. 40

Yebnah

13

See Jabneel   (1). Jamnites 2 Macc. xii. 9. (250 furlongs from Jerusalem): the distance in a straight line is about 29 English miles.

JANOAH

2 Kings xv. 29

Yânûh

6

Now the village Yânûh, in the mountains of Naphtali. (Mem.   I. 51, 96; Sh. I.)

JANOHAH

(R.V. JANOAH  )

Josh. xvi. 6, 7

Yânûn

10

Named between Taanath-shiloh (Tana) and Ataroth (not recovered). Now the village ‘Yânûn,’ or the ruins on the hill beyond it, situated 7 miles to the east of Shechem, and south of Taanath-shiloh. (Mem.   II. 387; Sh. XV.)

JANUM

(R.V. JANUM  )

Josh. xv. 53

Beni Nʾaim   (?)

14

Mentioned between ‘Beth-tappuah’ (Tuffuh) and ‘Eshean’ (es Simia). The present village ‘Beni Nʾaim,’ 3 miles east of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 325; Sh. XXI.)

JAPHIA

Josh. xix. 12

Yâfa

6

Now the village ‘Yâfa,’ south of Nazareth, and between ‘Chisloth-tabor’ and ‘Sarid’ in Zebulon. (Mem.   I. 353; Sh. V.)

JAPHLETI

(R.V.

JAPHLETITES  )

Josh. xvi. 3

Not identified

—

On the south boundary of Ephraim. Not a town name according to the R.V.

JAPHO

(R.V. JOPPA or JAPHA  )

Josh. xix. 46

Yâfa

9

The seaport town Yâfa in Dan. See Joppa. (Mem.   II. 254, 255, 275–278; Sh. XIII.)

JAPHETH

Judith ii. 25

Not identified

—

‘Toward the south, over against Arabia.’

JARMUTH   (1)

Josh. x. 3, 5, 23; xiii. 11; xv. 35; Neh. xi. 29

Kh. el Yarmûk

14

Named between ‘Enam’ (Kh. Wad ʾAlin) and ‘Adullam’ (Aid el Mâ), now Kh. el Yarmûk in Judah. (Mem.   III. 128; Sh. XVII.)

JARMUTH   (2)

Josh. xxi. 29

Rameh   (?)*

—

One of the cities allotted to the Levites out of the tribe of Issachar. Compare with Ramoth of 1 Chr. vi. 73, and Remeth of Josh. xix. 21, evidently all referring to the one place. The village ‘er Rameh,’ north of Shechem, has been proposed. See Ramoth and Remeth  .—Conder.

JASHUBI-LEHEM

1 Chr. iv. 22

Not identified

—

Probably a place near to ‘Chozeba’ (Kh. Kueizîba) in Judah. According to Jerome (Quaest Hebr.) and the Targum on Chronicles (ed. Wilkins, 29, 30), ‘Jashubi-lehem is Naomi and Ruth, who returned to bread, or to Beth-lehem after the famine.’

JATTIR

Josh. xv. 48; xxi. 14; 1 Sam. xxx. 27; 1 Chr. vi. 57

Kh. ʾAttîr

14

In the mountains named between ‘Shamir’ (Kh. Somerah) and ‘Socoh’ (Shuweikeh). Now Kh. ʾAttîr, south of last. (Mem.   III. 408; Sh. XXV.)

JAZER

Num. xxxii. 1, 3, 35; Josh. xiii. 25; xxi. 39; 2 Sam. xxiv. 5; 1 Chr. vi. 81; xxvi. 31; Is. xvi. 8, 9; Jer. xlviii. 32; 1 Macc. v. 8

Beit Zerʾah   (?)*

15

In the east of Jordan mentioned with ‘Heshbon,’ ‘Nimrah,’ ‘Jogbehah,’ etc., ‘their (Gad) coast was Jazer’ (Josh. xiii. 25), ‘Jazer of Gilead’ (1 Chr. xxvi. 31), ‘The sea of Jazer’ (Jer. xlviii. 32). Jazar (1 Macc. v. 8). Jazer, according to the Onomasticon, was known, and Eusebius and Jerome place it 10 Roman miles west of Philadelphia (Amman), and 15 from Heshbon. Two sites were discovered by Seetzen in 1806 (Reisen, 1854, 397–8), ‘Khurbet Sâr’ and ‘Sîr’ (the former 6½ English miles west of Amman and 10½ English miles north of Heshbon): the latter (Sâr) 9 English miles west of Amman, and 9½ in a straight line or 14 by road north of Heshbon. Capt. Conder, in the Eastern Survey, proposes the ruin ‘Beit Zerah’ 3 English miles north of Heshbon, and 10 south of Amman. (Heth and Moab and Quarterly Statement  , p. 9, 1882.)

JEARIM, M  OUNT

Josh. xv. 10

The ridge on which Kesla   stands (?)

14

On the northern boundary of Judah. ‘And the border turned about from Baalah westward unto Mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of Mount Jearim, on the north (the same is Cheslon)’ the modern Kesla 10 miles west of Jerusalem.

JEBUSI or JEBUS

(R.V. JEBUSITE  )

Josh. xviii. 16, 28; Judg. xix. 10, 11; 1 Chron. xi. 4, 5; 2 Sam. v. 6, 8

Jerusalem

—

The ancient name of Jerusalem.

JEGAR-SAHADUTHA, ‘T  HE HEAP OF WITNESS' in Aramaic

Gen. xxxi. 47

—

11

See Mizpeh  .

JEHOSAPHAT, V  ALLEY OF

Joel iii. 2, 12

Wâdy Sitti Miriam

14

The name lingers at Shʾafat, a village immediately north of Jerusalem. Generally recognised as the valley between Jerusalem and Mount of Olives, now called ‘Wâdy Sitti Miriam,’ and ‘Wâdy Farʾaûn.’

JEHUD

Josh. xix. 45

el Yehûdîyeh

9

Now the village ‘el Yehûdîyeh,’ 8 miles to the east of Joppa, in Dan. (Mem.   II. 258; Sh. XIII.)

JEKABZEEL

Neh. xi. 25

Not identified

—

= Kabzeel  . A town in the extreme south of Judah.

JEMNAAN

Judith ii. 28

—

—

Probably Jabneel or Jamnia  —which see.

JERICHO

Num. xxii. 1; xxvi. 3, 63; xxxi. 12; xxxiii. 48, 50; xxxiv. 15; xxxv. 1; xxxvi. 13; Deut. xxxii. 49; xxxiv. 1, 3; Josh. ii. 1, 3; iii. 16; iv. 13, 19; v. 10, 13; vi. 1, 2, 25, 26; vii. 2; viii. 2; ix. 3; x. 1, 28, 30; xii. 9; xiii. 32; xvi. 1, 7; xviii. 12, 21; xx. 8; xxiv. 11; 2 Sam. x. 5; 1 Kings xvi. 34; 2 Kings ii. 4, 5, 15, 18; xxv. 5; 1 Chron. vi. 78; xix. 5; 2 Chron. xxviii. 15; Ezra ii. 34; Neh. iii. 2; vii. 36; Jer. xxxix. 5; lii. 8; Judith iv. 4; Eccles. xxiv. 14; 1 Macc. ix. 50; xvi. 11, 14; 2 Macc. xii. 15

Erîha

14

‘The city of palm trees.’ The ancient site of this town was probably at the mounds near ‘ʾAin es Sultan.’ (Mem.   III. 173 and 222; Sh. XVIII.) Herod’s city was south of these mounds and the mediæval town near the present village Erîha.

JERUEL, T  HE WILDERNESS OF

2 Chron. xx. 16

Not identified

—

Near the ascent of Ziz—‘Ye shall find them at the end of the valley before the wilderness of Jeruel.’ Part of the Jeshimon or Wilderness of Judea.

JERUSALEM

Josh. x. 1–5; xii. 10; xv. 63; xviii. 28; Judg. i. 7, 8, 21; 1 Sam. xvii. 54; 2 Sam. v. 6–14; xxiv. 16; 1 Kings iii. 1; 2 Kings; 2 Chron.; Ezra; Neh.; etc.

el Kuds esh Sherîf

14

Now called ‘el Kuds esh Sherîf.’ See Recovery of Jerusalem, and Jerusalem   Vol.

JESHANAH

2 Chron. xiii. 19

ʾAin Sînia  *

10

Now the village ‘Ain Sînia,’ in the valley north of Bethel, as proposed by M. Clermont-Ganneau.

JESHIMON

Num. xxi. 20; xxiii. 28; 1 Sam. xxiii. 19, 24; xxvi. 1, 3

Desert west of Dead Sea

14

The desert west of the Dead Sea. The word is usually rendered ‘solitude.’

JESHUA

Neh. xi. 26

Kh. Sʾaweh   (?)*

14

Named in a group of towns with Jekabzeel, Moladah, Beer-sheba, etc. etc. Probably the present ruin ‘Sʾaweh,’ east of Beersheba. (Mem.   III. 409; Sh. XXV.)—Conder.

JETHLAH

(R.V. ITHLAH  )

Josh. xix. 42

Beit Tûl   (??)*

14

In the group of towns, between ‘Ajalon’ and ‘Elon,’ in the tribe of Dan. The present ruin ‘Beit Tûl’ has been proposed by Capt. Conder. Shilta, 7 miles east of Lydda, has also been suggested by Mr. C. F. T. Drake. (Mem.   III. 43; Sh. XVII.)

JEWRY

1 Esd. ii. 4; iv. 49; v. 7, 8, 57; vi. 1; viii. 81; ix. 3

—

Judah or Judea.

JEZREEL

Josh. xix. 18; 1 Sam. xxix. 1, 11; 2 Sam. ii. 9; iii. 2; iv. 4; 1 Kings iv. 12; xviii. 45, 46; xxi. 1, 23; 2 Kings viii. 29; ix. 10, 15, 17, 30, 37; x. 1–11; 2 Chr. xxii. 6; Hos. i. 4–11; ii. 22

Zerʾín

10

On the borders of Issachar next to Chesulloth. Now the modern village Zerʾîn. (Mem.   II. 88; Sh. IX.) Wine presses were discovered by the Survey Party south-east of the village.

JEZREEL, V  ALLEY OF

Josh. xvii. 16; Judg. vi. 33; Hos. 1, 5

6

Either part of the Great Plain of Esdraelon, or the open valley running east from Jezreel to the Jordan valley.

JEZREEL

Josh. xv. 56; 1 Sam. xxv. 43; xxvii. 3; xxx. 5; 2 Sam. ii. 2; iii. 2; 1 Chr. iii. 1

Not identified

—

Between ‘Juttah’ (‘Yutta’) and Jokdeam (not known) in Judah.

JIPHTAH

Josh. xv. 43

Not identified

—

In the low country of Judah. Named between ‘Ashan’ (Aseileh?) and ‘Ashnah’ (Idhnah?)

JIPHTHAH-EL, THE VALLEY OF

(R.V. IPHTAH-EL  )

Josh. xix. 14, 27

Not identified

—

A valley on the boundary between ‘Asher’ and ‘Zebulon.’ The discovery of Dabbasheth (which see) points to the great Wâdy el Kurn as the valley intended. The Hebrew means ‘opened by God’ as usually rendered.   Robinson (iii. 107), suggests that Jiphtah-el was identical with Jotapata (Kh. Jefat), and that ‘Wâdy ʾAbellîn,’ west of it, represents the valley, but Jefat does not represent the Hebrew word.

JOGBEHAH

Num. xxxii. 35; Judg. viii. 11

el Jubeihat

11

Now the ruins of ‘Jubeihat,’ between ‘Amman’ and ‘es Salt.’ (Heth & Moab.  )

JOKDEAM

Josh. xv. 56

Not identified

14

A city in the mountains of Judah named with ‘Juttah’ (Yutta) ‘Jezreel’ (not known) and ‘Zanoah’ (Zanuta)

JOKMEAM

1 Chr. vi. 68; 1 Kings iv. 12 (R.V.)

Not identified

—

Another name for Kibzaim of Joshua xxi. 22.

JOKNEAM,   OF CARMEL

Josh. xii. 22; xix. 11; xxi. 34

Tell Keimûn

10

The ruins and mound now called Tell Keimûn, on the edge of the plain of Esdraelon and south of Mount Carmel in Zebulon. (Mem.   II. 69; Sh. VIII.)

JOKNEAM

(R.V. JOKMEAM  )

1 Kings iv. 12

Not identified

—

See Jokmeam  .

JOKTHEEL

Josh. xv. 38

Kh. Kutlâneh   (?)

13

A town in the lowlands of Judah. The ruin ‘Kutlâneh,’ 4 miles east of Ekron, has been proposed by Conder (see Handbook to the Bible  ).

JOKTHEEL  ,

2 Kings xiv. 7

Petra

28

= Selah  . Probably Petra.

JOPPA,   JAPHO

Josh. xix. 46; 2 Chr. ii. 16; Ezra iii. 7; Jonah i. 3

Yâfa

9

The present town Yâfa. (Mem.   II. 254, 255, 275, 278; Sh. XIII.)

JOPPE

1 Esd. v. 55; 1 Macc. x. 75, 76; xi. 6; xii. 33; xiii. 11; xiv. 5, 34; xv. 28, 35; 2 Macc. iv. 21; xii. 3, 7

9

Yâfa. See   the preceding.

JORDAN, R  IVER

Gen. xiii. 10; xxxii. 10; l. 10; Num. xiii. 29; xxii. 1; xxxii. 5; xxxiii. 48; Deut. ii. 29; iv. 21; Jos. iii. 1–17; iv. 1–23; Judg. iii. 28; 1 Sam. xiii. 7; 2 Sam. ii. 29

Nahr esh Sherîʾah

10, 14

Now called ‘Nahr esh Sherîʾah’ (‘the watering-place’).

JOSEPH’S TOMB

Gen. l. 25; Ex. xiii. 19; Josh. xxiv. 32; Acts vii. 16

Kabr Yusef

10

The building over the tomb of the Patriarch Joseph was built at the expense of Mr. E. T. Rogers, H.B.M.’s Consul at Damascus, January, 1868. Is immediately north of Jacob’s Well. (Mem.   II. 194; Sh. XI.)

JOTBAH

2 Kings xxi. 19

Not identified

—

See   below.

JOTBATH, or JOTBATHAH

(R.V. JOTBATHAH  )

Deut. x. 7; Num. xxxiii. 33

Not identified

—

‘A land of rivers of waters.’ One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

JUDAH, C  ITY OF

2 Chron. xxv. 28

—

Cf. 2 Kings xiv. 20

JUDAH, W  ILDERNESS OF

Judg. i. 16; Ps. lxiii. (title)

—

The low country which lies to the south and east of ‘Tell Arad.’ (Sh. XIV.)

JUDAH UPON JORDAN

(R.V. JUDAH   AT JORDAN)

Josh. xix. 34

Not identified

—

Thought to be a corruption of some other name. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 306, and Quarterly Statement  , p. 183, 1883.)

JUDAH, T  RIBE OF

Joshua xv., etc. 5 Ant. i. 22

—

—

‘The lot for the tribe of Judah, according to their families, was unto the border of Edom, even to the wilderness of Zin southward, at the uttermost part of the south. And their south border was from the uttermost part of the Salt Sea, from the bay (or tongue) that looked southward; and it went out southward of the Ascent of Akrabbim, and passed along to Zin, and went up by the south of Kadesh-barnea, and passed along by Hezron, and went up to Addar, and turned about to Karka; and it passed along to Azmon, and went out at the brook of Egypt; and the goings out of the border were at the sea: this shall be your south border. And the east border was the Salt Sea, even unto the end of Jordan. And the border of the north quarter was from the bay (or tongue) of the sea at the end of Jordan; and the border went up to Beth-hoglah, and passed along by the north of Beth-arabah; and the border went up to the stone of Bohan, the son of Reuben; and the border went up to Debir, from the Valley of Achor, and so northward, looking toward Gilgal, that is over against the ascent of Adummim, which is on the south side of the river; and the border passed along to the waters of En-shemesh, and the goings out thereof were at En-rogel; and the border went up by the Valley of the Son of Hinnom, unto the side (or shoulder) of the Jebusite southward (the same is Jerusalem); and the border went up to the top of the mountain that lieth before the Valley of Hinnom westward, which is at the uttermost part of the Vale of Rephaim northward; and the border was drawn from the top of the mountain unto the fountain of the waters of Nephtoah, and went out to the cities of Mount Ephron; and the border was drawn to Baalah (the same is Kiriath-jearim); and the border turned about from Baalah westward unto Mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of Mount Jearim, on the north (the same is Chesalon), and went down to Beth-shemesh and passed along by Timnah; and the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward; and the border was drawn to Shikkeron, and passed along to Mount Baalah, and went out at Jabneel; and the goings out of the border were at the sea. And the west border was to the Great Sea, and the border thereof. This is the border of the children of Judah round about, according to their families.’ (Joshua xv. R.V.) ‘Judah was assigned by lot the upper part of Judea, reaching as far as Jerusalem, and its breadth extended to the Lake of Sodom  . Now in the lot of this tribe there were the cities of Askelon and Gaza.’ (5 Ant. i. 22.)

JUTTAH

Josh. xv. 55; xxi. 16

Yuttah

14

The present village ‘Yuttah,’ 5 miles south of Hebron, in the mountains of Judah. It is mentioned with Maon, Carmel and Ziph. (Mem.   III. 310; Sh. XXI.)

KABZEEL

Josh. xv. 21; 2 Sam. xxiii. 20; 1 Chron. xi. 22; Neh. xi. 25

Not identified

—

In the south of Judah, towards the coast of Edom. See Jekabzeel  .

KADES

Judith i. 9

—

= Kadesh.

KADESH

Gen. xiv. 7; xvi. 14; xx. 1; Num. xiii. 26; xx. 1, 14, 16, 22; xxvii. 14; xxxiii. 36, 37; Deut. i. 46; xxxii. 51; Judg. xi. 16, 17; Ezek. xlvii. 19; xlviii. 28

ʾAin Kadîs   (?)

20

Also called ‘En-mishpat’ (Gen. xiv. 7). The scene of Miriam’s death (Num. xxi. 1). A city in the uttermost borders of Judah (Num. xx. 16). ‘The water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin’ (Num. xxvii. 14, Deut. xxxii. 51). ‘In the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh’ (Num. xxxiii. 36). The name still survives in the Arabic ‘ʾAin Kadîs,’ at a spring south of Beersheba, proposed as the site by the Rev. J. Rowlands, and supported by the Rev. Dr. Clay Trumbull, in his work ‘Kadesh Barnea.’ Dr. Robinson places Kadesh at ‘el Weibeh,’ in the valley of the Arabah on the west side. See Conder’s Handbook, p. 249; and Primer of Bible Geography  , p. 56.

KADESH-BARNEA

Num. xxxii. 8; xxxiv. 4; Deut. i. 2, 19; ii. 14; ix. 23; Josh. x. 41; xiv. 6, 7; xv. 3

—

Same as the preceding.

KADESH, W  ILDERNESS OF

Ps. xxix. 8

—

The district of Kadesh Barnea.

KANAH

Josh. xix. 28

Kâna

6

Now the village Kâna, south-east of Tyre 7 miles. (Mem.   I. 51, 64; Sh. I.)

KANAH, R  IVER

Josh. xvi. 8; xvii. 9

Wâdy Kânah

10

The boundary between the territories of Ephraim and Manasseh. Now ‘Wâdy Kânah.’ (Mem.   II.; Sh. XIV.)

KARKAA

(R.V. KARKA  )

Josh. xv. 3

Not identified

—

On the southern boundary of Judah named between ‘Adar’ and ‘Azmon.’

KARKOR

Judg. viii. 10

Not identified

—

Probably a district name or a descriptive term.

KARTAH

Josh. xxi. 34

Not identified

—

Allotted with Jokneam to the children of Merari (Levites). A city of Zebulon.

KARTAN

Josh. xxi. 32

Not identified

—

In the parallel list of 1 Chr. vi. 76, the name appears as ‘Kirjathaim.’ One of the cities of Naphtali allotted to the Gershonites (Levites), and mentioned after ‘Hammoth-dor.’

KATTATH

Josh. xix. 15

Not identified

—

‘Ketunith,’ mentioned in the Talmud as identical with Kattath (Josh. xix. 15) may perhaps be the ruin of Koteineh (Tal. Jer. Megilla 70a), but this is not suitable for the Bible Kattath. One of the cities of Zebulon. (Mem. II. 48; Sh. VIII.)

Schwarz would identify it with Cana (Kefr Kenna) of Galilee (p. 172).

KEDEMOTH

Josh. xiii. 18; xxi. 37; 1 Chr. vi. 79

Not identified

—

One of the cities allotted to Reuben. East of the Dead Sea.

KEDESH   (1)

Josh. xv. 23

—

6

Supposed to refer to Kadesh-barnea on southern border of Judah.

KEDESH   (2)

1 Chron. vi. 72

Tell Abu Kadeis  *

10

In the parallel list of Joshua xxi. 28, the name is ‘Kishon.’ Possibly ‘Tell Abu Kadeis,’ near Lejjûn, on the south-west of the Plain of Esdraelon. A city of Issachar. (Mem.   II. 69; Sh. VIII.)—Conder.

KEDESH NAPHTALI   (3)

Josh. xii. 22; xix. 37; xx. 7; xxi. 32; Judg. iv. 6, 9, 10, 11; 2 Kings xv. 29; 1 Chr. vi. 76; 1 Macc. xi. 63

Kades

6

One of the fortified cities of Naphtali, appointed as a city of refuge. Now the village ‘Kades,’ west of ‘el Huleh.’ (Mem.   I. 204, 226; Sh. IV.) Robinson iii. 366, 8; Van de Velde ii. 417; Stanley 365, 390.

KEDESH   (4)

Judg. iv. 11

Kh. Kadîsh   (??)

6

Near Bitzaananim (see Zaanaim). Possibly the ruin Kadîsh, on the shore south of Tiberias. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .)

KEHELATHAH

Num. xxxiii. 22

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites.

KEILAH

Josh. xv. 44; 1 Sam. xxiii. 1–8, 10–13; Neh. iii. 17, 18

Kh. Kîla

14

Now the village Kîla, in the Hebron mountains, 6 miles to the west of Hŭlhul. (Mem.   III. 314; Sh. XXI.)

KENATH NOBAH

Num. xxxii. 42; 1 Chron. ii. 23

Kŭnawât

8

The ruined town Kanawât, east of Bashan.

KERIOTH-HEZRON or HAZOR

Josh. xv. 25

Kh. el Kureitin   (?)

14

One of the cities in the south of Judah. Kh. Kureitin, 4½ miles north of ‘Arâd,’ has been proposed for this site. Robinson (B. R. ii. 101.)

KERIOTH

Jer. xlviii. 24, 41

Not identified

15

Probably = Kiriathaim of Moab which see (Conder). ‘Kureiyeh,’ about midway between Bozrah and Salkhad, in Sh. 12, has been proposed by Porter. (Five Years in Damascus   ii. 191, 198.)

KEZIZ, VALLEY OF

(R.V. EMEK-KEZIZ  )

Josh. xviii. 21

Not identified

—

One of the cities mentioned with ‘Jericho,’ ‘Beth-hoglah’ and ‘Beth-arabah.’ The Beth-basi of 1 Macc. ix. 62, 64, is thought to be a corruption of this name (Kezîz.)

KIBROTH-HATTAAVAH

Num. xi. 34

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites. The name ‘et Taba’ occurs in the Valley of the ʾArabah, 25½ miles north of Akabah, where there is also a burying place.

KIBZAIM

Josh. xxi. 22

Tell el Kabûs   (?)

14

In the parallel list of 1 Chr. vi. 68 ‘Jokmeam’ is given for ‘Kibzaim.’ Mentioned between Gezer and Beth-horon. Tell el Kabûs, between Michmash and Jerusalem, has been proposed. (Conder’s Handbook  .)

KIDRON, T  HE BROOK

2 Sam. xv. 23; 1 Kings ii. 37; xv. 13; 2 Kings xxiii. 4, 6, 12; 2 Chr. xv. 16; xxix. 16; xxx. 14; Jer. xxxi. 40

Wâdy en Nâr

14

Now Wâdy en Nâr, the deep and rugged ravine winding from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea. (Conder’s Handbook  , p. 330.)

KINAH

Josh. xv. 22

Not identified

—

One of the cities in the extreme south towards Edom. Mentioned between Jagur and Dimonah.

KIR

Amos i. 5; ix. 7; 2 Kings xvi. 9; Isa. xxii. 6

—

—

The country from which the Syrians came, and to which they were taken from Damascus. Supposed to be in Lower Mesopotamia.

KIR-HARASETH

(R.V. KIR-HARESETH  )

Isa. xvi. 7; 2 Kings iii. 25

Kerak

14

Variations of one name all applying to the same place. Now Kerak, the fortified town to the east of the southern end of the ‘Salt Sea.’ (Reland Pal, 533), (Bohaeddin, Vit. Sal., ch. 25), Burckhardt, 379–399; Irby (ch. vii.), Seetzen (Reisen i. 412–3), De Saulcy (La Mer Morte i. 355, etc.)

KIR-HARESH

Isa. xvi. 11

KIR-HERES

Jer. xlviii. 31, 36

KIR,   OF MOAB

Isa. xv. 1

KIRIATHAIM

Jer. xlviii. 1, 23; Ezek. xxv. 9

el Kŭreiyât   (?)

15

Probably the present ruin el Kureiyât, between ‘Dibon’ and ‘Madeba.’

KIRIATHIARIUS

1 Esd. v. 19

—

A corruption of Kirjath-jearim.

KIRIOTH

(R.V. KERIOTH  )

Amos ii. 2

el Kŭreiyât   (?)

15

Probably Kiriathaim.

KIRJATH

(R.V. KIRIATH  )

Josh. xviii. 28

Kŭryet el ʾEnab

14

In the tribe of Benjamin. Now generally acknowledged as ‘Kŭryet el ʾEnab,’ which is more generally called only el Kuryeh. (Mem. III. 132; Sh. XVII). It is also thought by many to be identical with ‘Kirjath-jearim  ,’ which see.

KIRJATHAIM

(R.V. KIRIATHAIM  )

Num. xxxii. 37; Josh. xiii. 19

el Kŭreiyât   (?)

15

In the revised version rendered ‘Kiriathaim  ,’ which see. The ruins of ‘el Kureiyat,’ between Medeba and Dibon, are now believed to represent this site. Eusebius describes it as a village entirely of Christians, 10 miles west of Medeba, ‘close to the Baris’—‘el Kureiyat’ is this distance, but more south than west of ‘Medeba.’

KIRJATHAIM

(R.V. KIRIATHAIM  )

1 Chron. vi. 76

Not identified

—

A town in Naphtali, not mentioned in the original list of Josh. xix. 32–39; and in the parallel list of Joshua xxi. 32, Kartan is given.

KIRJATH-ARBA

(R.V. KIRIATH-ARBA  )

Gen. xxiii. 2; Josh. xiv. 15; xv. 13, 54; xx. 7; xxi. 11; Judg. i. 10; Neh. xi. 25

el Khŭlîl

14

The early name of Hebron, and one of the six cities appointed as a place of refuge. See Hebron  .

KIRJATH-ARIM

(R.V. KIRIATH-ARIM  )

Ezra ii. 25

—

Another form for Kirjath-jearim (Neh. vii. 29). In the book of Esdras it is given as Kiriathiarius. See Kirjath-jearim  .

KIRJATH-BAAL

(R.V. KIRIATH BAAL  )

Josh. xv. 60; xviii. 14

—

—

Another name for ‘Kirjath-jearim  ,’ which see.

KIRJATH-HUZOTH

(R.V. KERIATH HUZOTH  )

Num. xxii. 39

Not identified

—

Somewhere in the neighbourhood of the ‘high places of Baal’ in Moab. Perhaps the same as Kiriathaim.

KIRJATH-JEARIM

(R.V. KIRIATH-JEARIM  )

Josh. ix. 17; xv. 9; xviii. 14, 15; xv. 60

Kh. ʾErma (*) or Kuriet el ʾEnab   (?)

14

Also called ‘Baalah’, ‘Kirjath-baal,’ ‘Kirjath-arim’ (?) Kirjath. On the boundary line between Benjamin and Judah, a city belonging to the latter. Eusebius and Jerome (Onomasticon—‘Cariathiarim’) describe it as a village at the ninth or tenth mile between Jerusalem and Lydda. Kuriet el Enab, 7½ miles from Jerusalem on the Jaffa road, was first proposed by Dr. Robinson (B. R. ii. 11) and has generally been the accepted site, till a ruin of the name of ‘Erma’ was found during the progress of the Western Survey, which Capt. Conder proposes to identify with Jearim. Its position is 4 miles west of the hill overlooking Beth-shemesh, and about 12 miles from Jerusalem. (See Mem. III., pp. 43 to 52, Sh. XVIII.; and Handbook to the Bible  , p. 259.)

KIRJATH-SANNAH

(R.V. KIRIATH-SANNAH  )

Josh. xv. 49

—

14

Other names of Debir, which see.

KIRJATH-SEPHER

(R.V. KIRIATH-SEPHER  )

Judg. i. 11, 12

—

KISHION, KISHON

(R.V. KISHION  )

Josh. xix. 20; xxi. 28

Not identified

—

One of the cities on the boundary of the tribe of Issachar.

KISHON, R  IVER

Judg. iv. 7, 13; v. 21; 1 Kings xviii. 40; Ps. lxxxiii. 9

Nahr el Mŭkuttʾa

6

Now called Nahr el Mŭkuttʾa, which drains the whole of the great Plain of Esdraelon. The scene of the defeat of Sisera, and of the slaughter of the Priests by Elijah. In Ps. lxxxiii. 9, ‘The Brook Kison.’ (R.V. River Kishon.)

KITHLISH

(R.V. CHITHLISH  )

Josh. xv. 40

Not identified

—

A town of Judah in the ‘lowland.’

KITRON

Judg. i. 30

Not identified

6

Mentioned along with Nahalol as the two towns from which Zebulon did not expel the Canaanites. The Talmud (Megillah i. 1) reads Zippori, i.e.   Sepphoris, now Seffûrieh.

LADDER   OF TYRUS

1 Macc. xi. 59

Râs en Nakûrah

6

The headland ‘Râs en Nakûrah,’ north of ʾAkka.—For notes, see Smith’s Bible Dictionary. (Mem.   I.)

LABAN

Deut. i. 1

Not identified

—

Thought to refer to the same place as Libnah (2) of Num. xxxiii. 20, 21.

LACHISH

Josh. x. 3, 5–35; xii. 11; xv. 39; 2 Kings xiv. 19; xviii. 14, 17; xix. 8; 2 Chr. xi. 9; xxv. 27; xxxii. 9; Neh. xi. 30; Is. xxxvi. 2; xxxvii. 8; Jer. xxxiv. 7; Micah i. 13

Umm Lâkis (?) or Tell el Hesy   (?)*

13

This important city of the Amorites is described by Eusebius and Jerome (Onomasticon) as being 7 miles from Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrîn) towards Daroma. The Mound of ‘Umm Lâkis,’ to the west of Eglon, was first suggested by Robinson, but it is 12½ miles from Eleutheropolis. ‘Tell el Hesy,’ immediately south of Eglon, and 10½ miles from Eleutheropolis, is now proposed by Capt. Conder. (See Mem.   III. 261; Sh. XX.)

LAHMAM

(R.V. or LAHMAS  )

Josh. xv. 40

Kh. el Lahm  *

13

Named between ‘Cabbon’ and ‘Kithlish,’ towns in the low country of Judah, but no trace to their identity has as yet been discovered. For this site the ruin el Lahm, near Beit Jibrîn, has been proposed (Conder). (Mem.   III. 261; Sh. XX.)

LAISH

(R.V. or LAISHAH  )

Judg. xviii. 7–29; Is. x. 30

Tell el Kâdy

6

Leshem, Josh. xix. 47. The original name of the city Dan. Now ‘Tell el Kâdy,’ 2 miles west of Banias. See Dan. (Mem.   I. 139; Sh. II.)

LAKUM

(R.V. LAKKUM  )

Josh. xix. 33

Not identified

—

A place on the boundary of Naphtali, somewhere between Jabneel and the river Jordan.

LASHA

Gen. x. 19

Not identified

—

The position of this place is uncertain. Jerome and others identify it with Callirhoë, the famous hot springs in the wild and rugged ravine of Zerka Mʾaîn—east of the Salt Sea.

LASHARON

(R.V. LASSHARON  )

Josh. xii. 18

Sârôna   (?)*

6

Probably the present ruin Sârôna, 6½ miles west of the south end of the Sea of Galilee. (Mem.   I. 370; Sh. VI.)—Conder.

LEBANON, M  OUNT

Deut. i. 7; iii. 25; xi. 24; Josh. i. 4; ix. 1; xi. 17; xii. 7; xiii. 5; Judg. iii. 3; ix. 15; 1 Kings iv. 33; v. 6, 14; vii. 2; ix. 19; x. 17; 2 Kings xiv. 9; xix. 23; 2 Chr. ii. 8; viii. 6; ix. 16; xxv. 18; Ezra iii. 7; Ps. xxix. 5; lxxii. 16; xcii. 12; civ. 16; Cant. iii. 9; iv. 8; v. 15; vii. 4; Is. ii. 13; x. 34; xiv. 8; xxix. 17; xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; xxxvii. 24; xl. 16; lx. 13; Jer. xviii. 14; xxii. 6; Ezek. xvii. 3; xxvii. 5; xxxi. 3; Hos. xiv. 5; Neh. i. 4; Hab. ii. 17; Zech. x. 10; xi. 1

Jebel Libnân

3

Now called Jebel Libnân.—For general description, see Porter’s Handbook  .

LEBAOTH

Josh. xv. 32

Not identified

—

Probably identical with Beth-lebaoth and Beth-birei. One of the cities of the south.

LEBONAH

Judg. xxi. 19

el Lubban

10

The present village Lubban, near the main road to Shechem, and west of Shiloh. (Mem.   II. 286; Sh. XIV.)

LEHI

Judg. xv. 9, 14, 19

Not identified

—

Or Ramath-lehi, the scene of Samson’s exploit with the jawbone of an ass. The word means ‘jawbone.’

LESHEM

Josh. xix. 47

Tell el Kâdy

—

See Laish  .

LIBANUS

1 Esd. iv. 48; v. 55; 2 Esd. xv. 20; Judith i. 7; Eccles. xxiv. 13; l. 12

Jebel Libnân

—

Mount Lebanon.

LIBNAH   (1)

Josh. x. 29, 39; xii. 15; xv. 42; xxi. 13; 2 Kings viii. 22; xix. 8; xxiii. 31; xxiv. 18; 1 Chr. vi. 57; Is. xxxvii. 8; 2 Chr. xxi. 10; Jer. lii. 1

Not identified

—

Named between Makkedah and Lachish, in the ‘lowland’ of Judah. (Mem.   III. 261; Sh. XX.)

LIBNAH   (2)

Num. xxxiii. 20, 21

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites, between Sinai and Kedesh.

LIBYA

(R.V. PUT  )

Jer. xlvi. 9; Ezek. xxxviii. 5

—

Libya is part of Africa west of Egypt; but Put or Phut may have been in Asia.

LO-DEBAR

2 Sam. ix. 4, 5; xvii. 27

Not identified

—

A town of Gilead.

LOD

1 Chron. viii. 12; Ezra ii. 33; Neh. vii. 37; xi. 35

Ludd

9

The present town called Ludd, on the plain south-east of Jaffa and north of Ramleh. (Mem.   II. 267; Sh. XIII.)

LUHITH, T  HE ASCENT OF

Isa. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 5

Talʾat el Heith  *

15

Probably Talʾat el Heisah (or Heith), one mile to the west of Mount Nebo.—Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 140; Quarterly Statement  , 1882, p. 9.

LUZ   (1)

Gen. xxviii. 19; xxxv. 6; xlviii. 3; Josh. xvi. 2; xviii. 13; Judg. i. 23

Beitîn

10

The old name of Bethel. The present village Beitîn. See Bethel. (Mem.   II. 305; Sh. XIV.)

LUZ   (2)

Judg. i. 26

Luweizîyeh   (?)*

6

In the ‘land of the Hittites.’ The ruin Luweizîyeh, west of Banias, is proposed by Capt. Conder. (Mem.   I. 96; Sh. II.)

LYCIA

1 Macc. xv. 23; Acts xxvii. 5

—

In the south-west of Asia Minor, opposite Rhodes.—Grove’s Bible Index  .

LYDDA

1 Macc. xi. 34

Ludd

—

Another name for Lod and Ludd.

LYDIA

1 Macc. viii. 8

—

A province in Asia Minor.

LYDIA

Ezek. xxx. 5

—

In the Revised Version ‘Lud.’

MAACAH, DISTRICT OF

(R.V. ARAM-MAACAH  )

2 Sam. x. 6, 8; 1 Chr. xix. 6, 7

—

In Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xii. 5; xiii. 11–13; 2 Sam. xxiii. 34; 2 Kings xxv. 23; 1 Chron. iv. 19; Jer. xl. 8. Maachathites (Maacathites R.V.) Named with Zobah and Tob.

MAALEH ACRABBIM

(R.V. AKRABBIM, T  HE ASCENT OF)

Josh. xv. 3

Not identified

21

Very probably the steep declivity at the southern end of the Salt Sea, and between there and Kadesh-barnea.

MAARATH

Josh. xv. 59

Beit Ummar   (?)*

14

The present village Beit Ummar, 6 miles north of Hebron. Named in the group of cities which contains Hŭlhûl, Beth-zur, Gedor, Beth-anoth, and between the two latter. (Mem.   III. 303; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

MACALON

1 Esdras v. 21

Mukhmas   (?)

—

A corruption of Michmash.

MACHMAS

1 Macc. ix. 73

Mukhmas

—

The Greek of Michmash.

MACHPELAH, C  AVE OF

Gen. xxiii. 9, 17, 19; xxv. 9; xlix. 30; l. 13

14

The cave beneath the Haram at Hebron.—For plan, etc., and latest report of the Haram, see Capt. Conder’s ‘visit’ in Quarterly Statement   for October, 1882.

MADIAN

Judith ii. 26

—

The Greek form of Midian.

MADMANNAH

Josh. xv. 31; 1 Chron. ii. 49

Umm Deimneh  *

13

Named with Hormah, Ziklag, and Sansannah. Possibly the ruin Umm Deimneh, 12 miles north-east of Beersheba. (Mem.   III. 392, 399; Sh. XXIV.)

MADMEN

Jer. xlviii. 2

Umm Deineh   (??)

15

A place in Moab, ‘Umm Deineh,’ 12 miles north-east of Dibon, in Moab has been proposed.

MADMENAH

Isa. x. 31

Not identified

—

One of the towns of Benjamin, somewhere in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem on the north; not recovered.

MADON

Josh. xi. 1; xii. 19

Kh. Madîn   (?)*

6

Named with ‘Lasharon’ (Sarôna) and ‘Hazor.’ Possibly the ruin Madîn, west of the Sea of Galilee and close to Hattîn. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.) ‘Kefr Menda,’ on the west corner of ‘Sahel el Buttauf,’ proposed by Schwarz (90).

MAGBISH

Ezra ii. 30

Not identified

—

In Benjamin, or in Judah.

MAGED

1 Macc. v. 36

—

See Maked  .

MAGIDDO

1 Esd. i. 29

—

See   Megiddo.

MAHANAIM

(R.V. ‘HOSTS or C  OMPANIES’)

Gen. xxxii. 2; Josh. xiii. 26, 30; Josh. xxi. 38; 2 Sam. ii. 8, 12, 29; xvii. 24, 27; xix. 32; 1 Kings ii. 8; iv. 14; 1 Chr. vi. 80

Mahneh   (?)

11

Possibly the heap of ruins now called Mahneh, 14 miles south-east of Beth-shean and near Jabesh-gilead. See Porter’s Handbook, 332; Conder’s Heth and Moab  , pp. 177–180.

MAHANEH-DAN

Judg. xiii. 25; xviii. 12

Wâdy el Mŭtluk

14

‘Camping-place of Dan,’ west of Kirjath-jearim; and Judg. xiii. 25, between ‘Zoreah’ and ‘Eshtaol.’ Apparently the plain immediately south of those two places, in ‘Wâdy el Mŭtluk,’ or ‘Wâdy Serâr.’

MAKAZ

1 Kings iv. 9

Not identified

—

Mentioned with Shaalbim, Beth-shemesh and Elon-beth-hanan.

MAKED

1 Macc. v. 26

el Mejed   (?)*

—

= Maged  , 1 Macc. v. 36. One of the great cities of Gilead. Perhaps el Mejed, north of Amman.—Conder.

MAKHELOTH

Num. xxxiii. 25

Not identified

—

One of the camping-stations of the Israelites.

MAKKEDAH

Josh. x. 10, 16–29; xii. 16; xv. 41

el Mûghâr   (?)*

13

Probably the present village ‘el Mûghâr.’ (Mem.   II. 411; Sh. XVI.)—Warren.

MAKTESH

Zeph. i. 11

The Targum identifies this name with the Kedron Valley. The meaning of ‘Mactesh’ is probably a deep hollow, literally a ‘mortar.’

MALLOS

2 Macc. iv. 30

At mouth of Seihun

—

Was an important city of Cilicia, lying at the mouth of the Pyramus, about 20 miles from Tarsus.

MAMRE, PLAIN OF

(R.V. MAMRE, THE OAKS or T  EREBINTH OF)

Gen. xiii. 18; xiv. 13, 24; xviii. 1; xxiii. 17, 19; xxv. 9; xxxv. 27; xlix. 30; l. 13

In the neighbourhood of Hebron.

MANAHATH

1 Chr. viii. 6

Mâlhah  *

14

Probably the village ‘Málhah,’ 3 miles south-west of Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 21; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

MANASSEH, T  HE TWO HALF TRIBES

Gen. xli. 51; xlvi. 20; xlviii. 1, 5, 13, 20; l. 23; Num. i. 10, 34, 35; ii. 20; vii. 54; x. 23; xiii. 11; xxvi. 28, 29, 34; xxvii. 1; xxxii. 33, 39–41; xxxiv. 14, 23; xxxvi. 1, 12; Deut. iii. 13, 14; xxix. 8; xxxiii. 17; xxxiv. 2; Josh. i. 12; iv. 12; xii. 6; xiii. 7, 29, 31; xiv. 4; xvi. 4, 9; xvii. 1–3, 5–12, 17; xviii. 7; xx. 8; xxi. 5, 6, 25, 27; xxii. 1, 7, 9, 11–31; Judg. i. 27; vi. 15, 35; vii. 23; xi. 29; 1 Kings iv. 13; 1 Chr. v. 18, 23, 26; vi. 61, 62, 70, 71; vii. 14, 17, 29; ix. 3; xii. 19, 20, 31, 37; xxvi. 32; xxvii. 20, 21; 2 Chr. xv. 9; xxx. 1, 10, 11, 18; xxxi. 1; xxxiv. 6, 9; Ps. lx. 7; lxxx. 2; cviii. 8; Is. ix. 21; Ezek. xlviii. 4, 5

—

‘This was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the first-born of Joseph; as for Machir the first-born of Manasseh the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan (Josh. xvii.). Their border was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og, King of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair, which are in Bashan, three score cities; and half Gilead, and Ashtaroth, and Edrei, the cities of the Kingdom of Og in Bashan, were for the children of Machir (Josh. xiii.). And there fell ten parts to Manasseh beside the land of Gilead and Bashan, which is beyond Jordan.... And the border of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethath, which is before Shechem; and the border went along to the right hand, unto the inhabitants of En-tappuah. The land of Tappuah belonged to Manasseh, but Tappuah on the border of Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim. And the border went down into the brook of Kanah, southward of the brook; these cities belonged to Ephraim among the cities of Manasseh; and the border of Manasseh was on the north side of the brook, and the goings out thereof were at the sea; southward it was Ephraim’s and northward it was Manasseh’s, and the sea was his border; and they reached to Asher on the north, and to Issachar on the east. And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher Beth-shean and her towns, Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of Dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of En-dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of Taanach and her towns and the inhabitants of Megiddo   and her towns, even the three heights,’ etc. (Josh. xvii. 7–11). ‘The half-tribe of Manasseh had the land from Jordan to the city Dora; but its breadth was at Beth-shan, which is now called Scythopolis’ (5 Ant. i. 22). ‘Also Gilead and Bashan’ (9 Ant. viii. 1).

MAON

Josh. xv. 55; 1 Sam. xxv. 2

Kh. Mʾaîn

14

The present ruined town ‘Mʾaîn,’ south of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 404, 415; Sh. XXV.)

MAON, W  ILDERNESS OF

1 Sam. xxiii. 24, 25

14

The country to the east of Maon.

MARAH

(R.V. margin ‘BITTERNESS‘)

Exod. xv. 23; Num. xxxiii. 8, 9

Not identified

—

Three days’ journey in the wilderness of Etham, from where the Israelites crossed the Red Sea; where the bitter waters were made sweet. ʾAin Hawârah, some 16 hours from ‘ʾAyûn Mŭsa,’ is generally supposed to represent the camping-station, or some other spring near it, possibly in Wâdy Ghurûndul. Robinson, B. R. i. 67; Burckhardt, Schubert, Stanley, etc., etc.

MARALAH

Josh. xix. 11

Mʾalûl   (?)*

6

A place on the boundary of Zebulon. Possibly the village Mʾalûl, west of Nazareth. (Mem.   I. 274, 322; Sh. V.)—Conder.

MARESHAH

Josh. xv. 44; 2 Chron. xi. 8; xiv. 9, 10; xx. 37; Micah i. 15

Kh. Merʾash

13

Now the ruin Merʾash, close to Beit Jibrin. In 2 Macc. xii. 35, Marissaa. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XX.)

MAROTH

Micah i. 12

Not identified

—

(?) Maarath, a town of Judah.

MASALOTH

1 Macc. ix. 2

Not identified

—

Caverns near Arbela (12 Ant. ii. 1). Probably those in ‘Wâdy Hammâm.’

MASHAL

1 Chron. vi. 74

—

See Misheal  .

MASPHA   (1)

1 Macc. iii. 46

—

The ancient Mizpeh of Benjamin.

MASPHA   (2)

1 Macc. v. 35

—

Probably Ramath Mizpeh of Gilead.

MASREKAH

Gen. xxxvi. 36; 1 Chr. i. 47

Not identified

—

In the country of Idumæa, in the neighbourhood of Petra. Uncertain.

MASSAH and MERIBAH

Exod. xvii. 7

—

‘The rock in Horeb,’ signifying ‘Tempting’ or ‘Proving,’ and ‘Chiding’ or strife. (Margin R.V.)

MATTANAH

Num. xxi. 18, 19

Not identified

15

One of the camping stations of the Israelites. Probably Wâdy Waleh.—Quarterly Statement, p. 86, 1882; Heth and Moab  , p. 144.

MEAH, TOWER OF

(R.V. HAMMEAH, T  OWER OF)

Neh. iii. 1; xii. 39

Not identified

—

One of the towers of the wall of Jerusalem. It stood between the tower of Hananeel and the sheep-gate—probably near the north-east corner of the city.

MEARAH

Josh. xiii. 4

el Mogheiriyeh  *

2

‘Beside the Sidonians.’ Probably the village Mogheirîyeh, 6 miles north-east of Sidon.—Conder.

MEDEBA

Num. xxi. 30; Josh. xiii. 9, 16; 1 Chr. xix. 7; Isa. xv. 2

Medeba

15

The present ruins Medeba. In 1 Macc. ix. 36, Medaba.—Conder’s Heth and Moab  , p. 138.

MEDIA

1 Esd. iii. 1, 14; vi. 23; Tobit xi. 15; xiv. 4, 14; 1 Macc. vi. 56; viii. 8; xiv. 1, 2

—

South and south-west of the Caspian, and east of Armenia.

MEGIDDO

Josh. xii. 21; xvii. 11; Judg. i. 27; v. 19; 1 Kings iv. 12; ix. 15; 2 Kings ix. 27; xxiii. 29, 30; 1 Chr. vii. 29

el Lejjûn, Tell el Mutasellim, Kh. Mujeddʾa   (?)*

10

A town in Issachar allotted to Manasseh. Placed by Robinson at ‘el Lejjûn’; by Thomson at ‘Tell el Mutasellim,’ immediately north of Lejjûn; and by Conder at Mujeddʾa, in the valley 3 miles south-west of Beth-shean. (Mem. II. 90; Sh. VIII.)—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 287.

MEGIDDO, W  ATERS OF

Judg. v. 19

10

Some fine, copious springs are near the ruins of Mujeddʾa, and also at el Lejjûn, but much smaller.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .

MEGIDDO, VALLEY OF, or MEGIDDON

2 Chron. xxxv. 22; Zech. xii. 11

—

Probably the Valley of Jezreel, near Mujeddʾa.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .

ME-JARKON

Josh. xix. 46

Not identified

9

Probably near the river ʾAuja, north of Jaffa. (Mem.   II.; Sh. XIII.) The word is said to mean ‘yellow water.’

MEKONAH

(R.V. MECONAH  )

Neh. ix. 37

Kh. el Mekenna   (?)*

13

Probably Mechanum, 8 Roman miles from Eleutheropolis (Onomasticon). The present large ruin ‘Mekenna,’ 12 miles north-west of Beit Jibrîn. (Mem.   II. 425; Sh. XVI.)—Conder.

MEMPHIS or   NOPH

Isa. xix. 13; Jer. ii. 16; xliv. 1; xlvi. 14, 19; Ezek. xxx. 13, 16; Hos. ix. 6; Judith i. 10

Mitrahumy

—

A city in Egypt; it was on the left bank of the Nile, the capital of lower Egypt and the site of the principal Egyptian Necropolis. Smith’s Dictionary to the Bible  .

MEONENIM, PLAIN OF

(R.V. MEONENIM, T  HE OAK OR TEREBINTH OF)

Judg. ix. 37

Not identified

—

Near Shechem (Nablus). The word is usually translated ‘Enchanters.’

MEPHAATH

Josh. xiii. 18; xxi. 37; 1 Chron. vi. 79; Jer. xlviii. 21

Not identified

—

A city of Reuben.

MERAN

Bar. iii. 23

Not identified

—

MERIBAH or MERIBAH KADESH

Ex. xvii. 7; Num. xx. 13, 24; xxvii. 14; Deut. xxxiii. 8; Ps. lxxxi. 7; Deut. xxxii. 51; Ezek. xlvii. 19

—

The name given to the place where the rock was struck, and the people murmured.—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, and Primer of Bible Geography  , p. 56.

MEROM, W  ATERS OF

Josh. xi. 7

Baheiret el Hûleh

6

Now ‘Baheiret el Hûleh.’ (Mem.   I. 205; Sh. IV.)

MERONOTH

1 Chr. xxvii. 30; Neh. iii. 7

Kh. Marrîna   (??)*

14

Possibly the ruin Marrîna, in the Hebron mountains, 4 miles north of Hŭlhûl. (Mem.   III. 314, 359; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

MEROZ

Judg. v. 23

Not identified

—

The village el Mŭrussus, 4 miles north of Beth-shean is mentioned by Burckhardt and Robinson (II. 356.) The Arabic word, however, does not represent the Hebrew.

MESHA

Gen. x. 30

Not identified

—

Thought to be Mûsa, on the Red Sea.—See Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

MESOPOTAMIA

Gen. xxiv. 10; Deut. xxiii. 4; Judg. iii. 8, 10; 1 Chr. xix. 6; Judith ii. 24; v. 7, 8; viii. 26; Acts ii. 9; vii. 2

—

The district enclosed between the two rivers of Tigris and Euphrates, especially the north-western portion thereof.—Grove’s Bible Index  .

MICHMASH

1 Sam. xiii. 2–23; xiv. 5, 31; Ezra ii. 27; Neh. vii. 31; xi. 31; Isa. x. 28

Mŭkhmâs

14

Now the village ‘Mŭkhmâs,’ 7 miles north of Jerusalem. In Ezra ii. 27; Neh. vii. 31, Michmas. (Mem.   III. 149; Sh. XVII.)

MICHMETHAH

(R.V.

MICHMETHATH  )

Josh. xvi. 6; xvii. 7

Sahel el Mukhnah   (?)

10

Generally identified with the great ‘plain of Mukhnah.’ See Asher. (Mem. II. 169; Sh. XI.)—Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 104.

MIDDIN

Josh. xv. 61

Not identified

—

One of the six cities situated in the wilderness of Judea. The name ‘Kh. Mird’ occurs 9 miles east of Jerusalem.

MIDIAN

Frequently mentioned

—

Country east of gulf of ‘Akabah,’ and part of Sinai Peninsula.

MIGDAL-EL

Josh. xix. 38

Mûjeidel

6

Named in the group Iron (Yarûn) and Horem (Harah), etc., etc., of Naphtali. Now Mujeidel, in Upper Galilee. (Mem.   I. 96; Sh. II.)—Van de Velde.

MIGDAL-GAD

Josh. xv. 37

el Mejdel   (??)

13

Possibly the important village 2 miles inland from Askelon. (Mem.   II. 410; Sh. XVI.)

MIGDOL

Ez. xiv. 2; Num. xxxiii. 7; Jer. xliv. 1; xlvi. 14

—

On the east borders of Egypt.

MIGRON

1 Sam. xiv. 2; Isa. x. 28

Not identified

—

A place in the neighbourhood of Gibeah.

MILLO   (1)

2 Sam. v. 9; 1 Kings ix. 15, 24; xi. 27; 2 Kings xii. 20; 1 Chr. xi. 8; 2 Chr. xxxii. 5

—

Part of the city of David.

MILLO, T  HE HOUSE OF

Judg. ix. 6, 20

—

In Shechem.

MINNI

Jer. li. 27

Kingdom of Ararat.

MINNITH

Judg. xi. 33; Ezek. xxvii. 17

Not identified

—

Four Roman miles from Heshbon, on the road to Philadelphia (Amman)—Onomasticon. In Heth & Moab ‘Minyeh,’ to the south of Nebo, is proposed.—Conder’s Handbook and Quarterly Statement  , pp. 10, 81, 1882.

MIPHKAD, THE GATE

(R.V.

HAMMIPHKAD, T  HE GATE OF)

Neh. iii. 31

—

One of the gates of Jerusalem at the time of the rebuilding of the wall after the return from captivity.

MISGAB

Jer. xlviii. 1

Not identified

—

‘The high place’ (A.V.), ‘The high fort’ (R.V.) of Moab.

MISHAL, or MISHEAL

(R.V. MISHAL  )

Josh. xix. 26; xxi. 30

Mʾaîsleh  *

6

A town in Asher. The name is apparently preserved in that of Wâdy Mʾaîsleh, 8 miles to the north-east of Accho. Probably one of the ruins in that valley.

MISREPHOTH-MAIM

Josh. xi. 8; xiii. 6

Sarafend

2

Mentioned with Sidon (Zidon-rabbah). Now the present village and ruins (Sarafend Sarepta) on the coast north of Sidon.—Thompson.

MITHCAH

(R.V. MITHKAH  )

Num. xxxiii. 29

Not identified

—

One of the camping-stations of the Israelites in the desert.

MIZAR, T  HE HILL

Ps. xlii. 6

Not identified

—

Signifying ‘the little mountain,’ in the region of the Hermonites.

MIZPAH (1), or MIZPEH

Gen. xxxi. 49; Jud. x. 17; xi. 11, 29, 34; xx. 1, 3; xxi. 1, 5, 8; 1 Mac. v. 35

Sûf   (?)*

11

Also called ‘Jegar-sahadutha’ (‘the heap of witness’) and ‘Galeed’ (‘the heap of witness’) where Jacob and Laban met. The most appropriate site for Mizpeh is that of Sûf, north of the Jabbok and near to Jerash, where a very fine group of rude stone monuments exists.—Conder’s Heth & Moab (new edition), p. 181, and Primer to Bible Geography, pp. 43, 85. See also Oliphant’s Land of Gilead  , pp. 209–216.

MIZPEH, M  OAB (2)

1 Sam. xxii. 3

Not identified

—

See Conder’s Heth & Moab  , 175.

MIZPEH, T  HE LAND OF (3)

Josh. xi. 3

el Bukeiʾa   (?)

3

And ‘Valley of Mizpeh’ (Josh. xi. 8). Apparently the present plain ‘el Bukeiʾa,’ west of Hermon.

MIZPEH   (4)

Josh. xv. 38

Not identified

—

A city of Judah, mentioned with Migdal-gad, Dilean, and Joktheel—on the plain of Philistia.

MIZPEH   (5)

Josh. xviii. 26; Judg. xx. 1–3; xxi. 1, 5, 8; 1 Sam. vii. 5–16; x. 17; 1 Kings xv. 22; 2 Kings xxv. 23, 25; 2 Chr. xvi. 6; Neh. iii. 7, 15, 19; Jer. xl. 6–15; xli. 1–16; Hos. v. 1

Not identified

14

A city of Benjamin, named in the group between Beeroth (Bireh), and Chephirah (Kefîreh). Robinson (B. R. I. 460) places it at ‘Neby Samwil.’ Others propose ‘Tell el Fûl.’ ‘Scopus,’ Stanley (S. and P. 1st ed. 222), and Dr. Bonar (Land of Promise). In Conder’s Handbook, p. 277, it is suggested that perhaps Nob and Mizpeh are the same place. (Mem. III. 149; Sh. XVII.)—Conder’s Primer of Bible Geography  , p. 90.

MIZRAIM

Gen. x. 6, 13; 1 Chr. i. 8, 11. Elsewhere called Egypt

—

Egypt.

MOAB

Very frequently mentioned

Co. east of Dead Sea

—

The application of the term seems to differ at different periods.

MOCHMUR, T  HE BROOK

Judith vii. 18

Wâdy el Ahmar  *

10

Probably ‘Wâdy el Ahmar’—one of the names of the valley south of ‘Kuzah’—having its source at ‘ʾAkrabah.’ (Sh. XIV., XV.)—Conder.

MODIN

1 Macc. ii. 1, 15, 23, 70; ix. 19; xiii. 25, 30; xvi. 4; 2 Macc. xiii. 14

Midieh

10

The present village Midieh, 13 miles west of Bethel. (Mem.   II. 341; Sh. XIV.)

MOLADAH

Josh. xv. 26; xix. 2; 1 Chr. iv. 28; Neh. xi. 26

Not identified

—

‘One of the uttermost cities of Judah towards the coast of Edom.’ Placed by Robinson at ‘Tell el Milh,’ 13 miles east of Beer Sheba (Vol. II. pp. 201, 621.) For ‘Tell el Milh’ Captain Conder proposes the ‘City of Salt.’ Josh. xv. 62. (Mem.   III. pp. 404, 415; Sh. XXV.) The Hebrew has no connection with the Arabic Milh ‘Salt,’ Heb. Melakh. The identification of Tell el Milh is due to the Onomasticon.

MOREH, OAK OR PLAIN OF

(R.V. or TEREBINTH  )

Gen. xii. 6; Deut. xi. 30

10

The plain east of Shechem.

MOREH, H  ILL OF

Judg. vii. 1

Neby Dŭhy   (?)

10

Very probably the hill called ‘Neby Dŭhy,’ and sometimes little Hermon.—Smith’s Dictionary to the Bible  .

MORESHETH-GATH

Micah i. 14

Not identified

—

Perhaps Mareshah, south of Gath.

MORIAH, L  AND OF

Gen. xxii. 2

—

See Smith’s Bible Dictionary. Usually identified with Mount Moriah. Dean Stanley (Sinai and Palestine  ) proposed Gerizim. Jewish tradition indicates the first; the Samaritans hold to the latter.

MORIAH, M  OUNT

2 Chr. iii. 1

—

The Temple Area, Jerusalem.

MOSERA, or MOSEROTH

(R.V. MOSERAH  )

Deut. x. 6; Num. xxxiii. 30, 31

Not identified

—

In the neighbourhood of Petra.

MOUNTAIN OF THE AMORITES

Deut. i. 19, 20

—

Between Horeb and Kadesh-barnea.

MOUNT OF CORRUPTION

1 Kings xi. 7; 2 Kings xxiii. 13

—

Part of Olivet. Perhaps should read ‘Mt. of Anointing.’ (See Conder’s Handbook  .)

MOZAH

Josh. xviii. 26

Kh. Beit Mizzeh

14

Talmud Jer. Succah 4, 5, calls it Colonia. Near Kôlonia, west of Jerusalem, is the ruin Beit Mizzeh, one of the cities allotted to Benjamin. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVII.)

MYNDUS

1 Macc. xv. 23

Mentesche   (?)

—

A town on the coast of Caria, between Miletus and Halicarnassus (Budrum.)

NAAMAH

Josh. xv. 41

Nâʾaneh  *

13

A town in the lowland of Judah. Now the village Nâʾaneh, 6 miles south of ‘Lod.’ (Mem.   II. 403; Sh. XVI.)—Warren.

NAARAN

(R.V. NAARAN or NAARAH  )

1 Chr. vii. 28

—

Probably the same as the next.

NAARATH

(R.V. NAARAH  )

Josh. xvi. 7

Kh. el Aûjeh et Tahtâni   (?)*

10

Eusebius and Jerome (Onomasticon) speak of it as a small village of the Jews, 5 miles from Jericho, ‘Naorath.’ One of the towns on the borders of Ephraim and Benjamin, named next to Ataroth (Tell et Truny) and Jericho. Five miles north of Jericho are traces of a ruined town, now called ‘Khurbet el Aujeh et Tahtâni.’ (Mem.   II. 391; Sh. XV.)—Conder.

NADABATHA

1 Macc. ix. 37

Not identified

—

Thought to be on the east of Jordan.

NAHALLAL or NAHALAL

Josh. xix. 15; xxi. 35

ʾAin Mâhil   (?)*

6

The Talmud Jer. Megillah i. 1, renders it Mahlul. Probably from its relative position ‘ʾAin Mâhil.’ (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)—Conder.

NAHALOL

(R.V. NAHALAL or NAHALOL  )

Judg. i. 30

NAHALIEL

Num. xxi. 19

Wâdy Zerka Mʾain   (?)*

15

One of the camping-stations of the Israelites: the next after Mattaneh. Very probably the rugged and precipitous ravine now called ‘Wâdy Zerka Mʾaîn.’—Conder (Heth & Moab, pp. 141, 144); Quarterly Statement  , p. 86, 1882.

NAIOTH

1 Sam. xix. 18; 22, 23; xx. 1

Not identified

—

Somewhere near Ramah.

NANEA, T  EMPLE OF

2 Macc. i. 13, 15

—

Perhaps the Babylonian Nana or ‘mother’ goddess.

NAPHTALI, T  RIBE OF

Gen. xxx. 8; xxxv. 25; xlvi. 24; xlix. 21; Exodus i. 4; Num. i. 15, 42, 43; ii. 29; vii. 78; x. 27; xiii. 14; xxvi. 48, 50; xxxiv. 28; Deut. xxvii. 13; xxxiii. 23; xxxiv. 2; Josh. xix. 32, 39; xx. 7; xxi. 6, 32; Judg. i. 33; iv. 6, 10; v. 18; vi. 35; vii. 23; 1 Kings iv. 15; vii. 14; xv. 20; 2 Kings xv. 29; 1 Chr. ii. 2; vi. 62, 76; vii. 13; xii. 34, 40; xxvii. 19; 2 Chr. xvi. 4; xxxiv. 6; Ps. lxviii. 27; Is. ix. 1; Ezek. xlviii. 3, 4, 34

—

‘Naphtali—And their border was from Heleph, from the oak in Zaanannim and Adami-nekeb, and Jabneel, unto Lakkum; and the goings out thereof were at Jordan, and the border turned westward to Aznoth-tabor, and went out from thence to Hukkok; and it reached to Zebulon on the south, and reached to Asher on the west, and to Judah at Jordan toward the sunrising. And the fenced cities were Ziddim, Zer, and Hammath, Rakkath, and Chinnereth; and Adamah, and Ramah, and Hazor; and Kedesh, and Edrei, and En-hazor; and Iron, Migdal-el, Horem, and Beth-anath, and Beth-shemesh  ; nineteen cities with their villages’ (Josh. xix. 33–39). ‘The Naphtalites received the eastern part, as far as the city of Damascus and the Upper Galilee, unto Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan which rise out of that mountain; that is, out of that part of it whose limits belong to the neighbouring city of Ara’ (5 Ant. i. 22).

NASOR, T  HE PLAIN OF

1 Macc. xi. 67

Merj el Hadîreh  *

6

Josephus reads Asor (13 Ant. v. 7). Now Merj el Hadîreh, west of the Hûleh Lake. See Hazor  .

NEAH

Josh. xix. 13

Not identified

—

A place on the boundary of Zebulon, next to Remmon-methoar.

NEBALLAT

Neh. xi. 34

Beit Nebâla

10

Named with ‘Lod’ (Lydda) and Ono (Kefr Ana). Now the village Beit Nebâla, 3½ miles north-east of Lydda. (Mem.   II. 296; Sh. XIV.)

NEBO, M  OUNT (1)

Deut. xxxii. 49; xxxiv. 1

Jebel Neba

15

Now Jebel Neba in Moab, overlooking the Jordan Valley. See Conder’s Heth & Moab  , pp. 129–137, 249.

NEBO   (2)

Num. xxxii. 3, 38; xxxiii. 47; 1 Chr. v. 8; Is. xv. 2; Jer. xlviii. 1, 22

—

Perhaps on the mountain—Mount Nebo. (Heth & Moab  , pp. 129–137.) The notices of Eusebius and Jerome make the two (Mount Nebo and Nebo) to be distinct and distant from each other, and place the town 8 miles south of Heshbon, where a number of ruins exist.

NEBO   (3)

Ezra ii. 29; Neh. vii. 33

Beit Nuba (?) or Nûba   (?)*

14

Thought by some to be ‘Beit Nuba,’ in the valley of Ajalon, 12 miles to the west of Jerusalem. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary.) The village Nuba, 4 miles south of Adullam, proposed by Capt. Conder. See Mem.   p. 302; Sh. XXI.

NEIEL

Josh. xix. 27

Kh. Yʾanîn   (?)*

6

A place mentioned as being on the boundary of Asher, and between Jiphthah-el and Cabul. The ruin ‘Yʾanîn,’ 9 miles east of ʾAkka, proposed by Capt. Conder. (Mem. I. pp. 322, 325; Sh. V.) The village ‘Miar,’   2 miles east of ‘Yʾanîn,’ was proposed by Robinson and adopted by others. (Rob. iii. 87, 103.)

NEKEB

(R.V. ADAMI-NEKEB  )

Josh. xix. 33

Kh. Seiyâdeh   (?)*

6

The Tal. Jer. Megillah i. 1 reads Tziadathah. Now the ruin ‘Seiyâdeh,’ immediately west of the Sea of Galilee. Named between Zaanannim and Jabneel, on the boundary of Naphtali. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.) In the R.V. rendered as one name Adami-nekeb. See Adami  .

NEPHIS

1 Esd. v. 21

—

NEPHTOAH, T  HE WATERS OF

Josh. xv. 9; xviii. 15

ʾAin ʾAtan   (?)*

14

On the border of Judah and Benjamin, generally identified with Lifta. Conder, in his Handbook to Bible, p. 258, points out that the Rabbinical commentators (Tal Bab Yoma 31a) make the waters of Nephtoah and ‘En Etam’ to be the same, whence an aqueduct led to the Temple, and thus identifies with ʾAin ʾAtan, south-west of Bethlehem, which still supplies the Haram Area of Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 43; Sh. XVII.)

NETOPHAH

Ezra ii. 22; Neh. vii. 26; 1 Esd. v. 18

Kh. Umm Tôba   (?)

14

The ruin ‘Umm Toba,’ north of Bethlehem. (Mem. III. 52; Sh. XVIII.) Or possibly Beit Nettif (Rob. Bib. Res. ii. 16, 17). See Porter’s Handbook  , p. 248.

NEZIB

Josh. xv. 43

Beit Nŭsîb

14

The present ruin ‘Beit Nŭsîb,’ 8 miles north-west of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 314; Sh. XXI.)

NIBSHAN

Josh. xv. 62

Not identified

—

One of the six cities of Judah, which were in the wilderness.

NIMRAH

Num. xxxii. 3

Tell Nimrin

14

See Beth-nimrah  . R.V. margin.

NIMRIM, W  ATERS OF

Isaiah xv. 6; Jer. xlviii. 34

W. Nimrin   (?)

14

Either the springs near ‘Beth-nimrah’ or those in ‘Wady N’meirah,’ between Kerak and the Brook Zered, near the south end of the Dead Sea. De Saulcy Voyage, i. 284; Seetzen, ii. 354; Tristram, Land of Israel, 1882, p. 334.

NINEVEH

Gen. x. 11, 12; 2 Kings xix. 36; Is. xxxvii. 37; Jonah i. 2; iii. 2–7; iv. 11; Nah. i. 1; ii. 8; iii. 7; Zeph. ii. 13; Matt. xii. 41

—

On the river Tigris, opposite Mosul. See Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

NO, or NO-AMON

Jer. xlvi. 25; Ezek. xxx. 14; 15, 16; Nah. iii. 8

Thebes

—

A city of Egypt, Thebæ (Thebes) or Diospolis Magna.—Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

NOB

1 Sam. xxi. 1; xxii. 9, 11, 19; Neh. xi. 32; Isa. x. 32

Not identified

—

A Priests’ city in sight of Jerusalem, where the Ark of the covenant was deposited for some time. Jerome states that nothing remained in his time to indicate where it had been. Dr. Robinson would place it somewhere on the Mount of Olives north-east of the city. (Vol. I. p. 464.) Porter’s Handbook, ii. 324—the ruin to the east of Shʾafât. Capt. Conder proposes to identify it with Mizpeh. See Quarterly Statement  , 1875, pp. 34–41.

NOBAH (1)

NOBAH   (2)

Num. xxxii. 42

Judg. viii. 11

Kânawât

8

See Kenath  —probably the same place.

NOPH

Is. xix. 13; Jer. ii. 16; xliv. 1; xlvi. 14, 19; Ezek. xxx. 13, 16

Abu Sîr

—

Memphis—the modern ‘Abu-Sîr’ in Egypt.

NOPHAH

Num. xxi. 30

Not identified

—

Named with ‘Dibon’ and ‘Medeba,’ on the east of Jordan.

OBOTH

Num. xxi. 10; xxxiii. 43

Not identified

—

One of the camping-stations of the Israelites.

OCINA

Judith ii. 28

Accho   (??)

—

Thought to refer to Accho.

ODOLLAM

2 Macc. xii. 38

ʾAid el Mâ  *

—

= Adullam  , which see.

OLIVET, OLIVES, MOUNT OF

(R.V. OLIVES, M  OUNT OF)

2 Sam. xv. 30; Ezek. xi. 23; Zech. xiv. 4

Jebel et Tôr

14

Now called Jebel et Tôr. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVII.) East of Jerusalem.

ON

Gen. xli. 45; xlvi. 20

Heliopolis

—

A town of lower Egypt. The sacred city of Heliopolis, about 10 miles north-east of Cairo; also called Beth-shemesh and Aven  , which see.

ONO

1 Chr. viii. 12; Ezra ii. 33; Neh. vi. 2; vii. 37; xi. 35

Kefr ʾAna

9

Now the village ‘Kefr ʾAna,’ 5 miles north of Lydda. In 1 Esdr. v. 22 Onus. (Mem.   II. 251; Sh. XIII.)

OPHEL

2 Chr. xxvii. 3; xxxiii. 14; Neh. iii. 26, 27; xi. 21

—

A part of ancient Jerusalem, south of the Temple enclosure.

OPHIR

Gen. x. 29; 1 Kings ix. 28; x. 11; xxii. 48; 1 Chr. i. 23; xxix. 4; 2 Chr. viii. 18; ix. 10; Job xxii. 24; xxviii. 16; Ps. xlv. 9; Isaiah xiii. 12; Tobit xiii. 17

Not identified

—

Probably Southern Arabia. See Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

OPHNI

Josh. xviii. 24

Jufna   (?)

10

A town of Benjamin. Supposed by some to be Jufna, the Gophna of Josephus, 3 miles north-west of Bethel, but this would perhaps place it outside Benjamin. (Mem.   II.; Sh. XIV.)

OPHRAH   (1)

Josh. xviii. 23; 1 Sam. xiii. 17

et Taiyibeh

10

‘Five Roman miles east of Bethel’ (Onomasticon). This appears to point to the present large village Taiyibeh. (Mem.   II. 293; Sh. XIV.)

OPHRAH   (2)

Jud. vi. 11, 24; viii. 27, 32; ix. 5

Ferʾata   (?)*

10

Probably the present village Ferʾata, 6 miles west of Shechem, the old name of which was Ophrah (Samaritan Chronicle). (Mem.   II. 162; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

OREB, T  HE ROCK

Judg. vii. 25; Isa. x. 26

Not identified

—

ʾOsh el Ghurâb, a prominent peak in the Jordan Valley, north of Jericho, has been proposed. See Quarterly Statement, p. 22, 1877. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVIII.)

OREB, M  OUNT

2 Esdras ii. 33

—

Mount Horeb.

PADAN

Gen. xlviii. 7

—

Padan-aram.

PADAN-ARAM

Gen. xxv. 20; xxviii. 2, 5, 6, 7; xxxi. 18; xxxiii. 18; xxxv. 9, 26; xlvi. 15

—

The land of Mesopotamia.

PAMPHYLIA

1 Macc. xv. 23

—

A district on the south coast of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia.

PARAH

Josh. xviii. 23

Kh. Fârah

14

One of the cities in and allotted to Benjamin. Now the ruin Fârah, south-east of Michmash. (Mem.   III. 174; Sh. XVIII.)

PARAN, D  ESERT OF (EL PARAN)

Gen. xiv. 6; xxi. 21; Num. x. 12; xii. 16; xiii. 3, 26; Deut. i. 1; 1 Sam. xxv. 1; 1 Kings xi. 18

et Tih

27

The desert (‘et Tih’) between Kadesh and Sinai.

PARAN, M  OUNT

Deut. xxxiii. 2; Hab. iii. 3

Not identified

—

See   preceding.

PARVAIM

2 Chr. iii. 6

Not identified

—

The name of the country from which the gold was procured for the decoration of Solomon’s Temple.

PAS-DAMMIM

1 Chr. xi. 13

—

See Ephes-dammim  .

PATHROS

Is. xi. 11; Jer. xliv. 1, 15; Ezek. xxix. 14; xxx. 14

—

A part of Upper Egypt, possibly about Thebes. Pathrusim, Gen. x. 14; 1 Chr. i. 12

PAU

Gen. xxxvi. 39

Not identified

—

The capital of Hadar, King of Edom.

PAI

1 Chr. i. 50

Not identified

—

Probably the same as the preceding.

PENIEL AND PENUEL

Gen. xxxii. 30; xxxii. 31; Judg. viii. 8, 9, 17; 1 Kings xii. 25

Not identified

—

Very probably somewhere on the northern slope of ‘Jebel Osha.’ See Heth & Moab  , pp. 177–179.

PEOR, T  OP OF

Num. xxiii. 28

Not identified

14

See Beth-peor. Probably the commanding peak above ‘ʾAin Minyeh,’ overlooking the Dead Sea, etc. Quarterly Statement  , p. 87; 1882.

PERAZIM, M  OUNT

Isaiah xxviii. 21

Not identified

—

See Baal-perazim  .

PEREZ-UZZAH

2 Sam. vi. 8; 1 Chr. xiii. 11

Not identified

—

The threshing-floor of Nachon, in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

PERSEPOLIS

2 Macc. ix. 2

Chehl-Minar

—

At one time the capital of Persia proper. Now called Chehl-Minar. The ruins are of great extent and magnificence, covering an area of many acres. See Niebuhr (Reis., ii. 121); Chardin (Voyages, ii. 245); Ker Porter (Travels, i. 576); Heeren (Asiatic Nations, i. 143–196); Rich (Residence in Khurdistan, ii. pp. 218–222); Fergusson (Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored  , pp. 89–124); etc.

PERSIA

2 Chr. xxxvi. 20, 22, 23; Ezr. i. 1, 2, 8; iii. 7; iv. 3, 5, 7, 24; vi. 14; vii. 1; ix. 9; Esth. i. 3, 14, 18; x. 2; Ezek. xxvii. 10; xxxviii. 5; Dan. viii. 20; x. 1, 13, 20; xi. 2; 1 Esdr. iii. 1, 9, 14; v. 6; vii. 4; viii. 80; Judith i. 7; Bel i. 1; 1 Macc. iii. 31; vi. 1, 5, 56; 2 Macc. i. 13, 19, 20, 33; ix. 1, 21

—

PETHOR

Num. xxii. 5; Deut. xxiii. 4

—

A town of Mesopotamia, where Balaam resided. Situated on the Euphrates.

PHARATHONI

1 Macc. ix. 50

Not identified

—

Probably Pirathon  , which see.

PHARPAR, R  IVER

2 Kings v. 12

Nahr Taura  , one of the branches of the Barada (?)

—

In the Arabic version Nahr Taura takes the place of Pharpar.

PHASELIS

1 Macc. xv. 23

Tekrova

—

A town on the coast of Asia Minor, on the confines of Lycia and Pamphylia. Now called Tekrova. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

PHENICE

1 Esdr. ii. 17, 24, 25, 27; iv. 48; vi. 3, 7, 27, 29; vii. 1; viii. 19, 23, 67; 2 Esdr. 1, 2; 2 Macc. iii. 5, 8; iv. 4, 22; viii. 8; x. 11

—

Phenicia in 3 Macc. iii. 15; 4 Macc. iv. 2

PHILISTIA

Ps. lx. 8; lxxxvii. 4; cviii. 9

—

The south part of the maritime plain of Syria. Identical with the word Palestine. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

PHISON

Ecclus. xxiv. 25

—

The Greek form of Pison.

PHUD

Judith ii. 23

—

Phut. See Put  .

PI-BESETH

Ezek. xxx. 17

Tell Basta

—

Bubastis. Now ‘Tell Basta,’ near Zagazig, in Lower Egypt.

PI-HAHIROTH

Ex. xiv. 2, 9; Num. xxxiii. 7, 8

Not identified

—

Camping-station of the Israelites before Migdol.

PIRA

1 Esdr. v. 19

—

Thought to be a repetition and variation of Caphira in the same verse.

PIRATHON

Judg. xii. 15

Ferʾôn   (?)*

10

‘In the land of Ephraim in the Mount of the Amalekites.’ According to the old traveller Hap-Parchi, it lay about two hours (6 miles) west of Shechem, and was called ‘Ferʾata’ (Asher’s Benjamin of Tud. ii. 426; Robinson iii. 134). Some 14 miles to the west of Shechem and north of Ferʾata is the village Ferʾôn, which Capt. Conder proposes to identify with Pirathon. (Mem.   II. 164; Sh. XI.) Pharathoni (1 Macc. ix. 50) is possibly the same.

PISGAH, M  OUNT

Num. xxi. 20; xxiii. 14; Deut. iii. 17, 27; iv. 49; xxxiv. 1

Râs Sîâghah

15

Apparently the peak called ‘Râs Sîâghah,’ west of Neba (Mount Nebo). (Heth and Moab  , p. 129.)

PISON

(R.V. PISHON  )

Gen. ii. 11

One of the four heads flowing out of Eden.

PITHOM

Ex. i. 11

Tell Mahuta

—

In Lower Egypt, on the Ismailia Zagazig Railway.

PTOLEMAIS

1 Macc. v. 15, 22, 55; x. 1, 39, 50–58, 60; xi. 22, 24; xii. 45, 48; xiii. 12; 2 Macc. xiii. 24, 25; Acts xxi. 7

ʾAkka

—

Accho—St. Jean d’Acre, the modern ʾAkka; see Accho  .

PUNON

Num. xxxiii. 43

Not identified

—

Camping-station of the Israelites in the desert.

PUT

1 Chr. i. 8; Nah. iii. 9

Not identified

—

A Hamite people. Phut (Gen. x. 6); Phud (Judith ii. 23); Libya (Jer. xlvi. 9; Ezek. xxxviii. 5; see Libya.) (Grove’s Bible Index  .)

RABBAH

Josh. xv. 60

Kh. Rubba   (?)*

14

A city of Judah, named with Kirjath-jearim. Possibly ‘Rubba,’ in the hills, 4 miles east of Beit Jibrîn. (Mem.   III. 314; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

RABBAH

Josh. xiii. 25; 2 Sam. xi. 1; xii. 26, 27, 29; xvii. 27; 1 Chr. xx. 1; Ezek. xxi. 20

ʾAmmân

11

Now called ʾAmmân, on the highlands of Gilead. A large Roman city (Philadelphia) was built there in the second century A.D., of which fine ruins yet remain. ‘The City of Waters’ (Heth and Moab, p. 152); Conder’s Primer of Bible Geography, p. 103; see also Burckhardt (Syria, 357–360); Seetzen (Reisen i. 396; iv. 212, 214); Irby (June 14); Buckingham (East Syria, 68–82); Lord Lindsay (5th ed. 278–284); Robinson (ii. 172–178).

RABBAH   OF THE AMMONITES

Jer. xlix. 2, 3

RABBATH OF THE AMMONITES

(R.V. RABBAH  )

Ezek. xxi. 20

RABBATH OF AMMON

(R.V. RABBAH  )

Deut. iii. 11

RABBITH

Josh. xix. 20

Râba  *

10

Now the village ‘Râba,’ on the watershed south of Gilboa. (Mem.   II. Sh. XII.)—Conder.

RACHAL

(R.V. RACAL  )

1 Sam. xxx. 29

Not identified

—

In the south of Judah.

RACHEL, T  OMB OF

Gen. xxxv. 20; 1 Sam. x. 2

Kubbet Râhîl

14

Kubbet Râhil, near Bethlehem. The site has been shown from the fourth century to the present time in the same place. (Mem.   III. 54, 55, and 129; Sh. XVII.)

RAGAU

Judith i. 5, 15

—

Probably another form for ‘Rages.’

RAGES

Job i. 14; iv. 1, 20; v. 5; vi. 9, 12; ix. 2

Rhey

—

‘A city of Media.’ The name ‘Rhey’ is now applied to the ruins 5 miles south-east of Teheran. See Ker Porter’s Travels, i. 357–364; Fraser’s Khorassan  , p. 286.

RAKKATH

Josh. xix. 35

Tûbarîya

6

One of the fortified towns of Naphtali. The old name of Tiberias. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

RAKKON

Josh. xix. 46

Tell er Rakkeit  *

9

One of the towns of Dan. Now Tell er Rakkeit, north of Jaffa. (Mem.   II. 262, 275; Sh. XIII.)—Conder.

RAMAH (1),   OF BENJAMIN

Josh. xviii. 25; Judg. iv. 5; xix. 13; 1 Sam. xxii. 6; 1 Kings xv. 17, 21; 2 Chr. xvi. 1; Ezra ii. 26; Neh. vii. 30; xi. 33; Is. x. 29; Jer. xxxi. 15; xl. 1; Hos. v. 8

er-Ram

14

Now the village er-Ram, 5 miles north of Jerusalem. It is uncertain whether these references point to one or more places. (Mem.   III. 13; Sh. XVII.)

RAMAH   (2)

Josh. xix. 36

er Râmeh

6

Now the village ‘Râmeh,’ in Lower Galilee, west of Safed. (Mem.   I. 205; Sh. IV.)

RAMAH   (3)

Josh. xix. 29

Râmia   (?)

6

Now the village Râmia, east of the Ladder of Tyrus, in Upper Galilee. (Mem.   I.; Sh. IV.)

RAMATH-LEHI

Judg. xv. 17

Not identified

—

RAMATH-MIZPEH

Josh. xiii. 26

er Rimthe   (??)*

11

Possibly the ruin ‘Rimthe,’ in the northern limits of Gad, and about midway between Bozrah and the Jordan (Conder’s Heth & Moab  , 175).

RAMATH-NEGEB

(R.V. RAMAH   OF THE SOUTH)

Josh. xix. 8; 1 Sam. xxx. 27

Not identified

—

Somewhere in the south of Judah. In Sam. xxx. 27 Ramoth.

RAMATHAIM-ZOPHIM or RAMAH

1 Sam. i. 1, 19; ii. 11; vii. 17; viii. 4; xv. 34; xvi. 13; xix. 18–23; xx. 1; xxv. 1; xxviii. 3

Not identified

—

Somewhere in Mount Ephraim. It does not appear to have been the same place as Ramah (1)  .

RAMATHEM

1 Macc. xi. 34

Not identified

—

Thought to be the same as last.

RAMESES

RAAMSES

RAMESSE

Gen. xlvii. 11; Ex. i. 11; xii. 37; Num. xxxiii. 3, 5; Judith i. 9

Not identified

—

A city in Lower Egypt. Thought to be the same as Zoan  ; which see.

RAMOTH

1 Chr. vi. 73

er Râmeh  *

10

Now the village Râmeh, south of the plain of Esdraelon. See Remeth. (Mem.   II. 155; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

RAMOTH   IN GILEAD

Deut. iv. 43; Josh. xx. 8; xxi. 38; 1 Kings iv. 13; xxii. 3–24; 2 Kings viii. 28; ix. 1, 4, 14; 1 Chr. vi. 80; 2 Chr. xviii. 2–28; xxii. 5

Reimûn   (?)*

11

One of the six cities of refuge. Fifteen Roman miles from Philadelphia (Onomasticon). The village Es-Salt is about this distance. In 2 Kings viii. 29, and Chr. xxii. 6, called Ramah. Probably Reimûn (Conder’s Heth and Moab  , p. 175).

RAPHIA

3 Macc. i. 1

—

Probably the same as Raphon.

RAPHON or RAPHANA

1 Macc. v. 37

Rafeh   (?)

7

Placed at ‘Rafeh,’ 4 miles south-west of Edrei, by Dr. Merill (East of Jordan).

RECHAH

(R.V. RECAH  )

1 Chr. iv. 12

Not identified

—

RED SEA

Ex. x. 19; xiii. 18; xv. 4, 22; xxiii. 31; Num. xiv. 25; xxi. 4, 14; xxxiii. 10, 11; Deut. i. 1, 40; xi. 4; Josh. ii. 10; iv. 23; xxiv. 6; Judg. xi. 16; 1 Kings ix. 26; Neh. ix. 9; Ps. cvi. 5–9, 22; cxxxvi. 13, 15; Jer. xlix. 21; Judith v. 13; 1 Macc. iv. 9; Called ‘the Sea’ in Exodus xiv. 2, 9, 16, 21, 28; xv. 1, 4, 8, 10, 19; Josh. xxiv. 6, 7

REHOB   (1)

Num. xiii. 21; 2 Sam. x. 6, 8

Hunîn   (??)

6

See Beth-rehob  , near Banias, Laish, and Dan (Tell el Kâdy), a city in the valley that lieth by ‘Beth-rehob.’

REHOB   (2)

Josh. xix. 28; xxi. 31; 1 Chr. vi. 75

Not identified

—

Allotted to Asher.

REHOB   (3)

Josh. xix. 30; Judg. i. 31

Not identified

—

Allotted to Asher.

REHOBOTH

Gen. xxvi. 22

Ruheibeh

20

To the south of Beersheba and Bered are a heap of ruins, and some wells called ‘er Ruheibeh.’ See Desert of Sinai  , 316, by Dr. Bonar.

REHOBOTH, THE CITY

(R.V. REHOBOTH-IR  )

Gen. x. 11

Not identified

11

Usually placed near Nineveh on the south side. See   the next.

REHOBOTH   BY THE RIVER

Gen. xxxvi. 37; 1 Chr. i. 48

Rahabeh, or Rahabeh Melek   (?)

—

‘The name “Rahabeh” is applied to two places on the Euphrates, one 8 miles below the junction of the Khabûr, about 3 miles west of the river (Chesney, Euphrates  , i. 119; ii. 610), the other 4 or 5 miles further down on the left bank, and called Rahabeh Melek.’

REKEM

Josh. xviii. 27

Not identified

—

One of the towns of Benjamin. Named between Mozah (Beit Mizzeh) and Irpeel (Rafat?). ʾAin Karim has been proposed (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  ), but the name and position are alike unsatisfactory. Possibly the word should read Dekem, in which case Beit Dukku lies in a probable position.

REMETH

Josh. xix. 21

er Râmeh   (?)*

10

? Ramoth of 1 Chr. vi. 73. Now the village er Râmeh, 5½ miles north of Samaria. (Mem.   II. 155; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

REMMON

(R.V. RIMMON  )

Josh. xix. 7

13

See En-rimmon   (of Simeon).

REMMON METHOAR

(R.V. RIMMON  )

Josh. xix. 13

Rummâneh

6

Now the village Rummâneh, on the edge of ‘Sahel el Buttauf,’ north of Nazareth and Seffurieh. (Mem.   I. 363; Sh. VI.) Methoar means ‘which stretches.’

REPHAIM, T  HE VALLEY OF

Josh. xv. 8; xviii. 16; 2 Sam. v. 18–22; xxiii. 13; 1 Chr. xi. 15; xiv. 9; Is. xvii. 5

el Bŭkeiʾa

14

Now called el Bŭkeiʾa, the plain south of Jerusalem, on the way to Bethlehem.

REPHIDIM

Num. xxxiii. 14, 15

Not identified

—

One of the camping places of the Israelites in the desert between Alush and Sinai. Robinson places Rephidim in ‘Wady esh Sheikh.’ (Rob. i. 121.) Burckhardt (Syria and C.   488), Stanley (S. and P. 40–42), Ritter (xiv. 740, 741), in Wâdy Feiran.

RESEN

Gen. x. 12

Not identified Between Nimrúd and Kuyunjik

—

One of the cities built by Asshur, ‘between Nineveh and Calah.’ The ruins of a town near the modern village of Selamiyeh would suit the situation, but they are not of any great importance. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

REUBEN, T  RIBE OF

Josh. xiii. 15–23; Josephus 9 Ant. viii. 1

—

The eastern parts of the country beyond Jordan, which belonged to the Reubenites and Gadites and to the half tribes of Manasseh. (9 Ant. viii. 1.)

REZEPH

2 Kings xix. 12; Is. xxxvii. 12

Not identified Near Nisibin

—

There are several towns of this name in Mesopotamia. One west of the Euphrates on the road from Racca to Hŭms, the other east of the Euphrates near Bagdad; between these two rests the claim to the ancient site. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

RHODUS

1 Macc. xv. 23

Island of Rhodes

—

The Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean.

RIBLAH

Num. xxxiv. 11; 2 Kings xxiii. 33; xxv. 6, 21; Jer. xxxix. 5, 6; lii. 9, 10, 27

Ribleh

—

Probably the same as in 2 Kings xxiii. 33. The present Ribleh, on east bank of the Orontes, 35 miles north-east of Baalbek. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .)

RIMMON (1)

(R.V. RIMMONO  )

1 Chr. vi. 77

Rummâneh

6

A city of Zebulon = Remmon Methoar, (Mem.   I. 363; Sh. VI.)

RIMMON   (2)

Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32

Kh. Umm er Rŭmâmîn  ?

13

Now ‘Umm er Rŭmâmîn.’ See En-rimmon. Mem. III.; Sh. XXIV. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .)

RIMMON PAREZ

(R.V. RIMMON PEREZ  )

Num. xxxiii. 19, 20

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the Desert.

RIMMON T  HE ROCK

Judg. xx. 45, 47; xxi. 13

Rŭmmôn

10

The rock on which the six hundred Benjamites took refuge. Now the rock and village Rŭmmon, east of Bethel. In Benjamin.

RISSAH

Num. xxxiii. 25

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites. It has been considered (Winer s.v.) identical with Rasa in the Peuting. Itiner., 32 Roman miles from Ailah (ʾAkabeh) and 203 miles south of Jerusalem. No site has been found to suit this. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

RITHMAH

Num. xxxiii. 18

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites next to Hazeroth.

RIVER OF EGYPT

(R.V. BROOK OF EGYPT  )

Num. xxxiv. 5; Josh. xv. 4, 47; 1 Kings viii. 65; 2 Kings xxiv. 7; Is. xxvii. 12; Ezek. xlviii. 28; Judith i. 9

Wâdy el ʾArîsh

19

Generally believed to be ‘Wady el ʾArish’—the principal watercourse in the south country. It rises south of ‘Kŭlʾat en Nahl,’ and has a run of over 120 miles, receiving many branches on its way, before it enters the Mediterranean south of Gaza.

ROGELIM

2 Sam. xvii. 27; xix. 31

Not identified

—

Somewhere in Gad east of Jordan.

RUMAH

2 Kings xxiii. 36

Not identified

—

The position of this place is very doubtful; thought to be either the ruined village Rûmeh (Sh. V.) north of Nazareth, or el Ormeh (Sh. XV.) (ʾArumah, Judg. ix. 41), near Shechem.

ROME

1 Macc. i. 10; vii. 1; viii. 17, 19; xii. 1, 3; xiv. 16, 24; xv. 15; 2 Macc. iv. 11

SALCAH or SALCHAH

(R.V. SALECAH  )

Deut. iii. 10; Josh. xii. 5; xiii. 11; 1 Chr. v. 11

Salkhad

12

A city in the extreme limits of Bashan. Now the present large town called Salkhad, east of Bashan. For various descriptions see Will. of Tyre, xvi. 8; Burckhardt (Syria, Nov. 22, 1810); Porter (Five Years in Damascus  , ii. 176).

SALEM (1)

Ps. lxxvi. 2

Jerusalem

—

Jerusalem.

SALEM (2)

Gen. xiv. 18

Not identified

—

Jerusalem (Jewish Commentators, and Josephus, Ant. i. 10, 2; vii. 3, 2). According to the Samaritans the same as Shalem  , which see. Jerome states it was a town near Scythopolis (Beisan), and known in his day as Salem. It is otherwise regarded not as a town but as a personal name.

SALEM, V  ALLEY

Judith iv. 4

Not identified

—

Mentioned among the places that were fortified by the Jews on the approach of Holofernes (Judith iv. 4).

SALT, C  ITY OF

Josh. xv. 62

Tell el Milh   (?)*

14

Probably ‘Tell el Milh,’ (‘salt mound’) east of ‘Beersheba’ (Conder). ‘Tell el Milh’ is generally identified with the Biblical Moladah (Josh. xv. 26); but there is an objection to this on account of the guttural, which is not likely to have replaced the dental. (Mem.   III. 404, 415; Sh. XXV.)

SALT SEA, T  HE

Gen. xiv. 3; Num. xxxiv. 3, 12; Deut. iii. 17; Josh. iii. 16; xii. 3; xv. 2, 5; xviii. 19

Bahr Lût or Baheirat Lût

14

Now called ‘The Dead Sea,’ ‘Bahr Lût,’ 53 miles long by 8½ miles broad. In Deut. iv. 49; 2 Kings xiv. 25 Sea of the Plain—the Sea of Arabah (R.V.); Deut. iii. 17; Josh. iii. 16; xii. 3 Sea of the Plain—the Salt Sea (R.V.); Joel ii. 20; Ezek. xlvii. 18; Zech. xiv. 8 the East Sea—the East Sea (R.V.); Ezek. xlvii. 8 the Sea; 2 Esdr. v. 7 the Sodomitish Sea. (See Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

SALT, V  ALLEY OF

2 Sam. viii. 13; 2 Kings xiv. 7; 1 Chr. xviii. 12; 2 Chr. xxv. 11

21

Very probably the northern part of ‘Wâdy Arabah,’ from where the valley suddenly dips 300 feet, and forms a plain reaching to the south end of the Salt Sea.

SAMARIA

1 Kings xiii. 32; xvi. 24, 28, 29, 32; xviii. 2; xx. 1, 10, 17, 34, 43; xxi. 1, 18; xxii. 10, 37, 38, 51; 2 Kings i. 2; ii. 25; iii. 1, 6; v. 3; vi. 19–25; vii. 1, 18; x. 1–36; xiii. 1–13; xiv. 14–23; xv. 8–27; xvii. 1–28; xviii. 9–34; xxi. 13; xxiii. 18, 19; 2 Chr. xviii. 2, 9; xxii. 9; xxv. 13, 24; xxviii. 8, 9, 15; Ezra iv. 10, 17; Neh. iv. 2; Is. vii. 9; viii. 4; ix. 9; x. 9–11; xxxvi. 19; Jer. xxiii. 13; xxxi. 5; xli. 5; Ezek. xvi. 46, 55; xxiii. 4, 33; Hos. vii. 1; viii. 5, 6; x. 5, 7; xiii. 16; Am. iii. 9, 12; iv. 1; vi. 1; viii. 14;   Ob. 19; Mic. i. 1, 5, 6; 1 Esd. ii. 16, 25; Ecclus. l. 26; Judith i. 9; iv. 4; 1 Macc. iii. 10; v. 66; x. 30, 38; xi. 28, 34; 2 Macc. xv. 1

es Sebŭstiyeh

10

The present village and ruins Sebŭstieh, west of Shechem. (Mem. II. 211–214; Sh. XI. Robinson’s Bib. Res. ii. 127–133; Stanley’s Sinai and Palestine, 242–246; Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .) Mountains of Samaria, Jer. xxxi. 5; Amos iii. 9; iv. 1; vi. 1; Ecclus. l. 26. The hill Samaria, 1 Kings xvi. 24.

SAMOS

1 Macc. xv. 23; Acts xx. 15

Samos

—

An island near Ephesus, off the west coast of Asia Minor.

SAMPSAMES

1 Macc. xv. 23

Samsûn   (?)

—

Thought to be Samsûn, on the coast of the Black Sea, between Sinope and Trebizond.

SANSANNAH

Josh. xv. 31

Not identified

—

Somewhere in the south of Judah. Comparing the parallel lists of Josh. xv. 31 with Josh. xix. 5, and 1 Chr. iv. 31. Hazar-susim or Susah takes the place of Sansannah. Simsim, near Gaza, has been proposed.

SAPHIR

(R.V. SHAPHIR  )

Micah i. 11

es Sûâfîr

13

Described by Eusebius and Jerome as being ‘in the mountain district between Eleutheropolis and Ascalon.’ Probably one of the three villages Suâfir, near Ashdod. (Mem.   II. 413; Sh. XVI.)

SARID

Josh. xix. 10, 12

Tell Shadûd   (?)*

10

A place mentioned on the boundary of Zebulon. The Syriac version reads ‘Asdod,’ and the LXX Seddouk. Probably ‘Tell Shadûd,’ on the north edge of the plain of Esdraelon, 4½ miles west of ‘Chisloth Tabor.’ (Mem.   II. 70; Sh. VIII.)—Conder.

SCHEDIA

3 Macc. iv. 11

—

SCYTHOPOLIS

Judith iii. 10; 2 Macc. xii. 29, 30

Beisân

10

Beth-shean  , which see. Sh. IX.

SECACAH

Josh. xv. 61

Kh. ed Dikkeh   (?)*

14

Perhaps the ruin ed Dikkeh, also called Kh. es Sikkeh, ‘ruin of the path,’ 2 miles south of Bethany. Uncertain. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  .) Was one of the six cities of Judah in the Wilderness.

SECHU

(R.V. SECU  )

1 Sam. xix. 22

Kh. Shuweikeh  *

14

Probably ‘Kh. Shuweikeh,’ immediately south of ‘Beeroth.’ (Mem.   III. 52, 126; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

SEIR, M  OUNT (1)

Gen. xiv. 6; xxxii. 3; xxxiii. 14, 16; xxxvi. 8, 9, 20, 30; Num. xxiv. 18; Deut. 1, 2, 44; ii. 1–29; xxxiii. 2; Josh. xi. 17; xii. 7; xxiv. 4; Judg. v. 4; 1 Chr. i. 38; iv. 42; 2 Chr. xx. 10–23; xxv. 11, 14; Isa. xxi. 11; Ezek. xxv. 8; xxxv. 2–15

21, 28

The mountainous range of Petra.

SEIR, M  OUNT (2)

Josh. xv. 10

14

Probably the ridge north of Kh. Erma (Kirjath-jearim). (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 259; Smith’s Dictionary to the Bible  .)

SEIRATH

(R.V. SEIRAH  )

Judg. iii. 26

Not identified

—

In Mount Ephraim.

SELA and SELAH

(R.V. SELA or PETRA  )

2 Kings xiv. 7; Isa. xvi. 1; Obd. 3

Petra

28

Judges i. 36, ‘The rock,’ LXX. reads Petra. Now Petra ‘in the midst of Mount Seir, in the neighbourhood of Mount Hor’ (Josephus Ant. iv. 4, 7).

SELA-HAMMAHLEKOTH

1 Sam. xxiii. 28

Wâdy Malâky  *

14

A rock in the wilderness of Maon. Now ‘Wâdy Malâky,’ east of Maon. (Mem.   III. 314; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

SELEUCIA

1 Macc. xi. 8

es Suweidiyeh

—

The seaport of Antioch.

SENAAH

Ez. ii. 35; Neh. vii. 38

Not identified

—

Eusebius and Jerome mention a Magdal-Senna, 7 miles north of Jericho (Onomasticon). Neh. iii. 3, Has-senaah.

SENEH, T  HE ROCK

1 Sam. xiv. 4

Wâdy Suweinît

14

The scene of Jonathan’s adventure on the south side of Wady Suweinît, in which word the name seems to survive.

SENIR

1 Chr. v. 23; Ezek. xxvii. 5

Mount Hermon

—

The Amorite name for Mount Hermon  , which see.

SEPHARVAIM

2 Kings xvii. 24; xviii. 34; xix. 13; Is. xxxvi. 19; xxxvii. 13

Sippara

—

The town of Sippara, on the Euphrates above Babylon.

SEPHELA

1 Macc. xii. 38

—

In Deut. i. 7; Josh. ix. 1; x. 40; xi. 2, 16; xii. 8; xv. 33; Judg. i. 9; 1 Kings x. 27; 1 Chr. xxvii. 28; 2 Chr. i. 15; ix. 27; xxvi. 10; xxviii. 18; Jer. xvii. 26; xxxii. 44, xxxiii. 13; Obad. 19; Zech. vii. 7, rendered ‘the vale,’ ‘the valley,’ ‘the plain,’ ‘the low plains,’ and ‘the low country.’ (Hash-Shefelâh). The lower hills between the high range and plain of Judah. See Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 302.

SHAALABBIN

Josh. xix. 42

Selbît   (?)

14

Mentioned with ‘Aijalon’ and ‘Beth-shemesh,’ allotted to Dan. Probably the present village ‘Selbît,’ south-east of Lydda, near ‘Aijalon.’ (Mem.   III. 52; Sh. XVII.)

SHAALBIM

Judg. i. 35; 1 Kings iv. 9

—

See Shaalabbin  . Another form of name.

SHAARAIM

Josh. xv. 36; 1 Sam. xvii. 52; 1 Chr. iv. 31

Kh. Sʾaîreh   (?)

14

Mentioned in the group of towns allotted to Judah as being in ‘the valley’ (Shefelah) along with ‘Adullam’ Socoh, etc. Probably the ruins ‘Sʾaîreh,’ west of Beit ʾAtâb (Etam). Josh. xv. 36 ‘Sharaim’ (R.V. ‘Shaaraim’). (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVII.)

SHAHAZIMAH

(R.V.

SHAHAZUMAH  )

Josh. xix. 22

Not identified

—

One of the towns allotted to Issachar. Somewhere between Mount Tabor and the Jordan.

SHALEM

Gen. xxxiii. 18

Sâlim

10

The village Sâlim, 4 miles east of Shechem. (Mem.   II. 230; Sh. XII.) R.V. has ‘in peace’ for Shalem, which appears only in margin.

SHALIM, THE LAND OF

(R.V. SHAALIM  )

1 Sam. ix. 4

Not identified

—

The district through which Saul passed in search of his father’s asses, i.e., ‘the land of caverns,’ thought to be identical with the land of Shual  , which see.

SHALISHA, LAND OF

(R.V. SHALISHAH  )

1 Sam. ix. 4

Not identified

—

Next to the land of Shalim. See Baal-shalisha  .

SHALLECHETH, T  HE GATE

1 Chr. xxvi. 16

Not identified

14

Has been thought identical with the ‘Bab Silsileh’ in the west wall of the Haram area at Jerusalem, but the names have no connection.

SHAMIR   (1)

Josh. xv. 48

Kh. Sômerah   (?)*

14

Mentioned in the group of ‘Jattir,’ ‘Socoh,’ ‘Debir,’ etc. Probably the ruin Sômerah, west of Debir. (Mem.   III. 262; Sh. XX.)—Conder.

SHAMIR   (2)

Judg. x. 1, 2

Not identified

—

In Mount Ephraim.

SHAPHER, M  OUNT

Num. xxxiii. 23

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the desert.

SHARON

1 Chr. v. 16

Not identified

—

Either a town or a district in the neighbourhood of Gilead and Bashan, east of Jordan. Possibly a synonym for the Mishor. (Stanley, Sinai & P.   App. § 7.)

SHARON, P  LAIN OF

1 Chr. xxvii. 29; Is. xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; lxv. 10; Cant. ii. 1

—

The great and fertile plain extending from near Joppa on the south to Mount Carmel on the north, and bounded on the west by the Mediterranean, and on the east by the hills of Samaria, etc.

SHARUHEN

Josh. xix. 6

Tell esh Sherîʾah   (?)*

13

A town allotted to Simeon in the south. (?) Another name for ‘Shilhim’ of Josh. xv. 32, and Shaaraim of 1 Chr. iv. 31. Very probably the large ruin ‘Tell esh Sherîʾah,’ 12 miles north-west of Beersheba. (Mem.   III. 399; Sh. XXIV.)

SHAVEH, VALLEY OF

(R.V. SHAVEH, VALE OF, or ‘K  ING’S VALE’)

Gen. xiv. 17; 2 Sam. xviii. 18

Not identified

—

In the neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

SHAVEH KIRIATHAIM

Gen. xiv. 5

Not identified

—

A valley or plain near Kiriathaim.

SHEARING-HOUSE, T  HE

2 Kings x. 12, 14

—

Beth-achath  , which see.

SHEBA

Josh. xix. 2

Tell es Sebʾa   (?)

13

Allotted to Simeon, between Beer-sheba and Moladah. Very probably ‘Tell es Sebʾa,’ 2½ miles east of Bir es Sebʾa. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XXIV.)—Conder.

SHEBAH

(R.V. SHIBAH  )

Gen. xxvi. 33

—

See Beer-sheba  .

SHEBAM

(R.V. SEBAM or SIBMAH  )

Num. xxxii. 3

—

Mentioned between ‘Elealeh’ and ‘Nebo.’ Another form for ‘Shibmah’ and ‘Sibmah.’

SHEBARIM

Josh. vii. 5

Not identified

—

In the neighbourhood of ‘Ai.’

SHECHEM

Gen. xii. 6; xxxiii. 18; xxxv. 4; xxxvii. 12, 14; Josh. xvii. 7; xx. 7; xxi. 21; xxiv. 1, 25, 32; Judg. viii. 31; ix. 1–57; xxi. 19; 1 Kings xii. 1, 25; 1 Chr. vi. 67; vii. 28; 2 Chr. x. 1; Ps. lx. 6; cviii. 7; Jer. xli. 5

Nablûs

10

The present city Nablus, Neapolis, in the valley between Mounts Ebal and Gerizim. One of the six cities of refuge. (Mem.   II. 293; Sh. XI.)

SHEEP GATE, T  HE

Neh. iii. 1, 32; xii. 39

Not identified

—

One of the gates of Jerusalem, rebuilt by Nehemiah.

SHEN

1 Sam. vii. 12

Not identified

—

Mentioned with Mizpah. ‘Between Mizpah and Shen’ the stone Eben-ezer was set up by Samuel, commemorating the rout of the Philistines. Three miles west of Jerusalem and 1½ miles north of ‘ʾAin Karim’ is Deir Yesin. This will not suit if the identification of Deir Aban with Eben-ezer   be right; which see.

SHEMA

Josh. xv. 26

Not identified

—

Named between ʾAmam and Moladah—in the south. Allotted to Judah. In Josh. xix. 2, Sheba takes the place of Shema.

SHENIR

Deut. iii. 9; Cant. iv. 8

—

Another form of Senir  ; which see.

SHEPHAM

Num. xxxiv. 10, 11

Not identified

—

A place mentioned as on the eastern boundary of the Promised Land, between Hazor-enan and Riblah. Somewhere north of Riblah.

SHIBMAH

(R.V. SIBMAH  )

Num. xxxii. 38

—

= Sibmah  , which see.

SHICRON

(R.V. SHIKKERON  )

Josh. xv. 11

Not identified

—

Between Mount Baalah (not identified) and Ekron (Akir), (Sh. XVI.), in the north-west corner of Judah. (Mem.   II. 417; Sh. XVI.)

SHIHON

(R.V. SHION  )

Josh. xix. 19

ʾAyûn es Shʾaîn   (?)*

6

‘ʾAyûn es Shʾaîn,’ north of Tabor. This site appears to represent the Seon of the Onomasticon mentioned by Jerome as near Tabor, and identified by him with Shihon of Issachar, an identification possibly correct. In the Talmud Shihin is mentioned as near Sepphoris. (Mem.   I. 370; Sh. VI.)—Conder.

SHIHOR OF EGYPT

1 Chr. xiii. 5; Num. xxxiv. 5; Josh. xiii. 3

W. el ʾArîsh

—

‘The Brook of Egypt’ (R.V.) In Num. xxxiv. 5, River of Egypt (A.V.); Brook of Egypt (R.V.); Josh. xiii. 3, Sihor; Shihor (R.V.) Wâdy el ʾArîsh. See River of Egypt  .

SHIHOR-LIBNATH

Josh. xix. 26

Nahr Nʾamein  ?

6

One of the names on the boundary of Asher—rendered by some ‘River of Glass.’ Thought to be the Belus (Nahr Nʾamein S. of ʾAkka) from whose bed, according to tradition, the fine sand was obtained by the Phœnicians for the glass they first made. (Pliny, H. N., Book xxxvi. ch. 26). Mem.   I. 268; Sh. V.

SHILHIM

Josh. xv. 32

Not identified

—

One of the cities in the southern portion of Judah, named between Lebaoth and ʾAin. In the parallel lists of Josh. xix. 6 Sharuhen is given, and in 1 Chr. iv. 31 Shaaraim  , which see.

SHILOAH, T  HE WATERS OF

Is. viii. 6; 2 Chr. xxxii.

—

Siloam and Siloah.

SHILOH

Josh. xviii. 1–10; xix. 51; xxi. 2; xxii. 9, 12; Judg. xviii. 31; xxi. 12–21; 1 Sam. i. 3, 9, 24; ii. 14; iii. 21; iv. 3, 12; xiv. 3; 1 Kings ii. 27; xiv. 2–4; Ps. lxxviii. 60; Jer. vii. 12, 14; xxvi. 6, 9; xli. 5

Seilûn

10

Now a ruined town called Seilûn, about midway between Bethel and Mt. Girizim, near the ancient highway from Jerusalem to Shechem and the North. Mem.   II. 367–370; Sh. XIV.

SHIMRON

Josh. xi. 1; xix. 15

Semûnieh

6

Called in the Talmud (Jerus, Megillah, cap. 1) Semûnieh—now a small village 5 miles west of Nazareth. Mem.   I. 339; Sh. V.

SHIMRON-MERON

Josh. xii. 20

Not identified

—

Uncertain whether this name refers to the same place as Shimron (Semunieh). The old Jewish traveller Hap-Parchi fixes it at two hours east of En Gannim (Jenîn), south of Mount Gilboa, at a village called in his day ‘Dar Meron.’ (Asher’s Benjamin of Tudela  , II. 434).

SHINAR (T  HE LAND OF)

Gen. x. 10; xi. 2; xiv. 1; Is. xi. 11; Dan. i. 2; Zech. v. 11

—

‘The ancient name of the great alluvial tract through which the Tigris and Euphrates pass before reaching the sea. The tract known in later times as Chaldea or Babylonia.’ Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

SHITTIM

(R.V. VALLEY OF ACACIAS  )

Num. xxv. 1; Josh. ii. 1; iii. 1; Mich. vi. 5; Joel iii. 18

Ghor es Seisebân

14

= Abel-shittim  , which see.

SHOCO

2 Chr. xi. 7

Kh. Shuweikeh

—

A variation of the name Socoh   (1), which see.

SHOCHO

2 Chr. xxviii. 18

—

See Socoh   (1)

SHOCHOH

1 Sam. xvii. 1

—

See Socoh   (1)

SHOPHAN

(R.V. ATROTH-SHOPHAN  )

Num. xxxii. 35

Not identified

—

One of the fortified towns on the East of Jordan.

SHUAL, T  HE LAND OF

1 Sam. xiii. 17

Not identified

—

Near Ophrah   (1), which see.

SHUNEM

Josh. xix. 18; 1 Sam. xxviii. 4; 1 Kings i. 3, 15; ii. 17, 21, 22; 2 Kings iv. 8, 12, 25, 36

Sôlam

10

A city of Issachar, mentioned with Jezreel, Chesulloth, &c. Now the village Sôlam, north of Jezreel. Mem.   II. 87; Sh. IX.

SHUR (D  ESERT OF)

Gen. xvi. 7; xx. 1; xxv. 18; Ex. xv. 22; 1 Sam. xv. 7; xxvii. 8

—

Between Egypt and Philistia.

SHUSHAN

Esth. iii. 15; iv. 16; viii. 15; Dan. viii. 2

Susa

—

Susa, one of the chief cities of Persia. Now identified with the ruins of Susa on the River Shapur. Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

SIBMAH

Josh. xiii. 19; Is. xvi. 8, 9; Jer. xlviii. 32

Sûmia   (?)*

15

A town on the East of Jordan, also called Shibmah (Num. xxxii. 38) and Shebam (Num. xxxii. 3). Very probably the important site Sûmia, 2½ miles west of Heshbon. ‘Hardly 500 paces from Heshbon’ (Onomasticon). See Quarterly Statement, p. 9, 1882.—Conder’s Heth and Moab  .

SIBRAIM

Ezek. xlvii. 16

Not identified

—

Mentioned as being between Berothah and Hazar-hatticon, and as lying between the boundary of Damascus, and that of Hamath.

SICHEM

(R.V. SHECHEM  )

Gen. xii. 6

—

Shechem  , which see.

SICYON

1 Macc. xv. 23

Vasilika

—

A city in the Gulf of Corinth.

SIDE

1 Macc. xv. 23

—

In Pamphylia, on the sea coast east of Adalia.

SIDDIM, V  ALE OF

Gen. xiv. 3, 8, 10

—

The Jordan Valley and Dead Sea.

SIDON = ZIDON

(R.V. ZIDON  )

Gen. x. 15, 19; 2 Esd. i. 11; Judith ii. 28; 1 Macc. v. 15

Saida

2

The present town Saida on the coast between Beirut and Tyre. See Zidon  .

SIHOR

Josh. xiii. 3; Jer. ii. 18; Is. xxiii. 3

—

See Shihor  .

SILOAH, THE POOL OF

(R.V. SHELAH OR SHILOAH  )

Neh. iii. 15; Is. viii. 6

Birket Silwan

14

= Siloam. One of the pools south of Jerusalem. Birket Silwan. (Jerusalem   Vol.; Sh. XVII.)

SIMEON, T  RIBE OF

Josh. xix.; Josephus v. Ant. i. 22

—

‘The lot of Simeon included that part of Idumea which bordered upon Egypt and Arabia’ (5 Ant. i. 22.)

SIN, W  ILDERNESS OF

Num. xxxiii. 11–14; Exod. xvi. 1; xvii. 1

—

Between Elim and Sinai.

SINAI, M  OUNT

Ex. xvi. 1; xix. 1–23; xxiv. 16; xxxi. 18; xxxiv. 2, 4, 29, 32; Lev. vii. 38; xxv. 1; xxvi. 46; xxvii. 34; Num. i. 1, 19; iii. 1, 4, 14; ix. 1, 5; x. 12; xxvi. 64; xxviii. 6; xxxiii. 15, 16; Deut. xxxiii. 2; Judg. v. 5; Neh. ix. 13; Ps. lxviii. 8, 17; 2 Esdr. iii. 17; xiv. 4; Judith v. 14; Eccles. xlviii. 7

Jebel Mûsa (Râs Sûfsâfeh  )

—

Generally identified with Jebel Mûsa, the second highest granite peak in the Peninsula. See Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

SINAI, DESERT OF

(R.V. SINAI, W  ILDERNESS OF)

Ex. xix. 1; Num. xxxiii. 16

—

The desert round Jebel Mûsa.

SION

1 Esd. viii. 81, etc., very frequently mentioned in the Apocrypha

—

= Zion  .

SION, M  OUNT

2 Esd. xiii. 35; 1 Macc. iv. 37, 60, v. 54; vi. 48, 62; vii. 33; x. 11; xiv. 27

—

SION, M  OUNT

Deut. iv. 48; Ps. cxxxiii. 3

Jebel esh Sheikh

—

One of the names of Mount Hermon, thought to be a clerical error for Sirion  ; which see.

SIPHMOTH

1 Sam. xxx. 28

Not identified

—

In the south of Judah the resort of David.

SIRAH, THE WELL OF

(R.V. SIRAH, W  ELL OR CISTERN OF)

2 Sam. iii. 26

ʾAin Sârah

14

The present ʾAin Sârah, near Hebron. Mem.   III. 314; Sh. XXI.

SIRION

Deut. iii. 9; Ps. xxix. 6

3

The Zidonian name for Mount Hermon  , which see.

SITNAH, WELL OF

(R.V. ENMITY, W  ELL OF)

Gen. xxvi. 21

Not identified

20

The second of the two wells dug by Isaac in the valley of Gerar.

SOCOH (1), I  N THE VALLEY

Josh. xv. 35

Kh. Shuweikeh

14

Sochoh (1 Kings iv. 10), Shochoh (1 Sam. xvii. 1), Shoco (2 Chr. xi. 7), Shocho (2 Chr. xxviii. 18). Now represented by ‘Kh. Shuweikeh,’ on the brink of the ‘Valley of Elah.’ (Mem.   III. 53; Sh. XVII.) Robinson (B. R. ii. 21.)

SOCOH (2), I  N THE MOUNTAINS

Josh. xv. 48

Kh. Shuweikeh

14

Named in the group ‘in the mountains,’ with ʾAttir (Yuttah), Debir (edh Dhaherîyeh), etc. Now the ruins Shuweikeh, south-west of Yutta. (Mem.   III. 404, 410; Sh. XXV.) Robinson (B. R. i. 494.)

SODOM

Gen. x. 19; xiii. 10–13; xiv. 2–22; xviii. 16–26; xix. 1, 4, 24, 28; Deut. xxix. 23; xxxii. 32; Is. i. 9, 10; iii. 9; xiii. 19; Jer. xxiii. 14; xlix. 18; l. 40; Lam. iv. 6; Ezek. xvi. 46–56; Am. iv. 11; Zeph. ii. 9; 2 Esd. ii. 8

Not identified

—

One of the cities of the plain, near Zoar.—(Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

SODOMITISH SEA, T  HE

2 Esdr. v. 7

—

The Salt Sea  ; which see.

SOREK, V  ALLEY OF

Judg. xvi. 4

Wâdy Sŭrâr

13, 14

Now Wâdy Sŭrâr, on the north side of which is the ruin Sŭrîk. This valley has its source near ‘Beeroth,’ and in its course of 44 miles passes Hazor, Beth-shemesh, Makkedah, Jabneel, and enters the sea 8½ miles south of Jaffa. (Mem.   III. 53; Sh. XVII.)

SPARTA

1 Macc. xiv. 16

—

SPAIN

1 Macc. viii. 3

—

SUCCOTH   (1)

Gen. xxxiii. 17; Josh. xiii. 27; Judg. viii. 5–16; 1 Kings vii. 46; 2 Chr. iv. 17; Ps. lx. 6; cviii. 7

Tell Darʾala   (?)

10

Probably Tell Darʾala, on the east of the Jordan Valley, East of the Jordan (Merrill), pp. 385–388; Conder’s Heth & Moab  , p. 177. The Talmud is the authority for this identification.

SUCCOTH   (2)

Ex. xii. 37; xiii. 20; Num. xxxiii. 5, 6

Not identified

—

The first camping place of the Israelites on leaving Egypt.

SUD, R  IVER

Baruch i. 4

Not identified

—

A river somewhere near Babylon.

SUR

Judith ii. 28

Not identified

—

On the sea coast of Phœnicia—not Tyre.

SUR, T  HE GATE OF

2 Kings xi. 6

Not identified

—

In 2 Chr. xxiii. 5, the King’s House at Jerusalem.

SYENE, or SEVENEH

(R.V. SEVENEH  )

Ezek. xxix. 10; xxx. 6

Assúân

—

In Egypt. Mentioned with Migdol. R.V. ‘tower of Seveneh;’ margin, ‘from Migdol to Seveneh.’

SYRIA

Judg. x. 6; 2 Sam. viii. 6, 12; xv. 8, etc., very frequently mentioned

—

The country north and north-east of Damascus.

TAANACH

Josh. xii. 21; xvii. 11; xxi. 25; Judg. i. 27; v. 19; 1 Kings iv. 12; 1 Chr. vii. 29

Tʾannuk

10

Between 3 and 4 Roman miles from Legio (Lejjun)—Onomasticon. Now the village Tʾannuk, on the southern edge of the plain of Esdraelon.—Robinson, ii. 316, 329; Van de Velde, i. 358; Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 285. (Mem.   II. 68; Sh. VIII.)

TAANATH-SHILOH

Josh. xvi. 6

Tʾana

10

Now the ruin of Tʾana, east of Nablus, on the boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh. (Mem.   II. 232; Sh. XII.)—Van de Velde.

TABBATH

Judg. vii. 22

Not identified

10

Appears to have lain west of Jordan, near Abel-meholah  , which see.

TABERAH

Deut. ix. 22; Num. xi. 3

Not identified

—

The name of a place in the wilderness of Paran.

TABOR

1 Chr. vi. 77

Iksâl

—

= Chisloth-tabor  ; which see.

TABOR, M  OUNT

Josh. xix. 22; Judg. iv. 6, 12, 14; viii. 18; Ps. lxxxix. 12; Jer. xlvi. 18; Hos. v. 1

Jebel et Tôr

6

Now called Jebel et Tôr. Robinson’s Researches, ii. 353. (Mem.   I. 365, 367; Sh. VI.)

TABOR, THE PLAIN OF

(R.V. TABOR, THE OAK or T  EREBINTH OF)

1 Sam. x. 3

Not identified

—

‘The Oak or Terebinth of Tabor’ is generally thought the correct translation.

TADMOR, IN THE WILDERNESS

(R.V. TAMAR  )

1 Kings ix. 18; 2 Chr. viii. 4

Tadmûr

—

Palmyra, in the desert, between Damascus and the confluence of the Khabour with the Euphrates. See The Ruins of Palmyra, by Robert Wood, published in 1753; Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 11th chap., Gibbon; Porter’s Handbook for Syria and Palestine  , pp. 543–549.

TAHATH

Num. xxxiii. 26

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the desert.

TAHPANHES

Jer. xliii. 7, 8, 9; xliv. 1; xlvi. 14

Tell Defenneh

—

A town of Lower Egypt near the eastern border, Tell Defenneh. Smith’s Bible Dictionary.

TEHAPHNEHES

Ezek. xxx. 18

TAHAPANES

Jer. ii. 16

TAPHNES

Judith i. 9

TAHTIM-HODSHI, T  HE LAND OF

2 Sam. xxiv. 6

Kades   (?)*

—

Between Gilead and Dan-jaan. According to the LXX. ‘Kadesh of the Hittites,’ now the ruin Kades  , near Tell Neby Mendeh.—Conder.

TAMAR

Ezek. xlvii. 19; xlviii. 28

Not identified

—

Somewhere on the south-east border of Judah. Perhaps Hazazon Tamar, the old name of En-gedi.

TANACH

(R.V. TAANACH  )

Josh. xxi. 25

—

Taanach  , which see.

TANIS

Judith i. 10

San

—

Zoan in Egypt.

TAPHON

1 Macc. ix. 50

Tŭffûh

14

Beth Tappuah, one of the cities in Judæa, fortified by Bacchides. Probably Beth-tappuah of Josh. xv. 53.

TAPPUAH   (1)

Josh. xv. 34

Not identified

—

A city of Judah.

TAPPUAH   (2)

Josh. xvi. 8; xvii. 8

10

En-tappuah  , which see.

TAPPUAH, T  HE LAND OF

Josh. xvii. 8

—

In the territory of Manasseh, the land in the neighbourhood of En-tappuah.

TARAH

(R.V. TERAH  )

Num. xxxiii. 27, 28

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites in the desert.

TARALAH

Josh. xviii. 27

Not identified

—

A city allotted to the tribe of Benjamin and mentioned in the group with Mizpeh, Chephirah, and Jerusalem.

TARSHISH

Gen. x. 4; 1 Chr. i. 7; Ps. xlviii. 7; lxxii. 10; 2 Chr. ix. 21; xx. 36, 37; Is. ii. 16; xxiii. 1, 6, 10, 14; lx. 9; lxvi. 19; Jer. x. 9; Ezek. xxvii. 12, 25; xxxviii. 13; Jonah i. 3; iv. 2

Not identified

—

Has been variously sought in Spain, India, etc. Capt. Conder suggests Tarsus. (Syrian Stone-Lore  .)

TARSUS

2 Macc. iv. 30; Acts ix. 11, 30; xi. 25; xxi. 39;

Tarsus

—

The chief city of Cilicia, the birth-place of St. Paul.

TEKOA AND TEKOAH

2 Sam. xiv. 2, 4, 9; 1 Chr. ii. 24; iv. 5; xi. 28; xxvii. 9; 2 Chr. xi. 6; Neh. iii. 5, 27; Jer. vi. 1; Am. i. 1

Kh. Tekûʾa

14

The ruined village Tekûʾa, south of Bethlehem 5 miles, and 10 from Jerusalem. (Mem.   III. 314; Sh. XXI.)

TEKOA, T  HE WILDERNESS OF

2 Chr. xx. 20

14

The desolate region between ‘Tekoa’ and the Salt Sea. Thecoe, 1 Macc. ix. 33.

TEL-ABIB

Ezek. iii. 15

Not identified

—

‘By the River of Chebar.’ Was probably a city of Chaldæa or Babylonia, not of Upper Mesopotamia. Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

TELAIM

1 Sam. xv. 4; Josh. xv. 24

Not identified

—

Telem, Josh. xv. 24. One of the cities in the extreme south of Judah.

TELASSAR OR THELASAR

(R.V. TELASSAR  )

2 Kings xix. 12; Is. xxxvii. 12

Not identified

—

TEL-HARSA OR TEL-HARESHA

Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61

Not identified

—

One of the five places from which some of the Captivity returned ‘who could not shew their father’s house.’ Thelersas, 1 Esd. v. 36.

TEL-MELAH

Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61

Thelme   (?)

—

Supposed to be Thelme of Ptolemy, a city of the low salt tract near the Persian Gulf. Thermeleth, 1 Esd. v. 36.

TEMAN

Jer. xlix. 7, 20; Ezek. xxv. 13; Amos i. 12; Obad. 9; Hab. iii. 3

Not identified

—

In Edom. Baruch iii. 22, 23, Theman.

THAMNATHA

1 Macc. ix. 50

—

One of the cities of Judah, fortified by Bacchides. = Thimnathah; which see. (Mem.   II. 299; Sh. XIV.)

THEBEZ

Judg. ix. 50; 2 Sam. xi. 21

Tûbâs

10

Now the village Tûbâs, north-east of Shechem (Nablus). (Mem.   II. 247; Sh. XII.)

THECOE, T  HE WILDERNESS OF

1 Macc. ix. 33

—

The Greek form of Tekoa. See Tekoa  .

THELASAR

2 Kings xix. 12

—

See Tel-asar  .

THELERSAS

1 Esd. v. 36

—

The Greek equivalent of Tel-harsa  , which see.

THEMAN

Baruch iii. 22, 23

—

See Teman  .

THERAS, R  IVER

1 Esd. viii. 41, 61

Not identified

—

The Ahava of the parallel passage in Ezra. See Ahava  .

THERMELETH

1 Esd. v. 36

The Greek equivalent of the name Tel-melah  ; which see.

THIMNATHAH

(R.V. TIMNAH  )

Josh. xix. 43; 2 Chr. xxviii. 18

Tibneh   (?)

10

A town belonging to Dan. Probably the ruin Tibneh, north-east of Lydda 12 miles. (Mem.   II. 299; Sh. XIV.)

THISBE

Tobit i. 2

Not identified

—

A city of Naphtali.

THRACIA

2 Macc. xii. 35

—

All the region now included in Bulgaria and Roumelia.

TIBHATH

1 Chr. xviii. 8

—

See Berothah  .

TIGRIS

Tobit vi. 1; Jud. i. 6; Eccl. xxiv. 25

—

The Greek equivalent of the Hebrew Hiddekel of Gen. ii. 14, etc.

TIMNAH   (1)

Josh. xv. 10

Tibnah

13

Now the ruins Tibnah, on the south side of the ‘Valley of Sorek,’ and west of ‘Beth Shemesh.’ Timnath in Gen. xxxviii. 12–14; Judg. xiv. 1–5. (Mem.   II. 417; Sh. XVI.)

TIMNAH   (2)

Josh. xv. 57

Tibna  *

14

Near Gibeah of Judah. Now the ruin Tibna, near Jebʾa (Gibeah), west of Bethlehem. (Mem.   III. 53; Sh. XVII.)—Conder.

TIMNATH

Gen. xxxviii. 12, 13, 14; Judg. xiv. 1, 2, 5

—

See Timnah  .

TIMNATH-HERES

OR

Judg. ii. 9

Kefr Hâris*

10

The city and burial-place of Joshua. ‘In the Mount of Ephraim, on the north side of the hill Gaash.’ According to tradition the present ‘Kefr Hâris,’ 9 miles south of Shechem (Nablus) in Ephraim. (Mem. II. 284; Sh. XIV.)—Conder.

TIMNATH-SERAH

Josh. xix. 50; xxiv. 30

TIPHSAH   (1)

1 Kings iv. 24

—

Thapsacus, near Deir on the Euphrates.

TIPHSAH   (2)

2 Kings xv. 16

Kh. Tafsah  *

10

The name Kh. Tafsah occurs to an old site south-west of Shechem 6 miles. (Mem.   II. 169; Sh. XI.)—Conder.

TIRZAH

Josh. xii. 24; 1 Kings xiv. 17; xv. 21, 33; xvi. 6, 8, 9, 15, 17, 23; 2 Kings xv. 14, 16; Cant. vi. 4

Teîasír  *

10

Now the village Teîasîr in the valley, 11 miles north of Shechem, and 12 miles east of Samaria.—Conder. (Mem. II. 216; Sh. XI.; 228, XII.) Robinson (B. R. iii. 302), Van de Velde (Syria & Palestine, iii. 334), place it at Talluza, a village on the hill, 6 miles east of Samaria. Was a royal city, the residence of Jeroboam (1 Kings xiv. 17). Brocardus places ‘Thersa’ on a high mountain 3 leagues (leucae) from Samaria to the east (Descriptio  , cap. vii.).

TOB, T  HE LAND OF

Judg. xi. 3, 5

Taiyibeh (?)*

11

The Tubieni near Characa of 2 Macc. xii. 17 (see Characa). The name is preserved in that of Taiyibeh, a village between Jerash and the Sea of Galilee. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 295.)

ISHTOB, T  HE MEN OF TOB

2 Sam. x. 6, 8

TOBIE, T  HE PLACES OF

1 Macc. v. 13

TUBIENI

2 Macc. xii. 17

TOCHEN

1 Chr. iv. 32

Not identified

—

A place mentioned amongst the towns of Simeon.

TOLAD, OR   EL TOLAD

1 Chr. iv. 29

Not identified

—

One of the towns of Simeon.

TOPHEL

Deut. i. 1

et Tŭfîleh

21

The present ruins ‘et Tŭfîleh,’ on the table land of the mountains south-east of the Dead Sea.

TOPHETH, OR TOPHET

2 Kings xxiii. 10; Is. xxx. 33; Jer. vii. 31, 32; xix. 6, 11–14

—

In the ‘valley of the son of Hinnom.’

TRIPOLIS

2 Macc. xiv. 1

Tarablus

—

The small village ‘el Minyeh’ is thought to occupy the ancient site some 2 miles distant from the modern town called Tarablus.

TYRE and TYRUS

Josh. xix. 29; 2 Sam. v. 11; xxiv. 7, etc. Very frequently mentioned

es Sûr

6

The present town Sûr, on the coast. For plans and detailed description, see Mem. I. 72–81; Conder’s Primer of Bible Geography; Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .

TYRUS, T  HE LADDER OF

1 Macc. xi. 59

Râs en Nakûrah

6

The steps by which the road winds round the headland called ‘Râs en Nakûrah,’ between Tyre and Akka.

ULAI, R  IVER

Dan. viii. 2, 16

Kerkhah, R. (?) or Karún R.   (?)

—

The Eulaeus of the Greek and Roman geographers (Arr. Exp. Al. vii. 7; Strab. xv. 3 § 22; Ptol. vi. 3; Pliny, H. N., vi. 31.) Now the modern Kerkhah, an affluent of the Tigris. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .) Otherwise the Karûn R.

UMMAH

Josh. xix. 30

ʾAlma esh Shʾaub   (?)

6

One of the cities of Asher. Probably the ruin ʾAlma, north of Achzib, opposite the Ladder of Tyrus. Land and the Book chap. xx. (Dr. Thomson.) (Mem.   I. 150; Sh. III.)

UPHAZ

Jer. x. 9; Dan. x. 5

Not identified

—

cf.   R.V. margin, ‘according to some ancient versions Ophir.’

UR,   OF THE CHALDEES

Gen. xi. 28, 31; xv. 7

Mugheir   (?)

—

Ur means ‘city,’ generally placed at Mugheir. Others suggest Warka. See Erech  .

UZZA, T  HE GARDEN OF

2 Kings xxi. 18, 26; 2 Chr. xxxiii. 20; 2 Sam. vi. 8

Not identified

—

The garden in which Manasseh and his son Ammon, Kings of Judah, were buried. At Jerusalem.

UZZEN-SHERAH

(R.V. UZZEN-SHEERAH  )

1 Chr. vii. 24

Beit Sîra

14

Named in connexion with the two Beth-horons. Probably the present village ‘Beit Sîra,’ 2 miles S.W. of Beth-horon (the lower.) (Mem.   III. 16; Sh. XVII.)

ZAANAIM, PLAIN OF

(R.V. ZAANANNIM ‘OAK’ OR TEREBINTH OF)

Judg. iv. 11

Bessum (?)*

6

More correctly ‘Bezaanannim,’ according to Tal. Jer. Megillah, and Targums. (In Targum Mishor = Elon.) The plateau west of the ‘Sea of Galilee,’ near the present ruined village Bessum. (Mem. I. 365; Sh. VI.)

ZAANANNIM T  HE ‘OAK’ OR ‘TEREBINTH’ OF ‘BEZAANANNIM’

Josh. xix. 33

ZAANAN

Micah i. 11

—

= Zenan   of Josh. xv. 37.

ZAIR

2 Kings viii. 21

Not identified

—

The position of this place is uncertain. It probably lay east of the Dead Sea. In the Hebrew it is not very different from Zoar.

ZALMON, M  OUNT

Judg. ix. 48

Not identified

10

Generally believed to be the southern peak of the Mt. Gerizim range, on which stands the tomb of Sh. Selman el Farsi. In Ps. lxviii. 14, Salmon. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, p. 210.) Ebal is now called Jebel Eslamîyeh  .

ZALMONAH

Num. xxxiii. 41, 42

Not identified

—

One of the camping stations of the Israelites between ‘Mount Hor’ and ‘Punon.’ Maʾan, east of Petra, and Wady Ithm, north of Akabah, have been proposed.

ZANOAH   (1)

Josh. xv. 34; Neh. iii. 13; xi. 30

Kh. Zanûʾa

14

A city of Judah in the valley between ‘Ashnah’ and ‘En-gannim.’ Now Zanûʾa, a ruined town 2½ miles south of Beth Shemesh. Robinson (B. R. ii. 16.) (Mem.   III. 128; Sh. XVII.)

ZANOAH   (2)

Josh. xv. 56

Kh. Zanûta

14

A city of Judah named in the group of Maon (Kh. Mʾain), Ziph (Tell ez Zîf), Jutta (Yutta), etc. Now Kh. Zanûta, south of ‘Yutta.’ Van de Velde (Mem. III. 354). Robinson (B. R. ii. 204 Note). (Mem.   III. 410; Sh. XXV.)

ZAPHON

Josh. xiii. 27

el Hammeh

7

One of the four cities ‘in the valley’ allotted to Gad. Identified by the Talmudists with Amathi, the Amathus of Josephus; now the ruined site of el Hammeh, on the banks of the Yarmûk, to the south-east of the Sea of Galilee. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 253.)

ZAREAH

(R.V. ZORAH  )

Neh. xi. 29; 1 Chr. ii. 53

See Zorah  .

ZARED, THE VALLEY OF

(R.V. ZERED V  ALLEY OF)

Num. xxi. 12; Deut. ii. 13, 14

Wâdy el Hesi

21, 22

Generally believed to be the great water course (as suggested by Robinson) known under the different names of ‘Seil Garahy,’ ‘Wâdy Garahy,’ ‘Wâdy Siddiyeh,’ and ‘Wâdy el Hesi,’ having its source east of ‘Kulʾat el Garahy’ in the Desert of Arabia, and entering the eastern bay of the south end of the Dead Sea.

ZAREPHATH

1 Kings xvii. 9, 10; Obadiah 20

Sarafend

2

‘Not far from Sidon and Tyre.’ (Josephus Ant. viii. 13, § 2). ‘On the shore of Sarepta.’ (Sancta Paula.) ‘It lay on the public road’ (coast road), Jerome (Onomasticon). Now the village and ruins south of Sidon. Original name Misrephoth-maim  , which see. In the N.T. (Sarepta), Luke iv. 26 (A.V.) Zarephath (R.V.)

ZARETAN

(R.V. ZARETHAN  )

Josh. iii. 16

A city beside Adam = Zarthan  , which see. Adam is possibly ‘Tell Damieh.’

ZARETH-SHAHAR

(R.V. ZERETH-SHAHAR  )

Josh. xiii. 19

Zara, or Sara   (?)

14

‘In the mount of the valley.’ Thought to be the heap of ruins called Zara or Sara on a hill on the south side of the great gorge of Wâdy Zerka Mʾaîn, near where it joins the Salt Sea.

ZARTANAH

(R.V. ZARETHAN  )

1 Kings iv. 12

Not identified

10

‘Beneath Jezreel.’ Perhaps the same as Zererath, of Judg. vii. 22. Probably a separate town from Zarthan (‘in the plain’), Zeredath (‘in the plain’), and Zaretan (‘a city beside Adam.’) Placed by Conder at Tell Sarêm, 3 miles south of ‘Beth Shean.’ (Mem. II. 99; Sh. IX.) By Henderson (Handbook, p. 220) at Tellel ez Zahrah, 3 miles west of Beth-shean and between the latter place and Jezreel, opposite Shuttah. See also Quarterly Statement  , 1874, p. 182.

ZARTHAN

(R.V. ZARETHAN  )

1 Kings vii. 46

Not identified

—

‘In the clay ground between Succoth’ (Tell Darʾala, eastern side of Jordan valley) ‘and Zarthan, in the plain of Jordan, did Solomon cast the vessels, etc., for the temple.’ Probably Zaretan  , which see.

ZEBOIM and ZEBOIIM   (1)

Gen. x. 19; xiv. 2, 8; Deut. xxix. 23; Hos. xi. 8

Not identified

—

One of the five cities of the plain (Jordan Valley) next to Admah. Somewhere in the southern parts of the Jordan Valley. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 241.)

ZEBOIM   (2)

Neh. xi. 34

Not identified

—

Mentioned between Hadid (Haditheh) and Neballat (Beit Nabala) east of Lydda (Lod.)

ZEBOIM, T  HE VALLEY OF

1 Sam. xiii. 18

Not identified

14

One of the valleys in Benjamin toward the wilderness. The name Shukh ed Dubʾa in which the name Zeboim is possibly preserved, is applied to a smaller branch of one of the many gorges in that neighbourhood. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible  , p. 241.)

ZEBULUN

Josh. xix. 27

Neby Sebelân   (?)*

6

‘A strong city of Galilee,’ called the ‘city of men’ (Josephus, Wars ii. 18, 9). The discovery of Dabbasheth   (which see) indicates the village Neby Sebelân for this town.

ZEBULUN, T  RIBE OF

Josh. xix. 10–17; Josephus v. Ant. i. 22

‘The tribe of Zebulon’s lot included the land which lay as far as the Lake of Genesareth and that which belonged to Carmel and the Sea.’ (Jos. v. Ant. i. 22.)

ZEDAD

Num. xxxiv. 8; Ezek. xlvii. 15

Sadûd   (??)

—

One of the landmarks on the north borders of the land of Israel. Possibly Sadûd, between Hums and Baalbec. (Porter, Five Years in Damascus  , ii. 354–356.)

ZEEB, W  INEPRESS OF

Judg. vii. 25

Not identified

—

In the Jordan Valley.

ZELAH

Josh. xviii. 28; 2 Sam. xxi. 14

Not identified

—

In the allotment of Benjamin, between ‘Taralah’ (not known) and ‘Eleph’ (Lifta). The burial-place of Saul and Jonathan.

ZELZAH

1 Sam. x. 2

Not identified

—

‘A place named once only as on the boundary of Benjamin, close to Rachel’s sepulchre,’ 1 Sam. x. 2.

ZEMARAIM

Josh. xviii. 22

Kh. es Sŭmrah   (?)

14

One of the towns of Benjamin, named between Beth-arabah (site not known) and Bethel (Beitin). Generally believed to be the large ruin Sŭmrah, north of Jericho. Robinson (B. R. i. 569.) (Mem.   III. 174; Sh. XVIII.)

ZEMARAIM, M  OUNT

2 Chr. xiii. 4

Not identified

—

In Mount Ephraim—?in the neighbourhood of Zemaraim of Josh. xviii. 22.

ZENAN

Josh. xv. 37

Not identified

—

One of the towns of Judah—to be found somewhere in the Shefelah—next to Hadashah and Migdal-gad. In Micah i. 11. Zaanan.

ZEPHATH

Judg. i. 17

Not identified

See Hormah  .

ZEPHATHAH T  HE VALLEY OF

2 Chr. xiv. 10

Wâdy Safieh  *

13

‘At or belonging to Mareshah.’ The name Wâdy Safieh applies to the leading valley which passes ‘Beit Jibrîn,’ 2½ miles to the north-east of Mareshah.—Conder.

ZER

Josh. xix. 35

Not identified

—

A fortified town of Naphtali. Probably somewhere on the south-west side of the Sea of Tiberias. Mentioned between Ziddim (Hattin) and Hammath (Hummam Tabariya.)

ZERED, T  HE BROOK

Deut. ii. 13, 14

—

See Zared  —the Valley of.

ZEREDA

(R.V. ZEREDAH  )

1 Kings xi. 26

Surdah   (?)*

10

This site was identified with Kh. Serada on the east edge of Merj el ʾAyûn, west of Banias, by R. Gerson in 1561 A.D. (Mem. I. 96; Sh. II.) The village Surdah, west of Bethel, is now proposed by Capt. Conder. (Mem.   II. 295; Sh. XIV.) Was the birth-place of Jeroboam.

ZEREDATHAH

(R.V. ZEREDAH  )

2 Chr. iv. 17

Not identified

10

‘In the plain of Jordan.’ In 1 Kings vii. 46 Zarthan (A.V.), Zarethan (R.V.) See Zarthan  .

ZERERATH

(R.V. ZERERAH  )

Judg. vii. 22

Not identified

10

‘As far as Beth-shittah (Shutta) toward Zererah.’ See Zartanah  .

ZIDDIM

Josh. xix. 35

Hattîn   (?)

6

The Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah i.) identifies this place with ‘Kefr Chittai.’ Apparently the village Hattîn, west of the ‘Sea of Galilee.’ A fortified town of Naphtali. (Mem.   I. 365; Sh. VI.)

ZIDON or   SIDON

Gen. xlix. 13; Josh. xix. 28; Judg. i. 31; x. 6; xviii. 28; 2 Sam. xxiv. 6; 1 Kings xvii. 9; Ezra iii. 7; Is. xxiii. 2, 4, 12; Jer. xxv. 22; xxvii. 3; xlvii. 4;   Ezek. xxvii. 8; xxviii. 21, 22; Joel iii. 4; Zech. ix. 2; 1 Esd. v. 55

Saida

2

An ancient and wealthy city of Phœnicia, on the coast, 25 miles south of Beirout. (Porter’s Handbook for Syria and Palestine, 1858; Robinson’s Biblical Researches  , iii.)

ZIKLAG

Josh. xv. 31; xix. 5; 1 Sam. xxx. 1, 14, 26; xxvii. 6; 2 Sam. i. 1; iv. 10; 1 Chr. iv. 30; xii. 1, 20; Neh. xi. 28

ʾAslûj   (?)

20

Named between Hormah and Madmannah a town of Simeon in Judah. The name ʾAslûj, applied to a heap of ruins south of Beersheba and 7 miles to the east of Bered (Khalasah), was first discovered by Mr. Rowlands in 1842. (See Williams’s Holy City, i. 463–468; Robinson’s Biblical Researches  , ii. 201.) The name is not very close to the Hebrew, but is a possible corruption.

ZIN, T  HE WILDERNESS OF

Num. xiii. 21; xx. 1; xxvii. 14; xxxiii. 36; xxxiv. 3; Deut. xxxii. 51; Josh. xv. 1

—

In Num. xxxiv. 4; Josh. xv. 3, simply Zin. A portion of the desert country west of the Wâdy Arabah containing Kadesh.

ZION

2 Sam. v. 7; 1 Kings viii. 1; 2 Kings xix. 21; 1 Chr. xi. 5; 2 Chr. v. 2; Ps. ix. 11, 14; xiv. 7; xx. 2; xlviii. 12; l. 2; li. 18; liii. 6; lxix. 35; lxxvi. 2; lxxxiv. 7; lxxxvii. 2, 5; xcvii. 8; xcix. 2; cii. 13, 16, 21; cx. 2; cxxvi. 1; cxxviii. 5; cxxix. 5; cxxxii. 13; cxxxiii. 3; cxxxiv. 3; cxxxv. 21; cxxxvii. 1, 3; cxlvi. 10; cxlvii. 12; cxlix. 2; Is. i. 8, 27; ii. 3; iv. 3; x. 24; xii. 6; xiv. 32; xxviii. 16; xxx. 19; xxxi. 9; xxxiii. 5, 14, 20; xxxiv. 8; xxxv. 10; xl. 9; xli. 27; xlvi. 13; xlix. 14; li. 3, 11, 16; lii. 1, 7, 8; lix. 20; lx. 14; lxi. 3; lxii. 1; lxiv. 10; lxvi. 8; Jer. iii. 14; iv. 6; viii. 19; ix. 19; xiv. 19; xxvi. 18; xxx. 17; xxxi. 6, 12; l. 5, 28; li. 10, 24, 35; Lam. i. 4, 17; ii. 6; iv. 2, 11; v. 11; Joel ii. 1, 15, 23; iii. 16, 17, 21; Amos i. 2; vi. 1; Micah iii. 10, 12; iv. 2, 11; Zeph. iii. 16; Zech. i. 14, 17; ii. 7; viii. 2, 3; ix. 9, 13

—

Jerusalem. The modern Arabic ‘Sahyûn’ is correct equivalent of Zion, according to Gesenius, the meaning of the word being ‘sunny,’ and a valley and ruin called Sahyûn now exists 1½ miles west of the present city wall. The word Zion does not occur in the works of Josephus, the name Jerusalem being used instead. (Conder’s Handbook  , p. 336.)

ZION, M  OUNT

2 Kings xix. 31; Ps. ii. 6; xlviii. 2, 11; lxxiv. 2; lxxviii. 68; cxxv. 1; cxxxiii. 3; Is. iv. 5; viii. 18; x. 12, 32; xvi. 1; xviii. 7;   xxiv. 23; xxix. 8; xxxi. 4; xxxvii. 32; Lam. v. 18; Joel ii. 32; iii. 17; Obad. xvii. 21; Micah iv. 7; 2 Esd. ii. 42

—

One of the hills of Jerusalem.

ZIOR

Josh. xv. 54

Siʾaîr   (?)*

14

Mentioned next to Hebron in Judah. Eusebius and Jerome (Onomasticon) mentions it as a village between Aelia (Jerusalem) and Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrîn). Probably Siʾaîr, 4½ miles north of Hebron. (Mem.   III. 309; Sh. XXI.)—Conder.

ZIPH   (1)

Josh. xv. 24

Not identified

—

A town in the south of Judah.

ZIPH   (2)

Josh. xv. 55; 1 Sam. xxiii. 14, 15, 24; xxvi. 2; 2 Chr. xi. 8

Tell Zîf

14

Now the ruins and Mound called Tell Zîf, south of Hebron and next to Carmel and Yuttah. (Mem.   III. 315; Sh. XXI.) Robinson (B. R., i. 492).

ZIPH, W  ILDERNESS OF

1 Sam. xxiii. 14

14

The rugged country east of Tell Zîf.

ZIPHRON

Num. xxxiv. 9

Not identified

—

Named next to Zedad as one of the places on the limit of the north boundary line of the Promised Land.

ZIZ, CLIFF OF

(R.V. ZIZ, T  HE ASCENT OF)

2 Chr. xx. 16

Wâdy Hŭsâsah

14

Probably = Hazezon Tamar  ; the name surviving in the valley called Hŭsâsah, near ‘En Gedi.’—Conder. The Pass of ‘Ain Jîdy.’—Robinson (B. R., i. 508, 527, 530).

ZOAN

Num. xiii. 22; Ps. lxxviii. 12, 43; Is. xix. 11, 13; xxx. 4; Ezek. xxx. 14

San

—

An ancient city of Lower Egypt. The ruins near Lake Menzaleh. In Judith i. 10 Tanis.—(Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

ZOAR =   BELA

Gen. xiii. 10; xiv. 2, 8; xix. 22, 24, 30; Deut. xxxiv. 3; Is. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 34

Tell esh Shaghûr   (?)*

14

The original name was Bela. Probably the mound of Tell esh Shaghûr marks the ancient site. It is on the south side of Wâdy Hesbân near the edge of the plain at the foot of the hills. Zoar meaning small, which in Arabic is Saghîr. Shaghûr signifies ‘soft soil’ in Arabic. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible and Primer, p. 38; Heth & Moab  , p. 150.)

ZOBA OR ZOBAH

1 Sam. xiv. 47; 2 Sam. viii. 3, 5, 12; x. 6, 8; xxiii. 36; 1 Kings xi. 23, 24; 1 Chr. xviii. 3, 5, 9; xix. 6; 2 Chr. viii. 3

—

A district which formed a separate kingdom in the time of Saul, David and Solomon. Extending north-east and eastwards of Coele Syria, towards the Euphrates. (Smith’s Bible Dictionary  .)

ZOHELETH, T  HE STONE

1 Kings i. 9

Zahweileh

14

‘Near the well of Rogel.’ The cliff Zahweileh, on which the present village stands, opposite ‘En-rogel.’ (Mem.   III. 53; Sh. XVII.)—Clermont-Ganneau.

ZOPHIM, T  HE FIELD OF

Num. xxiii. 14

Talʾat es Safa  *

15

‘We can have little hesitation in identifying the “Field of Zophim” with the plateau of arable land, a rich red field at the top of “Talʾat es Safa,” from which the knoll of limestone called “Râs Neba” (Mount Nebo) rises some 50 feet on the west. The word, signifying views, comes from a root identical with the Arabic Safa, “clear” or shining.’—(Eastern Survey, Quarterly Statement, p. 9; Conder’s Heth & Moab  , p. 130.)

ZORAH

Josh. xix. 41; Judg. xiii. 2, 25; xvi. 31; xviii. 2, 11; 2 Chr. xi. 10

Surʾah

14

In Neh. xi. 29 Zareah; Joshua xv. 33 Zoreah. A town of Dan. Now the village ‘Surʾah,’ on the north side of the Valley of Sorek, opposite ‘Beth Shemesh.’ One of the fenced cities of Rehoboam. (Mem.   III. 158; Sh. XVII.)

ZUPH, T  HE LAND OF

1 Sam. ix. 5

Not identified

—

This name has not been recovered. (See Conder’s Primer of Bible Geography  , p. 91.) It is thought by some to be personal (see 1 Sam. i. 1.)

THE END.

BILLING AND SONS, PRINTERS, GUILDFORD.

NEW TESTAMENT SITES.

In the column ‘Modern Identification,’ those marked with a single ? are doubtful; those with double ?? are very doubtful; those marked with a star are due to the Survey. In the column of Remarks the letters ‘Mem. II. 387; Sh. IV.’ refer to the Memoirs of the Survey of Palestine, with the Volume, Page, and Sheet of the Great Map. The letters Q. S., Quarterly Statement; O. T. S., Old Testament Sites; Grove’s B. I., Bible Index; Smith’s D. of B., Dictionary of the Bible; Jer. Vol., Jerusalem Volume.

New Testament Name.

References (New Testament and Josephus).

Modern

Identification.

No. of Sheet on ⅜-in. Map.

Remarks, References, and No. of Sheet on Large Map.

ABILENE

Luke iii. 1; 19 Ant. v. 1; 20 Ant. vii. 1; 2 Wars xii. 8

3

A district of which the capital was Abila in the Anti-Lebanon. (Smith’s D. of B.; Special Papers  , 112.)

ACELDAMA

(R.V. AKELDAMA  )

Acts i. 19

Hakk ed Dumm

14

The traditional site since the 4th century has been shown at Hakk ed Dumm, south of Zion. (Jer. Vol. 380; Smith’s D. of B.; Q. S.   271, 1881.)

ACHAIA

(In Rom. xvi. 5, the true reading is Asia, as in R.V.)

Acts xviii. 12; xix. 21; Rom. xv. 26; xvi. 5; 1 Cor. xvi. 15; 2 Cor. ii. 1; ix. 2; xi. 10; 1 Thess. i. 7, 8; 3 Wars i. 3

Greece

—

A Roman province, including the Peloponnesus and greater part of Hellas proper. (Smith’s D. of B.  )

ÆNON

John iii. 23

The springs in W. Fârʾah.*

The springs near Umm el ʾAmdân   (?)

10

The springs in Wâdy Fârʾah, between the villages of ʾAinûn and Salim, proposed by Captain Conder. (Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, 320.) Also the springs near Umm el ʾAmdân, 7½ miles below Beisân, by Col. Sir Charles Wilson. (Mem. II. 234; Sh. XII.; Q. S.   141, 1874; 32, 1875.)

AMPHIPOLIS

Acts xvii. 1

Jeni Keui

—

Three miles from the sea, on the river Strymon in Macedonia.

ANTIOCH

Acts vi. 5; xi. 19–27; xiii. 1; xiv. 26

ʾAntâkia

—

Capital of Northern Syria; site of first Christian Church.

ANTIOCH   OF PISIDIA

Acts xiii. 14; xiv. 19, 21; 2 Tim. iii. 11

Yalovatch

—

The ruins at Yalovatch. (Smith’s D. of B.  )

ANTIPATRIS

Acts xxiii. 31; 13 Ant. xv. 1; 16 Ant. v. 2; 1 Wars iv. 7; xxi. 9; 2 Wars xix. 1, 9; 4 Wars viii. 1

Kŭlʾat Râs el ʾAin

9

The distances given in various Itineraries fix this site at the large ruin of Râs el ʾAin. (Mem. II. 258–262; Sh. XIII.; Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, 307; Q. S.   184, 1874; 32, 1875; 47, 1881.)

APOLLONIA

Acts xvii. 1

Pollina

—

In Macedonia, 30 Roman miles from Amphipolis.

APPII FORUM

(R.V. MARKET OF APPIUS  )

Acts xxviii. 15

—

The ruins near Treponti on the Appian Way.

AREOPAGUS, or M  ARS HILL

Acts xvii. 19, 22

—

A rocky hill at Athens.

ARIMATHEA

Matt. xxvii. 57; Mark xv. 43; Luke xxiii. 51; John xix. 38

Not identified

—

The town of Joseph. (Q. S.   20, 1878.)

ARMAGEDDON

(R.V.

HARMAGEDON  )

Rev. xvi. 16

Not identified

10

The hill near Lejjûn, overlooking Esdraelon (Smith’s D. of B.) The hill overlooking Kh. el Mujeddʾa on the west, is suggested in Conder’s Primer of Bible Geography  , 127.

ASIA

Acts ii. 9; vi. 9; xvi. 6; xix. 10–31; xx. 4, 16, 18; xxi. 27; xxiv. 18; xxvii. 2; 1 Cor. xvi. 19; 2 Cor. i. 8; 2 Tim. i. 15; 1 Peter i. 1; Rev. i. 4, 11

—

‘Not “Asia,” nor “Asia Minor”; but a Roman province, of which Ephesus was capital.’ (Grove’s B. I.  )

ASSOS

Acts xx. 13, 14

Behram Keui

—

A seaport town in Mysia.

ATHENS

Acts xvii. 15, 16, 22; xviii. 1; 1 Thess. iii. 1; 14 Ant. viii. 5; xv. 5; 1 Wars xvi. 4

Athens

—

The capital of Greece.

ATTALIA

Acts xiv. 25

Adal

—

A coast town in Asia Minor. (Smith’s D. of B.  )

AZOTUS

Acts viii. 40; 5 Ant. i. 22; 4 Wars iii. 2

Esdûd

13

The Greek form of Ashdod. See O. T. S.; Q. S.   89, 1871; 157, 1875.

BABYLON

Matt. i. 11, 12, 17; Acts vii. 43; 1 Peter v. 13; Rev. xiv. 8; xvi. 19; xvii. 5; xviii. 2, 21.   Frequently mentioned in Josephus

—

See O. T. S.

BEREA

Acts xvii. 10, 13

Verria

—

Verria, in Roumelia.

BETHABARA

(R.V. BETHANY  )

John i. 28

Makht. ʾAbârah (?)*

or the traditional site near Jericho

10

Captain Conder suggests Makht. ʾAbârah, a ford in the Jordan, at the point where the road crosses over to Decapolis, a little north of Beth-shan. Sir Charles Wilson thinks the traditional site near Jericho likely to be correct. (See Mem. II. 89; Sh. IX.; Conder’s Handbook to the Bible, 320, and Primer of Bible Geography, 149; Q. S. 1875, 1877, 1878, 1881; Special Papers  , p. 131.)

BETHANY

Matt. xxi. 17; xxvi. 6; Mark xi. 1, 11, 12; xiv. 3; Luke xix. 29; xxiv. 50; John xi. 1, 18; xii. 1

el ʾAzerîyeh

14

A village on the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives. The modern name is el ʾAzerîyeh. (Mem. III. 27; Sh. XVII.; Q. S.   173, 1874.)

BETHESDA, THE POOL

(R.V. BETHSAIDA, or BETHZATHA   Margin)

John v. 2

Not identified

14

‘By the sheep gate a pool, having five porches.’ According to tradition of early part of 4th century it was north of the Temple. Captain Conder proposes the spring in the Kidron valley, called Gihon and En-rogel. (Handbook to the Bible, 334; Primer of Bible Geography, 157; Q. S. 1869, 1872; Recovery of Jerusalem  .)

BETHLEHEM

Matt. ii. 1, 5, 6, 8, 16; Luke ii. 4, 15; John vii. 42; 5 Ant. vii. 13; ix. 1, 2; 6 Ant. viii. 1, 2; xi. 7; 7 Ant. 1, 3; xii. 4; 8 Ant. ii. 3; x. 1

Beit Lahm

14

The present village Beit Lahm, south of Jerusalem. See O. T. S.; Q. S.   1874, 1881.

BETHPHAGE

Matt. xxi. 1; Mark xi. 1; Luke xix. 29

Kefr et Tôr   (??)

14

According to the Jerusalem Talmud (Menakhoth, 11–2) Bethphage marked the Sabbatical limit East of Jerusalem; this limit was called the Wall of Bethphage. ‘Kefr et Tôr,’ on the Mount of Olives, is about 2000 cubits from the east wall of Jerusalem, and is possibly Bethphage. (Q. S. 1874, 1878; Conder’s Handbook, 326, and Primer  , 156.)

BETHSAIDA

Matt. xi. 21; Mark vi. 45; viii. 22; Luke x. 13; ix. 10; John i. 44; xii. 21

et Tabghah (?)

el Mesadîyeh (?)

et Tell (?)

ed Dikkeh   (?)

6

The exact site of this place has not been discovered. Four ruined sites have been proposed, three east, one west of Jordan. For various remarks as to whether there were one or two Bethsaidas, see Conder’s Handbook, 322; and Primer, 153; Recovery of Jerusalem, Art. Sea of Galilee; Q. S.   1877, 1879, 1881.

BITHYNIA

Acts xvi. 7; 1 Peter i. 1; 14 Ant. xii. 2; 1 Wars xii. 4; 2 Wars xvi. 4; 6 Wars i. 8

—

A Roman province at north-west corner of Asia Minor.

CÆSAREA

Acts viii. 40; ix. 30; x. 1, 24; xi. 11; xii. 19; xviii. 22; xxi. 8, 16; xxiii. 23, 33; xxv. 1–4, 6, 13. Frequently mentioned in Josephus as Cesarea, Sebaste and Strato’s Tower

Kaisârieh

9

The extensive ruined town now called Kaisârieh on the coast north of Jaffa. (Mem. II. 13; Sh. VII.; Q. S.   1873, 1874; 147, 1884.) Referred to by Josephus as originally called Strato’s Tower.

CÆSAREA PHILIPPI

Matt. xvi. 13; Mark viii. 27. Jos. Life, 13; 18 Ant. ii. 1; 20 Ant. ix. 4; 2 Wars ix. 1; 3 Wars ix. 7; 7 Wars ii. 1; iii. 1

Banias

7

The present village Banias, at the Jordan Springs. (Q. S. 171, 1877; 1878. Recovery of Jerusalem, Mem.   I.; Sh. II.)

CALVARY

(R.V. T  HE SKULL)

Luke xxiii. 33

—

See Golgotha  .

CANA OF GALILEE

John ii. 1, 11; iv. 46; xxi. 2; Jos. Life, 16, 71; 13 Ant. xv. 1; 15 Ant. v. 1; 1 Wars iv. 7; xvii. 5

Kefr Kenna (?)

Kh. Kanah   (?)

6

Early Christian tradition places it at Kefr Kenna, on the road from Nazareth to Tiberias. The Crusaders, supposed Kh. Kanah, further north, to be the true site. General opinion seems to be in favour of Kefr Kenna. (Conder’s Primer, 150; Mem. I. 287; Sh. V.; 367, Sh. VI; Q. S.   67, 1878; 143, 1883.)

CANAAN and CHANAAN

Matt. xv. 22; Acts vii. 11; xiii. 19. Frequently mentioned in Josephus

Canaanite, Matt. x. 4 (of Luke vi. 15; Acts i. 13) is a different word, meaning ‘Zealot.’ See   R.V.

CAPERNAUM

Matt. iv. 13; viii. 5; xi. 23; xvii. 24; Mark i. 21; ii. 1; ix. 33; Luke iv. 23, 31; vii. 1; x. 15; John ii. 12; iv. 46; vi. 17, 24, 59; Jos. Life, 72; 3 Wars x. 8

Tell Hum, or

Kh. Minieh

6

Either ‘Tell Hum’ or ‘Kh. Minieh.’ The former is suggested by Sir Charles Wilson (Recovery of Jerusalem, 371–380). The latter by Captain Conder. In Josephus’ Capharnaum, 3 Wars 1, 8; Capharnome or Capernaum Life, sect. 72. For the various theories, see Recovery of Jerusalem; Mem. I. 369–417; Sh. VI.; Tent Work (Conder), 182–190; Q. S. 1877, 1885; Rob Roy on the Jordan (Macgregor), chap. 21; Land of Israel (Tristram), 428–434; Biblical Researches (Robinson), 348–360; Sinai & Palestine (Stanley); Land and the Book   (Thomson), 352–356.

CAPPADOCIA

Acts ii. 9; 1 Peter i. 1; 13 Ant. x. 4; 14 Ant. vi. 4; 16 Ant. ii. 2; x. 6; 17 Ant. xiii. 4; 1 Wars xxv. 1; xxvi. 4; xxviii. 1; 2 Wars xvi. 4; 4 Wars xi. 1; 7 Wars i. 3

—

A district in the east of Asia Minor.

CEDRON, T  HE BROOK

John xviii. 1; 8 Ant. i. 5; 9 Ant. vii. 3; 5 Wars ii. 3; iv. 2; vi. 1; vii. 3; xii. 2; 6 Wars iii. 2

Wâdy en Nâr

14

The Kidron Valley. See O. T. S.; Q. S.   1869, 1870.

CENCHREA

(R.V. CENCHREÆ  )

Acts xviii. 18; Rom. xvi. 1

Kikries

—

The modern village of Kikries, 9 miles from Corinth.

CHARRAN

(R.V. HARAN  )

Acts vii. 2, 4

Harrân

—

For Haran, see O. T. S.

CHIOS

Acts xx. 15

Scio

—

The island of Scio, off west coast of Asia Minor.

CHORAZIN

Matt. xi. 21; Luke x. 13

Kh. Kerâzeh

6

The ruins called ‘Kh. Kerâzeh,’ some 2½ miles north of Tell Hum. (Mem. I. 365–368, Sh. VI.; Conder’s Primer, 152; Recovery of Jerusalem; Q. S.   134, 1879.)

CILICIA

Acts vi. 9; xv. 23, 41; xxi. 39; xxii. 1; xxiii. 34; xxvii. 5; Gal. i. 21; 9 Ant. x. 2, etc.; 1 Wars vii. 7, etc.

—

A maritime province on south-east coast of Asia Minor, the native country of St. Paul. (Grove’s B. I.  )

CLAUDA

Acts xxvii. 16

Gozzo

—

Now the island Gozzo, at the south-west end of Crete.

CNIDUS

Acts xxvii. 7

—

A town at the extreme south-west end of Asia Minor, in Caria, on Cape Crio. (Grove’s B. I.  )

COLOSSE

Col. i. 2

—

In Phrygia, on the river Lycus.

CORINTH

Acts xviii. 1; xix. 1; 1 Cor. i. 2; 2 Cor. i. 1–23; 2 Tim. iv. 20

Corinth, now Gortho

—

On the isthmus between Peloponnesus and the mainland of Greece.

COOS

(R.V. COS  )

Acts xxi. 1

Stanchio

—

An island north-west of Rhodes.

CRETE

Acts xxvii. 7, 12, 13, 21; Tit. i. 5; Jos. Life, 76; 13 Ant. iv. 39; 17 Ant. xii. 2; 2 Wars vii. 1

Candia

—

The large island to the south of the Grecian Archipelago. (Grove’s B. I.  )

CYPRUS

Acts iv. 36; xi. 19, 20; xiii. 4; xv. 39; xxi. 3; 16; xxvii. 4; 1 Ant. vi. 1; 13 Ant. x. 4; xii. 2, 3; 16 Ant. iv. 5; 20 Ant. ii. 5; 2 Wars vii. 2

Cyprus

—

See O. T. S.

CYRENE

Matt. xxvii. 32; Mark xv. 21; Luke xxiii. 26; Acts ii. 10; vi. 9; xi. 20; xiii. 1; Jos. Life, 3, 76; 14 Ant. vii. 2; 16 Ant. vi. 1, 5; 7 Wars xi. 1

el Krenna

—

The chief town of the district, now Tripoli, lying between Carthage and Egypt. (Grove’s B. I.  )

DALMANUTHA

Mark viii. 10

Not identified

—

See Conder’s Handbook  , 322.

DALMATIA

2 Tim. iv. 10; 2 Wars xvi. 4

A district in Illyricum, east of the Adriatic Sea. (Grove’s B. I.  )

DAMASCUS

Acts ix. 2–27; xxii. 5–11; xxvi. 12, 20; 2 Cor. xi. 32; Gal. i. 17; Jos. Life, 6, etc., etc.

Dimeshk esh Sham

4

The ancient city now called Dimeshk esh Sham. One of the cities included in the Decapolis. See O. T. S.

DECAPOLIS

Matt. iv. 25; Mark v. 20; vii. 31; Jos. Life, 65, 74; 3 Wars ix. 7

7

The name applied to a confederation of ten cities which lay to the south-east of the Sea of Galilee, viz., Scythopolis, Hippos, Gadara, Philadelphia, Pella, Gerasa, Dion, Canatha, Damascus, Raphana. All except the first are on the east of the Jordan. (Conder’s Handbook, 36; Primer  , 146.)

DERBE

Acts xiv. 6, 20; xvi. 1; xx. 4

Ambarrarasi

—

Ambarrarasi, west of Eregli, in Asia Minor.

EMMAUS

Luke xxiv. 13

Kh. el Khamaseh (?)*

Kulonieh (?)

el Kubeibeh (?)

Urtas   (?)

—

The village of Emmaus (Luke xxiv. 13) was, according to A.V., 60 furlongs from Jerusalem, and according to the Sinaitic 160. Kh. el Khamaseh, 8 miles south-west of Jerusalem, proposed by Captain Conder. (Handbook and Mem. III. 36; Sh. XVII.; Q. S. 172, 1876; 105, 1879; 46, 237, 1881.) Kulonieh, 4½ miles west of Jerusalem. (Grove’s B. I.) el Kubeibeh, 7½ miles north-west of Jerusalem, was recognised by the Crusaders. (Mem. III. 131; Sh. XVII.) Urtas, 7 miles south of Jerusalem, proposed by Mrs. Finn. (Q. S. 53, 1883; 243, 1884. See   also 1885, 1886.)

EGYPT

Matt. ii. 13–19, etc., etc.

See O. T. S.

EPHRAIM, or APHARAIM

John xi. 54

Taiyibeh   (?)

14

See Conder’s Handbook, O. T. S. and Q. S.   1872, 1877, and 1881.

EPHESUS

Acts xviii. 19, 21, 24; xix. 1, 17, 26, 35; xx. 16, 17; 1 Cor. xv. 32; xvi. 8; Ephes. i. 1; 1 Tim. i. 3; 2 Tim. i. 18; iv. 12; Rev. i. 11; ii. 1; 14 Ant. x. 3, 16; xii. 2, 3, 4; 16 Ant. ii. 2; vi. 7

Ephesus

—

A city of Ionia in Asia Minor, near Smyrna. The seat of one of the seven Churches of Asia. See Smith’s D. of B. and Baedeker’s Handbook  .

ETHIOPIA

Acts viii. 27

—

See O. T. S.

FAIR HAVENS, T  HE

Acts xxvii. 8

—

On the south side of Crete, 4 or 5 miles east of Cape Matala. (Grove’s B. I.  )

GABBATHA

John xix. 13

Not identified

—

The ‘pavement’ in Jerusalem. Believed to have been in the citadel of Antonia.

GALATIA

Acts xvi. 6; xviii. 23; 1 Cor. xvi. 1; Gal. i. 2; 2 Tim. iv. 10; 1 Peter i. 1

—

A province of Asia Minor.

GALILEE, UPPER GALILEE, L  OWER

Matt. ii. 22; iii. 13; iv. 12, 15, 23, 25; xvii. 22; xix. 1; xxi. 11; xxvi. 32; xxvii. 55; xxviii. 7, 10, 16; Mark i. 9, 14, 28, 39; iii. 7; vi. 21; ix. 30; xiv. 28; xv. 41; xvi. 7; Luke i. 26; ii. 39; iii. 1;   iv. 14, 31, 44; v. 17; viii. 26; xvii. 11; xxiii. 5, 6, 49, 55; xxiv. 6; John i. 43; ii. 11; iv. 3, 43, 45, 47; vii. 1, 9, 41, 52; xii. 21; xxi. 2; Acts i. 11; v. 37; ix. 31; x. 37. Very frequently mentioned in Josephus

—

See O. T. S.

GALILEE, S  EA OF

Matt. iv. 18; xv. 29; Mark i. 16; vii. 31; John vi. 1

Bahr Tŭbarîya

—

See Recovery of Jerusalem, Conder’s Handbook, 215; Tent Work, 36; Q. S.   1877, 1878, 1879, and 1881.

GAZA

Acts viii. 26; 1 Ant. vi. 2; 5 Ant. i. 22; ii. 4; viii. 10; 6 Ant. i. 2; 7 Ant. iv. 1; 9 Ant. xiii. 3; 11 Ant. viii. 3, 4; 13 Ant. v. 5; xii. 2, 4; xiii. 1, 2, 3; xv. 4; 14 Ant. iv. 4; v. 3; 15 Ant. vii. 3, 9; 17 Ant. xi. 4; 1 Wars iv. 2; vii. 7; xx. 3; 2 Wars vi. 3; xviii. 1; 4 Wars xi. 5

Ghŭzzeh

13

See O. T. S. and Q. S. 1869–1875, 1878. (Mem.   III. 248; Sh. XIX.)

GENNESARET, L  AKE OF

Luke v. 1; 5 Ant. i. 22; 13 Ant. v. 7; 3 Wars x. 1, 7, 8

Bahr Tŭbarîya

6

Another name for the Sea of Galilee. In the Old Testament Chinnereth, and in Josephus Lake of Genesareth.

GENNESARET, L  AND OF

Matt. xiv. 34; Mark vi. 53

el Ghuweir

6

The plain of ‘el Ghuweir,’ north of Magdala, on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Extent 3 miles long by 1¼ mile broad.

GERGESENES, or GERASENES C  ITY OF

Matt. viii. 28; Mark v. 1; Luke viii. 26 and 37

Kersa, or Khersa   (?)

6

Possibly the present ruin Kersa, on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. In Matt. viii. 28 Gergesenes; Mark v. 1, Luke viii. 26 and 37 Gadarenes (A.V.) In Matt. viii. 28 Gadarenes; Mark v. 1, Luke viii. 26 and 37 Gerasenes (R.V.) Recovery of Jerusalem, Schumacher’s Jaulan, 1888. Conder’s Handbook  .

GETHSEMANE

Matt. xxvi. 36; Mark xiv. 32

14

Probably at or near the enclosed olive garden, still so called, in the Valley of Jehoshaphat.

GOLGOTHA

Matt. xxvii. 33; Mark xv. 22; John xix. 17

14

The knoll outside of the Damascus Gate proposed by Captain Conder, has lately received many supporters. Luke xiii. 33 Calvary (A.V.), The Skull (R.V.). See Recovery of Jerusalem. Conder’s Primer, 160; Q. S.   198, 1879; 109, 1880; 69, 148, 1883; 78, 1885.

GOMORRHA

(R.V. GOMORRAH  )

Matt. x. 15; Mark vi. 11; Rom. ix. 29; Jude 7; 2 Pet. ii. 6

Not identified

—

The Gomorrah of the Old Testament. (See O. T. S. and Memoirs of Eastern Survey  .) The name is omitted in Mark vi. 11 in the R.V.

GREECE

Acts xx. 2

HIERAPOLIS

Col. iv. 13

Pambûk Kalessi

—

Now called Pambûk Kalessi. (Grove’s B. I.  )

ICONIUM

Acts xiii. 51; xiv. 1, 19, 21; xvi. 2; 2 Tim. iii. 11

Konieh

—

Now the modern Konieh. (Grove’s B. I.  )

IDUMÆA

Mark iii. 8; 4 Wars iv. 1–7, etc.

14 21

The Greek form of Edom. See O. T. S.

ILLYRICUM

Rom. xv. 19

—

A district on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. (Grove’s B. I.  )

ITALY

Acts xviii. 2; xxvii. 1, 6; Heb. xiii. 24

—

ITURÆA

Luke iii. 1; 13 Ant. xi. 3

Jedûr

7

The present district of Jedûr, extending from Hermon towards the Lejah. (Conder’s Handbook, 316; Recovery of Jerusalem  , 416.)

JACOB’S WELL

John iv. 6

Bîr Yʾakûb

10

At the foot of Gerizim, where the Vale of Shechem joins the plain of Moreh, is Jacob’s Well, 70 feet deep, and at times containing water. There is a vault over it now, and remains of an ancient church. For plans and sketches and detailed accounts see Recovery of Jerusalem. (Mem. II. 172; Sh. XI.; Q. S.   71, 1873; 72, 1877; 9, 1878; 87, 1879; 195, 1881.)

JERICHO

Matt. xx. 29; Mark x. 46; Luke x. 30; xviii. 35; xix. 1; Heb. xi. 30. Frequently mentioned by Josephus

Eriha

14

Jericho. See O. T. S.; Q. S.   1869, 1870, 1874.

JERUSALEM

Very frequently mentioned

el Kuds

—

Memoirs, Jer. Vol.; Recovery of Jerusalem  , etc.

JOPPA

Acts ix. 36–43; x. 5, 8, 23, 32; xi. 13

Yâfa

9

The Japho of Joshua, xix. 46. See O. T. S.

JORDAN

Matt. iii. 5, 6, 13; iv. 15, 25; xix. 1; Mark i. 5, 9; iii. 8; x. 1; Luke iii. 3; iv. 1; John i. 28; iii. 26; x. 40

esh Sheriʾah

—

See O. T. S.

JUDAH, or JUDEA

Matt. ii. 1, 5, 22, etc., etc.

—

See O. T. S.

LAODICEA

Col. iv. 13, 15; Rev. i. 11; iii. 14; 1 Wars xi. 7

near Denislu

—

In Asia Minor. Was the seat of one of the seven Churches of Asia.

LASEA

Acts xxvii. 8

Lasea

—

A ruin of that name in Crete. (Grove’s B. I.  )

LIBYA

Acts ii. 10; 1 Ant. vi. 2; 10 Ant. x. 1; 12 Ant. x. 5; 14 Ant. i. 4; 16 Ant. vi. 1; 2 Wars xvi. 4; xviii. 8; 3 Wars v. 7; 4 Wars x. 5; 7 Wars xi. 1

—

The part of Africa west of the Delta. Mentioned by Josephus under the form of Libya, Libyia, Libyan Pentapolis. See O. T. S.

LYCAONIA

Acts xiv. 6, 11

—

A district of Asia Minor.

LYCIA

Acts xxvii. 5

—

A district in Asia Minor, opposite Rhodes.

LYDDA

Acts ix. 32, 35, 38; 14 Ant. xi. 2; xv. 3; 20 Ant. vi. 2; 1 Wars xv. 6; 2 Wars xii. 6; xix. 1; xx. 4; 3 Wars iii. 5; 4 Wars viii. 1

Ludd

9

The ancient ‘Lod.’ See O. T. S.

LYSTRA

Acts xiv. 6, 8, 21; xvi. 1, 2; 2 Tim. iii. 11

Khatûn Serai

—

Khatûn Serai, east of Konieh.

MACEDONIA

Acts xvi. 9, 10, 12; xviii. 5; xix. 21, 22, 29; xx. 1, 3; Rom. xv. 26; 1 Cor. xvi. 5; 2 Cor. i. 16; ii. 13; vii. 5; viii. 1; ix. 2, 4; xi. 9; Philip iv. 15; 1 Thess. i. 7, 8; iv. 10; 1 Tim. i. 3; 12 Ant. i.; 14 Ant. xii. 3

Macedonia

—

The country to the north of Greece. In the Apocrypha Chittim. See O. T. S.  , under head Chittim.

MADIAN

Acts vii. 29

—

The Greek form of Midian. See O. T. S.

MAGDALA

(R.V. MAGADAN  )

Matt. xv. 39

Mejdel   (?)

6

The present village Mejdel, north of Tiberias. (Mem. I. 365, 369; Sh. VI.; Q. S. 121, 1877.) Magadan might (if correct) represent Megiddo. See O. T. S.

MELITA

Acts xxviii. 1

Malta

—

The island on which St. Paul was wrecked.

MESOPOTAMIA

Acts ii. 9; vii. 2 (frequently mentioned in Josephus)

—

Country between the Euphrates and Tigris. See O. T. S.

MILETUS

Acts xx. 15, 17; 2 Tim. iv. 20

—

A city of Asia Minor, south of Ephesus. (Grove’s B. I.  )

MITYLENE

Acts xx. 14; 15 Ant. x. 2; 16 Ant. ii. 2

Castro

—

The chief town of Lesbos. (Grove’s B. I.  )

MYRA

Acts xxvii. 5

Dembra

—

A city of Lycia.

MYSIA

Acts xvi. 7, 8; 1 Wars xxi. 11; 4 Wars x. 6; 7 Wars iv. 3; v. 3

—

A district in the north-west of Asia Minor.

NAIN

Luke vii. 11

Nein

10

The village Nein, west of Endor. (Mem. II. 86; Sh. IX; Q. S.   115, 1878.)

NAZARETH

Matt. ii. 23; iv. 13; xxi. 11; Mark i. 9; Luke i. 26; ii. 4, 39, 51; iv. 16, 34; xviii. 37; John i. 45, 46

en Nâsirah

6

The town en Nâsirah, in Lower Galilee. For various descriptions, see Mem. I. 275–279; Sh. V; Tent Work, 57; Primer, 147 (Conder); Q. S. 1869, 1870, 1873, and Dean Stanley’s Sinai and Palestine  , 365.

NEAPOLIS

Acts xvi. 11

Kavalla

—

See Philippi  .

NICOPOLIS

Titus iii. 12

—

Thought to be Paleoprevêsa, west of the Bay of Actium. (Grove’s B. I.  )

NINEVEH

Matt. xii. 41

—

On the left bank of the Tigris, opposite Mosul. See O. T. S.

OLIVES, MOUNT OF

OLIVET, T  HE MOUNT CALLED

Matt. xxi. 1; xxiv. 3; xxvi. 30; Mark xi. 1; xiii. 3; xiv. 26; Luke xix. 29, 37; xxi. 37; xxii. 39; John viii. 1; Acts i. 12; 7 Ant. ix. 2; 20 Ant. viii. 6; 2 Wars xiii. 5; 5 Wars ii. 3; iii. 5; xii. 2; 6 Wars ii. 8

Jebel et Tôr

14

The hill called Jebel et Tôr on the east of Jerusalem. See O. T. S.   ‘Five furlongs from the city’ (20 Ant. viii. 6); ‘six furlongs from Jerusalem, on the eastern side of the Cedron Valley’ (5 Wars ii. 3).

PAMPHYLIA

Acts ii. 10; xiii. 13; xiv. 24; xv. 38; xxvii. 5; 11 Ant. viii. 1; 14 Ant. xiv. 3; 1 Wars xiv. 3; 2 Wars xiv. 4

—

A district on the south coast of Asia Minor between Lycia and Cilicia. (Grove’s B. I.  )

PAPHOS

Acts xiii. 6

Bafo

—

A town at the south-west end of Cyprus.

PATMOS

Rev. i. 9

Patmo

—

In the Ægean, near Samos. Now Patmo. (Grove’s B. I.  )

PERGA

Acts xiii. 13; xiv. 25

Eski-Kalesi

—

A city of Pamphylia, now called Eski-Kalesi, situate on the river Cestus.

PERGAMOS

(R.V. PERGAMUM  )

Rev. i. 11; ii. 12; 1 Wars ix. 3; xxi. 11

Bergama

—

Now Bergama. The seat of one of the seven Churches of Asia.

PHENICE

Acts xi. 19; xv. 3

See the next.

PHENICIA

(R.V. PHŒNICIA  )

Acts xxi. 2. Frequently mentioned in Josephus

—

The maritime portion of country containing Tyre and Sidon. The limits are variously stated by ancient writers.

PHILADELPHIA

Rev. i. 11; iii. 7

Alla Shehr

—

A city on the confines of Lydia and Phrygia. Now called Alla Shehr. Was the seat of one of the seven Churches of Asia. (Grove’s B. I.  )

PHILIPPI

Acts xvi. 12; xx. 6; 1 Thess. ii. 2

Near Bereketli

—

A city of Macedonia, its seaport Neapolis is now called Kavalla. (Grove’s B. I.  )

PHRYGIA

Acts ii. 10; xvi. 6; xviii. 23; Ant. iii. 4; 16 Ant. ii. 2; 4 Wars xi. 1

—

In west central Asia Minor.

PISIDIA

Acts xiii. 14; xiv. 24; 13 Ant. xiii. 5

—

In Asia Minor, north of Pamphylia. (Grove’s B. I.  )

POTTER’S FIELD, THE

Matt. xxvii. 7

—

The traditional site is at Aceldama  , which see.

PRÆTORIUM

(R.V. THE PALACE  )

Matt. xxvii. 27; Mark xv. 16; John xviii. 28, 33; xix. 9; Acts xxiii. 35; Philip i. 13

—

The head-quarters of the Roman Governor at Jerusalem. The Common Hall, or Hall of Judgment.

PTOLEMAIS

Acts xxi. 7; Jos. Life 22, 24, 43, 65, 74, etc., etc.

Akka

6

The modern town of Akka. The Accho of Judges i. 31 and the Talmud. See O. T. S.

PUTEOLI

Acts xxviii. 13; Jos. Life 3; 18 Ant. vi. 4

Pozzuoli

—

On the west coast of Italy, near Naples.

RAMA

(R.V. RAMAH  )

Matt. ii. 18

Not identified

—

See Ramah (1) of Benjamin, O. T. S.

RHEGIUM

Acts xxviii. 13

Reggio

—

Reggio, at the southern entrance of the straits of Messina.

RHODES

Acts xxi. 1; 14 Ant. xiv. 3; 16 Ant. ii. 2, v. 3; 1 Wars xiv. 3; xx. 1; xxi. 11; 7 Wars ii. 1

Island of Rhodes

—

The Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. (Smith’s D. of B.  )

ROME

Acts ii. 10; xviii. 2; xix. 21; xxiii. 11; xxviii. 14, 16; Rom. i. 7, 15; 2 Tim. i. 17; Life Chap. 3, 76, etc., etc.

Rome

—

(Smith’s D. of B.  )

SALAMIS

Acts xiii. 5

—

A town on the coast of Famagusta Bay, Cyprus.

SALEM

Heb. vii. 1, 2

See O. T. S.

SALIM

John iii. 23

Sâlim

10

The present village, Sâlim, east of Shechem, and probably the Caphar Shalem of the Talmud. (Mem. II. 230; Sh. XII.; Conder’s Handbook, 320; Q. S.   32, 1875; 72, 1876.)

SALMONE

Acts xxvii. 7

Salmone

—

The eastern point of the island of Crete. (Grove’s B. I.  )

SAMARIA

Luke xvii. 11; John iv. 4–9; Acts i. 8; viii. 1, 5, 9, 14; ix. 31; xv. 3. Frequently mentioned in Josephus

Sebŭstieh

10

The Samaria of the Old Testament. See O. T. S.; Q. S.   1871, 1872, 1876, 1877.

SAMOS

Acts xx. 15; 16 Ant. ii. 2, 4

Samos

—

See O. T. S.

SAMOTHRACIA

(R.V.

SAMOTHRACE  )

Acts xvi. 11

Samothraki

—

An island in the north part of the Ægean Sea. (Grove’s B. I.  )

SARDIS

Rev. i. 11; iii. 1, 4

Sert-Kalessi

—

Now Sert-Kalessi, between Smyrna and Philadelphia. Was the seat of one of the seven Churches of Asia. (Grove’s B. I.  )

SAREPTA

(R.V. ZAREPHATH  )

Luke iv. 26

Surafend

2

The ruined town Sarafend. South of Sidon. See O. T. S.

SARON

(R.V. SHARON  )

Acts ix. 35

es Sahel

9, 10

The great plain extending from Lydda and Joppa on the south to Mount Carmel on the north. See O. T. S. Q. S.   13, 1874; 127, 1876; 46, 51, 1878.

SELEUCIA

Acts xiii. 4

es Suweidiyeh

—

The seaport town of Antioch. The Seleucia of the Maccabees. See Chesney’s Euphrates Expedition, and Baedeker’s Handbook  , for accounts of the ruins.

SHEPHERD’S FIELD

Luke ii.

Keniset er Rʾawât

14

Below Bethlehem. (Mem.   III.; Sh. XVII.)

SHEEP-MARKET

John v. 2

14

At Jerusalem.

SIDON

Matt. xi. 21, 22; xv. 21; Mark iii. 8; vii. 24, 31; Luke iv. 26; vi. 17; x. 13, 14; Acts xii. 20.

Frequently mentioned by Josephus

Saida

2

The present town Saida, on the Mediterranean coast. See O. T. S.

SILOAM

Luke xiii. 4

Silwân

14

The village Silwân, south-east of Jerusalem. (Q. S.   141, 1874.)

SILOAM, P  OOL OF

John ix. 7, 11; 2 Wars xvi. 2; 5 Wars iv. 1–2; vi. 1; ix. 4; xii. 2; 6 Wars vii. 2

Birket Silwân

14

One of the pools south of Jerusalem. In the Old Testament Siloah. See O. T. S. Q. S. 1869–70, 1872, 1878–1887. Memoirs, Jer. Vol.

SILOAM, T  OWER IN

Luke xiii. 4

—

See Siloam  .

SINA, MOUNT SINAI

Acts vii. 30, 38; Gal. iv. 24, 25; 2 Ant. xiii. 3; xiv. 3; 3 Ant. v. 7, 8; viii. 10; xii. 3; xiii. 8; 4 Ant. iii. 2; 8 Ant. xiii. 7

Jebel Mûsa

—

See O. T. S.

SION

Matt. xxi. 5; John xii. 15

—

SION, M  OUNT

Heb. xii. 22; 1 Peter ii. 6; Rev. xiv. 1

—

See O. T. S.

SMYRNA

Rev. i. 11; ii. 8

Smyrna

—

Smyrna, on the coast of Asia Minor. Was the seat of one of the seven Churches of Asia.

SODOM

Matt. x. 15; xi. 23, 24; Mark vi. 11; Luke x. 12; xvii. 29; Rom. ix. 29; 2 Peter ii. 6; Jude 7; Rev. xi. 8; 1 Ant. viii. 3; ix. 1; xi. 2; 4 Wars viii. 2, 4

Not identified

—

‘On the borders of Lake Asphaltitis’ (4 Wars viii. 2). (Omitted in Mark vi. 11 of the R.V.) See O. T. S.

SOLOMON’S PORCH

John x. 23; Acts iii. 11; v. 12

—

One of the cloisters of the Jerusalem Temple.

SPAIN

Rom. xv. 24, 28; 2 Wars ix. 6; xvi. 4

—

SYCHAR

John iv. 5

ʾAskar

10

A little village on the east slope of Ebal and north of Jacob’s Well. (Mem. II. 168; Sh. XI.; Q. S.   149, 1877; 114, 1878; 93, 1879; 47, 1881.)

SYCHEM

(R.V. SHECHEM  )

Acts vii. 16. Frequently mentioned in Josephus

Nâblus

10

The Greek form of Shechem. The Shechem of Gen. xii. 6, etc. See O. T. S.; Q. S.   126, 192, 1876; 149, 1877; 88, 90, 93, 1879.

SYRACUSE

Acts xxviii. 12

—

The celebrated city on the eastern coast of Sicily.

SYRIA

Luke ii. 2; Acts xv. 23, 41; xviii. 18; xx. 3; xxi. 3; Gal. i. 21. Frequently mentioned in Josephus

—

See O. T. S.

TARSUS

Acts ix. 11, 30; xi. 25; xxi. 39; xxii. 3; 1 Ant. vi. 1; 9 Ant. x. 2; 7 Wars vii. 3

Tersûs

—

Chief city of Cilicia. The birth-place of St. Paul. See O. T. S.

TAVERNS, T  HE THREE

Acts xxviii. 15

—

A station on the Appian Way, along which St. Paul travelled from Puteoli to Rome.

THESSALONICA

Acts xvii. 1, 11, 13; xxvii. 2; Phil. iv. 16; 2 Tim. iv. 10

Salonika

—

Now Salonika, on the coast of Macedonia.

THYATIRA

Acts xvi. 14; Rev. i. 11; ii. 18, 24

Akhissar

—

Akhissar, north-west of Sardis.

TIBERIAS

John vi. 23. Frequently mentioned in Josephus

Tŭbarîya

6

One of the three greatest cities in Galilee (Jos. Life, 25). (Mem. I. 371 and 418; Sh. IV.; Recovery of Jerusalem; Q. S.   99, 1869–70; 74, 1872; 121, 1877; 141, 1879; 85, 1887.)

TIBERIAS, S  EA OF

John vi. 1; xxi. 1; 3 Wars iii. 5; 4 Wars viii. 2

Bahr Tŭbarîya

6

Sea of Galilee.

TRACHONITIS

Luke iii. 1; Life, chap. 23, 73; 1 Ant. vi. 4; 13 Ant. xvi. 5, etc., etc.

el Lejah

7

A Greek name meaning rugged. The Argob of the Old Testament. See O. T. S.; Conder’s Handbook, 315; Recovery of Jerusalem  .

TROAS

Acts xvi. 8, 11; xx. 5, 6; 2 Cor. ii. 12; 2 Tim. iv. 13

Eski Stambûl

—

Now called Eski Stambûl.

TROGYLLIUM   (Omitted in R.V.)

Acts xx. 15

—

South of Ephesus, on the end of the ridge of Mycae.

TYRE

Matt. xi. 21, 22; xv. 21; Mark iii. 8; vii. 24, 31; Luke vi. 17; x. 13, 14; Acts xii. 20; xxi. 3, 7; Jos. Life, 66, 74, etc., etc.

es Sûr

6

The town ‘es Sûr,’ on the east coast. See O. T. S. and Q. S.   1877, 1878, 1880, 1881.

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Transcriber's Notes

1. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

2. Variable or uncertain hyphenations and casing of placenames have been brought into line with usage in the Authorised Version of the Bible.

3. Spellings of names have been changed as follows, again in accordance with the Authorised Version of the Bible where applicable:

In the Old Testament section:

- 3.1 Page 9, entry ALMON DIBLATHAIM, column 3: 'Deleyât' has been changed to 'Deleiyât'.

- 3.2 Page 40, entry CADES, column 5; 'see Kadesh Naphtali (2)' has been changed to 'see Kedesh Naphtali (3)'.

- 3.3 Page 42, entry CHARASHIM, column 1: GE-HA-HARASHIM has been changed to GE-HARASHIM.

- 3.4 Page 48, entry DAN, column 5: 'Bene-berak' has been changed to 'Beneberak'.

- 3.5 Page 55, entry ELEALEH, column 1: 'ELEALAH' has been changed to 'ELEALEH'.

- 3.6 Page 79, entries HAMMOTH-DOR and HAMON-GOG, column 1: HAMOTH-DOR has been changed to HAMMOTH-DOR; HAMMON-GOG has been changed to HAMON-GOG; and the order of the two entries has been interchanged.

- 3.7 Page 79, entry HANES, column 3: 'Defanneh' has been changed to 'Defenneh'.

- 3.8 Page 97, entry JAZER, column 5: 'Jogbebah' has been changed to 'Jogbehah'.

- 3.9 Page 101, entry JIPHTHAH-EL, column 1: JIPTHAH-EL has been changed to JIPHTHAH-EL.

- 3.10 Page 128, entry MIGDAL-EL, column 5: 'Vandevelde' has been changed to 'Van de Velde'.

- 3.11 Page 136, entry NEIEL, column 5: 'Jipthah-el' has been changed to 'Jiphthah-el'.

- 3.12 Page 142, entry PEOR, column 5: 'Baal-peor' has been changed to 'Beth-peor'.

- 3.13 Page 165, entry SHOPHAN, column 1: ATROTH-SHOPHAM has been changed to ATROTH-SHOPHAN.

- 3.14 Page 165, entry SHITTIM, column 3: 'Seisabân' has been changed to 'Seisebân'.

In the New Testament section:

- 3.15 Page 4, entry BETHESDA, column 5: 'sheepgate' has been changed to 'sheep gate'.

- 3.16 Page 9, entry DAMASCUS, columns 3 and 5: 'Dimesk' has been changed to 'Dimeshk'.

- 3.17 Page 12, entry GENNESARET, column 5: 'Gennesareth' has been changed to 'Genesareth'.

4. The name 'Beersheba' or 'Beer-sheba' has been hyphenated when referring to the Bible text, unhyphenated when used for location.

5. Other than changes noted above, inconsistencies in spelling and use of diacritical marks have been retained as printed.

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Table of Contents

NAMES AND PLACES IN THE Old and New Testament and Apocrypha, WITH THEIR MODERN IDENTIFICATIONS.

PREFACE.

OLD TESTAMENT SITES

NEW TESTAMENT SITES.

Transcriber's Notes

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