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Title: Body-build and its inheritance

Author: Charles Benedict Davenport

Release date: March 4, 2026 [eBook #78107]

Language: English

Original publication: Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1923

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE ***

BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE

BY

CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT

DIRECTOR OF DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

WASHINGTON, DECEMBER 1923

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

PUBLICATION NO. 329

PAPER NO. 35 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS

JUDD & DETWEILER

WASHINGTON

PREFACE.

This study of the hereditary factors of body-build is an outgrowth of the author’s activities in the office of the Surgeon-General of the Army during the World War, where he was in charge of anthropology. In the examination of thousands of young men the extraordinary diversity of build was a striking fact. The question of its genetic basis arose and the desire was stimulated to find out if those physiologists are correct who account for variations from average build solely on the ground of special conditions of food intake and activity, and generally disregard the possibility that factors of heredity are involved. It was anticipated that the study would be a minor one. But, on account of the wealth of family data at the Eugenics Record Office, the task assumed unexpectedly large proportions. Much correspondence had to be undertaken to secure confirmation or correction of the records, and the period of analysis of the materials grew from months into years, while the manuscript of the text and tables accumulated.

Though it has added much to the bulk of the volume, it has seemed desirable to print full details about the more critical cases. Geographical location, race, occupation, and diseases have been generally given because they all bear upon build. The height and weight are of course given, and these are usually in English measurements, since they were first reported in that system. They are given in brief form thus: “120/63 inches”; which means that the subject weighed 120 pounds (usually including clothing) and was 63 inches tall (without shoes). The word “inches” is added as an indicator of the system of measurement employed. In other cases English measures, or indices based on them, are placed in parenthesis in accordance with scientific custom. Net relative chest-girths, where given, are based on measurements taken just below the axilla, are reduced to “on skin” measurements by subtracting 3 centimeters for summer clothing and 6 centimeters for indoor winter clothing, and are divided by net stature.

To this book many persons have contributed. Hundreds have furnished data on the Records of Family Traits. Dr. Bret Ratner kindly responded to my request by having daily measurements made on 11 infants during the first 10 days of life. The photographs of men of standard build were contributed by Dr. George L. Meylan; the photographs of boys on plate 3 were obtained for me by Dr. William Burdick, of the Playground Association of Baltimore. Through the kindness of Mr. Carle O. Warren, of the Marquand School, Brooklyn, the photographs of boys of various ages shown on plates 4 to 6 were secured. Dr. Harvey G. Beck and Dr. L. F. Barker gave permission for the republication from Barker’s “Endocrinology and Metabolism” of the photographs at the bottom of plate 8. The families who have, on request, furnished special data are too numerous to mention. To all of the foregoing I desire to express sincerest thanks.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

P AGE

P REFACE

iii

P ART I. Build, its definition and its ontogeny

3

A. General considerations

3

Types of variation in build

4

The measurement of build

4

Ontogenetic

4

Adult

5

Sexual differences in build

5

Racial differences in build

7

Geographical differences in build

7

B. The ontogeny of build

8

Materials and methods

8

The ontogenetic curve of build

11

Later ontogenetic changes in individual build

16

Relation of juvenile to adult build

19

P ART II. Mass studies in heredity of adult build

22

Methods and materials

23

The adult index of build

24

Classification of build

26

Significance of variations in build

28

Diseases in relation to build

29

Mass study of variation and heredity in build

36

Regression of progeny toward mediocrity

37

Hypothesis

40

Mate selection in build

44

The basal tables

46

P ART III. Family studies in heredity of build

51

A. Statement of problem

51

B. Discussion of special matings

51

C LASS I. Both parents slender

51

Mating 1. One parent is very slender of slender stock; the other slender

51

Mating 2. Both parents are slender, of slender stock

53

Mating 3. Other slender × very slender matings

54

Mating 4. Other slender × slender matings

56

Summary of slender × slender matings

68

C LASS II. Both parents fleshy

69

Mating 1. One parent is very fleshy, the other fleshy of fleshy stock

69

Mating 2. Both parents fleshy of fleshy stock

77

Mating 3. Other very fleshy × very fleshy matings

80

Summary

85

C LASS III. Mating of slender with fleshy stock. The F₁ generation

86

Mating 1. One parent slender, of slender stock, the other fleshy of fleshy stock

86

Mating 2. Other slender × fleshy matings

93

Mating 3. Very slender × very fleshy

97

Mating 4. Slender × very fleshy matings

98

Summary

105

C LASS IV. Matings of probably heterozygous parents. The F₂ generation

107

Mating 1. Both parents either medium or fleshy, and probably carrying gametes for slenderness as well as fleshiness

107

Mating 2. Other medium × medium matings

118

Summary and discussion

119

C LASS V. The back cross

119

Mating 1. Heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender

119

Mating 2. Fleshy × heterozygous fleshy parents

132

Summary and discussion

140

C. General discussion

141

Heredity and environment in build

141

Endocrine glands as links between chromosomes and somatic qualities

145

Evidence of segregation in the heredity of build

146

On the number of factors involved in fleshy build

149

D. Summary of conclusions

152

Appendix

155

Literature cited

175

Plates

177

BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE

BY

CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT

Director of Department of Genetics, Carnegie Institution of Washington

PART I.

BUILD, ITS DEFINITION AND ITS ONTOGENY.

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

If a hundred men of about the same stature be compared, it is seen that they vary greatly in weight. At the same time they vary in form, and especially in bulk. This variation is popularly recognized by the variety of terms applied to build. It may be of interest to pause a moment to consider popular terminology relating to build. We have, first, terms expressing a marked deviation below the normal build. We speak of persons as “slender,” “thin,” “gaunt,” “slim,” “slight,” “spare,” “lank,” and “spindling.” These terms are not exactly synonyms. “Lank” implies angularity; “gaunt” connotes the ravage of disease; “thin” connotes a loss of weight; “slight” connotes lightness and smallness of bone; “spindling” is used especially of youth in the period of rapid growth preceding adolescence; “slim” has a faint connotation of insufficiency; “slender” best expresses the idea which we shall want to use in this work where we have a relatively small interest in stature and where we wish to avoid connotation of disease, developmental changes, etc. In other languages there exists a series of terms which similarly differ slightly in connotation. Thus, in French, there is “maigre,” in German “mager,” which often connote a loss of weight through disease, “dünn,” which connotes loss of a former more nearly average weight, and “schlank,” which is close to the English “slender.” On the other hand, the English language contains a variety of terms applicable to deviation in build above the average. Thus we have the words “stout,” “portly,” “fleshy,” “corpulent,” “thick-set,” “obese,” “chubby,” and “fat.” The word “stout” usually carries a connotation of vigor. The term “portly” connotes large size with a tendency to excessively great circumference. “Fleshy” is nearly synonymous with “portly” but has less connotation of majesty of size. “Corpulent” usually carries a connotation of abdominal enlargement. “Thick-set” implies a large bony frame. “Obese” frequently connotes excessive, strictly pathological, increase of build. “Chubby” is applied especially to infants. “Fat” connotes excessive production of fat in the body, as opposed to an unusually large muscular development. Perhaps of all of these terms “fleshy” is as satisfactory as any as an expression for build without connotation in respect to degree or source of great weight, whether due to fat, muscle, or bone. In the German language there are the terms, “plump,” and “schwerfällig,” which serve to express large build. In the French language there are the terms, “gros,” “obese,” and “embonpoint,” which is near to the English equivalent “stout” or “fleshy.” In the present work the term “fleshy” is used, despite its slight suggestion of muscular development merely, largely because it begins with a different letter from slender. The word “slender” will be used for the other extreme of build. It has been found convenient to indicate those terms by their initial letters “S” and “F” respectively.

Our main problem is, in how far does this difference in build between slender and fleshy persons depend on constitutional factors?

TYPES OF VARIATION IN BUILD.

Two types of variation in build have to be distinguished: (a) the ontogenetic change in normal build during development with increasing stature, and (b) the change in weight in adults of relatively invariable stature. In type a, stature and other proportions are rapidly changing, but in type b, stature remains constant, and, throughout the race, stature does not differ as much in mature persons as it does from birth to maturity. These two types follow different laws and must be studied by different methods. Consequently they are considered in distinct parts of the present paper.

THE MEASUREMENT OF BUILD.

It is now necessary to consider how build may best be expressed quantitatively. The subject of the best index of build has been much discussed, but without sufficiently differentiating between the two types of variation in build, the ontogenetic and the adult. One of the latest authors to consider the matter is Bardeen (1920, p. 486), who mentions the desirability of recording the volume of the body as a whole, notes its impracticability, and concludes that we may estimate volume from weight. It may, however, be doubted if volume is really involved in the popular notion of build. At least, it is equally probable that the idea of build, as popularly conceived, is a relation of transverse to vertical diameters. When I look at a man, or a photograph of one as in plate 1, and think, “he is slender,” it is because I make a mental comparison of his breadth (of shoulders or chest) with his height and find that his breadth in comparison with that of most men I know of that height is small; or if he is stout the diameter of the chest is large in relation to stature (plate 2). It seems probable that breadth in relation to height gives the best expression of the popular idea of build. By the use of this relation, build can be easily expressed for any age, since chest circumference (which bears a nearly constant relation to chest diameter) has been recorded for many persons of all ages.

Ontogenetic.—Since in so many children and young people the stature and chest circumference have been measured, it is possible to use these data in finding the law of normal ontogenetic changes in build from birth to maturity. This ratio, chest-girth ÷ stature, has thus been used in discussing this law, as more fully described in section B. This relation can be used for tracing the change in build of the same developing child or for tracing the average change of build.

Adult.—In the study of adult changes of build we start with the condition that in the individual the stature is fixed. Consequently, in an individual whose weight is changing, the relation of the build at a years is to that at another period n years later as chest-girth at a years : chest-girth at a + n years. Thus, in the adult period, changes of build are proportional to chest-girth. In different persons, of differing stature, the stature has to be taken into account, and the differences in build are measured by the relation of relative chest-girth as in children. Unfortunately, in our study of heredity in adult build, we usually do not know the chest-girth of the different members of the family, but only their stature and weight. Our problem is, then, to find a relation between chest-girth and weight that will enable us to infer the one from the other. This problem will be further considered in a later section (p. 24).

SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.

Sex influences the body so profoundly that we have, first of all, to consider its influence on build, either in early or in adult stages. At birth there is, on the average, a difference between the sexes in weight. The male is about 2.5 per cent heavier than the female (3,310 : 3,230 grams in German children, Daffner, 1902, p. 125, quoting Hecker; 3,606 : 3,485 grams in American children, Benedict and Talbot, 1915). But this does not imply that the boy baby is the chubbier, since the boy baby is longer by about 1.7 per cent than the girl baby. There is no obvious difference in the chubbiness of the sexes at birth. Likewise, in later infancy no obvious difference has been detected, though no thoroughgoing studies have been made on this subject. In childhood and youth children of different sex differ in build on the average, but this is because the form of the ontogenetic curve of build is very different. After maturity and cessation of growth, there is a marked difference in form between the sexes. The female has more subcutaneous fat and appears plumper. If the criterion of weight be applied, the complication arises that the specific gravity of the female seems to be less than that of the male (Bardeen, 1920, p. 488, following Meeh, 1895). As found by Medico-Actuarial Mortality investigations of the Associated Life Insurance Medical Directors of the Actuarial Society of America, 1912, volume I, p. 251: “The difference in weight between men and women of the same height is slight under the age of 20, but above that age young men are distinctly heavier than young women, the difference becoming less marked as they grow older. The tall women are markedly lighter than men of the same height.” The main reason for the greater weight of young men is their relatively much greater chest circumference.

TABLE 1.—The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build of offspring derived from the various types of matings.

SUMMATION TABLE, MALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11.

Type of mating.

No. of matings.

No. of children.

Build of male offspring.

Total No. of male and female children.

VS

S

M

F

VF

VS×S

4

5

1

2

1

1

0

11

VS×M

8

11

0

2

7

2

0

28

VS×F

5

12

0

1

4

6

1

25

S×S

23

29

1

21

7

0

0

47

S×M

101

172

0

12

116

38

6

306

S×F

49

88

1

5

51

30

1

155

S×VF

11

23

0

3

8

10

2

34

M×M

92

178

0

18

117

40

3

327

M×F

114

194

0

9

118

58

9

340

M×VF

30

59

1

3

21

24

10

112

F×F

33

77

3

30

34

6

4

156

F×VF

30

57

0

0

22

28

7

100

VF×VF

7

21

0

0

9

3

9

30

Total

507

926

7

106

515

246

52

1,671

Average build

25.00

29.03

33.64

39.15

49.09

Average male index of build, 35.81 ± .12. Standard deviation, 5.33 ± .084.

TABLE 2.—The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build of offspring derived from the various types of matings.

SUMMATION TABLE, FEMALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11A.

Type of mating.

No. of matings.

No. of children.

Build of female offspring.

VS

S

M

F

VF

VS×S

4

6

1

4

1

0

0

VS×M

8

17

1

5

10

0

0

VS×F

5

13

1

4

6

1

1

S×S

23

18

4

11

3

0

0

S×M

101

134

0

36

78

15

5

S×F

49

67

2

16

29

19

1

S×VF

11

11

0

1

6

4

0

M×M

92

149

2

21

81

41

4

M×F

114

146

0

19

90

30

7

M×VF

30

53

1

4

29

12

7

F×F

33

79

0

12

30

27

10

F×VF

30

43

0

3

16

14

10

VF×VF

7

9

0

0

5

3

1

Total

507

745

12

136

384

167

46

Average build

24.17

28.69

33.41

39.23

46.76

Average female index of build, 34.54 ± .13. Standard deviation, 5.13 ± .09.

Proceeding by a method to be developed later, I have divided adult build into five classes, and counted for the various matings the number of children falling into each. (See tables 1 and 2.) The average index of build, obtained from the individual indices of build, is 2.52 (metric system) or 35.81 ± 0.12 (English system) for males, and 2.43 (34.54 ± 0.13) for females, a difference of only 3.7 per cent in favor of the males, a difference that for our purposes can be neglected. A separation of the sexes in our studies will therefore be, ordinarily, not attempted, and this has the advantage in giving us larger frequencies in our tables.

RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.

That there are marked racial differences in build is notorious. The slender Scotchman (plate 1, fig. 3) is in striking contrast with the South Italian, Greek, or Russian Jew (plate 2, fig. 3). The Eskimo are noted for their fleshiness, but Arctic conditions seem to favor large build. (See Davenport and Love, 1921, p. 165.) Martin (1914, p. 248) gives an average body-build of 1.42 (2.3 our system) for South Russian Jews and 1.07 (1.7 our system) for Bushmen. Probably the Nilotic negroes are the slenderest race on earth (Martin, 191, p. 254; for photograph see Martin, p. 263, or Davenport, 1917, p. 347). The racial differences in body-build are so great that, when feasible, race should be taken into account in studies on body-build.

GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.

Apart from race, it seems probable that climate influences build. The races that live in the north polar region are of stout build, but this may be a racial trait. On the other hand, the whites who come to live near the pole are heavier than those who live near the equator. This may be due to relative freedom in the subpolar area from certain diseases which reduce weight. There may, however, be a physiological response of the body to the long, cold winters. Whatever the explanation, men from Alaska were found, at mobilization of the United States Army in 1917-18, to have a much higher index of build than those from any other region, i. e., 2.28 (32.41);[1] North Dakota and South Dakota came next, with indices of 2.24 (31.85) and 2.23 (31.73) respectively. These were followed by Montana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Contrariwise, the recruits from the Gulf States had a low index of build. Whatever the determining causes, geographical differences in build do exist. Consequently, in studies of build, it is desirable to consider the residences of the persons studied.

[1] The method of measuring build is discussed at page 24. The smaller index (usually lying between 1.5 and 4.5) is the metric index. The larger index (20 up to 100) is the English system index, and is usually expressed without decimals.

B. THE ONTOGENY OF BUILD.

From the time of fertilization of the egg it proceeds on its course of development directed by its “hereditary factors,” but modifiable by the conditions offered by the environment. Thus is determined the weight of the baby at birth, and thus the build of the later stages to maturity are directed. It has seemed useful to measure the changes in build from birth to maturity, using the method of measuring build during development described in an earlier section (p. 4).

MATERIALS AND METHODS.

The materials available for such a study are considerable and may be drawn from a large number of different nationalities. A selection had to be made from this material; there were chosen the best available series from those nationalities most representative of the population of the United States, considering the diversity of its European origin. Two sets of data were utilized: first, collections of measurements made on males from 1 year to 21 years; second, some collections from children of both sexes from birth to 1 year of age.

The first collection of data is gathered from nine sources, listed below. The data used are given in detail in table 3, which shows the number of individuals measured by each observer at each age, the average relative chest-girth at that age, and the average, for each age, of the different averages of the relative chest-girths formed by each observer. These averages are not weighted, since the racial stocks measured by the different observers differed. The average of each observer has therefore to be considered as a unit of nearly equal value with that of any other (table 3).

1. Quetelet (1870) data. As Quetelet’s original book was not available, the data reprinted in Bardeen (1920, p. 544) were used. Quetelet measured 10 persons at each age from 1 to 20 years (and older). He selected his subjects with good judgment and the resulting curve of varying build is remarkably smooth. The subjects were doubtless Belgians.

2. Weissenberg (1911) data. These were gathered by observations on South Russian Jews. The numbers observed ranged from 15 males at birth to about 40 to 100 at later ages. This series is of especial value because such large numbers of individuals of each age were measured and because in it are considered only children as near as possible to their birthdays; that is, as 2 or 3 year old children were taken those of exactly 2 or 3 years ± 2 months; as 4, 5, and 6 year olds, 4, 5, and 6 years ± 3 months; as 7 and 8 years, 7 or 8 years ± 4 months. For older children the even year ± 5 months was taken. The measurement was taken at the line of the nipples and below the lower apex of the scapulæ; chest apparently at rest.

3. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. These were gathered from healthy children of Boston, Massachusetts. Girth was taken at the nipples, in a quiescent condition. The number of individuals considered at each age is small (1 to 9), but the data are precious, because so few have been published for the period 2 to 5 years.

4. Masters Day Nursery data. Original, from measurements made upon healthy children in New York City. The chest was measured at the line of the nipples in a quiescent condition. The numbers are small, 2 per year.

5. Town (1922) data. A special study of 5 and 6 year old children of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. There were 31 and 11 children respectively.

6. Reitz (1904) data. A study of school children of Berlin, Germany. Chest-girth measured “at rest.” From 23 to 209 at the respective ages from 6 to 19 years, inclusive.

7. Baldwin (1921) data. A group of 60 boys of the well-to-do class at the Horace Mann School, New York City, were measured repeatedly in successive years from 7 to 17 years of age inclusive. Chest at “normal” condition.

8. Godin (1903) data. Measurements taken annually on the same 100 boys in a French military school at St. Hippolyte-du-Fort, Gard. Chest-girth below pectoralis in repose. Ages 13½ to 17 years inclusive.

9. Hitchcock, Seeley, and Phillips (1900) data. Measurements made on about 40 to 600 students at Amherst College at each age from 16 to 26 years inclusive. The chest-girth is made at the level of the nipples and embraces the scapulæ.

TABLE 3.—Average relative chest-girth (chest girth + stature) at different ages from birth to maturity, males.

[According to the observations of 9 sets of observers. The main entries of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (points omitted). Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number of persons measured to obtain that average. The column on the extreme right gives the (unweighted) average of the averages standing on the same line.]

Time.

1. Quetelet.

2. Weissenberg.

3. Benedict and Talbot.

4. Masters Day Nursery

5. Town.

6. Reitz.

7. Baldwin.

8. Godin.

9. Hitchcock.

Unweighted averages.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

Birth

10

5900

5511

3

6600

6004

1 year

10

6300

3

6300

6300

2 years

10

5850

38

6005

6

6060

5972

3 years

10

5600

38

5803

1

5760

5721

4 years

10

5430

38

5567

2

5600

5532

5 years

10

5300

55

5353

4

5340

2

5263

31

5082

5268

6 years

10

5200

55

5208

4

5040

2

5136

11

4990

5115

7 years

10

5110

81

5058

7

5190

2

5072

60

4852

5056

8 years

10

5040

95

5030

7

5100

60

4821

4998

9 years

10

4990

112

5016

7

5060

168

4573

60

4805

4889

10 years

10

4950

132

4952

5

5150

181

4569

60

4793

4883

11 years

10

4920

117

4911

9

4950

209

4595

60

4740

4823

12 years

10

4910

103

4780

6

4810

189

4546

60

4731

4755

13 years

10

4900

115

4850

143

4542

60

4762

100

4966

4804

14 years

10

4900

109

4866

158

4506

60

4745

100

5071

4818

15 years

10

4910

102

4923

140

4550

60

4813

100

5166

4872

16 years

10

4930

103

4888

117

4626

60

4870

100

5295

40

5000

4935

17 years

10

4970

108

4929

70

4598

60

4974

100

5296

250

4968

4956

18 years

10

5040

115

5046

40

4684

600

5003

4943

19 years

10

5110

116

5076

23

4833

600

5089

5027

20 years

10

5180

129

5040

600

5136

5119

21 years

600

5205

5205

25 years

5250

5291

5271

Owing to the complex nature of the curve of build during the first year of development, special collections of data were made for this portion of the curve (table 4). They are listed as follows:

1. Original data contributed by Dr. Bret Ratner, pediatrician, of New York, being measurements made in May and June, 1922, of weight, length, and chest circumference on 11 babies at the Manhattan Maternity Hospital during each of the first 10 days after birth. There were 9 boys and 2 girls. Judging alone by the surnames, there were apparently of British stock 6, of German stock 2, of Italian stock 2, and of Spanish stock 1. It is very difficult to measure length and chest-girth of infants. Length “on birthday” was generally taken with the child suspended by its feet, chest-girth with the chest as quiet as possible. The first measurement was taken as soon as the baby was born, and each morning thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ a.m. The later lengths were measured on a graduated board.

2. New York Milk Station data collected by Miss Louise A. Nelson and Miss Margaret R. Babcock, of the Eugenics Record Office staff. They were made during May and June 1922, on healthy babies, without clothing. The length was measured with the aid of a graduated board. Boys and girls were both included, as at this age their build is not very different, on the average. The numbers ranged from 4 to 52 for the various months from 0.5 month to 13 months by 0.5-month intervals.

3. Ratner advanced data. Original data secured by Dr. Bret Ratner (at Manhattan Maternity Hospital, New York City, on healthy children whose parents brought them repeatedly to the hospital) and kindly given to the writer for this study. In this series, observations are especially abundant at 1, 1.5, and 2 months (47, 170, and 30 cases respectively).

4. Grover (1915) data. Boys only among out-patients of the Children’s Hospital, Boston, and visitors at milk stations. No clothing. Chest measured at level of nipples, midway between inspiration and expiration. Length measured on graduated board. From 2 to 5 at each month of age.

5. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. (See No. 3, p. 9.) One to 6 individuals at the various months.

6. Schmid-Monnard (1892) data. Copied from Bardeen (1920, page 542). Boys and girls measured at Frankfort am Main, Germany. 8 to 67 in respective months. Ages 1 to 13 months and up to 30 months.

7. Crum (1915) data. Average measurements of babies without regard to sex, 193 to 264 per month, mostly baby-show babies and hence strongly selected. Various parts of the United States.

From the foregoing collections of data, tables 3, 4, and 5 were drawn up, giving for each age the mean relative chest-girth found by each observer. Also, the number of individuals upon which the measurement is based, necessary for weighting the mean. The mean of all measurements was weighted in table 4, but not in table 3 for the reasons stated on page 8.

TABLE 4.—Average relative chest-girth of infants from birth to 13 months.

[Obtained from 6 series of observations, described on pages 12, 13. The main entries of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (point omitted). Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number of persons measured to obtain that average. The column at the extreme right gives the weighted averages of the averages standing in the same line.]

Time.

3. Ratner.

2. N. Y. Milk (♂ and ♀.)

4. Grover.

5. Benedict and Talbot.

6. Schmid and Monnard.

7. Crum.

Aver.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

No.

Avg.

2 weeks

32

6641

4

6533

3

6599

6627

1 month

47

6602

26

6504

2

5861

2

6249

67

6280

6419

1.5 months

170

6772

36

6639

4

6574

6745

2 months

30

6670

52

6623

4

6661

3

6765

44

6470

6512

3 months

11

6700

49

6566

3

6220

4

6529

37

6040

6382

4 months

12

6542

39

6542

3

6157

4

6304

30

6510

6507

5 months

10

6492

26

6522

3

6278

3

6455

37

6230

6368

6 months

8

6500

39

6542

5

6278

6

6117

27

6540

259

6556

6540

7 months

10

6720

27

6424

3

6203

3

6500

19

6240

256

6468

6456

8 months

3

6267

23

6317

4

6464

1

6308

16

6400

232

6470

6450

9 months

3

6550

26

6364

3

6060

4

6352

29

6160

211

6355

6333

10 months

2

6200

18

6431

2

6237

2

6110

17

6400

209

6404

6400

11 months

1

6600

13

6354

2

5868

1

6174

15

6120

193

6336

6318

12 months

1

5800

8

6271

1

5691

1

6383

22

6090

289

6298

6280

13 months

11

6186

1

6026

19

6080

264

6235

6222

It will be observed that the means of build differ, for the constant age, more than do the differences between successive ages. That is to say, the absolute difference between races at any given age is greater than the average differences between one year and the next.

The mean relative chest circumferences for the different ages are plotted in figure 2.

THE ONTOGENETIC CURVE OF BUILD.

The resulting curve of build from birth to maturity is given in figure 1. This curve shows that build in males is greatest at birth, or at about 1 month, and that it then steadily diminishes to 12 years of age. It then slowly increases to maturity, and indeed to 30 years, after which it increases with extreme slowness, probably to 55 years.

FIG. 1.—Polygon of development of relative chest-girth, male.

Abscissæ: Age in years. Ordinates (chest ÷ girth/stature) × 1000. Based on averages of the measurements of Quetelet (Belgians), Weissenberg (Russian Jews), Benedict and Talbot (U.S.A.), Masters Day Nursery, N. Y. City, Town (Iowa children), Gray and Jacobs (school boys, well-to-do), Reitz (Germans), Godin (French), Hitchcock (U.S.A. college men), Baldwin (N. Y. City schools).

From table 4A and the curve of build, figure 2, we see that the infant at birth has a chest-girth which is somewhat over two-thirds of stature (0.6685). It falls rapidly to one month after birth, and then begins to rise. This minimum is connected with the loss of weight which follows birth, and is due to the difficulty of making adjustments to the new conditions which the organism has to meet. This adjustment is soon thereafter completed and within 2 months chest-girth and weight are not only recovered, but have caught up with increasing length of body. At 6 weeks the body has reached its maximum post-natal chubbiness. Another temporary loss in chubbiness occurs at about 8 months, due perhaps to the cutting of the incisors. The decline which subsequently ensues is prevailingly due to the rapid growth of the legs without corresponding increase in transverse diameter (plates 3 and 4). At about 12 years the boy enters the awkward age when, his legs and arms having grown from 5 to 10 cm. in a single year, he has not yet acquired muscular control of them (plate 7, fig. 2). At the same time his trunk retains childish proportions (plate 5, fig. 12). A little earlier than the boy, the girl enters the “Backfisch” stage of similar slenderness and awkwardness (plate 7, fig. 3, from Stratz, 1922, p. 258). It is commonly believed that this rapid growth of the appendages and their long bones is controlled by the secretions of the pituitary gland. Gradually in the boy, at 14 years, as the gonads begin to ripen, the growth of the legs is retarded and the transverse chest diameter begins to increase rapidly; the lad is quickly transformed into a broad-shouldered, broad-chested, stocky man (plate 3, fig. 3, plate 5, fig. 8) and accordingly the curve of build rises much more in the young man than in the young woman (plate 7, figs. 4 and 5). Consequently the adult female build, as measured by relative chest circumference, is relatively small. At about 19 or 20 years’ growth in stature has usually practically ceased. Meanwhile chest-girth increases slowly by the enlargement of trunk muscles and deposition of fat. Weight is, indeed, stated to increase, on the average, until the age of 55 years (tables 6 and 7).

FIG. 2.—Polygon of relative chest-girth in infants, from birth to fourteen months, with smoothed curve of build (dotted line). Data from New York Milk Stations and Dr. B. Ratner.

TABLE 4A.—Weight, chest-girth, length of body, and relative chest-girth at birth and daily thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ for 10 days for 11 babies.

[Data furnished by Bret Ratner, M.D., from Manhattan Maternity Hospital and Dispensary, New York City. Weight in grams; chest-girth and length in millimeters. Relative chest-girth in ten-thousandths. Final average relative chest girth is multiplied by 1.037 to adjust to Table 4.]

Measurements, etc.

At birth.

1st day.

2nd day.

3d day.

4th day.

5th day.

6th day.

7th day.

8th day.

9th day.

10th day.

No. 1, male. Time of birth, V 30, 2ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

2126

2084

1970

1899

1885

1821

1871

1899

1899

1899

1928

{ Ch. girth

28

28

28

27.75

27

26.5

27.5

27.5

28

27.5

27.5

{ Body-length

45

43.75

43.13

42.75

43

43

42

42.25

42.25

43

43.75

{ Rel. ch. girth

6400

6493

6491

6279

6163

6548

6509

6627

6395

6286

No. 2, male. Time of birth, V 30, 2ʰ25ᵐ

{ Weight

3472

3494

3423

3366

3430

3466

3529

3508

3515

3529

3572

{ Ch. girth

35

35

34.25

33

33.5

34

33.5

33

33.5

33.5

33.5

{ Body-length

52

52.25

51.5

50.75

51.5

52.25

52.25

52.25

52.5

52.5

52.5

{ Rel. ch. girth

6699

6651

6503

6505

6507

6412

6416

6381

6381

6381

No. 3, male. Time of birth, V 30, 19ʰ35ᵐ

{ Weight

2963

2927

2842

2729

2736

2835

2821

2849

2835

2913

2927

{ Ch. girth

33

32.25

31

31

32

32.5

32

31

31

32.5

32.5

{ Body-length

50

50.5

49

49

49.25

49.5

49.5

50

50

50

50.25

{ Rel. ch. girth

6386

6327

6327

6498

6566

6465

6200

6200

6500

6468

No. 4, male. Time of birth, V 30, 13ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

3558

3487

3303

3154

3204

3303

3359

3409

3416

3473

3494

{ Ch. girth

34

34

33.5

33.25

34

33.5

34

34

34

34

34.5

{ Body-length

52

51

50

50

51.75

51.5

51.5

51.25

51.25

51.5

51.5

{ Rel. ch. girth

6667

6701

6650

6570

6505

6602

6634

6634

6602

6699

No. 5, male. Time of birth, VI 1, 3ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

3005

3305

2913

2856

2892

2906

2991

3069

3104

3125

3147

{ Ch. girth

32

31

31

31

32

32

31

32

33

33

32

{ Body-length

52

51

51

50.75

51

51

51.25

51.5

52

52

51.25

{ Rel. ch. girth

6078

6078

6108

6275

6275

6079

6214

6346

6346

6244

No. 6, male. Time of birth, VI 1, 12ʰ45ᵐ

{ Weight

3019

2913

2877

2750

2863

2828

2927

2849

2906

2962

2977

{ Ch. girth

32.5

31.75

31.25

31.75

31.75

32

32

32

32

31.5

32

{ Body-length

49

49

49.25

49.25

49.25

48.75

49

50

50

50.5

50.5

{ Rel. ch. girth

6480

6345

6447

6414

6564

6530

6400

6400

6238

6337

No. 7, male. Time of birth, VI 1, 23ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

3175

3147

3005

2962

2892

2906

2941

2984

2969

3012

3026

{ Ch. girth

33

32.5

32

32

31

31.5

32

32

32

32

32

{ Body-length

50

51.25

50.75

50.75

51

51

51

51.75

51.75

51.75

52.75

{ Rel. ch. girth

6342

6305

6305

6078

6177

6275

6184

6184

6184

6184

No. 8, female. Time of birth, VI 3, 22ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

2835

2750

2679

2587

2587

2629

2651

2672

2693

2750

2722

{ Ch. girth

31.5

32.5

31

31

31

31

31

30

31

31

31

{ Body-length

50

48.75

48.75

49

49

49.5

49.5

49.5

49.5

50

49.5

{ Rel. ch. girth

6667

6359

6327

6327

6263

6263

6060

6263

6200

6263

No. 9, male. Time of birth, VI 5, 23ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

3657

3657

3572

3381

3366

3473

3487

3544

3544

3565

3536

{ Ch. girth

33

33.5

33

33

33.5

33.5

33.5

33

33

33.5

33.5

{ Body-length

53

53

52.5

53.5

53.5

53.5

53.5

54

54

54.5

53.75

{ Rel. ch. girth

6321

6286

6168

6262

6262

6262

6111

6111

6147

6233

No. 10, male. Time of birth, VI 6. 7ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

3232

3118

2948

2821

2814

2835

2849

2870

2877

2948

2941

{ Ch. girth

32

34

31

31

31

31

31.5

31.5

31.5

31.5

31.5

{ Body-length

52

51.25

50

51.5

51.5

51.5

51.5

51.5

51.5

52

52

{ Rel. ch. girth

6244

6800

6019

6019

6019

6019

6117

6117

6058

6058

No. 11, female. Time of birth, VI 5, 17ʰ00ᵐ

{ Weight

3303

3175

3076

2962

2934

2955

2962

3033

3059

3033

2984

{ Ch. girth

34

34

34

33

33

32.5

32.5

32.5

32.5

32.5

33

{ Body-length

52

50.25

50

50

50

50

50

50.25

50.25

50.25

50.75

{ Rel. ch. girth

6766

6800

6600

6600

6500

6500

6467

6467

6467

6503

Total relative chest-girth

710483

711435

699448

698260

697994

699232

692119

697300

695178

696529

Average relative chest-girth × 1.037

661

670

671

659

658

658

659

652

657

655

655

It may be well to consider briefly, necessarily somewhat speculatively, the significance of this ontogenetic change in build. First of all, the high relative chest circumference of infancy is due chiefly to the extremely short legs of the infant. Leg-length constitutes only about 40 per cent of stature at birth, whereas it comes to constitute 53 to 55 per cent at maturity. Consequently, the relative leg-length at infancy is only a trifle more than 70 per cent of the adult relative leg-length. Likewise the leg-length of the gorilla is about 70 per cent that of a European man (German, cf. Martin, 1914, p. 308). Consequently the relative leg-length of the infant, at birth, is to that of the adult as the relative leg-length of an anthropoid ape is to the relative leg-length of man. Incidentally, it may be added that the relative length of the arm of the infant is only slightly (8 per cent) less than that of the adult, while in the chimpanzee the relative arm-length is 18 per cent greater than that of man.

We have seen that the relative leg-length of the boy increases to about 12 years and thereafter diminishes to the period of completed growth. The white man has his greatest leg-length shortly before adolescence. We find that among the races of mankind it is the long-legged negro tribes of East Africa, especially the upper Nile (Johnston, 1906. II, p. 932), which are among the lowest races of mankind, and which seem to represent in the adult the physical stage through which the white boy passes at 12 years. Other African tribes have, indeed, relatively shorter legs and thus show a persisting adult stage that is either slightly younger or slightly older than that of the 12-year-old white boy.

Figure 1 (to return to it after this digression) seems thus adequately to measure the varying build of humans from birth to past maturity. It may, indeed, be regarded as composed of two parts: first, that from birth to the cessation of growth in stature, and second, that beyond cessation of growth in stature.

The curve of build thus obtained is, apart from the first period of adjustment that follows birth, a smoothly flowing one, that might indeed be expressed by a formula

y = ax + bx² + cx³ + dx⁴, etc.

The curve of build of figure 1 seems to be new in this form. It is, however, of the same general shape as the curve of varying “Körperfülle” drawn by Martin (1914, p. 246) from Quetelet’s data and based on the relation of weight ÷ stature³. The numbers of children considered in Martin’s figure are inadequate and there is hardly sufficient justification for the use of this formula to express changes of build during ontogeny.

The ontogenetic curve of build may serve as a graphic representation of the stages of development as listed by Stratz (1922). These stages are shown in table 5.

TABLE 5.—Growth-periods in children.

[Modified from C. W. Stratz, 1922, p. 87.]

Year of age.

First (neutral) child age.

0

to

1

Infancy. Lactation.

1

to

2 }

First period of filling out.

2

3 }

3

4 }

4

5 }

First stretching.

5

6 }

6

7 }

Second (bisexual) child age. Youth.

Boys.

Girls.

7

to

8 }

Second period of filling out.

Second period of filling out (rounding of hips and legs).

8

9 }

9

10 }

10

11 }

Second stretching (shooting up in stature). Change of voice.

Second stretching (shooting up in stature). Menstruation; beginning breast development.

11

12 }

12

13 }

13

14 }

14

15 }

15

16 }

Third period of filling out (broadening of chest; rapid increase in weight). Maturity.

Third period of fullness (rapid increase in weight). Maturity.

16

17 }

17

18 }

18

19 }

19

20 }

LATER ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN INDIVIDUAL BUILD.

Any investigation of the heredity of build is apt to meet with the difficulty that only the present weights and statures of children, parents, and grandparents are known; that the persons are of different ages and hence the data concerning them are not precisely comparable. Even if we exclude from consideration children of the rapid developmental period, under 18 years of age, still we have the problem of individual change of build in mature life. Since stature is practically immutable at this period, change in build may be measured by change in weight. That change in weight does occur is notorious. Figures 3 to 6 illustrate graphically the changes in weight in various individuals from records taken almost at random. In figure 3 the curves of increasing weight run rapidly upward; in figure 4 they go up and then fall again; in figure 6 they are more nearly horizontal.

FIG. 3.—Changes in weight from 25 to 50 or 60 years of father (F), mother (M), and son (S) in D: BOL-1 family, showing a consistent history of rapid increase of build with age.

FIG. 4.—Changes in weight from 25 (or 40) years to 45 (or 75) years of father (F), mother (M), and daughter (D) in D: BOL-1A family, showing a history of fluctuating build.

FIG. 5.—Changes in weight from 25 to 45 years of 3 sibs belonging to the D: HAY-1 family, showing a slight tendency to increase with age.

FIG. 6.—Changes in weight from 15 to 50 years in 4 sibs of the D: BAN-1 family, showing no great tendency to change of build during life.

On the whole, the weight tends to increase with age. This is shown by the tables of the “Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation” (vol. 1, pp. 38 and 67). The tables are reproduced in our tables 6 and 7. They show that, on the average, weight tends to increase with age up to 50 or 51 years. The fact that there is, on the average, an increase in build, makes necessary an adjustment in some cases of the youthful indices of children to make them comparable with the adult indices of their parents.

The adjustment was made to the weight of the child by finding in the appropriate column of stature and line of age the expected weight and adding the difference between this weight and the weight in the same column opposite the mid-parental age to the given weight of the child.

TABLE 6.—Graded average weight of men of different statures at various ages.

[Copied from Table IV of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”]

Age, years.

5 feet.

5 feet 1 inch.

5 feet 2 inches.

5 feet 3 inches.

5 feet 4 inches.

5 feet 5 inches.

5 feet 6 inches.

5 feet 7 inches.

5 feet 8 inches.

5 feet 9 inches.

5 feet 10 inches.

5 feet 11 inches.

6 feet.

6 feet 1 inch.

6 feet 2 inches.

6 feet 3 inches.

6 feet 4 inches.

6 feet 5 inches.

15

107

109

112

115

118

122

126

130

134

138

142

147

152

157

162

167

172

177

16

109

111

114

117

120

124

128

132

136

140

144

149

154

159

164

169

174

179

17

111

113

116

119

122

126

130

134

138

142

146

151

156

161

166

171

176

181

18

113

115

118

121

124

128

132

136

140

144

148

153

158

163

168

173

178

183

19

115

117

120

123

126

130

134

138

142

146

150

155

160

165

170

175

180

185

20

117

119

122

125

128

132

136

140

144

148

152

156

161

166

171

176

181

186

21

118

120

123

126

130

134

138

141

145

149

153

157

162

167

172

177

182

187

22

119

121

124

127

131

135

139

142

146

150

154

158

163

168

173

178

183

188

23

120

122

125

128

132

136

140

143

147

151

155

159

164

169

175

180

185

190

24

121

123

126

129

133

137

141

144

148

152

156

160

165

171

177

182

187

192

25

122

124

126

129

133

137

141

145

149

153

157

162

167

173

179

184

189

194

26

123

125

127

130

134

138

142

146

150

154

158

163

168

174

180

186

191

196

27

124

126

128

131

134

138

142

146

150

154

158

163

169

175

181

187

192

197

28

125

127

129

132

135

139

143

147

151

155

159

164

170

176

182

188

193

198

29

126

128

130

133

136

140

144

148

152

156

160

165

171

177

183

189

194

199

30

126

128

130

133

136

140

144

148

152

156

161

166

172

178

184

190

196

201

31

127

129

131

134

137

141

145

149

153

157

162

167

173

179

185

191

197

202

32

127

129

131

134

137

141

145

149

154

158

163

168

174

180

185

192

198

203

33

127

129

131

134

137

141

145

149

154

159

164

169

175

181

187

193

199

204

34

128

130

132

135

138

142

146

150

155

160

165

170

176

182

188

194

200

206

35

128

130

132

135

138

142

146

150

155

160

165

170

176

182

189

195

201

207

36

129

131

133

136

139

143

147

151

156

161

166

171

177

183

190

196

202

208

37

129

131

133

136

140

144

148

152

157

162

167

172

178

184

191

197

203

209

38

130

132

134

137

140

144

148

152

157

162

167

173

179

185

192

198

204

210

39

130

132

134

137

140

144

148

152

157

162

167

173

179

185

192

199

205

211

40

131

133

135

138

141

145

149

153

158

163

168

174

180

186

193

200

206

212

41

131

133

135

138

141

145

149

153

158

163

168

174

180

186

193

200

207

213

42

132

134

136

139

142

146

150

154

159

164

169

175

181

187

194

201

208

214

43

132

134

136

139

142

146

150

154

159

164

169

175

181

187

194

201

208

214

44

133

135

137

140

143

147

151

155

160

165

170

176

182

188

195

202

209

215

45

133

135

137

140

143

147

151

155

160

165

170

176

182

188

195

202

209

215

46

134

136

138

141

144

148

152

156

161

166

171

177

183

189

196

203

210

216

47

134

136

138

141

144

148

152

156

161

166

171

177

183

190

197

204

211

217

48

134

136

138

141

144

148

152

156

161

166

171

177

183

190

197

204

211

217

49

134

136

138

141

144

148

152

156

161

166

171

177

183

190

197

204

211

217

50

134

136

138

141

144

148

152

156

161

166

171

177

183

190

197

204

211

217

51

135

137

139

142

145

149

153

157

162

167

172

178

184

191

198

205

212

218

52

135

137

139

142

145

149

153

157

162

167

172

178

184

191

198

205

212

218

53

135

137

139

142

145

149

153

157

162

167

172

178

184

191

198

205

212

218

54

135

137

139

142

145

149

153

158

163

168

173

178

184

191

198

205

212

219

55 and up

135

137

139

142

145

149

153

158

163

168

173

178

184

191

198

205

212

219

TABLE 7.—-Graded average weight of women of different statures at various ages.

[Copied from Table IX of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”]

Age, years.

4 feet 8 inches.

4 feet 9 inches.

4 feet 10 inches.

4 feet 11 inches.

5 feet.

5 feet 1 inch.

5 feet 2 inches.

5 feet 3 inches.

5 feet 4 inches.

5 feet 5 inches.

5 feet 6 inches.

5 feet 7 inches.

5 feet 8 inches.

5 feet 9 inches.

5 feet 10 inches.

5 feet 11 inches.

6 feet.

15

101

103

105

106

107

109

112

115

118

122

126

130

134

138

142

147

152

16

102

104

106

117

120

124

128

132

136

140

144

149

154

159

164

174

179

17

103

105

107

109

111

113

116

119

122

125

129

133

137

140

144

149

154

18

104

106

108

110

112

114

117

120

123

126

130

134

138

142

145

150

155

19

105

107

109

111

113

115

118

121

124

127

131

135

139

142

146

151

155

20

106

108

110

112

114

116

119

122

125

128

132

136

140

143

147

151

156

21

107

109

111

113

115

117

120

123

126

129

133

137

141

144

148

152

156

22

107

109

111

113

115

117

120

123

126

129

133

137

141

145

149

153

157

23

108

110

112

114

116

118

121

124

127

130

134

138

142

146

150

153

157

24

109

111

113

115

117

119

121

124

127

130

134

138

142

146

150

154

158

25

109

111

113

115

117

119

121

124

128

131

135

139

143

147

151

154

158

26

110

112

114

116

118

120

122

125

128

131

135

139

143

147

151

155

159

27

110

112

114

116

118

120

122

125

129

132

136

140

144

148

152

155

159

28

111

113

115

117

119

121

123

126

130

133

137

141

145

149

153

156

160

29

111

113

115

117

119

121

123

126

130

133

137

141

145

149

153

156

160

30

112

114

116

118

120

122

124

127

131

134

138

142

146

150

154

157

161

31

113

115

117

119

121

123

125

128

132

135

139

143

147

151

154

157

161

32

113

115

117

119

121

123

125

128

132

136

140

144

148

152

155

158

162

33

114

116

118

120

122

124

126

129

133

137

141

145

149

153

156

159

162

34

115

117

119

121

123

125

127

130

134

138

142

146

150

154

157

160

163

35

115

117

119

121

123

125

127

130

134

138

142

146

150

154

157

160

163

36

116

118

120

122

124

126

128

131

135

139

143

147

151

155

158

161

164

37

116

118

120

122

124

126

129

132

136

140

144

148

152

156

159

162

165

38

117

119

121

123

125

127

130

133

137

141

145

149

153

157

160

163

166

39

118

120

122

124

126

128

131

134

138

142

146

150

154

158

161

164

167

40

119

121

123

125

127

129

132

135

138

142

146

150

154

158

161

164

167

41

120

122

124

126

128

130

133

136

139

143

147

151

155

159

162

165

168

42

120

122

124

126

128

130

133

136

139

143

147

151

155

159

162

166

169

43

121

123

125

127

129

131

134

137

140

144

148

152

156

160

163

167

170

44

122

124

126

128

130

132

133

138

141

145

149

153

157

161

164

168

171

45

122

124

126

128

130

132

135

138

141

145

149

153

157

161

164

168

171

46

123

125

127

129

131

133

136

139

142

146

150

154

158

162

165

169

172

47

123

125

127

129

131

133

136

139

142

146

151

155

159

163

166

170

173

48

124

126

128

130

132

134

137

140

143

147

152

156

160

164

187

171

174

49

124

126

128

130

132

134

137

140

143

147

152

156

161

165

168

172

175

50

125

127

129

131

133

135

138

141

149

148

152

156

161

165

169

173

176

51

125

127

129

131

133

135

138

141

144

148

152

157

162

166

170

174

177

52

125

127

129

131

133

135

138

141

144

148

152

157

162

166

170

174

177

53

125

127

129

131

133

135

138

141

144

148

152

157

162

166

170

174

177

54

125

127

129

131

133

135

138

141

144

148

153

158

163

167

171

174

177

55

125

127

129

131

133

135

138

141

144

148

153

158

163

167

171

174

177

RELATION OF JUVENILE TO ADULT BUILD.

This adjustment was not always necessary, first, because in not a few cases the children were of an adult age and the data for the build of the parents, now dead, were given for the same age; second, examination of such developmental curves as are shown in figure 6 strongly indicates that when the parents are of slender build, and the children are of slender build at the age of 25 years younger than the parents, the increase in weight of the children will not usually follow the actuarial tables. The actuarial tables, indeed, represent only the average increase, and this average is made of a population that does not increase its weight at all when it grows older (fig. 6) and a population that increases its weight at a much faster rate than indicated in the actuarial tables (fig. 3). Consequently, no adjustment is made to the given weights of the children whose parents are slender. In the case where one parent was slender and one fat, the adjustment is still made in the build of all the children. This procedure, undoubtedly, introduces an error which, so far as I see, can not be avoided. Baldwin (1921, p. 74) states that “as a general rule heavy children remain relatively heavy during the period studied”; and his developmental curves of individual children show that the same persistence of the juvenile build is commonly true for children of slight weight. It is striking how often the children of heavy parents will be heavy even in youth, and conversely, children of exceptionally great weight are apt to retain, and add to, their build.

Chambers (1850, pp. 139-143) cites the following cases of early familial obesity: A boy of 3 years weighs 39.5 kg. (87 pounds); his 6 sisters and brothers are obese. A girl of 5 years 5 months weighs 89 kg. (196 pounds); obesity on both sides of the house. A boy of 16 weighs 114 kg. (252 pounds); there is collateral heredity.

A striking case of early obesity persisting to maturity is that of Miss Allen (plate 8).

On the other hand, it is often strikingly true that in families with a tendency to fleshy build some of the children will remain slender until 20 or 25 years and then begin to grow fat. The metabolic changes that induce fatness first appear in later life.

PART II.

MASS STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF ADULT BUILD.

It is a matter of common observation that in some families the parents and children are all slender; in others, there may be many examples of obesity. Worthington (1877, p. 50) cites a number of examples from C. Bouchard. A woman of 45 years weighs 107 kg. (236 pounds); her obesity began shortly after marriage; her father is very obese and her mother obese. A woman of 49 years, whose father is a Turk and whose mother is French, weighs 117 kg. or about 258 pounds; her mother was obese. A woman of 115 kg. or about 250 pounds has an obese mother and two sisters who were obese in infancy; also a gouty mother’s father and father’s father.

The following, from Chambers (1850), show obesity “on both sides of the house”: Male of 28 years, 120 kg. (266 pounds); woman of 48 years, 127 kg. (280 pounds); woman of 52 years, 98.4 kg. (217 pounds); man of 57 years, 227 kg. (500 pounds); woman of 58 years, 104 kg. (231 pounds); woman of 68 years, 118 kg. (260 pounds); woman of 70 years, 107 kg. (238 pounds). In many other cases cited by Chambers, one parent of the obese patient was obese. Howard (1908, p. 54) cites the case of a 7-year-old girl, 45.5 inches (115.6 cm.) tall, who weighed 40 kg. (88 pounds), had a pendulous abdomen, and was feeble-minded. Her sibs were not abnormal and her parents were of average build. One of her great uncles weighs 127 kg. (280 pounds), an uncle, at 40 years, about 109 kg., and an aunt of 31 years, 95 kg. (210 pounds). This case is instructive because of the skipping of a generation.

In the class of obese cases known as adiposis dolorosa, heredity is usually obvious. Price (1909) cites a case of an obese woman of 48 years and weighing 140 kg. (310 pounds) who belongs to a fraternity of 7; 1 was a miscarriage, 2 died young of accident, 1 died at 22 of typho-pneumonia, 1 died young of scarlet fever, and 1 brother is large and rheumatic. The father seems to have been of average build and the mother is stated to have been “very thin.” Of her sibs, 6 were fleshy or very fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender; the children of these fleshy sibs of the mother are “all stout.”

Lyon (1910, p. 68) discusses heredity in adiposis dolorosa and lipomatosis and cites a considerable number of cases of family recurrence in his cases and others. Thus he twice treated a father and his son for multiple fatty tumors; also twice a mother and daughter. Lyon’s obese case No. 5 was like her 3 sisters and 1 daughter; a son of her father’s brother showed similar fatty deposits. 10 other instances of family recurrence of abnormal fat deposit are cited.

Maranon and Bonilla (1920) cite the case of a girl of 18 years who was slender, like her parents, until after an attack of syphilis, when she came to weigh 157 kg. or 350 pounds, while her height was 160 cm., her chest-girth 130 cm., and that of her abdomen 150 cm. or 90 per cent of her height. She had a very large brother, and both mother’s parents were obese, though the parents were not known to be so.

Such examples might be multiplied indefinitely.

Our problem is not what are all the causes of this diversity of build, but rather in how far do genetical factors play a part in this diversity. We are not oblivious to the fact that there are many factors responsible for the result—deviation from the average build. These we shall consider in detail in a later section, and the consideration will help us to see the limits to the action of the genetical factors. Before going on to that, we shall have to consider more in detail the nature of the facts for which an explanation has to be sought.

METHODS AND MATERIALS.

The method of analyzing the genetic factors in build is that of tabulating the distribution of aberrant builds in the family network. There is required, first, a large mass of family data which includes many extreme or aberrant types of build, and which is as reliable and as accurately quantitative as possible; secondly, this has to be subjected to the ordinary methods of genetic analysis.

The available material has consisted of data on stature and weight given in the Records of Family Traits which constitute a fair sample of the population; and of quantitative data on special schedules giving stature and weight of a fraternity, its parents, uncles and aunts, and grandparents. These special schedules had been mailed to an address list of overweight and underweight persons obtained through the kind cooperation of Mr. Arthur Hunter. Those who returned the schedules showed an especial appreciation of the requirements of our study. A third source was the A file of the Eugenics Record Office, where are gathered miscellaneous pedigrees of families showing aberrancy in build. A fourth and especially valuable source was the field work of Miss Louise A. Nelson, of the Eugenics Record Office; this started with selected, usually obese, cases.

After the data had been assembled and tabulated, a certain amount of correspondence and personal visitation was undertaken in order to secure a confirmation or revision of the records in hand. In some cases this brought to light errors in the records, in others, useful details. Naturally, it was not possible to secure a revision of all of the data used, but an attempt was made to select only records that had been compiled with care and conscientiousness, and these traits in the compiler reveal themselves pretty clearly to a person who has examined thousands of these records, just as carelessness is revealed also by slipshod speech or posture.

For our study we desire the data of stature and weight for children, parents, and grandparents. With some exceptions only those families are studied in which all these data are accurately given. Also, only children who are above 18 years of age can be utilized, because stature changes so rapidly until that age. However, since it is build and not stature we are studying, the fact of increase of stature from 19 to 21 years of age affects the result very little. Finally, in a certain proportion of the cases the stature and weight of all of the grandparents are not given quantitatively. Such families are utilized, nevertheless, with such quantitative data as may have been afforded.

The data were taken from the Records of Family Traits by Miss Miriam Kortright, who long assisted in our statistical work. The computations of index of build were made by Miss Kortright and Mr. William Kraus, Miss Laura Craytor, and Miss Margaret Andrus, who checked one another’s work. The tabulation and seriations of the indices were done by Misses Margaret Babcock and Katharine Belzer.

THE ADULT INDEX OF BUILD.

In an earlier section of this paper the question of the best index of build has been discussed generally. It was pointed out that many regard it as a truism that build is a relation of volume to stature. Since the volume of a person’s body is rarely known, and it is difficult to determine it, weight has been substituted for volume. However, this substitution assumes that specific gravity is the same for slender and for fat persons; but this is not at all the case. The specific gravity of a fat person is about that of water (0.978 to 1.079 in 4 children 7 to 13 years of age, Meeh, 1879, and 1.014 in a 61-year-old man of 98 kg. weight, Mies, 1899); of a thin person it may be 5 to 8 per cent above that of water (1.049 to 1.082 for thin convicts, Mies, 1899). This variable specific gravity complicates the attempt to infer volume from weight. In view of these difficulties it were better to measure build by a relation of chest diameter (or circumference) to stature. But this ratio can not be used in our studies, since our data, for the most part, give only weight and stature and not chest-girth. It remains thus to determine the closest relation between weight and chest-girth. This determination I have attempted to make for 100 young men, 20 to 25 years of age, measured at Harvard University where they were students. It will hardly be worth while to reproduce the detailed tables of measurements and ratios, but they will be found summarized in table 8. In this table is given the frequency of occurrence of each of the different ratios (or rather classes of ratios) found using chest-girth in first, second, and third powers as a divisor. If weight varied exactly with the chest-girth, then the ratio of the former to the latter should remain constant. Such a strict relation is hardly to be expected and, of course, is not found. The ratios obtained show a certain variability about the mean condition, and this variability is measured by the standard deviation. Similarly, if each weight be divided in turn by the second and third powers of stature, and the corresponding variability of the ratios be considered, we shall have a method of deciding whether weight varies more closely with the first, second, or third power of chest-girth, and which of those powers gives in its fluctuations the best measure of the corresponding fluctuations in weight.

TABLE 8.—Variability of weight in relation to the second and third powers of chest-girth as found in 100 Harvard students.

[f, frequency of occurrence of the given index-class.]

Weight ÷ chest-girth

Weight ÷ chest-girth²

Weight ÷ chest-girth³

f

f

f

610

to

619

1

690

to

700

1

711

to

720

1

640

649

3

711

720

1

761

770

3

660

669

2

731

740

1

791

800

3

670

679

4

741

750

1

801

810

3

680

689

6

751

760

5

811

820

3

690

699

2

761

770

2

821

830

3

700

709

7

771

780

4

831

840

3

710

719

6

781

790

11

841

850

5

720

729

4

791

800

10

851

860

1

730

739

10

801

810

7

861

870

10

740

749

7

811

820

9

871

880

6

750

759

7

821

830

8

881

890

3

760

769

6

831

840

5

891

900

5

770

779

4

841

850

3

901

910

5

780

789

7

851

860

4

911

920

3

790

799

5

861

870

9

921

930

2

800

809

2

871

880

3

931

940

7

810

819

3

881

890

4

941

950

1

820

829

3

891

900

3

951

960

4

830

839

3

901

910

4

961

970

4

840

849

4

921

930

2

971

980

9

850

859

1

951

960

1

981

990

1

870

879

1

961

970

2

991

1000

5

900

909

1

1001

1010

2

920

929

1

1031

1040

1

1041

1050

4

1061

1070

2

1111

1120

1

σ, 58.32

σ, 51.50

σ, 76.99

A comparison of the standard deviations gives the following results for man:

Ratio:

weight ÷ chest-girth

weight ÷ chest-girth²

weight ÷ chest-girth³

Standard deviation:

58.3

51.5

77.0

From these results the conclusion is drawn that since the variability (standard deviation) of weight ÷ chest-girth² is least, the square of the chest-girth varies more closely with weight than either the first or third power of chest-girth; consequently the square of chest-girth is the best measure of weight of the three.

By hypothesis, the chest-girth in persons of the same build varies very closely or exactly with stature; consequently we could substitute in the foregoing ratios for chest its average equivalent, stature/K, in which K is nearly 2, more precisely 1.9. In any case it is thus clearly deducible that a better index of build is got by dividing weight by the square of stature than by its cube, as has been so often done. Accordingly, the ratio of weight to stature² has been adopted in this paper as the standard index of build. The correlation between this index of build and relative chest-girth is found by calculation to be about 0.45.

In any scale of index of build it is, of course, desirable to use the metric system. Unfortunately, most of our data are in English units, so that our indices were first obtained by the use of these units. We have in many cases transmuted the English into the equivalent metric measures. We have, however, retained the original English index, since a large portion of the more cultured part of the world uses that system in daily life. A table to facilitate transmutation is also given in the Appendix, table XVIII. To facilitate the determination of the index of build when stature and weight (in English or metric units) are known, table XVI has been prepared (pages 169, 170).

To avoid decimals, the ratio, weight in pounds ÷ (stature in inches)² is multiplied in this book by 1,000; this gives a series of ratios running from 20 to 60 and over. To avoid confusion with the English system, the metric equivalents are taken as the ratio of weight in grams ÷ (stature in centimeters)². This gives a series of index numbers of the order 1.5 to 4.0; in this case, at least, one decimal is always expressed. The small integral figure and the decimal at once indicate that the index is from metric units. Since the index of build has often been expressed as the ratio of weight to, respectively, stature, stature²⸳⁵, and stature³, table XVII has been prepared to permit these ratios to be transmuted into weight ÷ stature², English system.

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILD.

For the purposes of analysis, it was found necessary to make a small number of classes of build. To decide upon the limits of these classes, a polygon of frequency of all indices of build was made, as shown in figure 7. It appeared plain at the outset that it is desirable to plot the data in this polygon by using as abscissæ the logarithms of the index of build rather than the absolute indices, since the range of weight above the mode is, for obvious reasons, very much greater than below the mode. Taking mean weight at 68 kg., or 150 pounds, the minimum weight is about 20 kg. (45 pounds), or 25 kg. (55 pounds) below the mean, and the maximum weight is about 150 kg. (330 pounds), or 182 kg. (400 pounds) above the mean. That is, the range of weight classes is three times as great above as below the mean. Plotting data in logarithmic fashion, as shown in figure 7, it appears that the modal index of build is 2.3 (33). The range is from 1.4 (20) to 4.5 (64). Using the logarithms of abscissæ, the curve is more nearly a symmetrical one. It is more irregular above than below the mode, because the classes are more numerous and the frequency of each class smaller. The presence of two modes is suggestive of the hypothesis that the medium class and probably the fleshy classes are not strictly homogeneous, but, on the contrary, comprise groups of individuals whose build is due to dissimilar factors, or sets of factors.

FIG. 7.—Polygon of frequency of the various indices of build (weight ÷ stature²). From last column of table 12, with slight modifications.

To derive the desired classes from figure 7, the polygon was somewhat arbitrarily divided into five parts, as indicated. Taking 33.5 as a starting-point, an equal logarithmic distance was laid off, above and below this point, on the base-line. This was taken as the range of middle class. An equal logarithmic range was accorded the classes next above and below the median respectively. All of the remainders were thrown into the extreme classes to which are given, thus, a somewhat greater range than the interior classes. This seemed desirable, since their frequencies were so low. The adjusted classes finally adopted are as shown in table 9.

TABLE 9.—The five standard classes of build; limits and middle points of each.

Class.

Range of indices.

Metric.

English.

Middle of class

(English).

Very slender (V. S.)

1.40

to

1.80

20

to

25.4

23.5

Slender (S.)

1.81

2.14

25.5

30.4

28.0

Medium (M.)

2.15

2.56

30.5

36.4

33.5

Fleshy (F.)

2.57

3.05

36.5

43.4

40.0

Very fleshy (V. F.)

3.06

4.50+

43.5

64   +

48.0

SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS IN BUILD.

What is the meaning of the great variations of build described in the preceding paragraph? What is known in this matter may here be briefly summarized that it may be held in mind in considering the numerous cases to which we shall have occasion to refer.

In general, it may be stated that variations in build are due to endogenous causes and exogenous causes. In this book we shall have occasion to examine especially the former—the constitutional or hereditary factors. These include idiosyncrasies of metabolism, in part controlled by peculiarities in the functioning of the endocrine glands; in part, probably, by even finer protoplasmic differences. Thus it is known that the thyroid gland greatly influences metabolism; its activity in growing children tends to produce tall and slender form. On the other hand, deficiency in its activity in childhood leads to the type of obesity known as cretinism, and in middle life to myxedema. The secretions of the pituitary gland cooperate with the thyroid in stimulating growth, especially in the preadolescent stage. When pituitary secretions are deficient there frequently results, it is believed, the adiposogenital syndrome, in which great masses of fat are deposited on breasts, abdomen, hips, and buttocks, and the gonads remain infantile. A case that quite certainly belongs to this category is shown by Beck (1922, p. 881) and reproduced in plate 8, figures 3, 4, 5; 3 of this man’s 4 sibs are fleshy and have scant beards. This is quite like our standard very fleshy case (plate 2, fig. 5). See, also, the extreme cases falling under this category described by Lyon, 1910.

Lesions of the pineal gland (Beck, 1922, p. 909) and of the gonads are stated in some cases to induce obesity. Certain it is that, on the other hand, the activity of the gonads tends to slow up growth in stature and to increase the chest circumference (plate 6), and this change is more marked in the male than the female.

The exogenous causes of build are striking, so much so that many physiologists seem to accept the hypothesis that they are of sole importance, that excess of fat is due merely to excess of calories ingested over those concerned in bodily activity. While no one will deny the possibility of starving most fleshy persons thin or of increasing the weight of most adults by an excess of food, yet it is also obvious that two persons of the same stature and fed equal amounts of similar food may come to differ enormously, due to internal conditions, sometimes of glandular origin and sometimes dependent upon, or at least associated with, disease.

TABLE 10.—Incidence of disease in relation to build.

Diagnosis of disease.

In 10,000 of standard population.

In persons of selected build.

1. No. of cases.

2. Per cent afflicted.

3. No. of cases.

4. Per cent afflicted

in 69 V. S. population.

5. Ratio of col. 4 to col. 2.

V ERY SLENDER BUILD.

YOUTH.

Influenza

7

0.07

2

2.81

40.14

Tuberculosis

24

.24

2

2.81

11.70

Colds

48

.48

3

4.34

9.04

MIDDLE AGE.

Melancholia

10

.10

2

2.81

28.10

Nervousness

130

1.30

6

8.60

6.62

Tuberculosis

58

.58

2

2.81

4.85

S LENDER BUILD.

Per cent afflicted

in 737 S. population.

YOUTH.

Fevers

4

0.04

4

0.542

13.55

Adenoids

10

.10

9

1.22

12.20

Appendicitis

28

.28

13

1.76

6.28

Anemia

11

.11

5

.68

6.16

Tuberculosis

24

.24

10

1.35

5.62

Tonsilitis

104

1.04

30

4.07

3.91

Bronchitis

53

.53

12

1.62

3.06

Pneumonia

165

1.65

34

4.61

2.79

Nervous breakdown

74

.74

15

2.03

2.74

Rheumatism

117

1.17

16

2.17

1.85

Diphtheria

150

1.50

19

2.57

1.71

Scarlet Fever

281

2.81

29

3.93

1.40

Typhoid fever

253

2.53

25

3.39

1.34

MIDDLE AGE.

Anemia

3

.03

3

.407

13.57

Intestinal trouble

4

.04

3

.407

10.17

Appendicitis

23

.23

9

1.220

5.30

Tuberculosis

58

.58

22

2.980

5.14

Heart disease

94

.94

15

2.030

2.16

Pneumonia

139

1.39

22

2.980

2.14

Typhoid fever

138

1.38

16

2.170

1.57

F LESHY BUILD

Per cent afflicted

in 543 F. population.

YOUTH.

Adenoids

10

0.10

3

0.553

55.30

Scarlet fever

281

2.81

36

6.642

2.36

Typhoid fever

253

2.53

28

5.166

2.04

Pneumonia

165

1.65

17

3.136

1.90

MIDDLE AGE.

Hernia

8

0.08

7

1.29

16.00

Arterio-sclerosis

9

.09

6

1.10

12.22

Bladder trouble

10

.10

6

1.10

11.00

Measles

10

.10

6

1.10

11.00

Appendicitis

23

.23

12

2.22

9.65

Eczema

6

.06

3

0.55

9.17

Hemorrhoids

13

.13

5

0.92

7.11

Liver trouble

16

.16

6

1.10

6.88

Paralysis

49

.49

18

3.38

6.80

Heart trouble

94

.94

34

6.28

6.69

Gallstones

22

.22

8

1.47

6.68

Apoplexy

27

.27

8

1.47

5.44

Tumor

18

.18

5

0.92

5.13

Bronchitis

38

.38

9

1.66

4.37

Erysipelas

31

.31

7

1.29

4.16

Cancer

51

.51

10

1.84

3.61

Pneumonia

139

1.39

27

4.98

3.58

Malaria

43

.43

8

1.47

3.42

Typhoid fever

138

1.38

22

4.06

2.95

Kidney trouble

74

.74

11

2.03

2.74

Rheumatism

349

3.49

37

6.82

1.95

V ERY FLESHY BUILD.

Per cent afflicted

in 103 V. F. population.

YOUTH.

Pneumonia

165

1.65

7

6.79

4.115

MIDDLE AGE.

Dropsy

14

0.14

3

2.91

20.80

Stomach trouble

15

.15

3

2.91

19.40

Apoplexy

37

.37

5

4.85

11.40

Kidney trouble

74

.74

8

7.76

10.60

Cancer

51

.51

4

3.88

7.61

Heart disease

94

.94

6

5.82

6.20

Pneumonia

139

1.39

8

7.76

5.6

Malaria

43

.43

2

1.94

4.5

Typhoid fever

138

1.38

6

5.82

4.2

Rheumatism

349

3.49

10

9.70

2.8

Very slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of measles, 2; found, none.

Slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of whooping-cough, 7; chicken-pox, 4; colds, 4; croup, 3. Cases found, none. B. Middle Age; expectation for cases of eye trouble, 30, erysipelas, 24, tonsillitis, 23, and apoplexy, 21. Cases found, none.

Fleshy build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of ear trouble, 19, lung trouble, 18. Cases found, none. B. Middle age; expectation for cases of throat trouble, 5. Cases found, none.

DISEASES IN RELATION TO BUILD.

As just stated, it is frequently true that build is influenced permanently by disease. To test the influence of disease on, or association of diseases with, different types of build, a tabulation was made of the diseases recorded (in the Records of Family Traits, Eugenics Record Office) as occurring during youth and during middle age in 10,000 fairly well described persons. This constituted the control. Then there was determined for our groups of very slender, slender, fleshy, and very fleshy, the incidence of disease. The ratio of the percentage incidence of the latter to the former was then calculated. In table 10 is given in sum many of the results found for the principal diseases. This table may now be briefly discussed.

Persons of very slender build are characterized in youth by an excess of respiratory diseases—influenza, tuberculosis, and colds. In middle age they show an excess of melancholia, nervousness, and tuberculosis.

In 737 persons of slender build there are found in youth many diseases in excess of normal incidence. These comprise diseases of the respiratory tract—tuberculosis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia; some nervous diseases, “nervous breakdown”; various general infections, such as “fevers,” appendicitis, anemia, “rheumatism,” diphtheria, scarlet and typhoid fevers. One might conclude that slender youth are relatively nonresistant to infections. In slender persons there is found in middle age an excess of tuberculosis and pneumonia, much appendicitis and intestinal trouble, and (as also in youth) anemia.

These associations of slender build and disease are not always easy to interpret. The common idea of the tubercular diathesis comprises slender form. On the other hand, a person who has, or has recovered from, active pulmonary tuberculosis is apt to remain underweight, partly because the respiratory apparatus is damaged. The association of “nervousness” with slenderness is probably due to the double effect of some glandular dystrophy, as, for example, of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroid individuals are usually tall, slender, and “nervous” or irritable.

In 103 persons of very fleshy build, the only outstanding disease of youth is pneumonia. In middle age occur “kidney trouble,” “dropsy” (which often accompanies chronic nephritis), and apoplexy, which is sometimes caused by extra pressure on the blood-vessels resulting from impeded elimination from the kidney or to a diabetic tendency which puts extra work on the vessels. “Heart disease” is also commoner than usual.

In 542 persons of fleshy build, “bladder trouble” (probably including diabetes) and kidney trouble are exceptionally frequent, also arterio-sclerosis and its accompaniments, apoplexy and paralysis. Hernia is frequent, as are various diseases of the digestive tract, such as appendicitis, hemorrhoids, liver trouble, and gallstones. These are doubtless not the cause of, but a consequence or concomitant of, overweight. Sibilant bronchitis, lithiasis (uric and biliare), and diabetes mellitus are mentioned, in addition to the above, by Heckel (1920, p. 31) as especially apt to be associated with obesity.

TABLE 11.—Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to index of build; males and females tabulated separately.

[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.]

Index of build (English)

Distribution of male progeny.

VS×S II

VS×M III

VS×F IV

S×S VI

S×M VII

S×F VIII

S×VF IX

M×M X

M×F XI

M×VF XII

F×F XIII

F×VF XIV

VF×VF XV

Total ♂

22

23

24

25

1

1

1

1

4

26

1

1

2

27

1

1

7

1

1

11

28

1

5

1

1

1

9

29

1

4

3

2

3

2

1

2

18

30

5

8

2

2

13

7

1

1

39

31

1

2

17

5

1

10

6

2

2

1

1

48

32

2

2

3

21

7

2

18

25

3

4

4

3

94

33

2

1

2

23

13

2

23

26

4

3

7

1

107

34

2

1

17

14

1

16

21

3

4

3

1

83

35

24

8

2

25

20

8

8

5

2

102

36

1

14

4

25

20

1

9

2

1

77

37

1

1

12

10

1

8

14

5

6

1

1

60

38

1

9

9

2

10

16

3

9

3

62

39

1

6

4

5

8

5

9

7

7

1

53

40

1

4

2

1

6

6

5

4

5

1

35

41

2

4

1

4

10

1

2

24

42

1

2

1

1

5

1

4

6

21

43

1

1

2

2

3

2

1

3

4

19

44

1

1

1

1

2

1

7

45

1

1

2

4

2

2

12

46

1

1

2

2

1

7

47

1

1

2

4

2

10

48

1

2

3

49

1

1

50

1

1

2

4

51

1

1

2

1

5

52

0

53

2

2

1

5

54

1

1

55

0

56

0

57

0

58

1

1

0

79

1

1

103

1

1

♂

5

11

12

29

172

88

23

178

194

59

77

57

21

926

♀

6

17

13

18

134

67

11

149

146

53

79

43

9

745

Total ♂ and ♀

11

28

25

47

306

155

34

327

340

112

156

100

30

1671

Avg. ♂, 35.81 ± 0.12. σ ♂, 5.325 ± 0.084.

TABLE 11A.—Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to index of build; males and females tabulated separately—Continued.

[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.]

Index of build (English)

Distribution of female progeny.

Total ♂ and ♀

VS×S II

VS×M III

VS×F IV

S×S VI

S×M VII

S×F VIII

S×VF IX

M×M X

M×F XI

M×VF XII

F×F XIII

F×VF XIV

VF×VF XV

Total ♀

22

1

1

2

2

23

1

1

2

2

24

0

0

25

1

3

1

2

1

8

12

26

2

1

3

3

3

1

1

14

16

27

1

1

4

2

1

3

1

13

24

28

1

1

11

1

1

4

2

21

30

29

1

1

1

2

10

5

1

7

5

2

6

41

59

30

1

2

1

1

10

6

10

9

2

3

2

47

86

31

4

1

22

8

2

15

9

4

2

3

1

71

119

32

1

1

1

2

18

2

2

12

15

6

2

2

1

65

159

33

4

2

12

11

1

14

20

4

1

2

71

178

34

1

9

4

12

13

9

8

2

2

60

143

35

2

10

2

9

13

4

9

3

52

154

36

1

7

2

1

19

20

2

8

4

1

65

142

37

3

3

1

14

8

4

7

2

42

102

38

2

5

1

7

7

2

2

5

31

93

39

2

5

10

5

2

1

1

26

79

40

1

3

1

1

3

6

6

1

1

23

58

41

2

1

1

5

1

2

2

1

14

38

42

1

1

3

2

2

7

3

1

21

42

43

2

1

1

2

3

1

10

29

44

1

1

2

6

1

11

18

45

2

1

2

3

8

20

46

1

1

1

1

1

5

12

47

2

1

2

1

6

16

48

1

1

2

5

49

1

1

1

1

2

6

7

50

1

1

2

6

51

1

1

2

7

52

1

1

2

2

53

1

1

6

54

1

55

0

56

1

1

1

57

0

58

1

79

1

103

1

♀

6

17

13

18

134

67

11

149

146

53

79

43

9

745

1671

Avg. ♀, 34.54 ± 0.17. S. D. ♀, 5.133 ± 0.089.

The one clear conclusion from this study is that no single disease and no special single collection of diseases is exclusively responsible for exceptionally slender or exceptionally fleshy build. The variations in build are due primarily rather to various idiosyncrasies of development and metabolism which have largely an hereditary basis, upon which may be superimposed modifications by various types of disease.

TABLE 12.—Distribution of progeny of the different matings, according to index of build; sexes tabulated together, based on Appendix tables, omitting starred families.

Serial mating No.

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

Total.

Type of mating

VS×S

VS×M

VS×F

S×S

S×M

S×F

S×VF

M×M

M×F

M×VF

F×F

F×VF

VF×VF

Av. index of build

26.1

28.4

32.0

29.8

30.9

33.8

37.9

33.2

36.4

40.7

39.2

43.0

47.4

No. of matings.

4

8

5

23

101

49

11

92

114

30

33

29

7

506

22

1

1

2

23

1

1

2

24

0

25

1

1

4

2

2

2

12

26

3

1

3

4

3

1

1

16

27

1

1

2

11

2

1

4

1

1

24

28

1

1

6

11

2

1

2

4

2

30

29

1

2

1

6

13

7

1

10

7

3

8

59

30

1

2

1

6

18

8

2

23

16

3

4

2

86

31

1

4

3

39

13

3

25

15

6

4

4

2

119

32

1

3

3

5

39

9

4

30

40

9

6

6

4

159

33

6

3

2

35

24

3

37

46

8

4

9

1

178

34

2

2

26

18

1

28

34

12

12

5

3

143

35

2

34

10

2

34

33

12

17

8

2

154

36

2

21

6

1

44

40

3

17

6

2

142

37

1

1

15

13

2

22

22

9

13

3

1

102

38

1

11

14

3

17

23

5

11

8

93

39

1

8

9

5

18

10

11

7

8

2

79

40

2

7

3

2

9

12

5

10

6

2

58

41

2

5

2

1

9

11

2

3

3

38

42

1

3

5

1

3

7

1

11

9

1

42

43

1

1

4

3

3

3

3

6

5

29

44

2

1

1

3

1

6

3

1

18

45

3

1

1

2

6

2

3

2

20

46

1

4

1

1

1

3

3

1

12

47

1

1

4

5

2

3

16

48

1

1

3

5

49

1

2

1

1

2

7

50

1

1

2

2

6

51

1

1

1

2

1

1

7

52

1

1

2

53

2

2

2

6

54

1

1

55

0

56

1

1

57

0

58

1

1

79

1

1

103

1

1

Total

11

28

25

47

306

155

34

327

340

112

156

100

30

1671

Adult progeny per mating

2.75

3.50

5.00

2.04

3.03

3.16

3.09

3.55

2.98

3.70

4.72

3.45

4.29

3.29

Average

28.55

32.18

35.04

28.47

34.01

34.39

35.68

34.79

35.41

37.64

37.56

38.49

39.20

35.24

P. E. of aver.

±.86

±.54

±.83

±.24

±.16

±.22

±.51

±.15

±.16

±.58

±.29

±.38

±.78

±.087

σ

4.21

4.20

6.18

2.41

4.20

4.13

4.44

4.05

4.34

9.11

5.37

5.38

6.31

5.29

P. E. of σ

±.61

±.38

±.59

±.17

±.11

±.16

±.36

±.11

±.11

±.41

±.21

±.27

±.55

±.06

MASS STUDY OF VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN BUILD.

Having considered the classification and something of the causes of variation in build, we have now to consider the relation between the build of the parents and that of the progeny. This is the mass treatment of the data of “heredity” which was the prevailing method 25 years ago and earlier. It is still a useful method in the case of traits due to multiple factors, such as the present one.

The distribution of build in the children of the different matings is given in tables 11, 11A, and 12. There are 15 possible different combinations of matings of the five grades. The first of these (VS × VS) is not represented in our data, and the fifth, VS × VF, is represented by only one mating and no column is devoted to it. The frequencies are given separately for male and female offspring (table 11), and again for both sexes together (table 12). Table 13 shows that there is a considerable correlation between the average build of the parentage and that of the progeny. From the matings of the fleshier parents the progeny are fleshier; from those of slender parents, slenderer. This relation may conceivably be due to family tradition handed down from parents to children. We shall see later that this hypothesis meets with formidable difficulties to acceptance. The most reasonable hypothesis is that there are, above all, hereditary family tendencies that help determine build.

TABLE 13.—Distribution of progeny of the various matings, according to classes of build, absolute numbers, and proportions, based on Appendix table, including starred families.

Type of mating.

Total No.

of children.

Absolute numbers.

Proportional frequencies

(per mille).

VS.

S.

M.

F.

VF.

VS.

S.

M.

F.

VF.

No.

II

VS

×

S

20

4

12

2

2

200

600

100

100

III

VS

×

M

28

1

7

17

3

36

250

607

107

IV

VS

×

F

25

1

5

10

7

2

40

200

400

280

80

VI

S

×

S

51

5

35

11

98

686

215

VII

S

×

M

313

49

200

53

11

157

639

169

35

VIII

S

×

F

179

5

25

85

57

7

28

140

475

318

39

IX

S

×

VF

50

7

18

17

8

140

360

340

160

X

M

×

M

332

2

40

201

82

7

6

121

605

247

21

XI

M

×

F

346

31

210

88

17

90

606

255

49

XII

M

×

VF

112

2

7

50

36

17

18

63

446

321

152

XIII

F

×

F

159

15

62

61

21

94

390

384

132

XIV

F

×

VF

146

1

7

52

51

35

7

48

356

349

240

XV

VF

×

VF

37

12

8

10

400

267

333

Total

1798

Comparing the tables for male and female offspring, it appears, first, that there are, for some reason, more males than females about whom data of build are given, probably because more males than females know their stature and weight, or willingly record it; second, there are relatively more females than males of very slender build (grades 22 to 31); there are recorded relatively more very fleshy males than females (grades of 50 and above); third, there are relatively more recorded daughters than sons derived from one very slender parent, and from the F × F and M × M matings. The male progeny are more variable than the female as 5.325 ± 0.084 is to 5.133 ± 0.089; but the difference is less than three times the probable error, and is, consequently, not very significant.

Considering next the table of total progeny of the various matings, it appears that the average number of children with recorded build from the recorded matings is variable. In descending order the fecundity of the matings is shown in table 14. This table shows that larger families, on the average, were derived from fleshy parents than from slender parents. Thus the F × F matings yield 2.3 times as many children, on the average, per mating as the S × S matings.

TABLE 14.—Average number of progeny yielded by each type of mating (based on table 12).

Mating.

No. of children.

Mating.

No. of children.

VS

×

F

5.00

S

×

F

3.16

F

×

F

4.72

S

×

VF

3.09

VF

×

VF

4.29

S

×

M

3.03

M

×

VF

3.70

M

×

F

2.98

M

×

M

3.55

VS

×

S

2.75

VS

×

M

3.50

S

×

S

2.04

F

×

VF

3.45

REGRESSION OF PROGENY TOWARD MEDIOCRITY.

Galton pointed out, in the case of stature, that, since correlation between parents and progeny is not perfect, the progeny of selected parents will tend to be less extremely selected and hence more nearly mediocre than their parents. It has, indeed, been shown in my studies on stature (1917, p. 341) that the progeny of tall parents do not show this regression to mediocrity as much as the progeny of short parents. This was regarded as evidence that the gametes of tall parents carried fewer recessive allelomorphs than those of short parents; hence were genetically “purer” and comprise more recessive factors. What is the condition in respect to the varying indices of build?

The answer to this question is given in table 15, which in turn is based on table 12. This table shows for each of the 13 matings the average departure of the parents from mediocre build (which for the parents is 34.86) and the corresponding departure of their offspring from mediocre build (which for the progeny is 35.24). In the right-hand column of the table is given the difference between these two departures, which measures the amount of regression toward mediocrity on the part of the progeny. The results of the last column are shown graphically in figure 8.

TABLE 15.—Average build and regression from parental average of the progeny of the various types of mating. Also matings arranged in order of regression. Sexes combined (based on table 12).

Type of mating.

No. of matings.

No. of progeny.

Avg. build of parents.

Avg. build of progeny.

Departure of parents from mediocrity.

Departure of progeny from mediocrity.

Regression.

VS

×

S

4

11

26.13

28.55 ± .86

-8.73

-6.69

+2.04

VS

×

M

8

28

28.38

32.18 ± .54

-6.48

-3.06

+3.42

VS

×

F

5

25

32.00

35.04 ± .83

-2.86

-0.20

+2.66

S

×

S

23

47

29.77

28.47 ± .24

-5.09

-6.77

-1.68

S

×

M

101

306

30.90

34.01 ± .16

-3.96

-1.23

+2.73

S

×

F

49

155

33.85

34.39 ± .22

-1.01

-0.85

+0.16

S

×

VF

11

34

37.91

35.48 ± .51

+3.05

+0.24

+2.81

M

×

M

92

327

33.23

34.79 ± .15

-1.63

-0.45

+1.18

M

×

F

114

340

36.45

35.41 ± .16

+1.59

+0.17

+1.42

M

×

VF

30

112

40.68

36.53 ± .38

+5.82

+1.29

+4.53

F

×

F

33

156

39.21

37.56 ± .29

+4.35

+2.32

+2.03

F

×

VF

30

100

42.97

38.49 ± .36

+8.11

+3.25

+4.86

VF

×

VF

7

30

47.43

39.20 ± .78

+12.57

+3.96

+8.61

Total

507

1671

34.86

35.24

Mediocrity for parents, 34.86. Mediocrity for progeny, 35.24.

MATINGS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF REGRESSION.

S

×

S

-1.68

S

×

F

+0.16

M

×

M

+1.18

M

×

F

+1.42

F

×

F

+2.03

VS

×

S

+2.04

VS

×

F

+2.66

S

×

M

+2.73

S

×

VF

+2.81

VS

×

M

+3.42

M

×

VF

+4.53

F

×

VF

+4.86

VF

×

VF

+8.61

Figure 8 shows clearly that, in spite of considerable irregularities, the line of regression descends from the matings of two very fleshy parents at the left, and in general from matings in which the average parental departure from the mean build of parents is positive, to the mating of two slender parents (or, less strikingly the VS × S mating) or in general to the matings in which the average parental departure is extremely negative. This result is most easily explained on the ground that whereas fleshy parents carry all sorts of gametes for build, slender parents carry a preponderance of gametes of their own kind; hence the progeny do not regress so much from the selected parental condition. This suggests that the slender parents are more nearly homozygous than the fleshy parents.

FIG. 8.—Line of regression of progeny on parents, based on the difference between average filial and parental departures from mediocrity. The abscissæ measure the average parental departure of each class of mating. The ordinates are proportional to the filial regression.

Still another test of the gametic composition of the parents is the variability of their offspring. The facts regarding such variability are given in table 16. From this table it appears that the mating that yields the least variable progeny is that of two slender consorts. The variability in their progeny is measured by 2.41 ± 0.17. The variability of the progeny of the VS × S mating is greater, 4.21 ± 0.61, but on account of the small number of the progeny the probable error is large, and it is possible that this difference in variability between S × S and VS × S progeny is not a significant one. Next to the least variable are the offspring of the M × M mating, 4.06 ± 0.11, and this leads to the conclusion that a large proportion of the M parents are not merely heterozygous, but constitute a “pure race” of medium build. The offspring of the S × F mating have a fairly small variability 4.13 ± 0.16, as befits a first generation (F₁) hybrid. On the other extreme, we have the M × VF mating with a standard deviation of 9.11 ± 0.41. This large standard deviation is due chiefly to the inclusion of one family (Ber-A) which contains 2 progeny of builds 79 and 103, weighing 180 kg. (400 pounds) and 215 kg. (475 pounds) respectively. Otherwise, the variability of this mating is not extreme. It is 5.25 ± 0.24. The next largest variability is from the VF × VF mating, 6.31 ± 0.55, a variability that is due to the absence of any important mode. The progeny of the VS × F mating are highly variable, 6.18 ± 0.59, but this standard deviation has the largest probable error of any except VS × S, so that great stress must not be laid upon its exact position. In general, the progeny of matings with 2 or 1 F or VF parents, belong to the more variable group and those with S (or VS) parents to the less variable group. The meaning of this is clear to the geneticist who has dealt with multiple factors. It indicates that some or all of the factors that make for fleshy build dominate to a greater or less degree over the factors for slenderness. The test of the regression of progeny toward mediocrity and the test of the variability of the progeny of the various matings thus lead to the same result—the factors for fleshiness are imperfectly dominant over those for slenderness, and the latter probably lack some or all of those factors that make for fleshy build.

TABLE 16.—Progeny of the various types of matings arranged in order of variability or standard deviation (S. D.), together with the probable errors (P. E.) of the means and deviations; also the coefficients of variation (based on table 12).

Type of mating.

No. of progeny.

Mean build of progeny and (P. E.)

Standard deviation and (P. E.)

Coefficient of variability.

S

×

S

47

28.47 ± 0.24

2.41 ± 0.17

8.97

M

×

M

327

34.79 ± 0.15

4.06 ± 0.11

11.67

S

×

F

155

34.39 ± 0.22

4.13 ± 0.16

12.01

S

×

M

306

34.01 ± 0.16

4.20 ± 0.11

12.35

VS

×

S

11

28.55 ± 0.86

4.21 ± 0.61

14.75

VS

×

M

28

32.18 ± 0.54

4.22 ± 0.38

13.11

M

×

F

340

35.41 ± 0.16

4.27 ± 0.11

12.06

S

×

VF

34

35.68 ± 0.51

4.44 ± 0.36

12.44

F

×

F

157

37.56 ± 0.29

5.37 ± 0.20

14.30

F

×

VF

100

38.49 ± 0.36

5.38 ± 0.27

3.98

VS

×

F

25

35.04 ± 0.83

6.18 ± 0.59

17.64

VF

×

VF

30

39.20 ± 0.78

6.31 ± 0.55

16.10

M

×

VF

112

37.64 ± 0.58

9.11 ± 0.41

24.17

HYPOTHESIS.

The foregoing brief studies of the progeny of classes of matings suggest the following hypothesis:

Fleshy build results from the action of several positive (dominant) factors that make for stoutness, while slenderness results from the absence of one or more of such factors, or is due to recessive factors. Fleshy parents may, and frequently do, carry gametes which lack the “fleshy” or carry the “slender” factor, while in slender parents for the most part the gametes carry only the slender factor, hence the gametes of slender parents are more nearly homogeneous. This hypothesis may be further developed as follows:

Assuming that there are two independent factors A and B for build, then these may be found in different zygotes in the following combinations:

AABB

AaBB

aABB

aaBB

AABb

AaBb

aABb

aaBb

AAbB

AabB

aAbB

aabB

AAbb

Aabb

aAbb

aabb

Or, disregarding order of the letters, and considering only the number and kind of genes in each kind of zygote, we have:

AABB

2AaBB

aaBB

2AABb

4AaBb

2aaBb

AAbb

2Aabb

aabb

in which the coefficients indicate the relative frequency of the different combinations.

We may assume that:

- 4 positive factors in a zygote correspond to a very fleshy person.

- 3 factors correspond to a fleshy person.

- 2 factors correspond to a person of medium build.

- 1 factor corresponds to a slender person.

- 0 factor corresponds to a very slender person.

Table 17 indicates the possible matings and their progeny.

TABLE 17.—Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings, on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent upon 4 zygotic factors in the parents.

One parent.

Other parent.

Zygotic formulæ.

Gametic formulæ.

Percentage of each number of zygotes in progeny.

0 (VS)

1 (S)

2 (M)

3 (F)

4 (VF)

4

4

AABB × AABB

AB × AB

100

4

3

AABB × AABb

{ AB × AB }

50

50

{ AB × Ab }

4

2

AABB × AAbb

AB × Ab

100

AABB × AaBb

{ AB × AB }

25

50

25

{ AB × Ab }

{ AB × aB }

{ AB × ab }

4

1

AABB × Aabb

{ AB × Ab }

50

50

{ AB × ab }

4

0

AABB × aabb

AB × ab

100

3

3

AABb × AABb

{ AB × AB }

25

50

25

{ AB × Ab }

{ Ab × AB }

{ Ab × Ab }

3

2

AABb × AAbb

{ AB × Ab }

50

50

{ Ab × Ab }

AABb × AaBb

{ AB × AB }

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{ AB × Ab }

{ AB × aB }

{ AB × ab }

{ Ab × AB }

{ Ab × Ab }

{ Ab × aB }

{ Ab × ab }

3

1

AABb × Aabb

{ AB × Ab }

25

50

25

{ AB × ab }

{ Ab × Ab }

{ Ab × ab }

3

0

AABb × aabb

{ AB × ab }

50

50

{ Ab × ab }

2

2

AAbb × AAbb

Ab × Ab

100

AAbb × AaBb

{ Ab × AB }

25

50

25

{ Ab × Ab }

{ Ab × aB }

{ Ab × ab }

AaBb × AAbb

{ AB × Ab }

25

50

25

{ Ab × Ab }

{ aB × Ab }

{ ab × Ab }

AaBb × AaBb

{ AB × AB }

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

{ AB × Ab }

{ AB × aB }

{ AB × ab }

{2Ab × AB }

{2Ab × Ab }

{2Ab × aB }

{2Ab × ab }

{ ab × AB }

{ ab × Ab }

{ ab × aB }

{ ab × ab }

2

1

AAbb × Aabb

{ Ab × Ab }

50

50

{ Ab × ab }

AABb × Aabb

{ AB × Ab }

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{ Ab × Ab }

{ AB × ab }

{ Ab × ab }

{ aB × Ab }

{ aB × aB }

{ ab × Ab }

{ ab × ab }

2

0

AAbb × aabb

Ab × ab

100

AaBb × aabb

{ AB × ab }

25

50

25

{ Ab × ab }

{ aB × ab }

{ ab × ab }

1

1

Aabb × Aabb

{ Ab × Ab }

50

50

{ AB × ab }

{ ab × Ab }

{ ab × ab }

1

0

Aabb × aabb

{ Abab }

50

50

{ abab }

0

0

aabb × aabb

100

On the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build, the possible combinations in the progeny are much more numerous. Seven classes of zygotic combinations are possible. We recognize in our work only 5 classes of build. Accordingly, it would be necessary to redistribute our classes of build into 7 or else assume that the two lowest classes are both comprised in “very slender” and the two highest in “very fleshy.” The former operation would require an amount of work hardly justified by the possible advantage; so the latter procedure was adopted as perhaps a sufficiently close approximation. The distributions are given in table 18 which is given in detail only in part.

TABLE 18.—Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent on 6 zygotic factors in the parents.

No. of factors in

Percentage of each class of zygotic factors.

One parent.

Other parent.

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

6

6

100

6

5

50

50

6

4

{

100

{

25

50

25

6

3

{

50

50

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

6

2

{

100

{

25

50

25

6

1

50

50

6

0

100

5

5

25

50

25

5

4

{

50

50

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

5

3

{

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

{

25

50

25

5

2

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{

50

50

5

1

25

50

25

5

0

50

50

4

4

{

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

{

25

50

25

{

25

50

25

{

100

4

3

{

3.125

15.625

31.25

31.25

15.625

3.125

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{

50

50

4

2

{

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

{

25

50

25

{

25

50

25

{

100

4

1

{

50

50

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

4

0

25

50

25

3

3

{

1.5625

9.375

23.4375

31.25

23.4375

9.375

1.5625

{

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

{

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

{

25

50

25

3

2

{

3.125

16.625

31.25

31.25

16.625

3.125

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{

50

50

3

1

{

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.5

{

25

50

25

3

0

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{

50

50

2

2

{

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

{

50

50

{

100

2

1

{

12.5

37.5

37.5

12.5

{

50

50

2

0

{

25

50

25

{

100

1

1

25

50

25

1

0

50

50

0

0

100

MATE SELECTION IN BUILD.

Statistics on temperament and stature of consorts (Davenport, 1915, p. 106; 1917, p. 329) seem clearly to show that there is an assortative mating in respect to these traits. The question arises: Is there assortative mating in respect to build? The inquiry is rendered the more difficult, inasmuch as build changes to such an extent with age. Nevertheless, as there appears to be a considerable correlation (though not yet calculated) between build at 25 and at 50 years, it is fair to assume that some degree of the mature build is already indicated at the period just before marriage.

If, now, there is no assortative mating in respect to build, we should find that persons of any given build, say slender, would have very slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy consorts in the respective proportions in which such classes of build occur in the whole population of parents. A marked deviation from this expectation would indicate the falseness of this hypothesis and that there is an assortative mating in respect to build.

To test the hypothesis we can make use of 531 matings, including those which are employed in the main tables. We find the male and the female consorts in these matings to occur in the different classes in the numbers and proportions shown in table 19.

TABLE 19.—Percentage distribution of parents of each sex among the various classes of build as found in 531 selected matings. Based on Appendix tables.

Classes.

Males.

Females.

Frequency.

Per cent.

Frequency.

Per cent.

VS

22

.38

18

3.39

S

97

18.27

127

23.92

M

230

43.31

210

39.55

F

158

29.75

120

22.59

VF

44

8.29

56

10.55

Total

531

100

531

100

In applying the test to the hypothesis we may assume in turn that the groom has done the selecting and that the bride has done the selecting. We then compare, in the selections made by the grooms, the expected proportion of the classes of build on the assumption of no assortative mating, with the proportions actually found in the brides. Similarly, with suitable changes for the selections made by the brides. The results are given in table 20.

TABLE 20.—Percentage distribution of build of consorts selected by grooms and by brides belonging to each of the classes of build, and comparison with the standards of table 19.

P, percentages found or expected. E, percentage excess of found over expected.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Total

P

E

P

E

P

E

P

E

P

E

S ELECTIONS MADE BY GROOMS.

Expected build of brides, random selection

3.4

23.9

39.6

22.6

10.6

100

Selections by slender  grooms

5.2

+52.9

24.7

+3.3

37.1

+6.3

23.7

+4.9

9.3

-12.3

Selections by medium  grooms

3.5

+2.9

28.3

+18.4

40.4

+2.0

22.3

-1.3

5.6

-47.2

Selections by fleshy  grooms

3.2

-5.9

18.3

-23.4

40.5

+2.3

21.5

-4.9

16.5

+55.7

Selections by very fleshy  grooms

0.0

-100

15.9

-33.5

38.6

-2.5

27.3

+20.8

18.2

+71.7

S ELECTIONS MADE BY BRIDES.

Expected build of grooms, random selection

0.4

18.3

43.3

29.8

8.3

100

Selections by slender  brides

1.59

+297.5

18.9

+3.3

51.2

+18.2

22.8

-23.5

5.5

-33.7

Selections by medium  brides

0.0

-100

17.1

-6.6

44.3

+2.3

30.5

+2.3

8.1

-2.4

Selections by fleshy  brides

0.0

-100

19.2

+4.9

42.5

-1.8

28.3

-5.0

10.0

+20.5

Selections by very fleshy  brides

0.0

-100

16.1

-12.0

23.2

-46.4

46.4

+55.7

14.3

+72.3

An inspection of tables 19 and 20 shows that the hypothesis that wives and husbands of men of each different class of build are merely random samples of the whole population of parents is not supported by the facts. Thus on the part of both very fleshy grooms and brides over 70 per cent more consorts, who will ultimately be very fleshy are selected than are expected on the hypothesis of random sampling. Also, among fleshy fathers there is a marked excess of very fleshy wives. Slender parents have an excess of similar consorts. Medium parents have selected consorts nearly at random so far as regards build. Slender parents have selected a smaller proportion of very fleshy consorts than expectation on random choice, and very fleshy parents have selected less than the average of very slender and slender consorts. In a word, there is some degree of assortative mating and, indeed, a mating of similars. This result agrees with the findings in respect to stature; similars tend to mate; while in the case of temperament, dissimilars tend to marry each other.

THE BASAL TABLES.

In the Appendix are given in tabular form details concerning the different types of matings, with some information concerning the grandparents, the sibs of parents, and the children. These are the tables that have been used for the mass study and from which table 11 was drawn up.[2] They will afford much of our data for the detailed Mendelian studies, and will be briefly considered in this section.

[2] The families in the tables of the Appendix which are marked by an asterisk (*) are not included in table 11. The reason is that they were selected families, usually because containing very fleshy persons. It was deemed undesirable to combine these selected families with the unselected families that make up most of table 11; a table which forms the basis for figure 7. To have included them would have distorted the form of that figure.

These tables are derived chiefly from the Records of Family Traits; some from special schedules and, in a few cases, from the A file of the Eugenics Record Office.

Table I.—Mating of very slender, 1.50 to 1.75 metric (21 to 25 English) × very slender. This combination does not occur in our 506 standard matings.

Table II.—Matings of very slender × slender, 1.80 to 2.10 (26 to 30). There are seven matings altogether. They yielded 20 progeny: 4 VS, 12 S, 2 M, and 2 F. Four-fifths of the progeny thus fall in the parental groups; the distribution shows little variability (fig. 9).

Table III.—Matings of very slender × medium, 2.2 to 2.6 (31 to 36). 28 children derived from 8 matings have indices of build as follows: 1 VS, 7 S, 17 M, 3 F. The mode of the progeny, as compared with table 2, has shifted to the medium grade (fig. 10).

Table IV.—Matings of very slender × fleshy, 2.6 to 3.0 (37 to 43). There are 5 matings. These yielded 25 progeny: 1 VS, 5 S, 10 M, 7 F, and 2 VF. The mode is at medium grade, but the whole distribution is much more variable than in tables 2 and 3 (fig. 11).

Table V.—Matings of very slender × very fleshy, 3.1 to 4.5 (44 to 64). There is only 1 mating in this class, so that no table is formed. It is described in full on page 97. It produced 7 children: 3 S, 3 M, and 1 VF.

Table VI.—Matings of slender × slender. There are 24 matings of this type. They yielded 51 progeny: 5 VS, 35 S, 11 M. The mode is strongly in the S grade; the progeny show relatively little variability (fig. 12).

Table VII.—Matings of slender × medium parents. There are 101 matings of this type. They yielded 313 progeny: 49 S, 200 M, 53 F, 11 VF. The mode is at medium; the progeny show rather low variability (fig. 13).

Table VIII.—Matings of slender × fleshy parents. There are 52 matings of this type. They yielded 179 progeny: 5 VS, 25 S, 85 M, 57 F, 7 VF. The mode is at medium: the progeny show rather low variability (fig. 14).

Table IX.—Matings of slender × very fleshy parents. There are 16 matings of this type. They yielded 50 progeny: 7 S, 18 M, 17 F, 8 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 15).

Table X.—Matings of medium × medium parents. There are 93 matings of this type. They yielded 332 offspring: 2 VS, 40 S, 201 M, 82 F, 7 VF. The progeny are not very variable (fig. 16), indicating that all individuals of medium build are not “heterozygotes”; but that there is also a “medium” race.

Table XI.—Matings of medium × fleshy parents. There are 115 matings of this type. They yielded 346 offspring: 31 S, 210 M, 88 F, 17 VF. The progeny show an intermediate degree of variability (fig. 17).

Table XII.—Matings of medium × very fleshy parents. There are 30 matings of this type. They yielded 112 offspring: 2 VS, 7 S, 50 M, 36 F, 17 VF. The progeny show considerable variability (fig. 18).

Table XIII.—Matings of fleshy × fleshy parents. There are 33 matings of this type. They yielded 159 offspring: 15 S, 62 M, 61 F, 21 VF. The progeny show a rather high variability (fig. 19).

Table XIV.—Matings of fleshy × very fleshy parents. There are 30 matings of this type. They yielded 146 offspring: 1 VS, 7 S, 52 M, 51 F, 35 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 20).

Table XV.—Matings of very fleshy × very fleshy parents. There are 7 matings of this type. They yielded 37 offspring: 1 S, 12 M, 11 F, 13 VF. The progeny are exceedingly variable (fig. 21).

The diversity of the distributions of the progeny of the various matings and the great difference in their variabilities indicates that there is not only an inheritance of tendencies to particular types of build, but also that there is a strong evidence of some sort of Mendelian inheritance.

FIG. 9.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table II, VS × S matings. Number of individuals, 20.

FIG. 10.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table III, VS × M matings. Number of individuals, 28.

FIG. 11.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IV, VS × F matings. Number of individuals, 25.

FIG. 12.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VI, S × S matings. Number of individuals, 51.

FIG. 13.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VII, S × M matings. Number of individuals, 313.

FIG. 14.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VIII, S × F matings. Number of individuals, 179.

FIG. 15.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IX, S × VF matings. Number of individuals, 50.

FIG. 16.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table X, M × M matings. Number of individuals, 332.

FIG. 17.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XI, M × F matings. Number of individuals, 1,346.

FIG. 18.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XII, M × VF matings. Number of individuals, 112.

FIG. 19.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIII, F × F matings. Number of individuals, 159.

FIG. 20.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIV, F × VF matings. Number of individuals, 146.

FIG. 21.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XV, VF × VF matings. Number of individuals, 37.

PART III.

FAMILY STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF BUILD.

A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.

Our study of the mass relation in build between parental and filial generation has followed the ordinary pre-Mendelian method of analysis of heredity, a method that has proved rather sterile for prediction of filial traits. It has, however, enabled us to formulate an hypothesis in Mendelian language. It now remains to use our data in Mendelian fashion, to seek a test of the hypothesis.

In this study we shall not use all of the families listed in the main tables of the Appendix, because some of them are for various reasons not adequate for Mendelian analysis; for example, in some cases the ancestry is insufficiently known, so that the gametic nature of the parents can not be inferred. It is considered preferable to analyze a few of the more completely known families than to rest content with the mass statistics. I shall take up in order the more significant matings.

B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS.

The asterisk immediately preceding the reference letters means that the family referred to is not included in the statistics of table 11.

†tb or †t, immediately following an index number in this study, signifies that the person with that index number had active tuberculosis. The † indicates death by the disease.

CLASS I. BOTH PARENTS SLENDER.

Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, THE OTHER SLENDER.

We have only two fair cases falling into this category. The *Fun family with the paternal formula 27, 29, 27 and the maternal formula 32, 27, 25; and the Sch-37 family with the paternal formula 29, 33±, 29 and the maternal formula 27±, 29± †tb, 25. (In these formulas the indices of father’s father, father’s mother, father, and similarly for the mother’s side of the house are given in that order.) The full history of these cases follows:

*FUN FAMILY. (Fig. 22.)

II 6, ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender and of exclusively slender sibship and parentage; married II 7, ♀, 167 cm. (66 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110 pounds); build, 1.8 (25); very slender and of slender or medium sibship and parentage. They have 2 children: (1) ♀, at 27 years, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighing 54 kg. (118 pounds); build 1.9 (28), slender; (2) ♂, at 24 years, 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighing 68 kg. (149 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender.

Thus this mating of very slender × slender parents yielded only (2) slender offspring. A slender × slender mating from the same family may be added here.

I 1, ♂, 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighing 57 kg. (125 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender. Married I 2, ♀, 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender. They had 4 children: (1) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 54 kg. (120 pounds); build 1.8 (26), slender; (2) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 60.4 kg. (133 pounds); build 2.0 (29), slender; (3) ♀, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighing 52 kg. (115 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender; (4) ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender.

Two slender parents have thus only (4) slender offspring (A: 034).

FIG. 22.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in FUN family.

In this and the following pedigree charts the following symbolism is adopted. The generations are marked at the left margin; members of one fraternity are suspended from one horizontal line; square, males; circles, females. The abbreviations: d. inf. (died in infancy), and d. yg. (died young) are easily interpreted.

The degree of shading indicates the degree of build according to the following scheme:

SCH-37 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from inflammation of the bowels and in middle age from congestion of the brain, died at 69 years from tetanus and apoplexy. Formula: 150/72 inches, build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died of apoplexy at 83 years. At 80 years his formula was: 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His mother, who in middle age was subject to stomach trouble and “shingles,” died of old age at 83 years, having at 80 years the formula 130/M; build 2.3 (33±). Thus, this side of the house is prevailingly slender.

The Mother, who in youth was subject to hives, and in middle age to asthma and eczema, has at 73 years the formula 94/63 inches; build 1.7 (25). Her father, a farmer, who always suffered from asthma and died of it at 74 years, had at 70 years the formula 120/M; build 1.9 (27±). Her mother, who died at 83 years of tuberculosis of intestine, had at 80 years the formula 110/M; build 2.0 (29±). This is a decidedly slender family, more so than that of the paternal side. The five children:

1. Male, who in youth had measles, whooping-cough, hay-fever, colds, and, in middle age, asthma and hemorrhoids, has at 47 years the formula 165/72.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from sore throat, colds, diphtheria, and quinsy, and in middle age from sore throat; is quick-tempered and astigmatic. At 42 years she has the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Female, who died at 7 years, accident.

4. Female, who in youth was subject to lung trouble and bronchitis, weighed 160 pounds at 27 years, 7 pounds at birth. She has gradually lost weight since 27 years, till at 37 years she has the formula 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29).

5. Male, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has a nervous temperament, at 30 years has the formula 137.5/72 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Comment.—All but one of this fraternity of 4 who grew up are of slender build (unadjusted). The exception is a man of 47 years who is of slender-medium build (R: Sch-37).

To summarize: Of 10 progeny (who grew up) of these 3 matings all are slender except 1 who falls just over the line into medium.

MATING 2. BOTH PARENTS ARE SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK.

Table 21 gives the progeny of matings of slender stock. Of the 5 matured progeny, 4 are slender and 1 just over the line into medium. The details of the families are given below.

TABLE 21. Matings of two slender parents; together with their progeny.

[From Table VI.]

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

Offspring.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Ker 5

M

30

29

M

27

29

1

1

Ste 9

M

S

28

S

31

28

3

KER-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living mostly in western United States—Colorado, Texas, New Mexico.

The Father, who was an army officer, is a railroad official who suffered in middle age from tropical fever. He has, at 51 years, the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a mechanic, died at 74 years from hardening of arteries, having had at 60 years the formula 160/M. His mother, who had 2 children, suffered in middle age from typhoid; she died at about 47 years from pneumonia. At 40 years, her formula 110/S; build probably about 2.1 (30). This side of the house is prevailingly slender.

The Mother, who has had 4 children, suffered in middle age from neuritis. She is living at 49 years. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was an army officer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble and rheumatism. He died at 58 years from heart trouble. At 38 years his formula 160/M. Her mother, who had 2 children, was an invalid; she died at 36 years from consumption. Formula 100/S; say about 2.0 (27). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children grew up:

1. Male, a railroad man, who in youth suffered from throat trouble and pneumonia and who is very nervous, has at 21 years the formula 150/78 inches; build 1.7 (25).

2. Male, formerly a teacher, now in the army, has at 20 years the formula 158/71 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Male, is slender at 15 years.

Comment.—The somewhat slender parents have 2 slender children and a third who is in the army and has a slender-medium build (R: Ker-5).

STE-9 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction, paternal grandparents living first in Germany, later in Alabama; maternal grandparents, parents, and children living in Alabama. The Father, who is a farmer, and suffered in youth from intermittent fever and in middle age from hay fever and gallstone or intestinal trouble, is living at 52 years. At 40 years his formula 120/65.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). His father, who was a farmer, suffered in middle age from intermittent fever. He died at 82 years from congestion of bowels. At 60 years he was of medium build. His mother died at 57 years from intermittent fever. At 55 years she was slender. This side of the house should contribute a slender to medium tendency, unless the Father’s weight is abnormally low, due to his intestinal trouble.

The Mother, who in youth suffered from “enlarged tonsils,” and in middle age from bronchitis, is living at 50 years. At 40 years her formula 115/64.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, who was a blacksmith, died at 32 years from “hemorrhage of lungs.” At 30 years he was slender. Her mother, who in youth suffered from malarial fever and in middle age from tumors, died at about 64 years from “intestinal trouble—tumors (?).” At 40 years her formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). The gametes from this side of the house also should tend to produce slenderness in the children. Four children grew up:

1. Male, an engineer, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and bronchitis, has at 27 years the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29).

2. Male, a teacher, who in youth suffered from bronchitis, has at 24 years the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 22 years the formula 115/62.8 inches; build 2.0 (29).

4. Female, under 18 years, of slender build, but about average for her age.

Comment.—All 3 grown children have a slender build at present; it is possible that build may be increased as they grow older (R: Ste-9).

MATING 3. OTHER SLENDER × VERY SLENDER MATINGS.

There are 3 matings of this type: (1) Nob-1, (2) Cod-1, (3) Jos-1 (table 22).

Of 7 grown and 4 immature children derived from this mating, 5 grown children and 2 (or 3) adolescents are slender. In one mating (Jos-1) of ethnically dissimilar parents (from Riga and Baden respectively), both adult children are of much heavier build than either parent, i.e., of medium to fleshy build. This might be explained as an example of the extra-vigorous growth of hybrids; but we find few other examples of this result in human hybrids. It seems more probable that both parents carry 1 or more factors for fleshiness and that all were combined in their eldest son, causing him to develop fleshiness further than either of his parents.

TABLE 22.—Other matings of a slender and a very slender parent, together with their progeny.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

Offspring.

VS

S

M

F

VF

R Cod 1

35

33

29

30

30

25

2

R Jos 1

24

27

1

1

R Nob 1

26

M

M

24

Sui, Neur

2

1

Total

2

3

1

1

COD-1 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a salesman, suffered in youth from whooping-cough, measles, inflammatory rheumatism; in middle age from mumps and smallpox. He is living at 45 years, having the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died at 56 years from influenza and heart trouble. At 45 years he had the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who suffered from indigestion, died at 72 years from “sclerosis of liver.” At 45 years her formula was 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus this side of the house is of medium to slender build.

The Mother, who in youth had mumps, measles, hives, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, and rheumatism, and in middle life sick headaches, tonsillitis, and pneumonia, is living at 45 years, having the formula 95/62 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malaria and indigestion and in middle age from heart trouble, gravel, and indigestion, died at 80 years from pneumonia and heart trouble, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother, who in youth had whooping-cough, mumps, erysipelas, asthma, pneumonia, and in middle age measles, asthma, neuralgia, pneumonia, and a slight attack of rheumatism, is living at 77 years. At 45 years her formula was 108/60 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus this side of the house is slender to very slender. The 2 children are:

1. Male, a druggist, who suffered from all the children’s diseases and appendicitis, pneumonia, smallpox, rheumatism, and asthma, and loses 8 to 10 pounds in winter and gains it back in summer, has at 20 years the formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from all the children’s diseases, besides nervous nausea, pneumonia, and tonsillitis, has at 18 years the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (26).

Comment.—Thus both children are of slender build (R: Cod-1).

JOS-1 FAMILY.

A family whose paternal and maternal grandparents lived in Baden and Latvia respectively; parents and children living in Pennsylvania.

The Latvian Father, who in middle age suffered from a “touch” of typhoid, has at 60 years the formula 112/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).

The Badenish Mother, who had three children, died at 54 years from pneumonia, having the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Of the two children who grew up:

1. Male, a civil engineer, has at 33 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 189/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

2. Female, a student, has at 26 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).

Comment.—The children exceed in build the stouter parent; probably a result either of heterozygosis or multiple factors (R: Jos-1).

NOB-1 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents living in Illinois and Minnesota, maternal grandparents living in Canada and Minnesota, parents and children living in Illinois and Minnesota. The Father, a livery-man, a very energetic, nervous man, is in middle age liable to rheumatism. He has at 47 years the formula 140/74 inches; build 1.8 (26). His father, a farmer, who in middle age suffered from asthma, colds, and heart trouble, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula M/M. His mother, who had 11 children, suffered in middle age from bronchitis. She is living at 77 years, having the formula M/M.

The Mother, who has had 7 children, has the formula 105/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). One of her brothers hung himself; one of her sisters was always “sickly” and toward the end of her life “very peculiar.” Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble. He died from “dropsy of heart.” At 60 years his formula was M/M. Their mother, who had 7 children, is living, now insane. At 61 years her formula was M/M.

The 7 children are:

1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from adenoids and tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

2. Female, a bookkeeper, has at 19 years the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23).

3. Male, a student, has at 18 years the formula 112/67 inches; build 1.8 (25).

Comment.—There are four children below 18 years. Of these, No. 4, at 14 years, is 18 pounds below standard; No. 5, at 12 years, 15 pounds below; No. 6, at 8 years, 2 pounds below; and No. 7, at 5 years, 2 pounds above standard.

Thus the entire family, omitting the 5-year-old, is below the standard and mostly very slender or slender. In view of the fact that the parents are, at around 45 years, still slender or very slender, it is doubtful if the children’s weights should be adjusted; it is probably a family characteristic not to put on weight in middle life. This family supports the view that extreme slenderness is a recessive condition, or, at least, is determined by prevailing recessive factors (R: Nob-1).

Mating 4. OTHER SLENDER × SLENDER MATINGS (included in table 23).

Since by hypothesis slender parents will rarely carry gametes with more than 1 factor for fleshiness, it becomes important to consider the remaining slender × slender matings, i. e., without special regard to the grandparental conditions. A summary of the distribution of the progeny of all slender × slender matings is given in Table VI (Appendix). This shows that of 51 grown children (resulting from 24 matings), 5 are very slender, 35 slender, and 11 of medium build. Here is a great preponderance of very slender and slender offspring—40 out of the 51, and all of the 11 of medium build are below the middle class. There clearly are factors which drive even these progeny of two slender parents in some cases to become of slightly heavier build than their parents, and this result is to be expected if fleshy build depends on several zygotic factors, and slender build lacks all these factors but two. The distribution of builds in the offspring of the selected slender (and very slender) parents is shown in table 23. The percentage distribution of the progeny is: 12 VS, 73 S, 13 M, 2 F. On any hypothesis we should expect a large proportion of slender offspring. Close conformity to any theoretical distribution is hardly to be expected in this table, owing to the variety of matings included.

TABLE 23.—Summary of selected slender × slender matings, and those of very slender parents, together with their progeny.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Ada 4

2

Cod 1

2

Fel

1

*Fun (a)

2

*Fun (b)

4

Hay 4

2

Hay 12

1

1

Hen 12

1

2

1

Jos 1

1

1

Ker 5

1

1

Lan 4

1

1

Law 7

1

*Leo (a)

1

4

*Leo (b)

3

Lou 2

1

1

McA 2

3

McC 11

1

1

*Mor

3

Nob 1

2

1

*Pal

1

1

Ran 4

1

2

Sch 8

1

1

Sch 37

3

1

Sco 5

2

1

Shi 5

1

*Smi

2

Ste 9

3

Wil 23

4

1

You 9

1

A 01:44

1

A 01:19

1

A 01:60

1

A 01:63

1

Total 77

9

56

10

2

Percentage 100

11.7

72.7

13.0

2.6

Mean, 28.50 ± 0.24; S. D. 3.13 ± 0.17.

Detailed family histories of these slender × slender matings are given herewith.

ADA-4 FAMILY.

A family of old English American (Massachusetts and Ohio) stock, living in Michigan and Kansas. The Father, a merchant, who in youth suffered from brain fever, is living at 77 years, having had at 50 years the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His 4 sibs are all tall. His father, a farmer, died at 49 years from typhoid. At 40 years his formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). His mother, who had 6 children, and who was always well, died at 65 years from pneumonia. At 40 years her formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). This side of the house is of prevailingly slender to medium build.

The mother, who has had 3 children and who suffered in middle age from rheumatism and colitis, is living at 66 years, having had at 50 years the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a farmer, died from paresis. At 45 years he had the formula 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from diphtheria, died at 73 years from paralysis. At 45 years her formula 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender (though with 1 stout grandparent). Two grown children:

1. Male, a photographer, who in youth suffered from tetanus, has at 25 years the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28).

2. Male, a teacher, has at 22 years the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Comment.—Both slender in the unadjusted build (R: Ada-4).

FEL-1 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch and Welsh extraction, living mostly in the mid-western United States. The Father, who is a builder, and who has suffered from several attacks of inflammation of the lungs, is living at 50 years, having the formula 143/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was in business, suffered from lung fever and was almost helpless from rheumatism several years before he was killed in an accident. At 60 years he had the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father’s father, a farmer, died from lung fever, became emaciated before death. At 38 years, his formula 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). His father’s mother, who had 6 children, and who was always well, died at 89 years from old age. At 30 years her formula 96/60 inches; build 1.9 (27). His mother, who had 4 children, was liable to chronic neuralgia. She died at 68 from pneumonia. At 30 years her formula 125/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother’s father, who died at 76 years from pneumonia, had the formula 168/77 inches; build 2.0 (28). A prevailingly slender family.

The Mother, who has only 1 child, has always been well. She is living at 46 years, having the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was an expert machinist, always well, died at 43 years from appendicitis. Formula, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who had but 1 child, was always well. She is living at 62 years, having the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). A slender mother, with medium to stout parents.

The one child, a male, student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Comment.—A slender child (D: Fel-1).

HAY-4 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, New York State, Kansas, and California. Parents living in Massachusetts, California, Kansas, and Japan. The first two children were born in Japan, but live in California, where the rest were born. The Father, who is a rancher, has at 54 years the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was an accountant, died at 67 years from apoplexy. Their mother died from tuberculosis. Apparently a slender strain not very resistant to tuberculosis.

The Mother, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 45 years the formula 123/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her three sibs are tall. Their father, who was a merchant, suffered in middle age from tuberculosis and died from it. At 44 years he was tall and slender. Their mother, who in middle age suffered from chronic indigestion, had at 71 years the formula 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). This side of the house is prevailingly slender, with a possible tubercular diathesis. Six children:

1. Male, a forester, has at 23 years the formula 170/76.8 inches; build 2.0 (29).

2. Male, a student, at 21 years is 71.5 inches tall.

3. Female, at 18 years, has the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27). There are 3 children under 18 years, 2 slender and 1 whose build is unknown.

Comment.—The children are slender, though they may develop into adults of medium build (R: Hay-4).

HAY-12 FAMILY.

A family of English and Scotch extraction, living in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Washington, D. C. The Father, who is a clerk, always well, is living at 67 years. At 65 years his formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). Of his 6 sibs, 3 are slender and 3 of medium build. Their father, who was State senator, suffered in middle age from typhoid. He died at 85 years from old age. At 75 years his formula was 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29). Their mother, who had 8 children and was always well until at 42 years she died from dropsy, was of medium build. This side of the house carries a tendency to slenderness.

The Mother underwent an operation at 63 years for tic douloureux. She is living at 67 years. At 65 years her formula 108/64 inches; build 1.9 (27). Of her 9 known sibs, 3 are slender and 3 fleshy. One of the corpulent brothers has 2 children, 1 corpulent and 1 medium. Their father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 55 years from “congestion of spine, result of accident.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 8 children, was always well, till at 71 years she died from “adhesion of bowels—caused by rupture.” Formula, 90/64 inches; build 1.5 (22). A prevailing slender family, with some tendency to heavy build. Four children:

1. Female, married, who in youth was liable to goiter, is at 38 years of medium build.

2. Female, married, always well, is at 36 years slender.

3. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 31 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

4. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 25 years the formula 135/71 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Comment.—Two of the children are slender, like both parents; 2 are medium (R: Hay-12).

HEN-12 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch and Irish extraction. The grandparents on both sides of the house were southerners. The family is now located in Florida, in which State 4 children were born.

The Father, interested in farming, had at 40 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was killed in the Civil War, was of medium build. The father’s mother died at 30 years from child-birth; she was also, at 25 years, of medium build.

The Mother suffered with laryngitis in middle age and died of it at 29 years. Her formula then was 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a physician, and later a fruit grower, died at 75 from general debility. At 50 he was of medium build. Her mother died at 85 from old age, having at 50 a medium build. Four children are:

1. Female, at 25, has the formula 96/66± inches; build 1.5 (22).

2. Male, at 26, has the formula 146/69 inches; build 2.1 (31); adjusted to 33 years, 151/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

3. Female, at 25, has the formula 115/67± inches; build 1.8 (26±).

4. Male, at 22, has the formula 135/70± inches; build 1.9 (28±).

Comment.—The children are all slender, except perhaps one of slender-medium build (R: Hen-12).

LAW-4 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living mostly in Vermont and Minnesota. The Father, who was a clerk, died at 25 years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). One of his brothers is tall, one very tall. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered in middle age from asthma; grew fleshy at 50; died at 65 years. Thus the Father is a slender parent of medium to fleshy ancestry, who died young from lung trouble.

The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis, erysipelas, and diphtheria; in middle age from pneumonia and pleurisy. She is living at 45 years. At 22 years her formula 122/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Two of her sibs were tall. Their father, a farmer, suffered in youth from fever and ague. He died at 69 years from paralysis. At 48 years his formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered in middle age from neuralgia. She died at 67 years from heart disease. At 45 years her formula 120/M; build 2.1 (30). A slender parent who has had troubles of the respiratory tract. Two grown children:

1. Male, a salesman, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and diphtheria, has at 26 years the formula 155/74 inches; build 2.0 (28).

2. Female, married, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 110/67 inches; build 1.7 (25).

Comment.—One child is slender; the other very slender (R: Law-4).

LAW-7 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New Jersey. The Father, a clerk, and always well, has at 43 years the formula 129/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a manufacturer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever, and in middle age from pneumonia. He died of the latter at 31 years; was of medium build. His mother, who had 4 children, was always well. She is living at 65 years and is of medium build. This side of the house brings in medium-slender elements.

The Mother has always been well. She is living at 42 years, having the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who was a grain dealer, died at 63 years from apoplexy; he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 3 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is living at 68 years and is tall and slender. This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children:

1. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 18 years the formula 128/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (32).

2 and 3. Two girls at 11 and 8 years who are below average build.

Comment.—The one grown child is of medium build, somewhat stouter than her Father; the other two children are rather slender for their ages (R: Law-7).

LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)

I 1, J. L. very slender, died of pneumonia. His wife, I 2, at 87 years is slender and measures 141 cm. in stocking feet; she has two brothers who are slender. There are 5 children:

II 4, ♂, was 183 cm. tall and very slender; he died at 63 years of catarrh of stomach.

II 5, ♂, was short and slender; he died at 52 years of Bright’s disease.

II 6, ♀, single, is 165 cm. tall and weighs 51.7 kg. (65 inches and 114 pounds); index 1.9 (27), obviously slender.

II 3, ♀, slender.

II 7, ♂, always slender.

So far we have only slender persons to deal with. Now enters a change. II 3 married a fleshy man who has a fleshy sister; all 3 children are fleshy. Also II 7 married a woman whose index is 86.2 kg./114 cm., or 6.6 (190/60 inches, or 53). She has always been fleshy (except during an attack of anemia). She had both slender and fleshy sibs. Their only child (III 4) is a girl of 9 years. Her relative chest-girth is 57 per cent instead of the 49 per cent expected at that age; that is, she is fleshy. Thus the two marriages of this slender stock into fleshy lines result altogether in 4 children, all fleshy; indicating dominance of fleshiness.

II 16, ♂, at 50 years is tall and slender. He has 1 slender and 4 fleshy and very fleshy sibs. His father, I 5, was slender; his mother was short and weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds). He married II 17, a slender woman; the 2 living children are tall and slender. Thus II 16 apparently did not carry the gene for fleshiness from his mother (73: 676).

FIG. 23.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the LEO family.

LOU-2 FAMILY.

A family of Irish and English extraction, living mostly in New York State. The Father, who is a doctor, suffered in middle age from “nervous breakdown, indigestion, and stomach trouble”; is living at 60 years, and has the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His three brothers, who are living, are tall. Their father, who survives, is a farmer and suffered in middle age from “nervousness.” Their mother died from consumption “caused from taking care of son who died from same.”

The Mother, who is living at 50 years, has the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). Two children:

1. Female, a student (married), has at 25 years the formula 110/66.5 inches; build 1.8 (25).

2. Female, a student, has at 22 years the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26).

Comment.—Both children are now slender, but may approach a medium weight as they grow older (R: Lou-2).

MCA-2 FAMILY.

A Scotch-English family living chiefly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, had an attack of diphtheria in middle life, is energetic, and, at 62 years, has the formula 135/70 inches; build 1.9 (28). His sister died of tuberculosis. Their father, somewhat easy-going, was a farmer, had typhoid fever and died of cancer at 68 years. His formula, 135/72 inches; build 1.8 (26). Their mother, of mediocre activity and mentality, died at 36 years, having borne 4 children. Two of her sisters died of pneumonia. She was of medium build. This side of the house tends to slenderness.

The Mother, who once had typhoid fever and is physically active, has, at 60 years, the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who had typhoid fever in the army and was very active, had the formula 180/74 inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother’s mother, who was also very active, was of medium build. This side of the house brings in a slender-medium tendency. Three children:

1. Female, a teacher, who has had typhoid fever and her tonsils and appendix removed, is energetic, and has a formula at 30 years of 109/64 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Male, a student and farmer, who has had diphtheria and typhoid fever, energetic, at 28 years has the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).

3. Male, student and farmer, who has always been well, energetic, weighed 9 pounds at birth, formula at 23 years, 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29).

Comment.—The unadjusted build of the children averages the same as the parents and differs little from them; it is hardly probable that they will reach the adjusted weight.

MCC-11 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch and English extraction, living in the Middle West and northwestern United States. The Father, who is a proof-reader, suffered in youth from fever and ague. He is living at 74 years, having at 48 years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a farmer, died at 87 years from dysentery. At 40 years, his formula 160/T; build say 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 4 children, died at 29 years “probably from effects of child-birth.” At 26 years she was of medium build. This side of the house probably contributes a tendency to slender or slender-medium build.

The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis and asthma; in middle age from nervous prostration and abscess. She is living at 60 years, having had at 36 years the formula 130/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her father, who was a farmer and carpenter, suffered in middle age from internal abscess and rheumatism. He died at 72 years from apoplexy. At 40 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 4 children, died in child-birth, at 27 years; she was of medium build. This side of the house, likewise, contributes a tendency to slender or medium build. Two children:

1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and nervousness, has at 28 years the formula 125/65.3 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from asthma, enlargement of liver, and attacks similar to epilepsy, has at 25 years the formula 180/74.3 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—Both children are of medium or slender-medium build (R: McC-11).

MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)

IV 3, ♂, at 46 years is short and very slender. He married a tall, slender woman; their son, at 22 years, is tall and slender.

IV 19, ♀ is tall, like her Father’s father, and very slender. She has 1 slender and 3 or 4 fleshy sibs and both of her parents were fleshy. Her husband is 182 cm. (72 in.) tall and very slender. They have 3 children, all tall and slender.

The Mother apparently carries no “fleshy” gametes (73: 690).

FIG. 24.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in MOR family.

PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)

III 2, J. T. C., ♂, at 64 years is of medium height and slender. One of his sisters is slender and one (III 7) at 56 years is 157 cm. tall (without shoes), weighs 74 kg. net, and has a chest-girth of 105 cm. net. This gives a relative chest-girth of 67 per cent. This sister is thus very fleshy. Their father (II 3) was of medium build, his wife rather fleshy. J. T. C.’s wife, III 3, is of medium height and very slender, though her two parents were of medium build.

The two surviving children are:

IV 1, ♀, at 43 years weighs 165 pounds and is 62 inches tall. She has thus an index of build of 3.0 (43) and is fleshy.

IV 2, 34 years old is very slender; she is, however, an invalid and bedridden. Here we have a well-authenticated record of two slender parents with a fleshy daughter; obviously both of the slender parents must have carried gametes with one or more genes for fleshiness; and a combination of such genes induced fleshy build in the child.

Comment.—A rather remarkable family in that a slender × very slender mating has produced a fleshy child, as well as a very slender one. But the slender Father doubtless carries 2 or possibly (and exceptionally) 3 zygotic factors for build (on the 6-zygotic factor hypothesis); for his mother was fleshy and a sister very fleshy. On this hypothesis the very slender Mother may contribute one such factor (73: 709).

FIG. 25.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in PAL family.

RAN-4 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Massachusetts. The Father, who is an editor, has at 58 years the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother has at 56 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis; height 72 inches. Her father, a minister, suffered in middle age from bronchial consumption and died of it at 60 years. Her mother, who in youth suffered from dropsy and consumption, in middle age from rheumatism, died at 96 years from heart trouble. This side of the house is slender-medium; probably because of tuberculosis. Three children:

1. Male, secretary of an insurance company, who in youth suffered from hay fever, catarrh, and typhoid fever, has at 30 years the formula 140/72 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Female, has at 25 years the formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27).

3. Female, a clerical worker, has at 24 years the formula 120/70 inches; build 1.7 (25).

Comment.—All 3 children are of slender build (one very slender) in the unadjusted ratio. It seems a little doubtful whether, with the inheritance they have, they will ever reach the medium build (R: Ran-4).

SCH-8 FAMILY.

A family of mixed German and American origin, living in Connecticut. The Father, a master mechanic, always well, has at 51 years the formula 132/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 67 years from heart failure; formula 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who had 3 children and who was always well, died at 67 years of heart failure. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the house is slender-medium.

The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 47 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). Her two sisters are tall. Her father, a foreman and always well, has at 73 years the formula 184/69 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her mother was of average stature. This side of the house might be expected to help determine slenderness in the children. Three children:

1. Male, a stenographer, well, has at 21 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30) (adjusted to 49 years, 144/66 inches; build 2.3 (33)).

2. Male, a student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 138/66 inches; build 2.3 (32) [adjusted to 49 years, 157/68 inches; build 2.4 (34)].

3. Female, at 13 years, is very slender, even for her age.

Comment.—The children are slightly below (one is close to) average build (R: Sch-8).

SCO-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living mostly in middle western United States. The Father, a broker, who in middle age suffered from cirrhosis of the liver, has, at 57 years, the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a lumberman, died at 60 years from paralysis, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 75 years from arterio-sclerosis; formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24).

The Mother has at 49 years the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, a wholesale merchant, died at 63 years from sarcoma. His formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother, who has 2 children, has at 74 years the formula 90/61 inches; build 2.1 (24). Three children:

1. Male, a surveyor, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).

2. Male, a clerk, has at 23 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Male, a student, has at 20 years the formula 125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30).

Comment.—The unadjusted build of the children is only a point or two greater than that of the parents (R: Sco-5).

SHI-5 FAMILY.

A family of English and German extraction. The Father’s parents were born in England. The Mother’s parents were born in Germany. The parents and their one child were born in New York City, where the family is now settled.

The Father, inclined to indigestion in middle age, has, at 47, the formula 143/70 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a dry-goods man, has bronchial trouble in middle age. At 73 his formula is 145/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). The Father’s mother, having borne 2 sons and 4 daughters, died of kidney trouble and pneumonia at 52 years of age. Her formula, at 51, was 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

The Mother, who suffered from bronchitis in youth, at 46 has the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father died around the age of 35 from wounds received in the Civil War. He was of medium build. Her mother at 71 years of age has the formula 85/56 inches; build 1.9 (27). One grown child:

1. Female, at 19, has the formula 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—The child is somewhat of heavier build than either parent and may approach the build of her Father’s mother (R: Shi-5).

SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)

II 9, M. E. S., ♀, at 74 years is 162.5 cm. (64 inches) tall without shoes and weighs 48 kg. (106 pounds) net. Her index of build is 1.9 (27); she is slender. All of her 6 sibs are fleshy or very fleshy and so are their two parents (I 1, 2). Her husband was tall and slender. They had 4 children: (1) a boy, who died at 19 of “kidney trouble”; he was slender. (2) and (3) died young; (4) female, at 33 is 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighs 59 kg. (129 pounds) net; index 2.0 (28); she is slender. Thus the mating of two slender persons (one arising in the midst of fleshy stock) has resulted in 2 slender children (73: 736).

FIG. 26.—Pedigree chart of part of SMI family.

WIL-23 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Connecticut. The Father, who is a teacher, is living at 61 years. At 45 years he had the formula 155/72 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died from “quick consumption.” His father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 61 years from pneumonia. At 45 years he was of medium build. His mother, who had 10 children, was always well. She is living at 81 years. At 45 years she was of medium build. This side of the house might be expected to determine medium build in children.

The Mother suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from typhoid fever and hernia. She is living at 63 years. At 45 years her formula was 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis of larynx. Her father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 83 years from “cancer of the face.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well. She died at 67 years from typhoid pneumonia; was slender. Five children:

1. Male, a buyer, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/73 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Male, an electrical engineer, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 29 years the formula 185/75 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Male, a physician and surgeon, who in youth suffered from typhoid and in middle age from acute nephritis, has at 27 years the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28).

4. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29).

5. Male, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 22 years the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Comment.—The unadjusted builds of 4 of the children is a little less than the parental builds of 30 and 29. The adjusted builds are a point or two higher. In the case of child No. 2 we have an exceptionally large index of build for this fraternity of 2.3 (33). It is possible that the tubercular tendency on both sides may have pulled down the hereditary potentiality of one or both parents (R: Wil-23).

YOU-9 FAMILY.

A family of Pennsylvania Dutch blood; all born in and about Pennsylvania. The Father, an educationalist, has had in middle age a nervous breakdown and bronchial trouble. At 44 he has the formula 118/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a miller, died of old age at 76. At 68 he had the formula 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Father’s mother having had 7 sons and 4 daughters, died of old age at 82. When 75 she had the formula 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). It is possible that the bronchial trouble may have reduced the Father’s build somewhat below its normal potentialities.

The Mother, inclined to nervous disorders, at 43 had the formula 98/59.5; build 2.0 (28). Her father, a railroad man, had malarial fever in middle age. At 70 he has the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother in youth had bronchial trouble and St. Vitus dance and in middle age, asthma, pneumonia, rheumatism, nervous prostration, etc. She died at 64, from a complication of diseases. At the time of her death she had the formula 80/59 inches; build 1.6 (23). The two children are:

1. Female, has had bronchitis and encephalitis, at 19 has the formula 94/59.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Female, at 15 years is slender for her age.

Comment.—Slender children from two slender parents (R: You-9).

A: 01-19 FAMILY.

A family of probable English extraction. The Father, a lawyer, is troubled with catarrh, but otherwise his general health is pretty good. At 20 years of age he had the formula 129.5/70 inches; build 2.0 (26).

The Mother has good general health, although troubled with palpitation of the heart and headache. At 20 years she had the formula 106/61 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The one daughter for whom data are given has had numerous children’s diseases. Her general health is now good. At 18 years of age she has the formula 114/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).

Comment.—Parents and child are all slender (A: 011d-19).

A: 01-44 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction. The Father, a dentist, has good general health, but habitual constipation. At 20 years of age he had the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).

The Mother has occasional headaches. At the age of 18 her formula was 104/62 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The son has general good health, but is inclined to kidney trouble, skin diseases, and headache, presumably from his eyes. At 18 he has the formula 124/66; build 2.0 (29) A: (011d-19).

A: 01-60 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction with some Irish and Scotch blood in addition.

The Father, a minister, has had pneumonia and dyspepsia, but his general health is good. At 22 years he had the formula 132.5/68 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother has had piles and slight attacks of rheumatism. Her general health is very good. At 19 years she had the formula 110/64 inches; build 1.9 (27). The one child for whom data are available is:

1. Female, inclined to rheumatism and kidney trouble, like her Mother. She has had practically all children’s diseases, and at 19 her formula is 108/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

Comment.—Both parents and their child are slender (A: 011d-60).

A: 01-63 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction. The Father, a teacher, is in good health. At 45 his formula is 134/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother’s health is generally good. She is inclined to some skin trouble and is troubled with headache and habitual constipation. At 34 years she had the formula 97/59 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The one child is a son in general good health, although he has rheumatism and constipation. He is also subject to frequent colds and grippe. At 19 years of age he has the formula 111/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).

Comment.—Both parents and the child are of slender build (A: 011d-63).

SUMMARY OF S × S MATINGS.

The gametic constitution of slender parents is certainly very diverse. Assuming that both slender parents produce only gametes of the type Abc, their offspring would be exclusively of the type AAbbcc, which we may take as a zygotic formula for slender progeny. Assume that in another case both slender parents have the zygotic formula AaBbcc; then they would each produce gametes ABc, Abc, aBc, and abc. Uniting at random, these gametes would produce zygotes as follows:

Number of dominant factors

4

3

2

1

0

Proportions

6.25

25

37.5

25

6.25

Thus a very variable progeny would be produced: very slender, slender, medium, and fleshy. Now it seems probable that the totals of table 23 are a combination of these two kinds of matings and another which would yield very slender, slender, and medium offspring in the proportions of 25, 50, and 25, respectively.

Considering only the families of table 23 who have 3 or more children, we get a total distribution for these children of:

VS

S

M

5

34

4

If we subtract from the S total the 16 children who belong exclusively to slender fraternities, the children who remain have the distribution 5: 18: 4, which is fairly close to the 1: 2: 1 ratio of 6.75: 13.5: 6.75 which is to be expected from a mating of parents of the zygotic constitution AAbbcc and AaBbcc respectively.

We conclude, therefore, that the S × S matings are gametically of two kinds, one slightly, the other more greatly variable. The distribution found is determined by a combination of these two kinds.

Also, the statistical results of the distribution of the progeny of S × S matings are in harmony with the hypothesis that slender parents in extreme cases carry not more than two zygotic factors for fleshy build. The slender parent is, accordingly, to be regarded as one who carries gametes with prevailingly recessive factors.

CLASS II. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY.

Next we turn to the matter of inheritance of fleshiness in fleshy stock. That fleshiness may be a true hereditary character is indicated by the existence of fleshy races of men. Examples are the South-Russian Jews, especially of the female sex; and certain of the Chinese, who have strikingly short legs. The matter is discussed in more detail at page 7. The fact that the body reacts to food and climate must not blind us to the constitutional factors that are probably present in racial obesity. At any rate, it becomes of interest to inquire as to inheritance of fleshiness in families characterized by the trait. For this purpose we shall consider various matings between more or less fleshy parents.

Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY FLESHY, THE OTHER FLESHY (OR VERY FLESHY) OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 24.)

From this mating of “pure” or nearly “pure” fleshy parents are derived (table 24) 50 offspring: 2 S, 11 M, 23 F, 14 VF, or, in percentages, 4 S, 22 M, 46 F, 28 VF. This distribution of the total does not agree with the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis (p. 41), which gives a filial distribution of 50 F, 50 VF. It agrees better with the 6-factor hypothesis (p. 43), assuming the proper dividing-line between fleshy and very fleshy to lie somewhere in column 5, and the mating to be of the 5-factor × 4-factor type. On this assumption we have a percentage of 17 M and F+83 VF. This approaches the proportions found. Accordingly, the 6-factor hypothesis is preferable.

The progeny are more variable than those derived from two slender parents as 5.74 ± 0.39 is to 3.13 ± 0.17.

Details concerning the families included in table 24 are given below.

TABLE 24.—Matings of a very fleshy parent and a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

Offspring.

VS

S

M

F

VF

[3] Can

VF

VF

47

2VF

56

1

4

Ekb 1

50

36

50

51, 52, 45

38

All tall

2

2

Faz 1

F

39

4F

F

F

57

1VF

1

2

Flo 3

42

42

44

37

35

49

1

6

Gou A

37

37

50

54

2F

2

1

1

Lyn

38

1VF

50

1F

4

2

1

McL A

39

36

38

VF,2; F5; F*M1

34

45

44

VF1; F5; M3

1

4

4

3

Nic 5

VF

VF

41

38

40

45

1

1

Whe

40

52

1VF, 2F, 1S

2

4

A, 40.33 ±.55

Total 50

2

11

23

14

S. D. 5.74 ± .39

Percentage 100

4

22

46

28

[3] Also 4 younger children, 10 to one-half years, all fleshy for their ages.

CAN FAMILY. (Fig. 27.)

A family of Italian extraction, living in a poorly furnished, very much overcrowded, home in a poor Italian neighborhood in a factory city.

I 1, ♂, was tall and very fleshy; died of “heart disease.”

I 2, ♀, was tall and very fleshy and had a brother of similar build. This very fleshy pair had 3 children, as follows:

II 1 and II 4 both very fleshy. II 5 at 46 years 171 cm. (67 inches) tall (without shoes) and weighing 96 kg. (212 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. His chest-girth, 106 cm. net; relative chest-girth 62 per cent. The result suggests that the parents were homozygous for fleshiness.

II 5 married II 6, who at 45 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall (in bare feet) and weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 3.9 (56). Her net chest-girth is 110 cm., relative chest-girth is 72. This very fleshy pair has 9 surviving children, as follows: the eldest, III 3, a boy at 23 years is said to be slender (not seen), married, without children. The second, III 5, ♂, at 22 years is fleshy, as he has always been; married, without children. III 7, ♂, at 19 years is slender but was fleshy until the age of 18 years. III 8, ♂, at 17 years is short and fleshy. III 9, ♂, at 12 years is short and fleshy. III 10, ♀, at 10 years is 136 cm. (53.5 inches) tall, and weighs about 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.5 (35). Her chest-girth is 85 cm. net, relative chest-girth 63. This indicates a girl of far above average relative chest-girth, fleshy. III 12 is a girl of 9 years with a relative chest-girth of 80 ÷ 135 or 59, fleshy. III 13 is a boy of 5 years; his relative chest-girth is 68/112 or 61, fleshy. III 14 is a 6-months-old baby weighing 6.4 kg. or 14.1 pounds and very chubby.

Comment.—Thus with the exception of the first (of whom no details were obtained), all of the children are, or have been, fleshy; the fraternity suggests that both parents are homozygous for fleshiness. The meaning of the exceptional son is uncertain; various hypotheses may be entertained: illegitimacy, poor health following a fleshy childhood, the possible presence of a factor for slenderness in both parental gametes (73:652).

FIG. 27.—Pedigree chart of CAN family.

EKB-1 FAMILY.

A family of Swedish extraction; parents emigrated to Illinois, where all the children were born. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from dropsy and severe headaches. He is living at 56 years, having the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). He has 6 sibs: (1) brother, dead, formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51); (2) brother, 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (52); (3) sister, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Others are not described. Their father, a farmer, died at 79 years from “gangrene subsequent to senile paralysis,” having a formula 170/M inches; build, say 2.6 (36). Their mother died at 79 years from senile paralysis, having the formula 200/M inches; build, say 3.5 (50).

The Mother, who in youth and middle age suffered from eczema, has at 51 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Two of her brothers and one sister are tall and nervous. Of the 6 children, 4 survive as adults:

1. Male, a university instructor, nervous, has at 30 years the formula 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 202/70 inches, build 2.9 (41).

2. Male, a university instructor, who in youth suffered from poliomyelitis, has at 28 the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 212/68 inches, build 3.2 (46).

3. Female, who suffered in youth from headaches, has at 25 years the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44); adjusted to 55 years, 196/64 inches, build 3.3 (48).

4. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from headaches, has at 22 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 197/68 inches, build 3.0 (43).

Comment.—The Father is perhaps duplex for heavy build; all of the children have a build that is above the average, and 2 of the 4 are very fleshy. Thus, obesity runs through three generations without skipping any (R: Ekb-1).

FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)

A family of Italian extraction, of the artisan class, living in comfortable homes.

II 5, a man who was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy now as “always.” The 4 others of his fraternity and their father were all fleshy; data are lacking about the mother’s build.

II 6, the consort of above, died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage; was of medium stature, say 160 cm. (63 inches) and weighed 100 kg. (225 pounds); build 4.0 (57). This obese woman has a sister, who is 150 cm. (59 inches) tall and weighs 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 4.0 (57), same as her sister. Her relative chest-girth is 111 cm./150, or 74 per cent, a huge girth. Two other living members of her fraternity are in Italy and their build is unknown. The father of this fraternity (I 6) is fleshy, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium build. The mother is also fleshy. This looks like a “pure” fleshy strain.

There are 3 children: (1) ♀, 32 years, married, is 166 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighs 97 kg. (214 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy. Her relative net chest-girth is 105 cm./166 or 63. (2) She has a sister, II 14, 38 years, married, who is 156 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 78.5 kg. (173 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. Her net relative chest-girth is 105 cm./156, or 67. She has always been fleshy. (3) A man of 22 was very fleshy up to the age of 17 years, but he is said now to be tall and thin, though well. He is not married.

Comment.—This result is difficult to interpret. A mating of two “pure” strains of obesity produces 3 offspring, all of whom were fleshy before adolescence and of whom 2 remain very fleshy; but 1 (at 22 years) is said to have become “thin” since the age of 17 years. It seems probable that he also should be recorded as essentially fleshy (73: 665).

FIG. 28.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in FAZ family.

FLO-3 FAMILY. (Fig. 29.)

This is a family of which all grandparents and Father were born in north Ireland; the children were born and reared in Greater New York. The Father, a blacksmith and farmer, suffers from digestion troubles; at 63 his formula 185/65 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a blacksmith, died at 40 of acute indigestion; his formula 204/70 inches; build 2.9 (42). His mother, who died of pleurisy at 50 years, had the formula 200/69 inches; build 2.9 (42). Thus this side of the house is of stout build.

The Mother has at 60 years the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). She is fat, good-natured, and a poor housekeeper. Her father, who was a carpenter and killed by an accident at 47 years, had the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who died of old age at 75 years, had the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). No “direct” heredity appears in the Mother’s obesity. The 7 children:

1. Male, a bookkeeper, who has spinal curvature, has at 38 years the formula 140/60 inches; build 2.7 (39); but this is clearly abnormally high, associated with his pathologically short stature.

2. Female, a musician, has at 36 years the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 173/68 inches; build 2.7 (37).

3. Male, a detective, fond of outdoor life, has at 32 years the formula 190/69 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Male, an army officer, at 29 years 186/71 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 50 years, 199/71; build 2.8 (39).

5. Male, a policeman, with a history of pneumonia, at 27 years. 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 215/72 inches; build 2.9 (42).

6. Female, a teacher, subject to indigestion, at 21 years, 131/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

7. Male, in the automobile business, with a history of pneumonia, has at 20 years the formula 168/68 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

Comment.—The build of the children is rather uniformly between 2.5 (36) and 2.9 (42), mostly in the stout class, like the Father, but far below the obese Mother (R: Flo-3).

FIG. 29.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the FLO-3 family.

GOU-A FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in Maine. The Father, at 36, had the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (37).

The Mother, at 60, had the formula 250/68 inches; build 3.8 (54). Her eldest brother weighed 200 pounds at 60 years. Her youngest brother weighed 220 pounds at 50 years. Her father had the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37), at 70 years. Her mother had, at 70 years, the formula 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (50). Four grown children:

1. Female, at 48, has the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48).

2. Male, at 46, 160/68 inches; build 2.6 (35).

3. Male, at 44, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40).

4. Female, at 40, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—Obesity appears in three generations in the direct line without a break; 2 of the 4 children are of medium build, less than either parent (S: Gou-A).

LYN FAMILY. (Fig. 30.)

I 1, ♂, from Ireland, died at 54 of brain fever; was 173 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighed 78 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. His sister weighs 90 kg. He married I 2, an Irish woman, who died at 68 years. She was 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 84 kg. (185 pounds); build 3.5 (50); very fleshy. She had a sister who was fleshy. The pair had 7 children who grew up:

(1) Male, fleshy; (2) ♂, of medium build; (3) ♂, died at 50 years, of pneumonia, his stature 169 cm. (66.5 inches); weight 63.5 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.2 (31); medium; (4) ♂, died at 70 years, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); weight 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (35); medium. (5) ♂, died, at 37 years, of pneumonia; stature 173 cm. (68 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Married to a fleshy woman, he has a child who is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighs 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. (6) ♀, at 56 years, stature 160 cm. (63 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.4 (34); medium. Her net relative chest-girth is 95/160 or 36 per cent. Though now of medium build (or less), she used to be very fleshy, weighing over 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.1 (44). She may properly be classified as of stout build, secondarily reduced. (7) ♂, aged 54 years, is 178 cm. (70 inches) tall; and weighs 103 kg. (227 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. His net relative chest-girth is 117 cm. / 178, or 66 per cent. This man has always been fleshy; at 21 years he weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds).

Comment.—This seems to be nearly a “pure” F × F mating. Of the progeny 4 are fleshy (or very fleshy) and 3 medium (73-684).

FIG. 30.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the LYN family.

MCL-A FAMILY. (Fig. 31.)

A family of Scotch extraction from Maine. The Father (II 9), at 77 years, had the formula 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). Of his 8 sibs: (1) Brother, at 70 years, had the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). (2) Brother, at 75 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (3) Brother, at 65 years, 210/73 inches; build 2.8 (39). (4) Brother, at 78 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 71 years, 215/75 inches; build 2.7 (38). (6) Sister, at 75 years, 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). (8) Sister, at 68 years, 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Their father, at 85 years, 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Their mother, at 80 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

The Mother (II 10), at 74 years, had the formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Of her 9 sibs: (1) Brother, at 80 years, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Brother, at 60 years, 200/77 inches; build 2.4 (34). (3) Brother, at 55 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Brother, at 70 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 80 years, 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). (6) Sister, at 60 years, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). (8) Sister, at 70 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). (9) Sister, at 75 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Their father, at 70 years, 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother, at 86 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). 12 children:

1. Female, at 47 years, has the formula 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).

2. Male, at 22 years, 22/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55+ years, 221/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).

3. Male, at 58 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35).

4. Male, at 50 years, 230/71 inches; build 3.2 (46).

5. Male, at 43 years, 160/72 inches; build 2.3 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 163/72 inches; build 2.2 (32).

6. Female, at 70 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).

7. Female, at 38 years, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 189/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).

8. Female, at 65 years, 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38).

9. Female, at 61 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).

10. Female, at 54 years, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

11. Female, at 52 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.1 (31).

12. Female, at 50 years, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).

Comment.—Mother’s mother, Mother, and 3 children out of 12 have a build of 3.1 to 3.2 (44 to 46), very fleshy; 3 children have a build of 2.1 (30 to 31), a lower index than any parent, uncle, aunt, or grandparent. Evidently fleshy stock may yield gametes with not more than 2 or even only 1 gamete for fleshy build. (See p. 43.) (S: McL-A.)

FIG. 31.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the MCL-A family.

NIC-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents born in Massachusetts and Kentucky; family living mostly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism and lupus. He is a distant cousin of his wife. He died at 67 years, having at 60 years the formula 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). His father, a farmer, died at 65 years from kidney trouble; was corpulent. His mother, who had 8 children, died at 70 years; was corpulent.

The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is living at 70 years, having the formula 165/60.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). Her father, a farmer and surveyor, who died at 78 years, had a formula 175/M, and build, say, 2.7 (38). Her mother had 7 children and died at 78 years, having the formula 160/M; build, say, 28 (40). The 2 grown children:

1. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 41 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 154/64 inches; build 2.7 (38).

2. Female, married, has at 38 years the formula 190/61.3 inches; build 3.6 (51); adjusted to 55 years, 198/61.3 inches; build 3.7 (53).

Comment.—There are 3 generations of corpulent persons; in the last generation 1 is very fleshy and 1 fleshy (R: Nic-5).

WHE FAMILY. (Fig. 32.)

I 1, ♂, fleshy; his wife, I 2, fleshy; 3 children about whom something is known.

II 1, ♂, fleshy; married a fleshy woman and had 5 children, none of whom, it is said, are fleshy. II 2, ♂, died at over 75 years; fleshy. II 3, ♂, died at 80 years; was of medium weight. Thus, in this generation, 2 fleshy and 1 of medium build.

III 9, ♂, at 61 years has a stature of 160 cm. (63 inches) and weight of 73 kg. (162 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. Nothing is known about the build of his relatives. His wife is III 10, age 64, stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.7 (52); very fleshy, relative chest-girth 112/156, or 72 per cent. When she married at 29 years she weighed 160 pounds and did not begin to grow fleshy until 50 years. She had 4 sibs, about whose build something is known. (1) III 2, ♀, died at 70 of uterine cancer; stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build over 3.8 (54); very fleshy. (2) III 3, ♂, died at 73 years of “heart trouble”; stature 153 cm (64 inches); weight 77 kg. (170 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy. He married a woman of medium build and had a son who, at 45 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weight of 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. (3) III 6, ♀, always slender. (4) III 7, ♂, died at 60 of diabetes; he weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds), but became very thin of disease before his death. He had 2 fleshy children; 1, indeed, quite obese.

The union of these two fleshy strains represented in III 9 and 10 has produced 6 children, as follows: (1) IV 9, ♂, died at 33, was “fleshy” and by a slender wife (whose mother was fleshy) has a fleshy little daughter.[4] (2) IV 11, ♀, at 32 years, has stature 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.3 (48); very fleshy. Relative chest-girth 119/168, or 73 per cent. (3) IV 12, ♂, at 30 years, has stature 180 cm. (71 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; fleshy and growing fleshier. (4) IV 13, ♀, at 28 years, stature 159 cm. (62.5 inches), weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.1 (44); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth 107/159 or 68 per cent. She was a slender child; at her marriage at 24 years she weighed 145 pounds and began to gain after the birth of her second child. Married to a man of build 35.4 or medium fleshy (who once weighed 200 pounds) and with 3 stout brothers and 5 slender sisters; they have 2 children, a son of 4 years who has a relative chest-girth of 56 per cent and is of medium build, and a daughter who at 2 years has a relative chest-girth of 64 per cent, which is above the average for that age.[4] (5) IV 14, ♀, at 26 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.5 (49); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 119/157, or 77 per cent. (6) IV 15, ♀, at 23 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy.

[4] Not shown in figure 32.

Comment.—This union of a fleshy and a very fleshy person (the latter of a fleshy strain) produces 4 very fleshy and 2 fleshy progeny (including 1 medium near the fleshy line and growing fleshier). This approaches a “pure line” of fleshiness (73:754).

FIG. 32.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the WHE family.

TABLE 25.—Matings of two fleshy parents, both of fleshy stock, together with their progeny.

[The indices of the build of the progeny have been adjusted.]

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Dol 3

36

38

40

37

41

40

5

Lan A

37

37

37

37, 36, 29

43

37

40

35

1

1

Sle 2

36

40

39

37

43

37

2

Thr 2

27

34

38

VF3, F3, M3

38

38

40

6

Total

1

5

8

1

A, 37.57 ± 0.82. S. D., 4.70 ± 0.52.

Mating 2. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 25, from Table XIII.)

From this mating, as shown in table 25, there are 15 offspring, 1 S, 5 M, 8 F, 1 VF. In this case one-fifteenth of the offspring are slender, which suggests a trihybrid ratio and that there are at least 3 pairs of factors present for fleshiness; and that, of these, 3 or 2 pairs are present in each parent (table 18). It may be that in the Dol-3, Sle-2, and Thi-2 families the parental gametes carry fewer genes for fleshiness. Details are given in the following histories.

DOL-3 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, an inventor, suffered in youth from typhoid, has at 59 years the formula 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40). His father, an inventor and machinist, died at 73 years from “old age,” with the formula 165/M inches; build, say, 2.5 (36). His mother, always well, died at 70 years from “general debility,” with the formula 140/S inches; build, say, 2.7 (38).

The Mother, who underwent an operation for “fatty tumor,” is living at 57 years, having the formula 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Three of her sisters died in infancy from convulsions. Her father, a bookkeeper, died at 98 years from a paralytic stroke, having the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother’s build was 180/66, or 3.7 (41). The 5 children who grew up:

1. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 30 years the formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 131/64 inches; build 2.2 (32).

2. Male, a machinist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 27 years the formula 160/73 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 176/73 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 164/68 inches; build 2.5 (36).

4. Male, a man of science, always well, has at 23 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 166/68 inches; build 2.5 (36).

5. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 20 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 139/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

Comment.—Both stout parents come of stout or medium stock. Of the children, 3 are slender, 2 are medium. Adjusted, all are of medium build (R: Dol-3).

LAN-A FAMILY.

A family from the State of Washington. The Father at 82 years had the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His 3 sibs are: (1) brother, at 50 years, 160/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); (2) brother, at 26 years, 190/73 inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) sister, at 70 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their father, at 90 years, had the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37); their mother at 95 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).

The Mother at 52 years had the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.9 (40). Her one sister at 78 years, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her father at 54 years, 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother at 82 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). The two children:

1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 240/68.5 inches; build 3.6 (51).

2. Female, at 48 years, 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29).

Comment.—Details concerning this family are lacking. From two stout parents, one of whom has a slender 2.1 (29) brother and the other a father of build 3.0 (43), arise two children with indices of 3.6 (51) and 2.1 (29) respectively (S: Lan-A).

SLE-2 FAMILY.

A family of Irish extraction living in Michigan. The Father, a lawyer, is recorded to have suffered from no illnesses. He died at 52 years from “dipsomania,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father, a shoemaker, is living, having partially lost his mind through excessive use of tobacco. He has at 83 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). His mother died at 50 years from “cancer of the breast,” having the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40).

The Mother, who suffered in middle age from asthma, is living at 54 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a lumber dealer, suffered in middle age from typhoid fever and erysipelas, and died of old age at 84 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had “swelling and lameness of hands, due perhaps to gout,” was killed at 78 years by a fall due to defective sight. Her formula was 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). The 2 children:

1. Male, a teacher, has at 28 years the formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 53 years, 189/71 inches; build 2.7 (37).

2. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 53 years, 177/65 inches; build 3.0 (42).

Comment.—The two fleshy parents and fleshy grandparents have 2 children whose adjusted build is fleshy (R: Sle-2).

THR-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)

In this family the Father is the same as child No. 2 of family Thr-1 (p. 138). It lives in Iowa. The father (III 4), a physician, had at 25 years a weight of 180 pounds, height 69 inches; build 2.7 (38). At 70 years he weighs 188 pounds, height 68.7 inches; build 2.7 (39). His 5 brothers were of about medium build, “called sturdy, hearty boys”; they all became stout.

Their father, though of slender build (following lung disease) in middle life, “took on flesh” in later life; probably came to be of “fleshy” build. Their mother was of medium build.

The Mother (III 5) weighs around 170 pounds and is 65 inches tall; thus a build of 2.8 (40). Her parents (II 5-6) each had a build of 2.7 (38). The 6 children (IV 1-6):

1. Male, weighed 10 pounds at birth; when in high school he weighed 160 pounds; at the university was a football player; at 36 he weighed 240 pounds, and at 41 he weighs about 200. His build is probably about 3.0 (43).

2. Female, is “very large”; at 35 years she weighs about 180 pounds, stature 65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42).

3. Female, at 33 is of the same weight and stature as her sister; build 3.0 (42).

4. Male, weighed at 23 years about 117 pounds; at 33 years up to 130 pounds; at 36 weighs about 190 pounds; stature 71 inches; build 2.7 (38).

5. Female, at 26 has a weight of 175 pounds, stature 66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

6. Male, weighed while in the Navy at 23 years 175 pounds, stature 70 inches; build 2.5 (36); at 26 he weighs 165 pounds; build 2.7 (38).

Comment.—In this family both parents are of fleshy build and all the children are, likewise, of fleshy build (R: Thr-2).

FIG. 33.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the THR-1, 2 families.

Mating 3. OTHER VERY FLESHY × VERY FLESHY MATINGS. (Table XV).

There are 7 instances of this type of mating. These are summarized in table XV, Appendix. An examination of this table shows that in all families with 2 or more offspring one or more of them are obese. There is no case of slender offspring, though 12 out of 30, or two-fifths, are of medium build and only 10, or one-third of all, are very fleshy. This indicates the presence of recessive factors in the very fleshy parents. It suggests further that there are two or more pairs of factors that must be present to produce very fleshy children. Assuming that there are two factors and that both parents are heterozygous for one of them, we should expect very fleshy, fleshy, and medium offspring in about the proportions of 25:50:25, which distribution is not very close to the actual proportions of 40:27:33. On the assumption of 3 pairs of factors, we might expect 17:32:49 respectively from a 4 × 5 factor mating. Or the 4 × 4 factor mating would give on one hypothesis 31 (S + M):38:31, which is closest of all. All of these very fleshy parents are heterozygous.

Table XV shows also that when all grandparents are known there is always one on each side who is at least of grade 36.

The contrast between the families of table II and table XV is this: In table II, of the 20 grandparents 40 per cent are slender or very slender. In table XV of 20 grandparents only 30 per cent are fleshy, the others are of lower grades of build. Accordingly we are apparently justified in concluding that some of the very fleshy parents were heterozygous in the factors for build; and, indeed, as stated, of the 30 children 12 are of medium build. Table II contains slender strains; table XV largely heterozygous ones. The detailed history of these cases follows.

BOW-B FAMILY. (Fig. 34.)

A Virginia family, probably of English stock. The Father has the formula 200/66.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His father had the formula 187/64.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His mother had the formula 165/66 inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house has a fleshy or very fleshy build.

The Mother has the formula 220/68 inches; build 3.4 (48). Her 3 brothers, all 6 feet tall or more, each has a build of about 35. Her 2 tall sisters have builds of 38 and 50 respectively. Her father had the formula 190/73 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother had the formula 90/62 inches; build 1.6 (23). Thus this side of the house, aside from the fleshy mother, has prevailingly medium build. The mother’s mother was even very slender.

Six children:

1. Male, at 56 years, 222/66.5 inches; build 3.5 (50).

2. Male, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

3. Male, 240/73 inches; build 3.2 (45).

4. Female, 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47).

5. Female, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

6. Female, 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).

Comment.—Thus of the children, half are fleshy and half very fleshy, and one exceeds any record of build in either side of the house. The Father acts like a homozygous dominant (S: BOW-B).

FIG. 34.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the Bow-B family.

BOW-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 34a.)

The grandparents and parents were born in Cornwall, England; the children, except the first, in Connecticut.

The Father, II 6, a contractor, who suffered from hernia and flat foot, had, at 66, the formula 200/67 inches; build 3.2 (45). Two of his sibs died of consumption; other sibs are as follows: (1) sister, has the formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (2) brother, has formula 225/67.5 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) brother, has formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (4) sister, has formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47): (5) sister, has formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Some of these suffer from varicose veins and one is bow-legged. Their father, who was a shoemaker, and asthmatic, died at 77 years of arterio-sclerotic hemorrhage of lungs. Formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother had varicose veins on the leg and died at 68 years of “stoppage of the bowels.” Formula 250/66 inches; build 4.0 (57). This is an extraordinary family of very fleshy people (except the father’s father, who had lung trouble), the obesity coming from the Timmins side, of Penryn, Cornwall.

The Mother, II 7, who was much subject to sore throat, indigestion, and piles, died of dropsy and cancer of the liver, at 57 years. Formula 180/61.5 inches; build 3.4 (48). One of her sisters died of consumption; other sibs were as follows: (1) ♂, died of pneumonia; formula, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); (2) ♂, died at 47 years; formula, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) ♀, has the formula 136/60 inches; build 2.7 (38). The mother’s father was a miner; had asthma and miner’s disease, and died at 59 years of paralytic shock. Formula, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother died at 69 years of pneumonia. Formula, 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). Except for the very fleshy—3.4 (48)—Mother, this side of the house is less fleshy than the other. Five grown children:

1. Male, who has had naso-pharyngeal infections, has at 43 years the formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).

2. Female, who has suffered from naso-pharyngeal infections, diarrhea, and nervous exhaustion, has at 42 years the formula 112/61.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 117/61.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, subject to indigestion, has at 40 years the formula 125/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 131/62.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

4. Male, a bricklayer, subject to diarrhea, has at 35 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, subject to biliousness and sleep-walking, has at 32 years the formula 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44).

Comment.—Thus 4 of the 5 children have a medium build; only 1 is very fleshy (S: Bow-2).

FIG. 34A.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in BOW-2 family.

BYR-A FAMILY.

A family from South Carolina. The Father, at 60 years, had the formula 235/72 inches; build 3.2 (45). Of his 3 sibs, (1) brother, 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46); (2) brother, weighed 150 pounds; (3) sister, 165/66 inches; build 2.7 (38). Their father, at 73 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Their mother, at 73 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). All but one of the Father’s brothers are very fleshy.

The Mother, at 73 years, had the formula 165/60 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her 6 sibs weighed from 130 to 165 pounds. Her father, at 84 years, had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Except for the Mother, this side of the house is apparently of only medium build. Four children:

1. Male, at 54 years, has the formula 235/71 inches; build 3.3 (47).

2. Male, at 50 years, 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).

3. Male, at 64 years, 165/71 inches; build 2.3 (33).

4. Female, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).

Comment.—Thus 1 in 4 is very fleshy, 1 is fleshy, and 2 are medium (S: Byr-A).

CAT-3 FAMILY.

A family of Italian origin; grandparents and parents all born in Sicily, moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the children were all born. The Father, a sailor till 24 years, then “in business,” suffered in youth (16 years) from malaria, and at 20 years and again at 40 years from bronchitis; he is living at 63 years; formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a sailor till 30 years, then a fish dealer, suffered in youth from colds and in middle age from bronchitis. He died, at 85 years, from stomach trouble. Formula, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who was “short and slim,” died at child-birth at 23 years, having the formula 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).

The Mother suffered in middle age from appendicitis and influenza. She is living at 56 years, having the formula 195/62 inches; build 3.6 (51). Her father, who operated an oil mill, was short and “stocky” and had high blood-pressure. He died, at 77 years, from “sudden shock, caused by chill,” having the formula 160/62 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who had 11 children, was a quick-tempered, heavy-set, broad-shouldered woman. She died at 77 years of pneumonia, having the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Six grown children:

1. Male, a pharmacist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 27 years, the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 156/66 inches; build 2.5 (36).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 26 years, the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55 years, 168/66 inches; build 2.2 (39).

3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, chicken-pox, and colds, is fond of athletics and out-of-door life. At birth he weighed 10 pounds; at 14 years, 140 pounds. Began athletics and at 17 years weighed 180 pounds. At 23 years has the formula 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42); adjusted to 55+ years, 209/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).

4. Female, a student, who at 22 years has the formula 120/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55+ years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).

5. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, diphtheria, and pneumonia. Died at 18 years in military service, from pneumonia. Formula, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 18 years the formula 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55+ years, 172/70 inches; build 2.5 (35).

Comment.—The Mother’s side of the house is decidedly the heavier. One son approached the maternal build; the other children are far below either parent in build, even with the adjustment (which is probably inadequate) (R: Car-3).

DAL-A FAMILY.

A family from North Carolina. The Father, at 69 years, has the formula 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). Of his 7 sibs, (1) brother, at 64 years, has the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); (2) brother, at 35 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31); (3) brother, at 45 years, 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); (4) brother, at 40 years, 230/70 inches; build 3.3 (47); (5) brother, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35); (6) sister, at 60 years, 166/66 inches; build 2.7 (38); (7) sister, at 70 years, 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). Their father, at 75 years, 220/68 inches; build 3.3 (48). A very fleshy Father of whose 7 sibs 1 is very fleshy, 1 fleshy, 4 medium, and 1 slender. The gametic constitution is apparently mixed.

The Mother, at 36 years, has the formula 225/65 inches; build 3.7 (53). Her father, at 80 years, 330/72 inches; build 4.6 (64). Apparently this side of the house is exceptionally fleshy. Six children:

1. Male, at 64 years, 212/69 inches; build 3.1 (45).

2. Male, at 66 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

3. Male, at 59 years, 240/69 inches; build 3.5 (50).

4. Male, at 54 years, 240/72 inches; build 3.3 (46).

5. Female, at 61 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Female, at 54 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32).

Comment.—Thus 3 out of 6 children are very fleshy, 1 is fleshy and the 2 daughters are medium (S: Dal-A).

DUD-A FAMILY.

A family of Irish extraction from North Carolina.

The Father, at 75 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). His brother, at 70 years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).

The Mother, at 86 years, had the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). Two grown children:

1. Male, at 60 years, 251/70 inches; build 3.6 (51).

2. Male, at 70 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31).

Comment.—The children of these parents, the family of one of whom at least is of mixed build, were one very fleshy and one medium (S: Dud-A).

SMI-36 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction. The grandparents, parents, and one child are all New Englanders.

The Father, a physician, in excellent health, has at 53 the formula 208/67.5 inches; build 3.2 (46). His father, a physician also, died, at 82 years, from angina pectoris. He had pulmonary tuberculosis in youth. At 65 his formula was 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother had three sons and two daughters. She died of tuberculosis, at 35 years of age. Her formula at 30 was 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of the house shows heavy build of mixed origin.

The Mother in middle age had cerebral embolus. At 51 her formula is 176/63.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). Her father, a farmer, had erysipelas in middle age. He died, at 64, from typhoid fever. At 60 he had the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her mother, having had 3 sons and 4 daughters, died at 78 from dysentery. At 65 her formula was 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). This side of the house is very fleshy to fleshy. One child:

1. Male, a medical student. He has, at 22, the formula 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 52 years, 190/74 inches, build 2.5 (34).

Comment.—Thus the child is slenderer than either parent and like his tubercular father’s mother (R: Smi-36).

SUMMARY.

The progeny of the three matings may now be compared (table 26). While even very fleshy parents are sometimes heterozygous (perhaps carrying 5 or rarely even 4 zygotic factors for build), yet they do not produce any slender children. The merely “fleshy” parents, on the other hand, produce about 7 per cent slender. None would be expected on the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis, but about 6 per cent would be on the 6-factor hypothesis.

TABLE 26.—Summary of selected fleshy matings, together with their progeny.

No.

Offspring.

Frequency.

Proportion.

S

M

F

VF

S

M

F

VF

Mating 1. One parent VF; the other F, of F stock.

50

2

11

23

14

4

22

46

28

Mating 2. Both parents F, of F stock.

15

1

5

8

1

7

33

53

7

Mating 3. Other VF × VF matings.

30

12

8

10

40

27

33

A comparison of tables 23 and 26 shows a profound difference in the distribution of build in the two sets of progenies. From the matings of slender parents come predominantly (84 per cent) slender and very slender offspring; from the mating of two fleshy or very fleshy parents come predominantly (67 per cent) fleshy and very fleshy offspring. The ranges of the offspring classes overlap somewhat, for the slender matings produce 16 per cent progeny who are above slender build; and the fleshy matings produce 32 per cent of progeny who are below fleshy build. The progeny of the slender matings are much less variable than those of fleshy matings. Thus, the standard deviation of the offspring in table 23 is only 3.13 ± 0.17; while the standard deviation of the offspring of the fleshy parents listed in table 24 is 5.74 ± 0.39 and in table 25 4.70 ± 0.52. From the standpoint of genetics this indicates the presence of more genetical factors in the fleshy parents than in the slender.

However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is lower than that of the fleshy ones. If we place the average index of the very slender and slender groups at 26, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient of variability of the slender and very slender is 3.13/26, or 12 per cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 is 4.70/40, or 14 per cent. Thus the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more variable than the slender offspring.

Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data of table 12. The standard deviation of the progeny of the S × S matings is 2.41; of the F × F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of variability are 2.41/28.47 and 5.35/37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the offspring of the F × F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S × S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater variability of the offspring of the F × F as compared with the S × S matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents.

CLASS III. MATING OF SLENDER WITH FLESHY STOCK—THE F₁ GENERATION.

After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of matings produces the familiar F₁ generation. Incidentally it may be pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the F₁ generation has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is concerned. This is partly because there are several kinds of F₁ offspring. For example, the progeny of very fleshy × slender, fleshy × very slender, fleshy × slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable range of variation in the F₁ generation is to be expected. If we deal with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insufficient to be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too heterogeneous parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that dominate over slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average, of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating, since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential build. Three kinds of matings will be considered.

Mating 1. ONE PARENT SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, AND THE OTHER FLESHY, OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table VIII in Part.)

If mainly those fleshy parents are selected whose parents and sibs (so far as known) are fleshy, then the progeny will correspond as nearly as possible to a Mendelian F₁ generation, and should be characterized by relatively low variability. Such selected matings are given in table 27, extracted from table VIII, Appendix.

TABLE 27.—Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

Offspring.

S

M

F

VF

Ale 2

33

28

27

3 tall

36

42

38

2 t

2

1

Coo 6

38

38

39

33

29

28

Short

1

2

Cla 32

29

29

29

31

42

38

1

1

Dob 2

30

S

26

F

F

42

4

1

Dud I

48

61

43

10 F and VF; 1S(t).

31

28

28

3 of 12, F or VF.

2

Elk I

36

44

41

30

32

27

1

3

Faz

F

S

1 F

F

F

57

1 VF

1

1

Leo

F

1 F

S

S

S

4 S

3

Lyn

F

F

2 F

S

6

Ofi a

S

VF

1

6

1

Ofi b

S

1 M 3 F

F

7 F

2

4

2

Ofi c

S

VF

1

6

1

Smi

45

30

1

1

3

3

Wal 4

38

34

41

31

28

27

1

1

Total

64

4

18

35

7

Per cent

100

6.2

28.1

54.6

11.1

A, 38.29 ± 0.43. S. D., 5.02 ± 0.30

In table 27, of 64 offspring the proportions are 6 S, 28 M, 55 F, 11 VF. On the assumption of 6 zygotic factors, and that the matings are of 5-factor and 2-factor parents, and that they were equally of the two types of matings of this class, then we should expect the following proportions; 8 S, 42 M, 42 F, 8 VF. That this does not more closely approximate the observed proportions is probably due to the partial dominance of F over S. At any rate, it is a closer fit than would be given on the 4-factor hypothesis. The details of each family included in this mating are given below.

ALE-2 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction; grandparents and parents living mostly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Two of the children were born in West Virginia, the other two in Ohio. The Father, a minister, has at 55 years the formula 135/70.8 inches; build 1.9 (27). His 3 brothers are tall. Their father, who was a minister, always well, died at 81 years from “diseases incident to old age,” at 70 years having the formula M/VT;[5] build, say, 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 6 children, in youth was “delicate.” She died at 85 years from old age, having the formula S/T; build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of slender build.

[5] M, medium weight; VT, very tall.

The Mother, who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from erysipelas and gallstones. She is living at 54 years, having at 50 years the formula 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38). One of her brothers died at 18 years from tuberculosis, height 70 inches; another brother became feeble-minded after an attack of spinal meningitis, height 62.5 inches; one sister also died from tuberculosis at 48 years. Their father, who was a miller, suffered in youth from typhoid fever and in middle age from neuralgia and acute indigestion, and was killed in an accident at 77 years. At 60 years his formula was 165/M; build, say, 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 9 children, was always well. She died at 78 years from angina pectoris. At 50 years her formula was 165/M; build, say, 3.0 (42). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build, despite some tuberculosis. The 3 grown children:

1. Male, a minister, always well, has at 30 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 52 years, 174/67 inches; build 2.7 (39).

2. Female, a school teacher, always well, has at 28 years the formula 108/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 52 years, 123/62.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Male, a student, always well, has at 23 years the formula 140/66.5 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 52 years, 154/67 inches; build 2.4 (34).

Comment.—The build of the children ranges from 2.0 or 2.2 (28 or 31) to 2.6 or 2.7 (37 or 39), almost exactly the difference between the parents but the build is slightly higher on the average than theirs. One should probably be classified as slender, one as medium, and one as fleshy. There is a slight evidence of dominance of fleshiness (R: Ale-2).

COO-6 FAMILY.

A family of mixed Nordic stock, chiefly English, living in the Central States. The Father, a farmer, who has always been well, is a man of great bodily energy and calm temperament. Formula at 40 years 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father, a farmer, who was killed in the Civil War, had at 40 years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who was always well and energetic, had at 40 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house is uniformly fleshy.

The Mother, who had a throat infection, had the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her sibs were mostly short and two of them suffered from asthma. Their father, a farmer, who had a throat infection and died at 55 of smallpox, had the formula 150/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Their mother, who also died at 55 of smallpox, had the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Thus the maternal side of the house has a distinctly slenderer build than the paternal. The 3 children:

1. Male, who died in early infancy of brain fever.

2. Male, 30 years old, a traveling salesman and soldier, with a catarrhal nasal infection, had the formula at 20 years 160/67.5 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 178/69.4 inches; build 2.7 (37).

3. Female, 25 years old, a music teacher, with a catarrhal nasal infection, has at 20 years the formula 120/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 139/62 inches; build 2.6 (36).

4. Male, 21 years old, a farmer, from whom a skin tumor and tonsils have been removed, has at 20 years the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 166/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—A mating of fleshy with slender build has produced only medium-fleshy offspring (R: Coo-6).

CLA-32 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction living in Vermont. The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from catarrh and influenza. He is living at 57 years, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who is a farmer, always well, has at 84 years the formula 150/72 inches; build 29. His mother, who had 2 children, always well, has at 80 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). This family is prevailingly slender.

The Mother, who has 2 children, always well, has at 52 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her father, who was a farmer, suffered in middle age from weak heart, sciatica, and rheumatism. He died, at 67 years, from “blood-clot on brain,” having the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 1 child, was always well till, at 68 years, she died of cancer of liver; formula 160/62 inches; build 2.9 (42). Of the 2 children:

1. Female, married, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Male, a farmer, always well, has, at 24 years, the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 169/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The daughter will probably become fleshy like her Mother; the son will probably remain slender like his Father (R: Cla-32).

DOB-2 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch-Irish and German extraction, living in the middle western States. The Father, a real-estate agent, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 65 years the formula 120/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (26). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 89 years of old age, with the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother died at 29 years of tuberculosis; she was slender.

The Mother, who in youth suffered from whooping-cough and scarlet fever, has at 65 years the formula 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42)—fleshy. Her father, a German farmer, died of old age at 81 years; he was corpulent. Her mother died at 81 years of “heart leakage”; she was corpulent. The 5 children:

1. Male, a school teacher, always well, has at 34 years the formula 130/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 138/66.5 inches; build 2.3 (31).

2. Female, a music and art teacher, who in youth suffered from catarrhal fever, has at 32 years the formula 135/61 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 147/61 inches; build 2.7 (39).

3. Male, electrical engineer, always well, has at 29 years the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

4. Male, student, had pneumonia, has at 26 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36).

5. Male, a student, who has had malaria, has at 24 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—A man of a family of a prevailing slender build, whose mother died of tuberculosis, married a fleshy woman of two fleshy parents. Of the 5 children, 1 and perhaps 2 will become fleshy; 1 is of medium build, and 2 will probably remain slender like the Father. Since all children are fleshier than the slender Father, and since members of the family tend to grow fleshy as they grow older, it seems probable (barring disease) that child No. 2 will gain the build of her stout Mother and that the others will become of at least medium build (R: Dob-2).

DUD-1 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch stock residing principally in Ohio and Iowa. The Father, a farmer until his retirement at 50 years, who died at 56 of diabetes, had at 40 years the formula 215/71 inches; build 3.0 (43). Of his 6 sisters, 4 were stout to very stout and 1 was slender and died of tuberculosis. Of his 2 brothers, one was 72 inches tall and died of kidney trouble; the other was 67 inches tall. The Father’s father, also a farmer all his life and very strong, died at 60 years of apoplexy, having the formula 250/64 inches; build 4.3 (61). This side of the house brings into the combination a tendency to extreme fleshiness.

The Mother, who was operated on for cancer, at 40 years had the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). She had 12 sibs, of whom 3 were fleshy or very fleshy. Her father, a carpenter, who died of Bright’s disease at 70, had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who died at 50 years of tuberculosis, had at 40 years of age the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. The 2 children:

1. Male, a college student and subject to migraine, has at 25 years the formula 158/70 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 40 years, 169/70 inches; build 2.4 (35).

2. Female, a school girl, operated on at 16 for appendicitis, has at 25 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 40 years, 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—This mating of parents of stout and of slender stock results in children who are still young and of only medium to slender build. It is to be expected that the young man, at least, will become stout, approaching his father’s build (R: Dud-1).

ELK-1 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The Father, a “superintendent,” suffered in youth from pneumonia. He is living at 47 years, having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). One of his brothers died, at 43 years, from consumption of the stomach “due to accident”; his formula, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother is living at 73 years, having the formula 160/60 inches; build 3.1 (44). This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy.

The Mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchial trouble, has at 49 years the formula 98/60.3 inches; build 2.0 (27). Her father, a farmer, is living at 76 years with the formula 135/67.3 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchitis, pneumonia, and heart trouble, is living at 68 years with the formula 124/62 inches; build 3.2. This is a prevailingly slender family. The 4 children:

1. Female, a student, has at 23 years the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 137/64.5 inches; build 2.2 (33).

2. Female, a student, has at 21 years the formula 108/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 48 years, 126/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Female, a student, has at 18 years the formula 107/61 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 125/61 inches; build 2.4 (34).

4. Female, a student, twin to No. 3, has at 18 years the formula 107/61.6 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 48 years, 127/61.6 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The children are all fairly young and have the youthful slender and medium build. Even on adjustment they do not rise above the medium class. Unfortunately, we do not know how this family develops its index of build (R: Elk-1).

FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)

II 8, ♂, is slender; he has a fleshy sister and their mother is fleshy.

His wife is II 9, who, at 46 years, has stature 151 cm. (59 inches) and weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth, is 111/151, or 74 per cent. Her sister, II 6, who died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage, had the formula 225/63 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Both of their parents were fleshy.

The children of II 8, 9 who grew up are: (1) III 9, ♀, at 19 of medium weight. (2) III 10, ♂, at 18 years fleshy. Two others are too young to include in the statistics.

Comment.—Medium and fleshy progeny recur, suggesting that the fleshy parent is not entirely homozygous (73:665).

LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)

II 2 ♂, 72 inches tall and fleshy, has a tall and fleshy sister. His wife, II 3, ♀, is of medium stature and slender. She has 4 sibs, all slender; their parents also slender. Three children, all fleshy.

Again, II 7, the slender brother of II 3, married an obese woman, and has 1 child who, at 9 years, is 20 per cent over weight. See also page 61 (S × S mating). (73:676.)

LYN FAMILY.

D. O., ♂, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), fleshy, has 2 fleshy sibs and fleshy mother. He married a slender woman, who grew fleshier in middle life. They had 6 children, all fleshy. D. O. is a second cousin of figure 30, II 1 (p. 74). The fleshy parent was apparently a homozygous dominant (73:684).

OFI FAMILY, A. (Fig. 35.)

I 1 ♂ was tall and slender. His wife I 2 was tall and very fleshy. There were 8 children, about whose build something is known.

II 1 ♀ fleshy. II 3 ♀ at 40 years is fleshy, married to a slender man, has slender and fleshy children. II 4 ♂ at 30 years is fleshy. II 7 ♂ is tall and fleshy. II 10 ♀ is inclined to be fleshy. II 12 ♀ at 42 years is fleshy, and has children of both types. II 14 ♂ at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 62.5 (138 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium. II 13 ♂ died at 35 years; very fleshy. Thus 1 is very fleshy, 6 are fleshy, and 1 is of medium build (73:697).

FIG. 35.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in OFI family.

OFI FAMILY, B. (Fig. 35.)

I 7 ♂, slender, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium weight. His wife, I 8 ♀, died at 68, fleshy, had 7 sibs, all fleshy. There were 8 children: II 15 ♀ at 38 years, stature 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42), fleshy; relative chest-girth 92/153, or 61 per cent. She has always been fleshy, was formerly more so than now. Married to a man of medium build, there were 4 children, 2 slender, and 1 fleshy[6] and 1 very fleshy. II 16 ♂ died at 48 of “heart disease,” very fleshy. II 17 ♀, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weight 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36), fleshy-medium; relative chest-girth 95/151, or 63 per cent. II 18 ♀ fleshy. II 20 ♀, very fleshy, has 3 slender children. II 21 ♀ fleshy. II 22 ♂ of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43 per cent), fleshy. Relative chest-girth 100/150, or 67 per cent. Thus, of the 8 children 2 are of medium build, 4 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy.

[6] III 7, shading omitted, by error, on chart.

OFI FAMILY, C. (Fig. 35.)

II 2 ♂, slender, married II 3, at 40 years fleshy and heterozygous, and had 4 children. III 1 ♂ fleshy; III 2 ♂ of medium build, and III 3 ♂, 4 ♂ twins, slender. Thus 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 2 slender.

Comment.—Mating B is apparently that of a nearly homozygous dominant fleshy mated to a slender, and producing fleshy and very fleshy offspring and 2 who are just below fleshy build (73:697).

SMI FAMILY.

II 1 ♂ (fig. 26), at 50, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); and weight 90 to 100 kg. (200 to 215 pounds); build 3.2 (45), very fleshy. As a lad he was very slender, but at 28 years began to grow fleshy.

Married a woman who, at 68 years, has a stature of 150 cm. (59 inches), weight 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.0 (30), slender. They had 8 children:

(1) Male, at 50 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.9 (41), fleshy; slender as a child. (2) ♀, at 48 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.3 (47), very fleshy; was slender until about 16 years of age. (3) ♀, at 46 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.6 (51), very fleshy; was slender until 20 years old. By a slender husband she has 3 children, 13 to 5 years of age, all slender, but the eldest boy growing fleshier. (4) ♀ died at 28 years of kidney trouble, aggravated by child-birth; at that time she was slender. (5) ♀, at 34 years, stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.4 (48), very fleshy, rather uniformly over the body. She was fleshy as a child; then became slender and remained so up to the age of 16 or 18 years. By a slender man she has 3 children, all young and slender. (6) ♂, at 31 years of medium build with a tendency to grow fleshier, by a slender wife has a slender child. (7) ♂, at 29 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight now about 62 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.5 (35), fleshy-medium, and varying inversely with his activity. (8) ♂, at 24 years, stature 168 cm. (66 inches); weight 59 kg. (130 pounds); build 2.1 (30), medium-slender, but this is the age when in this family they first begin to put on flesh.

Comment.—This is an exceedingly instructive family; first, because they are all slender until 20 to 25 and then begin to grow fleshier. The heterozygous condition of fleshiness retards the full development of the trait, as so often seen in genetics. It is probable that III 1 is nearly homozygous for fleshiness (73:736).

WAL-4 FAMILY.

A New York State family of English and Scotch ancestry.

The Father, a business man, with diabetic tendencies, has at 60 years the formula 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). His sibs are all tall or very tall. His father, a Scotch farmer, who had “kidney trouble,” which, aggravated by influenza, caused his death at 86 years, had the formula 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who suffered from neuralgia and died of blood-poisoning at 64 years, had the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of the house is thus of medium to fleshy build.

The Mother is subject to nervous prostration and intestinal indigestion and has been operated on for uterine lacerations. At 52 she has the formula 125/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who kept a country store and died at 83 years of heart failure, had the formula 156/71 inches; build 2.2 (31). The Mother’s mother, who died at 75 years of cancer of the stomach, was hunch-backed from an accident when 3 years old; had long arms and would probably have been tall. At 60 she had the formula 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Two children are:

1. Male, a social worker, has at 30 years the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 214/74 inches; build 2.8 (39).

2. Male, a business man, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 178/71 inches; build 2.5 (35).

Comment.—One child is fleshy like the Father, the other is of intermediate build (R: Wal-4).

Mating 2. OTHER SLENDER × FLESHY MATINGS.

In addition to the selected cases of table 27, reference may be made to other families of table VIII of which details are published herewith; and which reveal special matters of interest. They are not included in mating 1, because there is always at least one medium-grade parent of the fleshy side of the house. The families are listed in table 28, summarized here and described in extenso further on.

TABLE 28.— Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy parent of mixed stock, together with their progeny.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

Offspring.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Bro 30

31

27

30

35

40

37

1

1

1

Fin 1

34

31

30

38

33

37

1

2

Met A

M

M

39

3M, 1F 1VF

33 ±

28 ±

30

2S, 3M

1

4

Olm A

34

38

1F

34

28

24

1M, 1F

1

4

1

She 12

34

46

38

34

28

28

3

4

Van 3

29

29

29

33

39

37

2

1

Total

2

7

16

2

Offspring: A, 38.01 ± 0.55. S. D., 4.74 ± 0.39.

Bro-30.—One child out of 3 is very fleshy, of a grade that in our experience never occurs when both parents are slender.

Fin-1.—In this family all 3 children have already a build nearly equal to that of the fleshier parent. Assuming that they increase in weight in the same degree as the average person, they may be expected to be considerably fleshier than the fleshy parent.

Met-A.—Of the 5 children, 3 already exceed in build the fleshy parent.

Olm-A.—Of 6 children, all but 1 are fleshier than the fleshy parent.

She-12.—Of 7 children, 4 are fleshy like the Father, the others are slender to medium.

Van-3.—One out of 3 is fleshy.

The distribution of indices of build in the offspring is summarized in table 28. This distribution of offspring is characterized by about the same means as in mating 1, and by about the same variability. It seems probable, consequently, that the fleshy parents were nearly homozygous for this trait.

BRO-30 FAMILY.

A family of prevailingly English stock. The members of this family, including the grandparents, parents, and 3 children, were born and have lived in Connecticut. The Father in youth had typhoid fever, in middle age neuritis. Now, at 72, his formula is 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a school-teacher and farmer, died at 65 from old age, premature because of his strenuous life. His formula was 150/70 inches; build 2.0 (31). The Father’s mother had sick headaches and inflammatory rheumatism in middle age. She died at 82 from old age, having then the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The Mother, who had inflammatory rheumatism in youth and malaria in middle age, has now, at 63, the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a farmer and politician, suffered from Bright’s disease in middle age, and died at 54 from an abscess of the liver as the immediate cause. His formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, having enjoyed good health all her life, died at 87 from old age. Her formula was 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). The 3 children are:

1. Male, at 42, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 149/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

2. Male, at 40, 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).

3. Male, at 39, 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 206/68 inches; build 3.1 (45).

Comment.—The children’s range of build exceeds that of the parents; the youngest is indeed very fleshy. Probably there is an obese tendency which comes down through the line of the Mother and Mother’s mother (R: Bro-30).

FIN-1 FAMILY.

A family of Russian Jewish stock. The grandparents and parents were natives of Russia; the family emigrated to America and settled in Pennsylvania, where the 3 children were born. The Father, a manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a merchant, is living at 69 years, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 12 children, died at 55 years from cancer, having the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).

The Mother has at 43 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her sibs are mostly of heavy build. Her father, a merchant, has at 68 years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 5 children, died at 53 years, having the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). The 3 children:

1. Male, a salesman, has at 23 years the formula 195/70 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 45 years, 210/70 inches; build 3.0 (43).

2. Male, a law student, has at 23 years the formula 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 45 years, 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39).

3. Male, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 169/70 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 45 years, 186/70 inches; build 2.7 (38).

Comment.—All 3 children have a fleshy build and may be expected to become fleshier than the Mother (R: Fin-1).

MET-A FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in Illinois. The Father, at 50 years, had the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 5 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). (2) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (3) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Sister, at 50 years, had the formula 200/T; build, say, 3.2 (46±). (5) Sister, at 50 years, had formula 140/M; build, say, 2.5 (35). Both their father and mother are said to have been of medium build.

The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30). Of her 5 sibs who reached maturity: (1) Brother, at 50 years, had the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Sister, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). (3) Sister, 110/60 inches; build 2.1 (31). (4) Sister, 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30). (5) Sister, 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28.) Their father had the formula 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33±). Their mother had the formula 120/T; build, say, 2.0 (28±). Five grown children:

1. Female, at 35 years, has the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41).

2. Male, at 40 years, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

3. Male, at 40 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 188/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

4. Male, at 20 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.7 (37).

5. Female, at 35 years, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.4 (35).

Comment.—On the adjusted build, all children are above the mid-parent and 3 of the 5 exceed the stouter parent (S:Met-A).

OLM-A FAMILY. (Fig. 36.)

A family of old American stock living in New York State. The Father has the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). He has a fleshy brother. His father had the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34).

The Mother has the formula 100/64.5 inches; build 1.7 (24). She has 1 medium brother and a fleshy sister. Her father had the formula 150/66.5 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother had the formula 125/66.5 inches; build 2.0 (28). The 6 children:

1. Male, at 60 years, has the formula 192/61 inches; build 3.6 (43).

2. Male, 250/67 inches; build 3.6 (51).

3. Male, 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).

4. Male, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, 155/65 inches; build 2.6 (37).

6. Female, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

Comment.—A fleshy man, whose known family is fleshy or medium, has by a very slender woman whose family shows a variety of builds, 6 children: 1 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This suggests that the Father is nearly homozygous for the factors of build (S:Olm-A).

FIG. 36.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in OLM-A family.

SHE-12 FAMILY.

This family, whose grandparents came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is chiefly of English and German stock. The 10 children were born in Iowa and Nebraska.

The Father, soldier and editor, is in good health at 76 years, except for “rheumatism”; formula, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, a blacksmith, who was killed by the kick of a horse, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Father’s mother, who had a large family and died of dropsy, at 74 years had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build.

The Mother, with 10 children, had an attack of pneumonia and died at 56 of throat and bronchial trouble and had the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). The Mother’s father, a merchant, who died of a fever, had the formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Mother’s mother, who was inclined to bronchial and lung diseases, had the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). She died of “old age” at 82 years. This side of the house is medium to slender. The 7 grown children are:

1. Female, married, has suffered from intestinal indigestion and “some rheumatism.” At 48 her formula is 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).

2. Male, a journalist, who was weak after an attack of scarlet fever, but developed into a robust man, has at 46 the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Female, now 40 years old, married and with a family, has the formula 155/66 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).

4. Male, a linotype operator, subject to throat and stomach trouble, has the formula 170/72 inches, build 2.3 (33), at the age of 37 years; adjusted to 55 years, 176/72 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, a promoter, in fine health, has at 34 the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 168/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).

6. Male, a journalist, who has had ear and throat trouble following scarlet fever, has, at 32, the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).

7. Female, delicate and inclined to rheumatism, at 29 years has the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 135/65 inches; build 2.2 (32).

Comment.—Four of the children are stout like the Father; the others are intermediate to slender (R: She-12).

VAN-3 FAMILY.

Grandparents from Pennsylvania and New York; children born in Pennsylvania and Michigan; chiefly of English origin. Father, iron-worker, subject to bronchial and catarrhal troubles; formula, at 60 years, 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29). Father’s father, a minister, subject to catarrhal and bronchial troubles, died at 92 years of pneumonia; formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). Father’s mother died of pneumonia at 84 years; formula 122/65 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the house is slender.

The Mother, who has some catarrhal and bronchial trouble, has the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6). Her father, who died at 72 years of kidney trouble and constipation, had the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother had the formula 160/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). This side of the house is of or above the average build. There are 3 children:

1. Female, a teacher, has at 27 years old the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

2. Female, who had an attack of typhoid fever, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6) (“physically and mentally like mother”).

3. Male, at 18 years, has the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.8 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Thus 2 of the children resemble the (slender) paternal side and 1 the maternal (R: Van-3).

Mating 3. VERY SLENDER × VERY FLESHY.

Mention may be made of one example of this extreme mating, namely, of a very fleshy man with a very slender woman, whose slenderness may be due to the fact that she had formerly suffered an acute attack of tuberculosis. The two children are still young (19 and 21 years), but are already 3 and 5 points respectively above average build (English system), suggesting dominance of fleshiness. The detailed history of this mating follows.

GOO-8 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts. The Father, a shoe manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48). His father, a farmer, who died at 63 years from Bright’s disease, was of medium build. His mother, who had only 1 child, suffered in youth from tonsillitis. She is living at 75 years and is of medium build. The very stout Father is probably heterozygous in build.

The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from tonsillitis and scarlet fever; in middle age from tubercular trouble (“cured”). She is living at 46 years, having the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her 2 brothers were tall. Her father, a farmer, well except for headaches, was a distant cousin to his wife. He is living at 72 years, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 3 children, died from cancer at 58 years, having the formula 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus the mother comes of medium (heterozygous?) stock; her extreme slenderness is associated with a tendency to active tuberculosis. The 2 children:

1. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 153/69 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 47 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).

2. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 19 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 47 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).

Comment.—The children are medium to fleshy; they are still young (R: Goo-8).

Mating 4. SLENDER × VERY FLESHY MATINGS (Table IX).

Another test of dominance of the fleshy factors is afforded by table IX. The details will be found in the following pages. The distribution of the progeny is indicated in table 29. The sums of table 29, reduced to percentages, are: 12.5 S, 42.5 M, 35 F, 10 VF. On the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis of build, an equality of medium and fleshy progeny is expected. On the 6-factor hypothesis, a 5 × 2 mating would produce two types of families. Averaging these two types, the expected proportions are 9 S, 41 M, 41 F, 9 VF, which is fairly close to the proportions actually found. It will be observed that fleshy progeny are not far less frequent than those of medium build.

TABLE 29.—Matings of a slender parent and a very fleshy one, together with their progeny.

References.

Parentage.

Offspring.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Arn 5

31

48

44

33

25

26

1

1

Ban 2

42

31

49

2 t

M

F

26±

5 VF

2

Ben 8

38

26

28

39

32

45

1

1

Bon A

40

51

1 F

35

26

4 S

1

Bun

F

S

57

26

1

2

1

Cle 5

34

34

30

1 F

27

32

54

3 F

1

2

1

Coo

M

F

29

2 S, 2 F

M

49

49

1 F, 1 VF

1

1

Fen 1

44

27

2

2

1

Har 15

41

28

30

1 t

35

49

49

2

3

Hor 9

44

24

44

S

M

29

2

How 8

37

27

30

3 t

40

46

51

1

4

Kro 3

34

42

29

38

28

46

1

Tea A

49

27

1

3

1

Totals

5

17

14

4

Percentages (4)

12.5

42.5

35

10

Offspring: A, 36.54 ± 0.59. S. D., 5.51 ± 0.42.

Before passing to the description of the 13 families based on Eugenics Record Office data, reference may be made to a case described by Rose (1907). A slender man (II 1) of slender parents married a woman who weighed 200 pounds (“livres”) and over. Her father weighed 270 pounds and her mother, while not obese, has a goiter. From the primary slender × very fleshy mating were derived 4 children (fig. 37, III 1 to 5). The first is fleshy; the third slender. The second, a girl, at 16 weighed 150 pounds, but after chlorosis became slenderer. This girl married a man apparently of medium build, and they had 4 children, of whom 3 died of meningitis and the other is an obese infant, weighing 36 pounds at 15 months. The fourth and last of the main fraternity is a girl who, at 15 years, is 145 cm. tall and weighs 75 kg. This gives her an index of build of 3.6 (51), very fleshy. She was very fleshy at 4 years, and has a big appetite. The fat is accumulated on abdomen, breasts, and appendages, except hands and feet. The extreme obesity came on at puberty and menstruation has never been regular. Epiphyses of radius and metacarpals of fingers are fused to their diaphyses. These facts indicate an obesity of both the dystrophic adiposo-genitalis type and the hypothyroid type. The progeny are thus 1 S, 1 M, 1 F, and 1 VF.

FIG. 37.—Pedigree chart of Rose’s case.

ARN-5 FAMILY.

This is a family of the north central States, of English stock. The Father, an engineer, had pneumonia in youth and an attack of gravel at 45; his formula at 60 years is 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). His 9 brothers are all one-eighth to 3 inches below average stature. His father, who suffered five attacks of inflammatory rheumatism, died at 59 years of enlargement of the heart; formula, 135/65.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). His mother, who had typhoid at 25 years and catarrh of stomach at 55, has (at 70 years) the formula 186/62.4 inches; build 3.3 (48). Thus the Father, like his mother, is very fleshy; but there is a slender strain in the family.

The Mother, who died of tuberculosis of the lungs at 46 years after having had 5 children, had the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (25.5). One of her 4 sibs died of “hardening of lungs.” Her father, who after attacks of pneumonia died at 67 of tuberculosis, had the formula 140/65 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who had active tuberculosis at 43 years, with recovery, has at 73 years the formula 105/65 inches; build 1.7 (25). Thus Mother and Mother’s mother are very slender (associated with tuberculosis); and there is no fleshiness in the record. There are 2 grown children:

1. Female, who has always been well, has at 24 years the formula 124/61 inches; build 2.4 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 140/61 inches; build 2.6 (38).

2. Male, who has always been well, has at 22 years the formula 133/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 149/68 inches; build 2.3 (32.3).

Comment.—Thus the progeny of these parents of opposite build are intermediate; in the adjusted build inclining toward fleshiness (R: Arn-5).

BAN-2 FAMILY.

A family of Dutch extraction living in northern New York. The Father, a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; in middle age from tic douloureux. He died at 54 years from heart failure, “blood became thin and watery”; formula, 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). One of his sisters died at 40 years from tuberculosis of lungs. One of his brothers died at 29 years from “consumption of bowels.” His father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism, and died at 74 years from apoplexy. At 60 years his formula was 210/71 inches; build 2.9 (42). His mother died at 68 years from heart failure, having at 60 years the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Thus we have a very fleshy parent with tuberculous sibs and a fleshy father.

The Mother, who in middle age suffered from dyspepsia, “after menopause very gradually lost her mind, becoming imbecile and helpless till death, at 66 years,” having the formula 96/S inches; build 26±. Five of her sibs were corpulent. One brother, “small and light framed,” died at 27 years from tuberculosis. Their father was of medium build. Their mother, who in middle age suffered from paralysis, died at 73 years from cancer of breast; at 60 years was corpulent. The slender mother is from fleshy stock. The 2 children:

1. Male, head of a factory, has at 50 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).

2. Male, a teacher, has at 45 years the formula 185/69 inches; build 2.7 (39).

Comment.—Both offspring at middle age are intermediate in build between the two parents, but somewhat closer to the very fleshy one (R: Ban-2).

BEN-8 FAMILY.

A northern family, of which the 4 children were born in Michigan, of mixed English, Scotch, and other stock.

The Father, a farmer, who enjoys good health, has at 40 years the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Both his sibs are above the average in stature. His father, a farmer, who died from over-exertion in the sun at 48 years, had the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother died of “heart trouble” at 71 years; formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). Thus, the slender parent has one fleshy parent in turn.

The Mother, who has “heart trouble,” has at 40 years the formula 195/66 inches; build 3.1 (45). Her 3 sibs are all tall. The Mother’s father, a mill-man, died at 61 years of Bright’s disease, having the formula 205/73 inches; build 2.7 (39). The Mother’s mother, who is well, had at 56 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy. The 2 grown children are:

1. Male, has, at 21 years, the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 40 years, 202/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).

2. Female, at 19 years, has the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.9 (29); adjusted to 40 years, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—One child is fleshy like the Mother (adjusted build); the other is of medium build; both are between the parental extremes.

BON-A FAMILY.

A family from New Hampshire. The Father, at 55 years, had the formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). His brother, at 55 years, had the formula 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). Their father, at 61 years, had the formula 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).

The Mother, at 55 years, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Of her 4 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). (2) Sister, at 55 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). (3) Sister, at 58 years, 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). (4) Sister, at 60 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). Their father, at 85 years, 180/71.5 inches; build 2.5 (35).

The one child, male, at 40 years, 220/71 inches; build 3.1 (44).

Comment.—The progeny of these two parents, one of prevailingly fleshy stock, the other of slender stock, is a very fleshy child, but less extreme than his parent, who is 15 years older (S:Bon-A).

BUN FAMILY. (Fig. 38.)

A Long Island family of English stock. The Father, at maturity, had the formula 280/70 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. His father was fleshy; his mother slender. The Mother, at maturity, had the formula 125/69 inches; build 1.8 (26); slender. She belongs to a slender family.

The four offspring are all mature, 40 to 50 years: (1) female, 110/65.5 inches; build 1.8 (25.5); very slender; (2) female, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32); medium; (3) male, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); medium; (4) male, 198/67 inches; build, at 45 years, 3.1 (44); very fleshy (at 30 years his build was 2.3 (33) or medium). This very fleshy man has by a wife of medium build (but 3 of whose 9 sibs are fleshy) 2 daughters; one, at 18 years, is 121/62.5 inches; build 2.1 (31); medium; the other at 12 years, is 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; far above normal build for her age.

Comment.—The principal mating has produced a variable progeny, but the tendency to obesity is traceable through three generations.

FIG. 38.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in BUN family.

CLE-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who has for years been subject to stomach trouble, has at 62 years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). He has a fleshy brother. His father, a farmer, died at 86 years from “probable cancer of ear,” having the formula 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother died at 80 years of indigestion; formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This is a family of slender to medium build.

The Mother, who in youth was liable to asthma and throat trouble and in middle age to rheumatism, underwent an operation at 48 years for cancer of breast. At 25 or 30 years she began to grow fleshy; at 56 years she has the formula 200/61 inches; build 3.8 (54). She has 3 fleshy sibs. Her father, a farmer, died at 69 years of “enlargement (probably cancer) of liver”; formula, 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her mother, who had 12 children, and who underwent two operations for cancer on nose, died at 83 years of indigestion; formula, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). The very fleshy Mother’s fraternity is apparently derived from slender-medium parents. But one of these had probably lost weight before her death at 83 years. The 4 grown children:

1. Female, who has suffered from asthma, stomach trouble, gallstones, diphtheria, and appendicitis, has at 36 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).

2. Male, a farmer, has at 35 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 148/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Male, a farmer, subject in youth to indigestion and catarrh of throat and nose. At 25 years he has the formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 179/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).

4. Male, a teacher, who has suffered from diphtheria and colds, has at 23 years the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 139/63 inches; build 2.5 (35).

Comment.—The offspring are still young, and we do not know just how they will develop. One is fleshy (but far less so than his Mother); 2 are intermediate, and 1, at 35 years, is even slender (R: Cle-5).

COO FAMILY. (Fig. 39.)

This is a New York State family upon which I personally made observations. A slender-medium man (II 5); build about 2.0 (29), who has 2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs, married a very fleshy woman, build 3.4 (49), whose 2 sibs are also fleshy, 3.4 (48) and 2.8 (40) respectively. Her mother was also about 3.4 (49). There were two daughters. One has now at 42 years a build of 3.4 (48); her sister a build of 2.4 (34) with a tendency to increase. The fleshy sister married a man of slender build, whose 3 sibs are of slender to medium build. There are 5 children, all under 16 except one boy who, at 20 years, has a build of 2.3 (32). He is 73 inches (183 cm.) tall. All of the other children are of about medium build.

Comment.—The very fleshy (but heterozygous) Mother mated with a slender man has children, all of whom are apparently of medium build (73:656).

FIG. 39.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the COO family.

FEN-1 FAMILY.

A family of English, Austrian, and Swiss extraction, grandparents and children living in New York State and California. The Father, a merchant, died at 81 years from ulcer of the stomach. At 50 years he had the formula 210/69.5 inches; build 3.1 (44).

The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 77 years, having at 50 years the formula 102/61.5 inches; build 1.8 (27). One of her sisters died at 79 years from “rheumatism of heart.” The 5 children are:

1. Male, a manufacturer, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He has at 50 years the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38).

2. Male, a merchant, has at 40 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Female, always well, married, has at 40 years the formula 120/66.5 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 126/66.5 inches; build 2.0 (29).

4. Male, a broker, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, at 47 years, 147/69.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

5. Male, who suffered from hemorrhage of lungs while at college, caused by “excessive running,” died at 31 years from tuberculosis, at 28 years having the formula 158/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 50 years, 173/74 inches; build 2.2 (32).

Comment.—The children are intermediate in build between the parents. Only 1 out of 5 is even fleshy.

HAR-15 FAMILY.

A family of English (and Welsh) extraction; grandparents living in the northern United States.

The Father, a twin, who was in the Civil War and has since suffered from a tendency toward tuberculosis but was living at 71 years, has the formula 150/70.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died of tuberculosis at 30 years, and one of pneumonia at 77 years. His father, who was a farmer and “never sick,” died of pneumonia at 47 years, and had the approximate formula 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who died at 48 years of “abscess on the back” after years of ailing, was of slender build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus, probably on account of the tubercular tendency, the Father’s build is slender like his mother.

The Mother, who had 11 children, had a tendency toward tuberculosis in youth, but in middle life suffered from “obesity, rheumatism, and varicose veins,” was genial and a ready and humorous talker; at 61 years her formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Her father, who was a traveling salesman and seldom ill except for “tobacco heart,” died of paralysis at 77 years; his formula, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who had pneumonia in middle life and suffered much from “delicate lungs,” died of a pulmonary abscess at 37 years; her formula, 194/63 inches; build 3.5 (49). Thus the Mother’s build is just like her mother’s. Of the 5 children who grew up:

1. Female, a teacher, who has suffered from bronchitis, tuberculosis, and rheumatism, at 34 years has the formula 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 50 years, 173/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

2. Male, a mechanical engineer, always well, at 30 years has the formula 170/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 181/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (39).

3. Female, married and always well, at 26 years has the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 151/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.9).

4. Male, a millwright, who suffers from valvular heart trouble, at 26 years has the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/67 inches; build 33.

5. Male, an optometrist, always well, has at 23 years the formula 150/69.8 inches; build 2.2 (30.6); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70 inches; build 2.1 (34).

Comment.—Thus 3 of the children are intermediate in build between the parents and 2 are fleshy. The build of the children inclines slightly toward the fleshier side of the house; but variability between indices 40 and 33 is marked (R: Har-15).

HOR-9 FAMILY.

A family of Dutch and English extraction, living in Pennsylvania and New York State. The Father, who is a manufacturer, always well, has at 53 years the formula 218/70.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, who is a manufacturer, and suffered in middle age from malaria and measles, is living, at 75 years having the formula 215/70 inches; build 3.1 (44). His mother, who has 5 children, always well, has at 70 years the formula 83/S; build, say, 1.7 (24).

The Mother, who has 2 children and who in middle age suffered from pneumonia, has at 52 years the formula 124/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was a cabinet-maker, always well, till at 41 years he died from chronic diarrhea, was a slender man. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well; she died, at 24 years, of child-birth; she was of medium build. Two grown children:

1. Female, who in youth suffered from measles (4 times), diphtheria, and pneumonia, and has undergone operations for hernia, tubercular glands, and appendicitis, has at 23 years the formula 116/66.5 inches; build 1.9 (26); adjusted to 53 years, 135/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (31).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever and influenza, has at 20 years the formula 119/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 53 years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).

Comment.—The children, who are quite young, are of a build intermediate between (or less than) that of parents, though a tendency to obesity is found in Father and grandfather (R: Hor-9).

HOW-8 FAMILY.

A Vermont family of English origin. The Father, an author, was supposed to have had active tuberculosis in youth. He is living, at 83 years, with the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). All 3 of his sibs died of pulmonary tuberculosis. His father, a farmer, died at 79 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 81 years, formula, 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). This is a prevailingly slender family with tubercular tendency.

The Mother, who has suffered from enlarged tonsils and inflammatory rheumatism, has, at 70 years, the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). One of her brothers has a powerful physique. The Mother’s father, a legislator, died at 75 years; formula, 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). The Mother’s mother, who died at 70 years of Bright’s disease, had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). This family is characterized by fleshiness. The 5 children are all sons:

1. A writer, at 48, has the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).

2. A farmer, with an organic defect of the heart, has, at 47, the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. A farmer, with chronic Bright’s disease, has the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37), at the age of 44.

4. A teacher, troubled with rheumatism, has, at 41 years, the formula 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

5. Twin to (4), a forester, has, at 41 years, the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 185/68.5 inches; build 2.8 (39).

Comment.—Thus the children are intermediate in build between parents. Tuberculosis is absent. Conditions that induced fleshiness on the mother’s side are reduced in the offspring of the slender and fleshy mating (R: How-8).

KRO-3 FAMILY.

A family of Russian and Austrian extraction, living in New York City. The Father, who is a tailor, nervous, has, at 45 years, the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a tailor, always well, died at 85 years from pneumonia. Formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 5 children, always well, died at 56 years from pneumonia. Formula, 140/58; build 2.9 (42).

The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 44 years the formula 172/61 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her father, who was a tailor, is living at 81 years. Formula, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 6 children, died at 58 years from pneumonia. Formula, 101/60 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The only grown child, a male, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, scarlet fever, and pneumonia, has at 19 years the formula 203/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 45 years, 228/74 inches; build 2.8 (42).

Comment.—The child is young and the possibilities of build in his case can not be foreseen, but he is already stout and may be expected to approach his fleshy Mother in build (R: Kro-3).

TEA-A FAMILY.

A family from New York State. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49).

The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 5 children are:

1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46).

2. Male, at 40 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (31).

3. Male, at 68 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).

4. Female, at 60 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).

5. Female, at 62 years, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—There are 2 slender children, 2 medium, and 1 very fleshy, suggesting a sire who is heterozygous for build (S:Tea-A).

SUMMARY.

Combining the progeny of the 4 matings of the F₁ generation, we get the results shown in table 30. The mean of this series is 37.82 ± 0.31; the standard deviation is 5.07 ± 0.22. It will be observed that the proportions of the totals agree closely with those of mating 1 and give a somewhat closer agreement, with the expectation of 8:42:42:8, than mating 1 does.

The standard deviation of 5.07 ± 0.22 is greater than that of the progeny of slender × slender parents (3.17 ± 0.17), but not so great as that of very fleshy × fleshy parents of fleshy stock (table 24) which is 5.74 ± 0.39. It is much less than the standard deviation of the F₂ progeny (table 31), which is 6.78 ± 0.26. This is in accordance with the usual genetical finding, that the F₁ generation is less variable than the F₂ generation. In this respect, as in so many others, the distribution of progeny is exactly that found in experimentally determined multiple-factor characters. The heredity of build follows closely the Mendelian formulæ.

It is noteworthy that the F₁ generation has an average build that is above the mean of the population; the progeny of F × S matings are not strictly intermediate, but incline toward fleshiness. This indicates again the presence of dominant fleshy factors.

TABLE 30. Matings of a slender parent and one of fleshy stock, together with their progeny.

No.

Nature of mating.

Grades of offspring.

VS

S

M

F

VF

1

One parent S, of S stock; the other F, of F stock

4

18

35

7

2

Other slender × fleshy matings

2

7

15

2

3

One parent VS; the other VF

1

1

4

One parent S; the other VF

5

17

14

4

Total

9

43

65

13

Proportion

7

33

50

10

If one superimposes in the same drawing the distribution polygons of the parental and F₂ generations tables 23, 24, 25 and 30 (fig. 40), the modes of the fleshy parents and the F₁ generation stand at fleshy, though the mean of the F₁ generation is intermediate between the means of the parental stocks.

FIG. 40.—Three superimposed polygons showing distribution, in the various classes of build, of the progeny of the following matings:

Slender × slender (S × S)

Table 23

Very fleshy × fleshy (F × F)

Table 24

Fleshy × slender (F × S)

Table 27

CLASS IV. MATING OF PROBABLY HETEROZYGOUS PARENTS (THE F₂ GENERATION).

We have next to consider the distribution of build in the progeny of parents both of whom are certainly or probably heterozygous and, as such, probably carry gametes for slenderness, as well as fleshiness. This is the mating in which the geneticist finds evidence for segregation, in that the parental types reappear nearly or quite as they went into the combination. At any rate, this generation is characterized by a greater variability than the F₁ generation. However, this greater variability is the less marked the greater the number of factors involved in the prevailing dominant trait—in this case fleshiness.

Two classes of matings will be considered—that of parents, whether medium or fleshy, who probably carry gametes for slenderness, and that of other parents who are both of medium build.

Mating 1. BOTH PARENTS EITHER MEDIUM OR FLESHY AND PROBABLY CARRYING GAMETES FOR SLENDERNESS AS WELL AS FLESHINESS.

This mating includes certain parents selected, usually on the ground of dissimilar grandparents on each side, as those which are probably of the F₁ generation. The families used are summarized in table 31, which is made up of the appropriate families taken from tables X, XI, and XIII.

The range of variation of the F₂ generation includes both the slender and the fleshy types which are found in the grandparents. The distribution of the progeny is more in accord with the hypothesis of the 6-zygotic factors than that of 4-zygotic factors.

The mean variability as measured by the standard deviation is 6.78 ± 0.26, as contrasted with that of 5.02 ± 0.30 of table 27 (the F₁ generation). The difference is 1.76, which is more than four times the probable difference between the means. Thus, the variability of the F₂ generation is nearly a third greater than of the F₁ generation. That the difference is not greater is, of course, due in large part to the presence of multiple factors.

The family histories upon which table 31 depends are given below.

BEA-17 FAMILY. (Fig. 41.)

A family reared in the Central States. Father (II 5) a contractor and farmer, who died of pneumonia at 70 years, had the formula 170/71; build 2.4 (34); medium. Three brothers who were killed in the Civil War at 17, 19, and 21 years respectively had the formulæ 183/72; build 2.5 (35); 169/69, build 2.5 (36); 174/69, build 2.6 (37); all about medium. A sister, who died at 68 years, was 138/65; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Father’s father was a preacher; died at 79 years, had build 185/68; 2.8 (40); fleshy. His wife, who died at 81 years, had build 145/62; 2.7 (38); fleshy. This side of the house comprises medium-build children of fleshy parents.

The Mother (II 6), of quiet disposition, at 60 years has the build 145/66; 2.3 (33); medium. A brother, who is a machinist, at 33 has the formula 154/69; build 2.3 (33). Another brother, carpenter, at 30 years, has the formula 145/70; build 2.1 (30); medium. A sister has the formula 136/65; build 2.2 (32); medium. The eldest brother, a farmer, at 55 years has the formula 160/70; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Mother’s father, a farmer, died of cerebral hemorrhage at 81 years; 170/72; build 2.3 (33); medium. He had a brother, still living at 80 years, with a build 185/71; build 2.6 (37); fleshy. The Mother’s mother, living at 81 years, has the formula 140/64; build 2.4 (34); medium. Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of medium build. There are 4 children:

III 1 ♂, a farmer, at 35 years, has the formula 140/69; build 2.1 (29); slender; adjusted to 50 years, 2.14 (30). III 2 ♂, a teacher, at 30 years, 180/69; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 3 ♂, a farmer, at 31 years, 175/68; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 4 ♀, married, at 27 years, 150/63; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.9 (42).

Comment.—A mating of prevailingly medium stock with a medium parent from fleshy ancestors yields one slender and 3 fleshy children (R: Bea-17).

FIG. 41.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in BEA-17 family.

TABLE 31.—Matings of two heterozygous parents of either medium or fleshy build, together with the progeny, the F₂ generation.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

Offspring.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Group X, M × M:

Bea 17

40

37

34

4 range betw.  33 and 37.

32[7]

34

33

4 range 30 to 33.

1

3[8]

Cas 4

39

29

34

43

27

34

3

3

Smi

S

F

35

7M 1F

M

M[9]

33

1S 1M

1

War 3

33

S

33

41

26

31

3

7

Whi 22

41

27

32

31

44

36

2

Total

4

12

7

Group XI, F × M:

Cri 1

37

26

34

45

34

39

2

Hor 5

M

F

31

M

F

42

6

2

McF 2

28

39

35

27

32

1

2

1

Mil 23

30

37

38

40

26

33

1

1

Ofi 1

S

VF

33

6F 1VF

42

2M 3F 2VF

2

1

Pot 4

35

28

33

29

43

39

1

2

Sta 7

35

29

34

37

44

43

1

2

3

Tra 4

39

23

39

37

30

32

2

3

Total

4

16

12

1

Group XIII, F × F:

Ber

50

2S

39

1S 1VF

2

2

3

Hod A

43

1M 2F 1VF

37

38

2

1

3

4

Mor

S

F

VF

F

F

39

All F1

1

1

2

2

Total

1

3

3

7

9

Grand total

1

11

31

26

10

A, 36.58 ± 0.51. S. D., 6.78 ± 0.26.

[7] MFB has an index of 37.

[8] All of grade 38.

[9] Her father fleshy, mother slender.

CAS-4 FAMILY.

A family of English stock, living in New York State. The Father, a farmer and lumberman, had at 60 years the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, also a farmer and lumberman, who died of old age at 71 years, had at 38 years the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who suffered in middle age from consumption, died at 34 years with the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother, who died at 57 years from catarrh of the stomach, had at 40 years the formula 130/62 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her father, an iron worker, who died at 75 years from fatty degeneration of heart, had the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother, who died at 77 years, had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). The children:

1. Female, who suffered in middle life from rheumatism, had at 40 years the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 146/63 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Female, had at 38 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 50 years 128/63 inches; build 2.3 (32).

3. Male, had at 35 years the formula 180/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42); adjusted to 50 years, 186/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (43).

4. Female, who suffered in youth from stomach trouble, had at 32 years the formula 135/66 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years; 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, who suffered in youth from stomach and bladder trouble, had at 29 years the formula 190/70.5 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 202/70.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).

6. Male, had at 27 years the formula 155/70.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

Comment.—The 6 children vary greatly in index of build. The index varies from 30 to 42, despite the similar build of the parents. But the grandparents vary from 27 to 43. This case suggests the uniformity of F₁ and variability of F₂ (R: Cas-4).

SMI FAMILY.

The Father, of Scandinavian name and living in New York City, at 50 years has a stature of 171 cm. (67 inches); weight 70 kg. (154 pounds); build 2.4 (34.5); medium. His father is said to have been slender, his mother fleshy; his sibs intermediate; one fleshy after 48 years. The Mother, at 41 years, has a stature 162 cm. (64 inches); weight 61 kg. (136 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium; relative chest-girth 76/162, or 47 per cent. She has a slender brother and one who is of more medium build. Their parents were of medium build; their mother’s father was fleshy (build 2.7 or 39); their mother’s mother was “slender.”

There is only one child of above mating. She was a full-term baby, who weighed 3.8 kg. (8.5 pounds), somewhat above the average. She was always plump as a child and, until 11 years of age, always well. Then she had “disease of the tonsils” and of the kidneys (infection), grew thin (weighing only 40 kg. [90 pounds]), and developed a chorea. After a year she recovered and began to gain steadily in weight, and now at the age of 13.7 years she is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighs 79 kg. (174 pounds) and has a build of 2.7 (39); is fleshy. Relative chest-girth 102/170, or 60 per cent. Her arms and calves are relatively slender, as they have recently been engaged in linear growth. She has monthly headaches. (Plate 9, fig. 5.)

Comment.—It seems probable that this girl has received factors for fleshiness from each medium parent, which have combined to give her a full set of fleshy factors (73:736).

WAR-3 FAMILY.

A family descended from English and German stock, living in Pennsylvania principally.

The Father, a nurseryman, had malarial fever at 40. He is now living at 67 years, with a formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a nurseryman and horticulturist, died at 89 from a fall. His formula was 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). His mother, having had 5 sons, died at 42 from consumption; she was slender.

The Mother died, at 40, of child-birth. Her formula was 122/62 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her father, a miller, had a temporary attack of melancholia in middle age. He died at 75 from natural infirmities. His formula was 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother, having had 5 sons and 8 daughters, died of paralysis at 74. Her formula was 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). Ten children are:

1. Male, at 43, has the formula 125/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 128/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Male, at 41, has the formula 138/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, at 39, has the formula 120/63.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 126.5/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

4. Male, at 36, has the formula 158/72 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 165/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, at 33, has the formula 127/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 136/67 inches; build 2.1 (30).

6. Female, at 31, has the formula 110/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 122.5/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

7. Male, at 29, has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 134/64 inches; build 2.3+ (33).

8. Female, at 27, has the formula 110/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 126/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).

9. Male, at 25 years, has the formula 138/68.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 152.5/68.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).

10. Female, at 23 years, has the formula 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

Comment.—Unadjusted, the indices range from 26 to 31; adjusted from 30 to 36. Using adjusted indices, 4 of the children are slenderer than either parent; the parents are doubtless heterozygous in stature (R: War-3).

WHI-22 FAMILY.

A family of English and German extraction, living partly in New York, but mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

The Father, who is a constructor, is living at 56 years, having the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, who was a farmer and laborer, suffered in middle age from partial paralysis, had one hand amputated at 48 years, one foot at 72 years. He died at 79 years from “stricture of the bladder,” having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who is recorded to have suffered from no illness till at 79 years she died from “progressive paralysis,” had the formula 110/64 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The Mother, who is recorded as always well, has at 54 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her father, who was a farmer, is recorded as always well, died at 55 years from paralysis, having the formula 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who was always well, died at 78 years from old age, having the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). Two grown children:

1. Male, who in youth suffered from adenoids, at 25 years has the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 159/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Female, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 129/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).

Comment.—One of the children has a slighter build than the parents, but may grow heavier (R: Whi-22).

CRI FAMILY. (Table XI).

A family of English extraction; earlier generations in Pennsylvania, the last generation in Kansas. The Father, a lawyer, living at 48 years, suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from rheumatism, has the formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism; at 75 years had one leg amputated below the knee; died from “arterio-sclerosis ending in gangrene,” having the formula at 74 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother, who suffered from no illnesses, is living at 76 years, having the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

The Mother, who is subject to heart trouble and small goiter, is living at 43 years, having the formula 145/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her 4 brothers are of medium height. Her father, a farmer and public official, died from paralysis at 57 years, his formula being 190/65 inches; build 3.2 (45). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from heart trouble and goiter, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). The 2 grown children:

2. Female, at 21 years has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 45 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

1. Female, died at 18 years from typhoid fever, having the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 45 years, 139/65 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—Both the children have the build of the slighter parent (R: Cri-1).

HOR-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in the Middle States. The Father, who is “superintendent of bridges and buildings on a railroad,” suffered in youth from bilious fever. He has, at 70 years, the formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died from “tuberculosis of liver.” His father, who was a lumberman, died at 77 years from “consumption of the bowels”; was of medium build. His mother died, at 78 years, from Bright’s disease; she was corpulent.

The Mother suffered in youth from bilious fever and pleurisy; is living, at 58 years. Formula, 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Her father, who was a millwright, suffered in middle age from bilious fever and morphine poisoning; left eye removed; died at 75 years from “pneumonia (tubercular tendency)”; was of medium build. Her mother, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever, in middle age from paralysis, died at 68 years from paralysis; of fleshy build. Eight grown children:

1. Male, an electrical engineer, has, at 33 years, the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55 years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from “spinal and nerve trouble,” has at 30 years the formula 115/63.8 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 128/63.8 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Male, a civil engineer, suffered in youth from typho-malaria. Has at 27 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/64 inches; build 2.9 (41).

4. Female, who has at 25 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 134/63 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, an accountant, who in youth suffered from a “nervous collapse due to a severe electrical shock,” has at 23 years the formula 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Female, who in youth suffered from blood-poisoning, erysipelas, and anemia, has at 21 years the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55+ years, 133/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

7. Male, a pattern-maker, who in youth suffered from hemorrhages, has at 20 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55+ years, 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

8. Male, at 18 years has the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The children’s indices range between the two parental indices (R: Hor-5).

MCF-2 FAMILY.

A family of Irish extraction living in Maine. The Father, who was a shipwright, died at 40 years as a result of an injury received in battle. At 39 years he had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father died at 82 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother, who had 5 children, died at 74 years from apoplexy, having the formula at 50 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her father, who was a farmer, died at 64 years from “fever,” having the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who in middle age was “struck by lightning,” died at 86 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 4 children who grew up:

1. Male, a farmer, who had right arm and three fingers of left hand amputated as result of a wound received in war, is living at 69 years, having at 50 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

2. Female, who in middle age underwent an operation for gallstones, has at 40 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28).

3. Male, a “master mariner,” has at 50 years the formula 170/66 inches; build 2.7 (39).

4. Male, an attorney, has at 40 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36).

Comment.—Three of the children have indices like that of the medium parent; the other is somewhat fleshier (R: McF-2).

MIL-23 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New England and Ohio.

The Father, who is a clergyman, and who suffered in middle age from la grippe, is living at 58 years. At 50 years he had the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, who was a preacher, died at 72 years. At 50 years, formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, who had 4 children at 30 years, suffered from typhoid fever. At 50 years, her formula 165/66.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in middle age from pleurisy, capillary bronchitis, and nervous prostration. At 50 years her formula, 122/60.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her father, who was a bank president, suffered in youth from yellow fever (in West Indies), and in middle age from rheumatism and Bright’s disease. At 50 years, his formula 180/67.5 inches; build 2.7 (40). Her mother, who in youth suffered from “lung fever,” and in middle age from curvature of the spine and pleurisy, died at 50 years from “anemic condition with tuberculosis, induced by deformity.” At 40 years her formula 95/60 inches; build 1.9 (26). Two children:

1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from nervous troubles and diphtheria, has at 33 years the formula 115/60.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 125/60.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Male, who in youth suffered from throat troubles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, during war had influenza, slightly gassed. He has at 27 years the formula 180/72.5 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 50 years, 195/72.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—Each child resembles a different parent (R: Mil-23).

OFI FAMILY, D. (Fig. 35.)

II 14 ♂, a Syrian, at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds), build 2.3 (33), medium. He had 7 grown sibs, as follows: II 1 ♀, short and fleshy; II 3 ♀, fleshy but probably heterozygous; married to a slender man she has both fleshy and slender children; II 4 ♂, fleshy. II 7 ♂, fleshy. II 10 ♀, inclined to be fleshy but probably heterozygous, since she had both fleshy and slender children. II 12 ♀, fleshy, but has some slender as well as medium children. II 13 ♂, very fleshy. Of the foregoing fraternity the father was slender and the mother very fleshy. From the builds of his parents and the issue of his sibs we may conclude that II 14 carries factors for slenderness.

II 15 ♀, the wife of II 14, at 38 years has a stature of 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy (and has been fleshier); her relative chest-girth is 61 per cent. She has had 7 sibs, as follows: II 16 ♂, very fleshy; II 17 ♀, at 50 years, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weighs 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; relative chest-girth 63 per cent; II 18 ♀, “plump.” II 20 ♀, very fleshy and has 3 slender children; II 21 ♀, “plump.” II 22 ♂, of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy; relative chest-girth 67 per cent.

The father of the foregoing fraternity was slender and the mother fleshy. Hence it seems probable that some or all of the mother’s fraternity carry a gene for slenderness.

The children of II 14 and 15 are 4 in number. III 14 ♀, at 16 years has stature of 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 44 kg. (97 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender; III 15 ♀, 15 years, stature 145 cm. (57 inches); weight 85 kg. (187 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy; relative chest-girth, 78 per cent; she began to grow fleshy at 5 years; is a very heavy eater; III 16 ♀, 9 years, is slender, and III 17 was at 4 years a very fat baby, but is now a slender child.

Comment.—Slenderness and fleshiness occur in the same fraternity; the eventual proportions can not yet be stated, since two of the children are very young (73:697).

POT-4 FAMILY.

A family of British extraction; living chiefly in Illinois.

The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; is living at 52 years, having the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, who was a farmer and in middle age subject to heart trouble, died at 57 years from heart failure. His formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who has always been well, is living at 77 years, having at 74 years the formula 105/61 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 48 years, having the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, who was a farmer, in middle age suffered from a nervous breakdown; he died at 71 years of apoplexy, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her mother, who died at 67 years from erysipelas, had the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43). Three grown children:

1. Male, a chemist, always well, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 177/71 inches; build 2.5 (35).

2. Male, farmer, always well, has at 22 years the formula 155/66.5 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 168/66.5 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Female, a student at college, always well, has at 18 years the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 156/64 inches; build 2.7 (38).

Comment.—The children’s builds lie between those of the parents (R: Pot-4).

STA-7 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction, living in the Central States.

The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in middle age from sciatic rheumatism; he is living at 69 years, having the formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, who was a farmer, was always well; he died from apoplexy at 87 years, having the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother died from heart trouble at 69 years, having the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother has always been well; she is living, at 59 years, having the formula 165/62 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her father, who was a carpenter and farmer, was always well; he died from “old age, hard work, and exposure” at 73 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who was always well, died from apoplexy at 72 years, having the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). Six children:

1. Male, who is a real-estate agent, always well, has at 34 years the formula 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 174/70 inches; build 2.5 (36).

2. Female, married, has always been well, has at 32 years the formula 118/M; build, say, 2.1 (30).

3. Female, a school teacher, suffered in youth from appendicitis, has at 29 years the formula 124/S; build, say, 2.3 (33).

4. Male, a teacher, in youth suffered from typhoid fever; has at 28 years the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

5. Male (twin of No. 4), a salesman, has at 28 years the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 65 years, 172/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).

6. Male, a teacher, always well; at 24 years has the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—The children are fairly uniform in build, mostly falling in the medium class (R: Sta-7).

TRA-4 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in Canada and the eastern United States.

The Father, who was a station-master, died at 86 years from diabetes, having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). He was a first cousin to his wife. His father, who was a “customs-house officer,” died at 72 years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who had 1 child, was always well, died at 91 years from “old age.” Formula, 90/63 inches; build 1.6 (23).

The Mother, who had 6 children, was “never very strong—nervous,” suffered in middle age from acromegalia and diabetes mellitus, iritis, and cataract. She died at 65 years from acromegalia, having the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). One of her sisters died at 26 years from epilepsy; one brother died from apoplexy, “very tall and stout.” Her father, who was a “clerk in a freight office,” died at 76 years from pneumonia, having the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had a weak heart, died at 89 years from old age and apoplectic strokes; formula, 120/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). Five grown children:

1. Female, has at 47 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).

2. Male, who is a telegraph operator, suffered in youth from dyspepsia, has at 45 years the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 192/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Male, a telegraph operator, who in youth suffered from rheumatic fever, has at 44 years the formula 210/71 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Female, a physician, has at 42 years the formula 135/68 inches; build 29; adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, a draughtsman, always well, has at 39 years the formula 210/73 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, formula 216/73 inches; build 2.9 (41).

Comment.—The children are variable (like the grandparents), ranging from medium to fleshy (R: Tra-4).

BER FAMILY. (Fig. 42.)

I 5, J. B., male, born in Germany, was 175 cm. tall (68.9 inches) and weighed 108.8 kg. (240 pounds); build 3.5 (50). He died at 79 years of Bright’s disease. He had 2 sisters who were slender. His wife was 152 cm. (59.8 inches) tall and weighed 63.5 kg. (140 pounds), build 2.7 (39). One of her brothers was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 113 kg. (250 pounds); build 3.4 (48); but another brother was slender, about 2.1 (30). This mating may or may not be of heterozygous parents.

There were 7 children who grew up. II 4, male, 176 cm (69 inches) tall and weighing at the time of his death (at 50 years from “heart disease”) about 215 kg. (475 pounds); build 7.0 (100), an extraordinarily obese man. This man was fleshy as a child. The next brother (II 6) remained single, dying at 45 years. His stature 170 cm. (67 inches) and weight 77 kg. (170 pounds); build 2.7 (38). The next brother, II 7, died at 54, single. He was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 118 kg. (260 pounds); build 3.5 (50); thus very fleshy. The next brother (II 8) was slender as a child and began to put on flesh at 19 years. His stature is 175 cm. (69 inches). At 25 he weighed 93 kg. (205 pounds); at 33 years, 115 kg.; at 35 years, 136 kg.; at 41 years, 163 kg.; at 52, 172 kg. and now at 57 years over 180 kg. or 400 pounds. This increase of weight occurred despite dieting and reducing exercises. He is a very hearty eater. He is fat all over the body, especially hips, abdomen, and shoulders. He has remained single.

Next in order is II 10, who died at 46 years of rheumatism of the heart. She was 175 cm. (69 inches) tall and weighed 73 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (34) or medium. Last was a pair of twins. II 11, male, 182 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighs 79 kg. (176 pounds); build 2.4 (34); thus medium. The other twin, II 12, is a woman, who at 38 is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighs about 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.0 (43). She is thus fleshy.

Comment.—Thus 5 of the fraternity are fleshy (2 enormously obese) and 2 are of medium build. Thus we have a proportion of 2 medium to 5 very fleshy, approaching a 1:3 ratio; or a ratio may be recognized of 2 medium, 3 fleshy to very fleshy, and 2 obese; approximately a 1:2:1 ratio (73:646).

FIG. 42.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in BER family.

HOD-A FAMILY.

A family of English extraction from Illinois. The Father, at 84 years, had the formula 230/69 inches; build 3.4 (48). Of his 4 sibs: (1) brother, at 60 years had the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41); (2) sister, at 65 years, 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) sister, at 68 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); (4) sister, at 60 years, 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36).

The Mother, at 50 years, 150/63 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, at 86, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). The 10 children are:

1. Male, at 55 years had the formula 242/69 inches; build 3.6 (51).

2. Male, at 60 years, 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (28).

3. Male, at 21 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 199/69 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Male, at 49 years, 210/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).

5. Male, at 45 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).

6. Male, at 47 years, 225/69 inches; build 3.3 (47).

7. Male, at 37 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); adjusted to 55 years, 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43).

8. Female, at 57 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).

9. Female, at 53 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).

10. Female, at 39 years, had the formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47); adjusted to 55 years, 206/65 inches; build 3.4 (49).

Comment.—This pedigree has a special interest because the original data gave the Father’s build as 26 and the Mother’s as 28. This led to correspondence which yielded the revised results according to which this fraternity is the progeny of parents who grew fleshy in their later years, stout instead of slender parents. Of the 10 children, 2 are slender, 1 medium, 3 stout, and 4 very stout (S: Hod-A).

MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)

III 13 ♂, short, in middle life weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds); very fleshy. In later life he has grown slenderer. His mother was fleshy, like himself, but his father was slender; consequently he is heterozygous.

III 14 ♀, wife of above, is less than 153 cm. (60 inches) tall and weighs about 63 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. At the time of her marriage she weighed 43 kg. (96 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender. Nevertheless, III 14 apparently contains some non-fleshy genes, as indicated by her 6 children:

(1) IV 10 ♀, was stout as a child; when married at 24 years she weighed 75 kg. (164 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Now, at 41 years, she is 161 cm. (63.5 inches) tall, and weighs, net, 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.6 (52); very fleshy. For the past 7 years her weight has been invariable. Her net relative chest-girth is 108/161 = 68 per cent. She married a man of build 3.7 (53), very fleshy, of relative chest-girth of 69 per cent. He is one of a fraternity of 7, of whom 5 are fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender. Their 2 children are (a) ♂, who weighed 7.5 kg. (16.5 pounds) at birth, instead of the average of about 3 kg., and died at the age of 2 days, requiring a casket large enough for a year-old child; (b) ♀, at 13 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy; relative chest-girth 97/152, or 64 per cent. She weighed 5.6 kg. at birth, grew slenderer to 5 years, and since then stouter. This seems like a pure line for fleshiness.

(2) IV 12 ♂, is of about the build 2.6 (37) or slightly fleshy.

(3) IV 15 ♀, at 47 years is 153 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 75 kg. (165 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Like her mother, she was slender until 39 years of age.

(4) IV 17 ♀, at 44 years is slightly fleshy.

(5) IV 19 ♀, is tall and “very slender”; by a very slender husband she has 3 children, all slender.

(6) IV 20 ♀, at 38 years is slender.

Comment.—Thus, of the 6 children, 1 is very slender, 1 is slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy—an exceedingly variable progeny. Evidently some of the gametes from both parents are responsible for the result (73:690).

REMARKS.

The mating of two heterozygous parents produces, in general, an exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of the presence of genetical factors in build. The result can not, so far as I can see, be adequately explained on any other than the genetical basis. As an illustration of such variability in full sibs, plate 9, figure 4, is striking. Such differences are frequently found in the offspring of heterozygous parents.

Mating 2. OTHER MEDIUM × MEDIUM MATINGS (Table X).

This mating is important for deciding between the hypotheses (a) that medium build is the heterozygous condition between slender and fleshy; (b) that “medium” represents an hereditary type (biotype) as truly as slender does; (c) that the “medium” group is a combination of cases of the heterozygous condition and a distinct biotype.

First, it appears that the mating is the commonest one in our records, except medium × fleshy. But this is to be expected, inasmuch as the medium grade of build is the commonest grade.

Second, the variability of the progeny is small, 4.05 ± 0.11. The only mating that has a less variable progeny is S × S, 2.41 ± 0.17. This result, shown in table 12, indicates that the persons of medium build are, for the most part, not heterozygous, but belong to a distinct biotype. On the other hand, M × M matings from table X, selected mostly on account of dissimilar build of parents, give progeny distributed nearly in a 1:2:1 ratio, such as is got in the second generation of a monohybrid. It seems probable, accordingly, that hypothesis (c) is correct, but that the cases of medium that belong to a distinct biotype are much more numerous than the cases of medium parents who are heterozygous.

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.

The matings selected because most obviously adapted to give an F₂ progeny produced an offspring about one-third more variable than the F₁ progeny. The wide range of variability of the F₂ progeny is more in accordance with the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build than that of 4 zygotic factors.

The mating of two “medium-build” parents gives a progeny that is not very variable in build; not more variable than the progeny of the S × F mating. The result is like that obtained in studies in heredity of stature, where the progeny of the M × M was not extremely variable. This result, in the case of build, that the medium build is relatively invariable, suggests that some persons of medium build really belong to a biotype in which fleshy build is due to 4-zygotic factors, and that such parents are zygotically of the AAbb type, and produce offspring of whom 100 per cent are again of that type. Examples would seem to be found in the following families with 4 or more children: Bat-2, Bea-7, Kel-4a, Old-2, Rig-1, War-3. There is, of course, genetical justification for the assumption that the same character may in certain strains be due to 3 gametic factors, in others to only 2. This is especially well shown in susceptibility to tumor-growth of mice.

CLASS V. THE “BACK-CROSS.”

The mating of heterozygous individuals with the “pure” recessives of the parental stock, as well as with “pure” dominants, is an important procedure in genetics, in order to determine the number of factors involved in the trait. This mating is of especial importance in detecting “crossing over,” but our data are insufficient to permit use for this purpose. Though the total of our data is considerable, yet the nature of traits due to multiple factors is such that the table has to be broken up into a large number of small ones, of which the “constants” are subject to large probable errors. It seems best to distinguish two kinds of matings: (1) heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender, and (2) heterozygous fleshy × fleshy (or very fleshy) of fleshy stock.

Mating 1. HETEROZYGOUS MEDIUM OR FLESHY × SLENDER.

The data for this analysis are in table 32, which contains the apparently most significant matings from Appendix tables III, IV, and VIII.

The totals of table 32, b + c, give the following proportions: 3 VS, 26 S, 36 M, 20 F, 4 VF.

The matings of 4-factor and 2-factor parents respectively give a distribution of two types. Uniting these (on the assumption that they are equally numerous), we get proportions as follows: 3 VS, 25 S, 44 M, 25 F, 3 VF.

This theoretical series is of the same general type as that given by the data, and the agreement (considering all of the unknown factors) is fairly close. The details of the family histories included in table 32 are given below.

TABLE 32.—Matings of a heterozygous parent, of either medium or fleshy build, and a slender parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross.

(a) F ROM TABLE III, VS × M (S).

Ref.

Parentage.

Offspring.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Ach 2

32

33

32

32

27

25

1

2

Bic 1

29

35

34

M

S

25

4t

1

2

Gru 1

M

M

31

1t

M

S

24

1

1

Ise 2

26

31

31

31

27

23

2

5

Mil A

39

28

36

1S 1M 3F

35

30

22

1

3

3

Wit 2

26

M

33

M

t

22

2t

2

1

Total

1

7

14

3

A, 32.34 ± 0.59. S. D., 4.38 ± 0.42.

(b) F ROM TABLE IV, VS × F (S).

Hol A

39

23

1

2

4

1

1

Law A

34

43

35

24

1S 1M 2F

2

1

1

Wat 5

37

1F

S

25

4S

1

3

1

(c) I N PART FROM TABLE VIII, S × F (S).

Gui 3

27

34

30

39

1

3

3

Hok 1

36

S

37

31

35

27

2

Hot 1

M

S

30

S

S

40

1

Hul 2

34

25

30

35

27

37

2

4

1

Kie

S

F

2

2

Leo (a)

S

S

S

4S

F

S

51

3S 3F

1

Leo (b)

S

51

2

1

3

Lyn 2

S

F

37

S

M

29

1

Mer B

47

27

40

37

36

25

1

3

1

Mor (a)

50

S

10

3

Mor (b)

S

F

F

F

2S 2F

4

Mor (c)

F

M

F

1S 1M 4F

S

1S

2

Pad 1

31

35

28

33

23

37

1

Rid 1

F(?)

M(?)

42

3F

S

S

S

2

Rom 1

S

F

38

3t

F

M

28

6

1

Van

42

1S 1F

S

1M

2

3

Wat

S

F

27

26

45

40

1

1

1

Total

3

26

36

20

4

A, 33.67 ± 0.40. S. D., 5.58 ± 0.28.

ACH-2 FAMILY.

A family of English and probable Scotch stock. The family residence is now located in Oregon, in which State the 3 children of the third generation were born. The Father, a mechanic, inclined to rheumatism and nervousness, has at 50 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.3 (32). His sibs are all tall (and presumably slender). His father, a farmer, died when 78 years old, having at 40 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). His mother, after having borne 6 sons and 5 daughters, died of cancer at 70 years. At that time she had the formula 125/62 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus, the Father’s fraternity, though their parents were of medium build, apparently carries a slender tendency.

The Mother suffers from “rheumatism”; she is “always busy” and is living at 51 years, with the formula 93/61 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, died at 82 with the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her mother, having had 5 sons and 4 daughters, died of “heart trouble” at 42 years. She had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). Thus this side of the house inclines toward slenderness. The 3 children are:

1. Female, a bookkeeper and “nervous,” at 26 has the formula 95/65 inches; build 1.6 (23); adjusted to 50 years, 112/65 inches; build 1.8 (27).

2. Female, a bookkeeper, and “energetic” and “nervous,” at 22 has the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 139/67 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, a bookkeeper and “energetic, impulsive, and agile,” has at 23 the formula 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 50 years, 129/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—A medium Father of medium and slender stock marries a slender, nervous woman who has a slender mother. One of the children is exceptionally slender and two are slender according to the unadjusted index. It is very doubtful if the most slender child would ever acquire the adjusted index of 27, though children Nos. 2 and 3, energetic and agile at 23 and 22 years respectively, with builds 1.9 (28) and 2.0 (27), may well acquire a medium build by maturity if they become less active (R: Ach-2).

BIC-1 FAMILY.

A family of English and French extraction living mostly in Kentucky and Indiana. The Father, a newspaper publisher, suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He is living at 52 years, having at 45 years the formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a justice of the peace, died at 39 years from pulmonary tuberculosis contracted during the Civil War. At 26 years he had the formula 140/70 inches; build 20 (29). His mother, who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from cancer. She is living at 76 years. At 40 years her formula was 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Thus the father is of mixed ancestry; he is probably heterozygous in respect to build.

The Mother has been subject to tuberculosis of throat and lungs. She is living at 51 years, having at 45 years the formula 102/64 inches; build 1.7 (24). Four of her sibs died from tuberculosis of throat and lungs. Her father, a revenue collector, suffered in youth from rheumatism and in middle age from “very bad throat trouble.” He died at 85 years from old age. At 45 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 9 children, always well, died at 85 years from malignant tumor. At 45 years she was slender. This side of the house is very slender, largely on account of tuberculosis. The grandfather is of medium build; the grandmother was nervously active and slender. The 3 children:

1. Female, a social worker, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, tonsillitis, and adenoids, has at 23 years the formula 105/64 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 45 years, 2.1 (29). (R: Bic-1.)

2. Female, a college graduate, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, scarlet fever, and appendicitis and had a tendency to consumption, has at 22 years the formula 126/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 45 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Female, a student, who has a “nervous temperament,” has at 18 years the formula 124/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 45 years, 143/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

Comment.—The tuberculous tendency of the Mother’s fraternity and of the Father’s father reappears in at least one of the children. None is as slender as the Mother, and all approach the medium grade (R: Bic-1).

GRU-1 FAMILY.

A family of English and German extraction living mostly in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Father, a school-teacher and principal, is living at 52 years, having had at 45 years the formula 134/66 inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died of “consumption” and was apparently slender. His father, a farmer, often mentally depressed, is living at 75 years, and has a “medium” build. His mother, who had 10 children, and who suffered in middle age from rheumatism, is living at 73 years, and is of “medium” build. Thus the paternal inheritance is toward medium build; the father possibly heterozygous.

The Mother suffered in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism; she has at 40 years the formula 106/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). Her father, a farmer, of medium build, died at 77 years from pneumonia. Her mother, who had 6 children, died at 77 years from arterio-sclerosis; she was slender. Thus the maternal build is prevailingly slender, though the grandfather is of medium build. The 3 children:

1. Female, a teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 20 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 42 years, 125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from infantile paralysis, has at 18 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 42 years, 136/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Female, at 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister.

Comment.—All the children have a heavier build than the slenderer parent and approach a medium build (R: Gru-1).

ISE-2 FAMILY.

A family of Swiss and French origin living in Kansas. The Father, who is of Swiss parentage, a farmer, is living at 86 years, having the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, a farmer, died of consumption, having the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had 8 children, died at 82 years from pneumonia, having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). This side of the house is of mixed slender-medium build.

The Mother, who has had 11 children, is of French-Swiss stock and has been a farmer’s wife in Kansas. She has been operated upon for glaucoma, is living at 72 years, and has the formula 88/62 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her father, a farmer, died from neuralgia of heart, having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 3 children, died at 46 years, suddenly, perhaps from appendicitis, having the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The maternal side of the house has thus a build ranging from very slender to slender-medium. The 8 children about whom information is given are:

1. Male, a college professor, died at 42 years after an operation for appendicitis, having the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 55+ years, 129/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).

2. Female, a librarian, who in youth suffered from pneumonia, in middle age from a nervous breakdown, has at 47 years the formula 112/60 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, a stenographer, who in middle age suffered from fever (in Africa), has at 45 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30).

4. Male, a college professor, always well, has at 41 years the formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55+ years, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36).

5. Male, a merchant, has at 39 years the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Male, a merchant, who in youth suffered from acute rheumatism and leakage of heart, has at 36 years the formula 165/72 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55+ years, 172/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).

7. Male, an editor, who in middle age has suffered from pleurisy and pneumonia, has at 33 years the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 159/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).

8. Male, a newspaper reporter, of unknown build.

Comment.—All children, except the first, who was of a nervous, active type and died prematurely, are of medium build, mostly slightly fleshier than the stockier parent (R: Ise-2).

MIL-A FAMILY.

A family probably of old American (English) stock, living in Los Angeles, California. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 170/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (36). Of his sibs, 1 is slender, 1 medium, and 4 are fleshy. His father, at 70 years, had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, at 70 years, had the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Thus the Father is of mixed fleshy and slender origin.

The Mother, at 85 years, had the formula 100/67 inches; build 1.6 (22). Her father, at 70 years, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her mother, at 70 years, 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus, the maternal parent is very slender with slender to medium grandparents. The 6 children are:

1. Male, at 56 years, has the formula 224/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).

2. Male, at 53 years, 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37).

3. Female, at 27 years, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 148/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

4. Female, at 64 years, 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22).

5. Female, at 50 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31).

6. Female, at 59 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).

Comment.—The children vary from slender to fleshy; thus two have a heavier build than any ancestor described (S:Mil-A).

WIT-2 FAMILY.

A family of English and Irish extraction; paternal grandparents living in the Middle States and California. The Father, a merchant, suffered in middle age from pneumonia. He is living at 75 years. At 70 years his formula was 155/69 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a farmer, died at 86 years from dropsy. At 70 years his formula was 140/73 inches; build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had 8 children, died from consumption. At 50 years she was of medium build. Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of medium build, but the Father’s father was slender, consequently the Father is probably heterozygous for build.

The Mother suffered in middle age from insanity and consumption, having the formula 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22). Two of her 4 sibs who reached maturity died from consumption. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years from bladder trouble. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 4 children, died from consumption. In this family the very slender stature is probably controlled by lung tuberculosis. The 3 children are:

1. Male, a machinist, who was accidentally killed at 19 years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 168/71 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Male, retired, who in youth suffered from dysentery and pneumonia; in middle age from indigestion, internal catarrh, tuberculosis, appendicitis, and malaria, has at 44 years the formula 140/69.5 inches; build 2.0 (29).

3. Female, who was “very healthy” in youth, but in middle age had mental “nervous troubles,” has at 40 years the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 years, 106/64 inches; build 1.8 (26).

Comment.—The children of this mating are mixed slender to medium; one of the children is feeble-minded and is very slender; one who is slender has had active tuberculosis and much other illness; the third, who died at 19, had an average build. The record is complicated by disease (R: Wit-2).

HOL-A FAMILY.

A family from Illinois. The Father at 55 years has the formula: 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).

The Mother, at 50 years, has the formula: 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). The 9 children are:

(1) Female, at 30 years, has the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 194/65 inches; build 3.2 (46).

(2) Male, at 30 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 139/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

(3) Male, at 27 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

(4) Male, at 25 years, 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 184/74 inches; build 2.4 (34).

(5) Male, at 29 years, 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 151/68 inches; build 2.3 (33).

(6) Male, at 26 years, 125/72 inches; build 1.7 (24).

(7) Female, at 24 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 161/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).

(8) Female, at 22 years, 110/72 inches; build 1.5 (21); adjusted to 55 years, 130/72 inches; build 1.8 (25).

(9) Female, at 20 years, has the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29).

Comment.—The children vary greatly from very slender to stout or even, adjusted, to very stout. One of them is much stouter than either parent. Probably the Father is heterozygous (S:Hol-A).

LAW-A FAMILY.

A family from Georgia. The Father, at 30 years, had the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43). His brothers were “all stout.” His father, at 30 years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The fleshy father carries factors for at least medium build.

The Mother, at 30 years, had the formula 100/65 inches; build 1.7 (24). Her brothers were all of “medium” build. Her sisters are: 1 slender, 1 medium, and 2 fleshy. Their father, at 30 years, had the formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). The 4 children:

1. Male, at 30 years, had the formula 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

2. Female, at 30 years, 110/61 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Female, at 30 years, 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28).

4. Female, at 30 years, 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).

Comment.—A fleshy man of medium stock has by a very slender woman of mixed stock in respect to build, 4 children—2 slender, 1 medium, and 1 fleshy (S:Law-A).

WAT-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, Michigan, England, Utah, and Montana; parents and children living in Utah and Montana. The Father, a miner, suffered in middle age from pneumonia and died at 64 years from chronic bronchitis. At 60 years his formula was 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, a farmer, died at 37 years. The Father had a fleshy sister, at least 3 of whose children were fleshy. His mother died at 38 years. Apparently, a fleshy strain on the Father’s father’s side; Father’s mother’s side unknown.

The Mother, who had 7 children, suffered in youth from scarlet fever and lung fever, is living at 60 years, having the formula 107/65.5 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her 4 sibs are “thin.” Their father, a lawyer, suffered at 23 years from scarlet fever, died from an accident at 42. Two of his sibs were “very large” and tall. Her mother, who had 9 children, died at 76 years from pneumonia; she was slender and so was her sister. Thus the slender Mother has both slender and fleshy close relations. The 5 children who grew up are:

1. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 37 years the formula 109/67 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 years, 119/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Male, a miner, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, tonsillitis, and throat trouble, has at 34 years the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 193/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has, at 31 years, the formula 128/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).

4. Female, married, who in youth suffered from throat trouble, underwent a tonsillectomy and appendectomy, has at 25 years the formula 120/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 138/65.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Female, married, has at 21 years, the formula 120/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 140/65.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The adjusted build of the children show 1 slender (unadjusted, very slender), 3 medium, and 1 fleshy, suggesting a heterozygous parentage. This family has been placed in this category, despite absence of information about the Father’s parents, because of the great variability of the children (R: Wat-5).

GUI-3 FAMILY.

A family of Scandinavian extraction, living mostly in Kansas. The Father, a farmer, who suffered in middle age from asthma, has at 74 years the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The Mother has at 60 years the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, a farmer, died at 83 years from senile dementia. At 75 years his formula was 150/S inches; build, say, 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 6 children, died at 84 years, “probably senility.” At 75 years her formula was 120/M inches; build, say, 2.1 (30). The 8 children:

1. Female, married, suffered in youth and middle age from heart trouble, following rheumatism. At 40 years she has the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 116/62 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from rheumatism, has at 33 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Male, who died at 16 years from operation for rectal tumor.

4. Male, a real-estate dealer, who in youth suffered from asthma, has at 33 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

5. Female, a nurse, who in youth suffered from anterior poliomyelitis (complete recovery), has at 31 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 162/64 inches; build 2.7 (39).

6. Male, a farmer, has at 29 years the formula 153/70 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).

7. Female, has at 27 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 166/65 inches; build 2.7 (39).

8. Male, a farmer, has at 24 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—One-half of the children may be expected to exceed the mean build of the parents, and 2 to equal or exceed the fleshy build of the Mother (R: Gui-3).

HOK-1 FAMILY.

A family of German and English extraction, living in Illinois, Colorado, and Iowa. The Father, who is a carpenter, always well, is living at 63 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, who was a manufacturer, always well, died at 72 years from a fistula. At 72 years his formula 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother died at about 48 years; was of slender build.

The Mother, always well, has at 62 years the formula 105/62 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who was a coal-mine owner, died at 46 years from exposure during Civil War. At 45 years his formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, always well, died at 87 years from old age. Formula, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Two grown children:

1. Male, a surveyor, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 34 years the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Male, always well, has at 26 years the formula 165/72 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 181/72 inches; build 2.5 (35).

Comment.—Both children are of medium build, fairly close to that of the fleshier parent (R: Hok-1).

HOT-1 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living mostly in New York State. The Father, who is a carpenter, suffered in middle age from pneumonia. He is living at 51 years, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a farmer, died at 69 years from apoplexy; was of medium build. His mother, who had 6 children, at 50 years was slender.

The Mother is living at 50 years, having the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40). Her father, who was a grocer, suffered in youth from rheumatism; in middle age from typhoid fever. He died at 61 years from Bright’s disease. At 61 years he was slender. Her mother, who had 3 children, was always well. She died at 79 years from cerebral hemorrhage; she was said to be slender.

One son, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 151/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The son is intermediate in build between the parents (R: Hot-1).

HUL-2 FAMILY.

A rural New York family of prevailingly English origin. The Father, a business man, always well, had, at 50 years, the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who died of “rheumatism of the stomach” at 80 years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who died at 82 years of old age, with dropsical tendencies, had the formula 95/62 inches; build 1.7 (25). This family has a build at or below the average.

The Mother, who suffered much from sick headache and “rheumatism,” and in later years from diabetes mellitus, had, at 50 years, the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, who suffered from migraine, had the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, always well, died at 78 years of gradual decay; her formula, at 50 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The Mother is doubtless heterozygous. There are 7 children:

1. Female, who has had pneumonia and suffers from migraine, has, at 38, the formula 100/62.5 inches; build 1.8 (26).

2. Female, a teacher, married, at 37 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).

3. Female, married, and died at 35 years of Addison’s disease, 105/65 inches; build 1.8 (25).

4. Female, who has been operated on for tubercular neck glands, at 34 years, 115/62 inches; build 2.1 (30).

5. Female, who suffered in youth from tachycardia, at 28 years, 100/65.5 inches; build 1.6 (23).

6. Female, who has suffered from migraine and rheumatism and had an attack of pneumonia, at 27 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 50 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29).

7. Male, well, at 20 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 158/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).

Comment.—On the whole the children are below the average build, like the slender parent (R: Hul-2).

KIE FAMILY. (Fig. 43.)

II 1 ♂, a slender German. His wife, II 2 ♀, fleshy. Their 4 children of whose build something is known: III 1 ♂, fleshy; III 2 ♂, slender, over 6 feet tall, married to a fleshy woman, has 6 tall, slender daughters. III 4 ♀, died of “heart disease”; slender. III 7 ♂, died at 56 of cancer of the lungs, weight in health 82 kg. (180 pounds); stature 178 cm. (70 inches); build 2.6 (37), fleshy. Thus 2 are fleshy and 2 slender.

Comment.—From the variability of the offspring we infer that the fleshy Mother was heterozygous in build (73-670).

FIG. 43.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the KIE family.

LEO FAMILY, A. (Fig. 23.)

II 7 ♂, slender with 4 slender sibs. Their parents both slender. His wife, II 8 ♀, at 36 years, has a stature of 152 cm. (60 inches); weight 84 kg. (184 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy; relative chest-girth 112/52, or 74 per cent. She has 3 fleshy and 2 slender sibs. Of their parents one was fleshy and one slender. Thus II 8 is heterozygous.

III 4, the only child, at 9 years, has a relative chest-girth of 57 per cent; fleshy.

LEO FAMILY, B.

I 5 ♂, slender, and I 6 ♀, whose build is about 3.6 (51), or very fleshy, have 6 children of whom something is known, as follows: II 8 ♀, build 3.6 (51), very fleshy; II 11 ♀, fleshy; II 15 ♀, slender; II 16 ♀, slender, married to a slender man and has 3 slender children; II 12 ♂, of medium stature and 95 kg. (210 pounds) weight; build, say, 3.2 (45); very fleshy; II 13 ♀, of tall stature and 91 kg. (200 pounds) weight; build, say, 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Thus there are 3 very fleshy, 1 fleshy, and 2 slender children. The Mother’s heterozygosity is inferred from the variability of the progeny in build.

II 14 ♂, fleshy, and II 15 ♀, slender, have 2 sons, both slender (73:676).

LYN-2 FAMILY.

A family of prevailingly English stock, living in Illinois and Nebraska. The Father, who was a farmer and school-teacher, died at 65 years from cancer of stomach. Formula, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, who was a farmer, died at 76 years from pneumonia; he was slender. His mother, who had 10 children, is living and is corpulent. Thus the Father is heterozygous.

The Mother, who has 1 child, has at 49 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). Her father, who is a carpenter, always well, is at 70 years slender. Her mother, who had 4 children, died at 36 years from pneumonia; she was of medium build. One child, female, a kindergarten teacher, has at 19 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55+ years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—The child is now like the slender parent and will probably increase somewhat in build (R: Lyn-2).

MER-B FAMILY.

A family of English extraction from Rochester, New York. The Father, at 21 years, had the formula 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). His father had the formula 250/73 inches; build 3.3 (47). His mother had the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The Mother, at 21 years, had the formula 96/61 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father had the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother had the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Five children:

1. Male, at 21 years, had the formula 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38).

2. Male, at 21 years, 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Female, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

4. Female, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).

5. Female, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).

Comment.—All 5 children are intermediate between the parents; 1 is fleshy, 1 slender (S:Mer-B).

MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)

(a) II 1 ♂, stature 181 cm. (71 inches); weight 13 kg. (200 pounds); build 3.5 (50); very fleshy. Married II 2, a slender woman. They had 7 sons, 2 fleshy, 5 medium, and 6 daughters, 1 fleshy and 5 medium. Thus 3 fleshy and 10 of medium build. To save space only 5 are represented in figure 24.

(b) IV 16 ♂, slender, married IV 17 ♀, fleshy, who has 2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs; and both parents fleshy. They have 4 living children, all slender.

(c) IV 5 ♂, fleshy with 4 fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender sibs and a fleshy and medium parent; married IV 6, slender, with a slender sister. They had 2 sons, both slender (73:690).

PAD-1 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in the middle West. The Father, a horticulturist, subject in middle life to catarrh, is living at 55 years, having had at 50 years the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from measles and bronchitis, and in middle age from liver trouble, died at 59 years from complication of stomach and liver diseases. At 55 years his formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31). His mother is living at 80 years, having the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35).

The Mother, at 49 years, had the formula 145/63 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a merchant and farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever and congestion of the brain. He died at 86 years from old age, having had at 70 years the formula 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother died at 83 years of old age, having the formula 95/64 inches; build 1.6 (23). The only grown child is a male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles and catarrh, has at 21 years the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 171/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Comment.—The only grown child is like his stouter parent in build (R: Pad-1).

ROM-1 FAMILY.

A family of prevailing English stock, living in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas. The Father, who is a lawyer, has at 72 years the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). Three of his brothers died at 26 years, 41 years, and 22 years respectively, from tuberculosis; all were of medium height. Their father, who was a “farmer and blacksmith,” died at 76 years from Bright’s disease; was slender. Their mother, who had 5 children, died at 55 years from “tuberculosis of the liver”; was corpulent. The Father is doubtless heterozygous in build.

The Mother has at 67 years the formula 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). One of her sisters, who was tall, died from “quick consumption”; another from diabetes; another from dropsy. Two of her brothers, tall, died from hardening of the arteries, another from “leakage of the heart,” and another from dropsy. Their father, who was a miller, died at 76 years—“a complication of diseases (asthma).” He was corpulent. Their mother, who had 10 children, died at 72 years from pneumonia; was of medium build. The 7 children are:

1. Female, married, who in middle age suffered from rheumatism, has at 44 years the formula 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 158/64 inches; build 2.7 (39).

2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 41 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 155/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).

3. Male, a farmer, has at 38 years the formula 155/68 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.5 (35).

4. Male, who died at 18 years from diphtheria, having the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 171/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).

5. Female, married, has at 31 years the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 55 years, 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).

6. Male, a farmer, has at 28 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 174/71 inches; build 2.4 (35).

7. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, scarlet fever, and other “children’s” diseases, has at 22 years the formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 136/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

Comment.—All except one on the adjusted weights equal or exceed the mid-parent index. One of the 7 children is as fleshy as the fleshier parent (R: Rom-1).

RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.)

III 9 ♂, at 59 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 73 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy; “as fat as butter when a child.” He has 3 fleshy sibs and his parents are dissimilar in build; hence he is heterozygous; married to III 10 ♀, slender, of two slender parents.

Of their 2 children, IV 3 ♀, at 30 years is slender; IV 4 ♂, at 16 years, slender (73:727).

VAN FAMILY. (Fig. 44.)

I 3 ♂, died at 51 years of heart disease, stature 170 cm. (67 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.0 (42); fleshy. He was one of a fraternity of 8 of whom something is known of the following: I 1 ♂, slender; I 2 ♂, stature 183 (72 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.7 (38.5); fleshy; slender as a child. I 3, married I 4, who died at 32, was tall, slender, angular. A brother is of medium build.

They have 5 children: II 1 ♂, died at 53 years of indigestion; stature 189 cm. (74 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.6 (37); fleshy. II 2 ♀, always slender. II 3 ♀, slender. II 4 ♂, at 54, stature 175 cm. (69 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy. Relative chest-girth 108 ÷ 175, or 62 per cent. He first began to increase in build at 22 years and at 30 years had his present build; loses weight after vigorous exercise. He married a woman (II 5) who, like himself, was slender in youth, but began to grow fleshy at 39, and now has a build of 2.9 (41). She has 2 slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy sibs, and her parents were both very fleshy. The foregoing couple (II 4, 5) have 2 children who grew up. III 1 ♀ at 28 years, keeps slender by constant dieting. III 2 ♂ (one of twins) at 25 years, very slender, nervous, and irritable. The children have not yet reached the age when their mother became fleshy.

Finally, II 7 ♀, at 50 years, is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall and weighs 88 kg. (195 pounds); build 3.1 (43); fleshy. She was slender up to 27 years of age. She is married to a somewhat fleshy man and their daughter at 27 is of medium build, but beginning to grow fleshy.

Comment.—The mating of a man of build 3.0, of a fraternity that is variable in build, and a woman of slender build yields grown children with following builds: 2.6, “slender,” “slender,” 2.9 (slender in youth), and 3.1 (slender in youth). Three of the five become fleshy, but probably only late in life—the heterozygous reaction (73:745).

FIG. 44.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in VAN family.

WAT FAMILY.

A family of English extraction living in Wyoming. The Father, who has tuberculosis, has the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). His father was slender and of average height. His mother was fleshy and of average height.

The Mother had at 50 the formula 165/64 inches; build 2.8 (40), but averaged usually from 120 to 128 pounds. She had stomach trouble. Her father, an invalid and sufferer from tuberculosis, rheumatism, neuralgia, heart trouble, and dropsy, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). His weight varied from 102 to 120 pounds; very slender. Her mother, who had a goiter of which she was cured, and quinsy, had the formula 140/56 inches; build 3.1 (45). The mother’s father’s father had the formula 180/73.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). His weight varied from 180 to 200 pounds. He was muscular, not fat. The Mother’s father’s mother was always thin and had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). She had liver trouble and cancer of the face. The Mother’s mother’s father had cancer of the face and underwent an operation for it. His formula was 125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30). The Mother’s mother’s mother had at 70 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). She grew heavier in middle age. The children are:

1. Male, liable to tuberculosis, has at 24 years the formula 134/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Male, has weak lungs; has at 22 years the formula 170/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

3. Male, has at 18 years the formula 126/68 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Comment.—The children show the usual variability that arises from this type of mating (D:Wat.).

Mating 2. FLESHY × HETEROZYGOUS FLESHY PARENTS.

This includes matings between a heterozygous parent of fleshy build and a very fleshy (or fleshy) parent of fleshy stock; a back-cross to the more nearly dominant type.

The matings of this type are as shown in table 33.

TABLE 33.—Matings between a probably homozygous fleshy and a heterozygous fleshy parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross.

Ref.

Parentage.

Offspring.

FF

FM

F

Father’s sibs.

MF

MM

M

Mother’s sibs.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Hud

28

46

45

38

35

40

1

1

2

Jon 11c

29

49

39

1VF 3F 5M

37

42

39

2F 4M

1

8

1

Pal

F

M

43

1S 3F 1VF

40

2

1

Rec (a)

S

40

2F

100

2F 1S

1

2

3

Rec (b)

F

S

40F

F

VF

57

2VF 2F 1M

1

Rid

F

56

S

49±

4F 2M

1

3

3

Smi

VF

VF

M

48

1F

1

3

3

The 1

30

31

F

1F 4S

33

33

34

2S 1M

3

4

3

Wen

46

M

46

M

M

37

2F

6

2

Total

2

14

21

19

Proportions

3.6

25.0

37.5

33.9

A = 40.48 ± 0.57. S. D. 6.36 ± 0.41.

These 9 matings yielded 56 children, with the following percentage distribution: 4 S, 25 M, 37 F, 34 VF. The 6-zygotic-factor mating 5 × 3 (both possibilities) gives a percentage distribution of 3 S, 25 M, 43 F, 28 VF, which approximates that found.

Attention is called to the distribution of offspring in the Pal, Rid, Smi, and Wen families. In these families the children are of two extreme types; intermediates are absent. The result may be due merely to small numbers, but it suggests the presence of two sorts of gametes in the heterozygous parent and hence a tendency to segregation in the offspring.

HUD FAMILY. (Fig. 45.)

The Father’s (II 7) build is 3.2 (45); very fleshy; his father’s (I 1) was 2.0 (28) and his mother’s 3.2 (46). Thus the Father is heterozygous. The Mother’s (II 8) build is 2.8 (40). Her father’s build was 2.7 (38), fleshy; and her mother’s 2.5 (35); medium fleshy. The Mother’s 7 sibs have builds ranging between 2.5 (35) and 3.2 (46); principally fleshy to very fleshy. So this may be regarded as a back-cross of a heterozygous parent with a fleshy one of fleshy stock. Of the 4 children, 1 is medium-fleshy (III 11) with a build of 2.5 (36), 1 is fleshy (III 10) 2.7 (38), and two very fleshy; build 3.2 (45); thus the build of the offspring is varied, but prevailing very fleshy.

FIG. 45.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the HUD family.

JON-11C FAMILY. (Fig. 46.)

A family of Welsh extraction living chiefly in New York State and Ohio. The Father (II 10), a farmer, suffered in middle age from “rupture,” and died at 88 years from “old age,” having the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 9 sibs:

1. Brother, died at 70 years from “dissipation,” having the formula 175/68.5 inches; build 2.6 (36).

2. Brother, who died at 53 years from “inflammation of kidneys and dyspepsia,” had the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Sister, who died at 68 years from Bright’s disease, 140/57 inches; build 3.0 (43).

4. Sister, who died at 74 years from “flux,” 150/58 inches; build 3.1 (44).

5. Sister, who died at 75 years from Bright’s disease, 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Sister, who died at 60 years from Bright’s disease, 118/59.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).

7. Sister, who died at 73 years, 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

8. Brother, who died from typhoid fever at 44 years, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38).

9. Brother, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).

Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from “hernia”; died of heart trouble at 65 years, having the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Their mother died at 77 years from pneumonia, having the formula 160/57 inches; build 3.5 (49).

The Mother suffered from “nervousness” before marriage, then not troubled with it again till menopause. She died of “heart trouble, dropsy, paralysis, and nervousness” at 80 years, having the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of her 8 sibs:

1. Brother, who died from “congestive chill,” was 67 inches in height.

2. Brother, who died at 56 years from “old age,” 180/71 inches; build 2.5 (36).

3. Brother, who died at 81 years from “poor circulation” and stomach trouble, had the formula 170/71 inches; build 2.4 (34).

4. Brother, who died from pneumonia at 45 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37).

5. Brother, who died from “kidney trouble” at 40 years, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35).

6. Brother, who died at 57 years from “abscess on liver,” 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).

7. Sister, who died at 25 years from “child-birth.”

8. Sister, who died at 72 years from “overdose of medicine,” 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

Their father, a farmer and cabinet-maker all his life, died at 83 years from paralysis, having the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their mother, who in middle age suffered from dropsy and palsy, died at 83 years from “old age.” Her formula was 160/62 inches; build 2.9 (42).

The 10 children:

1. Male, a farmer, recorded as always well, has at 66 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from “ague, flux, erysipelas, cholera morbus,” has at 65 years the formula 130/59 inches; build 2.6 (37).

3. Female, who in youth suffered from asthma, has at 63 years the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40).

4. Male, a lawyer, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, and middle age from “acquired neurasthenia,” has at 59 years the formula 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39).

5. Female, a school-teacher, who died at 20 years from typhoid fever, had the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 139/61 inches; build 2.6 (37).

6. Female, who suffered in youth from scarlet fever and in middle age from typhoid and kidney trouble, has always been “nervous,” has at 55 years the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40).

7. Male, a farmer and “shopman,” who in youth suffered from Bright’s disease, has at 53 years the formula 170/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

8. Female, who at 17 years had fever, lost her mind, has not been well since—“gradual mental deterioration.” At 51 years she has the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44).

9. Female, who in youth suffered from “thrush,” and in middle life from malarial fever and gradual mental deterioration, has at 51 years the formula 116/57.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).

10. Female, who at 48 years has the formula 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42).

Comment.—This is an extraordinarily valuable pedigree furnished by a member of the family who has taken great pains with the record. Both parents are of middle-fleshy build (39). The Father’s fraternity shows sibs: 5 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This is associated with semi-dwarfishness, one of the sisters being only 57 inches in stature and one of the brothers only 63 inches. One of their parents is slender; one obese. The Mother’s fraternity comprises 4 persons of medium build and 3 stout. Their parents are both fleshy. The “children” are remarkably uniform. Since they all, except one, reached the parental age, no “adjustment” is necessary; they can be compared directly. One is of medium build, 8 are stout like their parents (including the adjusted age of the girl who died at 20), and 1 is just over the line of being very stout (44), like her paternal aunt and a little less than her Father’s mother. Here the obesity has skipped a generation in the direct line, possibly because the Father was phenotypically reduced in build, perhaps because of his advanced age (88). This circumstance offers, however, no theoretical difficulty. The uniformity of the progeny favors the hypothesis that in this family there are only two independent factors for fleshy build (R: Jon-11c).

FIG. 46.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the JON-11C family.

PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)

A family living in a small town in good circumstances. III 9 ♂, a farmer, who at 67 years is 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighs around 90 kg. or 200 pounds; build 3.0 (43); fleshy; net relative chest-girth 120/173, or 71 per cent. This near-obese man was slender as a boy and began to grow fleshy at 30 years of age. There are 5 others in his fraternity: (1) III 7 ♂, a physician, at 71 years is 178 cm. (70 inches) tall, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy; relative chest-girth 119/178, or 67 per cent. He is doubtless heterozygous for build, since, by a slender wife, he has 2 fleshy and 2 slender children. (2) III 8 ♀, married, at 69 years has stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 75 kg. (155 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy; relative chest-girth 107/157, or 68 per cent. By a man of medium build she has 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 3 slender children.[10] (3) III 11 ♂, at 65 years has a stature of 175 cm. (69 inches); weight 61 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.0 (28); slender. (4) III 5 ♂, at 62 years, stature 178 cm. (70 inches); weight 95 kg. (210 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. His relative chest-girth 117/178, or 66 per cent. As a boy he was of medium build; at about 30 years, like III 7, he began to grow fleshy, and is now dieting for diabetes (?). By a fleshy wife, whose sibs vary in build, he has 2 fleshy children and 1 of medium build. (5) III 12, at 59 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 102 kg. (224 pounds); build 3.6 (52); very fleshy. By a husband of medium build she has 1 slender and 1 medium child.[10]

[10] Not shown in figure 25.

The father (II 5) of this fraternity, who died at 87 years of cancer of the face, was fleshy. He had 5 brothers, all of whom lived to be over 80 years of age and who all, save 1, weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds). The mother (II 6) of the man’s fraternity died at 64 of pneumonia; she was of medium build, and her 4 sibs were of medium build. Thus all her children were probably somewhat heterozygous, including III 9, the father of 3.

III 10, the wife of III 9, is 178 cm. tall and weighs over 90 kg.; build 2.8 (40+); fleshy.

Of the 3 children: (1) IV 7 ♂ at 44 is of medium build. By a slender wife he had a daughter who at 22 years has a build 2.4 (34); medium build. (2) IV 10 ♀, at 42 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weight of over 115 kg. (250+ pounds); build 4.3 (61+); obese. She married a slender man, and 1 of their 9 children, at 19 years, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds). (3) IV 11 ♂ is a medium weight; he married a slender woman and has 4 children who are of medium build.

Comment.—A fleshy Father, who is heterozygous for build, and his fleshy wife (of unknown gametic composition) have 1 obese child and 2 children of medium build (73:704).

REC FAMILY, A. (Fig. 47.)

II 5 ♂ died at 84 years of “heart disease.” His stature was 188 cm. (74 inches) and weight 100 kg. (220 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. He had a fleshy brother and sister. Their father was a slender man, but nothing is known about their mother. II 5 married II 6, who died at 58 years of bronchial pneumonia. Her formula, 360/60 inches; build of 7.0 (100); very obese. She has 1 very fleshy and 1 fleshy sister and a slender brother.

This fleshy pair had 6 offspring, as follows: (1) III 2 ♀ (plate 9, fig. 2), build 4.0 (57), relative chest-girth, 90 per cent. She is the obese mother (by a fleshy, 2.8 (40), consort) of a slightly less obese daughter, of build 3.7 (53) (plate 9, fig. 3). (2) III 3 ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 91 kg. (200 pounds); build 3.1 (45); very fleshy. He is now at a State institution and weighs some 20 or 30 pounds less. (3) III 4 ♂, build about 2.4 (34); medium. (4) III 5 ♂, very fleshy. (5) III 6 ♂, about 183 cm. (72 inches) tall, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds); has very large shoulders and abdomen; build, say, 2.8 (40). (6) III 8 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 71 kg. (157 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 52 per cent. She married a man of build 3.4 (48) and has 3 sons—2 slender and 1 fleshy.

Comment.—The parents II 5 and II 6 were probably heterozygous, so that they produced 1 in 6 of medium build. Also, their children are mostly heterozygous. Of 8 grandchildren, 2 are slender, 2 are stout (73:714).

FIG. 47.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in REC family.

REC FAMILY, B. (Fig. 47.)

III 1 ♂, fleshy, with a fleshy father and slender mother, married to III 2 ♀ (plate 9, fig. 2), who at 53 years has a stature of 150 cm. (59 inches) and weight of much over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0 (57); obese. Her relative chest-girth is 135/150, or 90 per cent; extraordinarily obese. At 16, when married, she weighed 110 pounds; build 2.2 (32); medium. 4 of her 4 sibs and both parents are exceedingly obese (her mother weighs 163 kg. [360 pounds] and has a build of 7.0 [100]).

The foregoing pair had 5 children, 4 of whom died young. The other, IV 2 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 104 kg. (229 pounds); build 3.7 (53); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 130/168, or 77 per cent. She had at her marriage, when 23 years old (to a slender man), a build of 2.3 (33), medium grade. After marriage she increased rapidly in weight, menstruation became scant, she lost the sex-instinct, and is barren (plate 7, fig. 3).

Comment.—A tendency to extreme obesity runs in four generations. This is apparently of the adiposo-genitalis type, with sterility in the latest generation. Obvious dominant factors are at work here (73:714).

RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.)

II 2 ♂ died at 54 years; short and weighed 110 kg. (240 pounds); build, say, 3.9 (56); very fleshy. A brother who died at 52 of apoplexy was fleshy, married a fleshy woman, and had a fleshy son. The mother of this fraternity was fleshy; about her consort’s build nothing is known, but he had a fleshy sister (I 1).

II 3 ♀, wife of II 2, died of senility at 89; she weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds). She had 7 sibs: (1) II 4 ♀ died of epilepsy, was of medium weight, married, and had 5 children, 4 of medium weight and 1 fleshy. (2) II 5 ♀ of unknown build. II 6 ♀ of medium weight, her children slender. II 7 ♂ weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build, say, 2.9 (41), or fleshy. II 8 ♂ weighed over 90 kg.; fleshy. II 9 ♂ also fleshy, like his two brothers. II 10 unknown. Thus of this fraternity of 6 known persons, 4 are fleshy, 2 medium. Their father was slender; their mother “short and plump.”

There are 7 offspring from this mating between II 2 and 3: (1) III 1 ♀, at 66 years, is bedridden from a broken hip; tall, weight 77 kg. (170 pounds); chest-girth 108 cm. (42 inches); build, say, 2.8 (40); fleshy; she was fleshy as a child of 10 years. (2) III 2 ♂, died at 60 of paralysis, was always slender. (3) III 3 ♂, at 62 years, is tall (say, 71 inches) and weighs 97.5 kg. (235 pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy. (4) III 4 ♀, at 56 years has the formula 91 kg. (200 pounds); 161 cm. (63.5 inches); build 3.4 (49); very fleshy; relative chest-girth 74 per cent. She was fleshy from the age of 16 years. (5) III 5 ♀, at 51 years, is very fleshy; was a slender child. (6) III 6 ♀ is fleshy. (7) III 8 ♀, at 35 years weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds), but now at 50 she is a helpless invalid and has grown slender; she was somewhat slender as a girl. Thus the offspring are 3 very fleshy, 2 fleshy, 1 always slender, and 1 formerly fleshy but reduced by illness (73:727).

FIG. 48.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the RID family.

SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)

I 1 ♂ died at 72 years of acute indigestion; said to have been very fleshy, like his father. His wife, I 2 ♀, died at 68 years of paralysis. She was less than 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.4 (48); very fleshy. She had 3 sibs, of whom it is known that 1 was fleshy; the other 2 unknown. Her father was of medium build and had 3 children by an earlier marriage, and of these 2 were slender and 1 fleshy. There were 7 children from I 1 and 2. (1) II 1, a man who died at 69 of pneumonia and diabetes and whose stature is 173 cm. (68 inches) and weight about 95 kg. (210 pounds); build 3.2 (45). (2) II 3 ♀ at 75 years is 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.4 (48). By a stout consort she has 2 stout and 4 slender children. (3) II 9 ♀, married, at 74 years is 163 cm. (64 inches) tall and weighs 49 kg. (107 pounds); build 1.8 (26); slender. By a slender husband she had one slender daughter, build 1.9 (27), a slender son, and 2 other children who died young. (4) II 5 ♀, fleshy. (5) II 6 ♀, fleshy. (6) II 7 ♀ said to be 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and to weigh 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy. (7) II 4 ♂, at 55 years, fleshy. By a medium wife he had a son who at 26 years weighs 77 kg. (170 pounds) and was fleshy as a growing boy. Of the 7 children, 1 is slender, 3 are fleshy, and 3 very fleshy (73:736).

THR-1 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)

A family of English and French stock living in the middle western States. The Father (II 8), whose occupation has been very shifting, who suffered from “weak lungs” at 35 years, and who died at 81 years, had in middle life the formula 140/72 inches; build 1.9 (27). But in answer to special inquiry it appears that he “took on flesh” in later years. He has to be recorded as fleshy. Of his 3 sisters, two are slender (both with cardiac hypertrophy), and 1 is of fleshy build. The fat sister had 2 daughters who weighed over 225 pounds each. His 2 brothers are slender. His father (I 1), a blacksmith, died at 90 years, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, always well, died at 68 years, having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); medium. This side of the house carries both fleshy and slender strains, some of the slender individuals being so, probably, through disease. Apparently the Father is heterozygous for fleshiness, perhaps one reason why he became fleshy late in life.

The Mother (II 9) suffered from arthritis deformans and died at 79 years. Her formula was 135/63 inches; build 2.4 (34). Two of her sibs are slender and one of medium build. Her father (I 3), who suffered from arthritis deformans, was confined to his chair from rheumatism the last 15 years, and died at 72 years, having the formula 160/70 inches, build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who died at 50 years, had the formula 140/65 inches; build 2.3 (33). She had a sister (I 5) who weighed about 250 pounds, “an enormous woman.” This side of the house is of prevailingly medium build but with a tendency to obesity in one line. The children are 10 in number:

1. Male (III 3), a clerk, has at 66 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

2. Male (III 4), a physician, who has always had a rheumatic tendency and is liable to sciatic neuritis, at 25 years had the formula 180/68.75 inches; build 2.7 (38). He is the Father of Thr-2 family, page 79.

3. Male (III 6), a preacher, has at 69 years the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). He has a daughter with a build of about 3.2 (45).

4. Male (III 7), a physician, who in middle life suffered from inflammatory rheumatism, has at 59 years the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).

5. Female (III 8), who died at 34 years from appendicitis, has the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). She was “a big overgrown woman in her teens.”

6. Female (III 9), married, who has a rheumatic tendency, has at 55 years the formula 190/64 inches; build 3.3 (46).

7. Female (III 11), married, who has 9 children, suffered in middle age from rheumatism. At 53 years her formula was 225/67 inches; build 3.3 (46).

8. Male, a merchant, well, has at 51 years the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35).

9. Male, a merchant, well, has at 49 years the formula 165/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (35).

10. Male (III 14), a doctor and dentist, has at 47 years formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). One of his daughters has a build of about 3.2 (45).

Child No. 2, a physician, writes: “Many of my relatives, both on Father’s and Mother’s side, were afflicted with so-called muscular rheumatism (cousins, uncles, and aunts), pains in the limbs and muscles (not in the joints); especially those of robust and fleshy build, who possessed extraordinary good appetites and digestion, who liked good things to eat and much of it; the women being good cooks and the men generally marrying good cooks, they always had plenty to eat (rich food) and to spare. None of them are users of alcohol, simply being extra-hearty eaters” (R: Thr-1).

WEN FAMILY. (Fig. 49.)

IV 10 is the Father; his formula is 260/74 inches; build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. His father (III 10) had the formula 245/73 inches; build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. This father had a brother of just his build (who eventually died of tuberculosis) and a brother of formula 250/74, build 3.0 (43); fleshy. The Father’s father’s father (II 5) had the formula 200/70, build 2.9 (41); fleshy; one of his brothers was fleshy (38), and one very fleshy, build 3.2 (45). The latter had a very fleshy son. The Father’s father’s father’s father had a build of 2.9 (41) and a brother of the same build. These brothers of Gen. I were products of a first-cousin marriage. The Father’s father’s mother was a woman whose formula was 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43); fleshy. Hence the Father’s father and his brother, both of build 3.2 (46), got the fleshy tendency from both sides of the house. The Father’s mother was a second cousin of the Father’s father and her line also contained many fleshy representatives, but she herself was of medium build. Thus the Father belongs to a fleshy strain, but he probably carries some non-fleshy gametes.

IV 11 is the Mother; her formula is 160/65.5 inches; build 2.6 (37); fleshy; she has 2 sibs, both fleshy; her parents are of medium build; they have some slender grandchildren.

There are 8 children, V 3 to 12, whose sex and indices of build are as follows: ♂ 3.6 (51), ♀ 3.1 (44), 2 ♂ ♂ 2.5 (35), 3 ♀ ♀ 2.3 (32), ♀ 2.2 (31). Thus 2 are very fleshy and 6 are of medium build. The interval between the two groups is a wide one, indicating a clear genetic difference between them. The very fleshy brother, who weighs 265 pounds, was able to reduce about 60 pounds to be accepted for army service, but since being discharged from the army he has rebounded to his former weight. (A:032-25.)

FIG. 49.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in the WEN family. (Gen I 1 should be square ruled, indicating fleshiness).

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.

In a simple monohybrid with complete dominance the back-cross upon the recessive gives 50 per cent of the heterozygous dominant and 50 per cent of the recessive allelomorph. In a monohybrid with imperfect dominance the back-cross upon the recessive gives 50 per cent of the intermediate and 50 per cent of the recessive. Where 2 or 3 multiple factors are present and the heterozygote is nearly intermediate but shows a slight tendency toward imperfect dominance, we may expect an approximation to a symmetrical distribution of grades about the intermediate condition, with a skewness toward the recessive condition. That is what is got in both parts of table 32. This result supports the conclusion that there is segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous parent, so that the progeny tend prevailingly to fall again into the slender and medium-fleshy grandparental types. The results of table 33 similarly support the conclusion of segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous fleshy parent.

C. GENERAL DISCUSSION.

HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT IN BUILD.

That a tendency to slenderness or fleshiness of build “runs in families” and characterizes different races is a matter of common observation. But this fact is far from satisfying the clinician that heredity plays any part in this result. Thus, von Noorden, who occupies a leading position among Teutonic investigators of metabolism in general and obesity in particular, denies the importance of an hereditary anomaly of metabolism in different families and races. Rejecting “anomaly of metabolism” or “peculiarity of protoplasmic metabolism,” he stresses “inheritance” of habits of life that favor obesity, the quantity and quality of food, and the ideals of bodily activity. For example, the Eskimo are fat because they eat blubber and huddle in narrow spaces, undergoing little movement throughout the long, dark winters. It is true that von Noorden speaks somewhat guardedly; he recognizes exceptions; suggests a possible hereditary hypofunction of the thyroid. But clearly constitutional peculiarities are, for him, exceptional as causes of overweight, and here is where he fails to recognize sufficiently the fact that usually only particular individuals of a fraternity are fleshy; the others may be slender.

But besides anomalies of protoplasm and family traditions of feeding, there are obviously other possibilities. It is well known that different varieties of cattle differ greatly in their capacity for fattening. Armsby and Fries (1911) have inquired into the influence of type upon the fattening of cattle. They used a pure-bred Aberdeen-Angus steer and a “scrub,” part Jersey, steer for comparison. As is well known, the former belongs to the easily fattening beef type; the Jersey to the difficultly fattening milk type. During over 2½ years, beginning at under 1 year of age, these steers were under nearly continuous observations. They were fed on ordinary growing rations, the same for each steer. The digestibility of the total ration was determined at intervals; four tests were made of each animal in the respiration calorimeter to determine the percentage availability of the energy of the feeds consumed by each. The results were as follows: Analysis of feces and urine failed to show any difference in percentage digestibility of the food by the two animals, and calorimeter tests failed to show any difference in the proportion of the food-energy which was being metabolized. But the two animals did not metabolize in the same way. Thus, in the scrub, a larger proportion of the gain made was of protein than in the case of the beef steer; and, conversely, the gain of the beef steer was more largely fat than in the case of the scrub. Reduced to common weight, the energy requirement for maintenance of the scrub steer was nearly 19 per cent greater than for the beef steer. Since the beef steer would eat more than the scrub and tended to store fat rather than protein, the greater tendency of the beef steer to fatten received a biochemical explanation. The results seem to show a difference between the two varieties in the working over of the assimilated materials.

Indeed, it is easily appreciated that steers of the beef and dairy types of cattle should metabolize differently when we consider the marked difference in the milk production of the cows of these two types. The cow of the highest dairy type is capable of manufacturing 20 kilograms of milk containing 1.2 kilograms of butter fat in one day, or 6 per cent (Bailey, Encl. Am. Agric., III, 365). The cow of the meat type, of larger size, produces up to 30 kilograms of milk, and this contains, perhaps, 1.3 kilograms of butter fat per day, or only 4.3 per cent (Sinclair, 1904, p. 740-42). There is here, obviously, a difference in the metabolic processes in the cows and this is reflected in the steers also.[11] There is an internal biochemical difference as well as a difference in the feeding instinct. The latter is not merely a matter of family tradition, of the family economics or mores; it is a physiological phenomenon as much as internal metabolism.

[11] I am indebted to Mrs. C. D. Walcott for calling my attention to this point.

Indeed, even von Noorden (1907, III, p. 700) seems to be forced to this conclusion by cases of failure to reduce weight at a diet far below that which appears to be essential to maintenance. Thus a man of 39 years, who exercised freely in the open air, had a weight of 102 kg. For 3 months his diet never exceeded 1,720 calories (estimated at 1,000 calories short of normal requirements) and at the end of this period he weighed 101 kg.

That a relation between ingested food and activity is not the entire explanation of obesity is recognized by medical men of experience. Heckel (1920, p. 371), referring to recurrent obesity, remarks on its frequency and says: To constitute an obesity there must be organic and hereditary tendencies: “Ne devient pas obèse qui veut.” “Aussi la guérison accidentelle ou thérapeutique d’une obésité n’indique-t-elle pas la disparition définitive des tendances personelles ou congénitale.”

Gulick (1922) has lately undertaken experiments to throw light on the question why some persons fatten easily and some with difficulty. He had noted that he himself belongs to a non-fattening strain and that his inclination toward a very copious diet of predominantly starchy nature did not lead him to put on weight, even though his round of activity was moderate. So he undertook biochemical, nutritional studies on himself. His observation covered nearly 21 months. During part of this time his caloric intake was low, 1,875 to 2,780; during another part high, 3,400 to 4,100. He found that he fattened somewhat during the period of heaviest feeding. There was, however, always an excess of intake over predictable need, and this excess increased absolutely and probably even relatively as the intake increased. The fecal nitrogen was 2½ to 3½ times greater during over-feeding than under-feeding. The basal metabolism during maximum feeding was normal. Gulick concludes that a person belonging to the difficultly fattening type shows a wasteful rate of oxidation, whether under or over fed, but especially at the latter time. “It seems clear,” concludes Gulick, “that throughout the entire experimental series there was some factor at work which caused fuel food to be burned more freely than in the average individual. This factor was not an over-active thyroid, as attested by the entirely normal basal metabolism.” Gulick concludes that it was “some factor in the chemistry of nutrition” which caused extravagance. This he thinks may very possibly be comparable to the “secondary effect” of protein enrichment, which, according to Rubner, can raise the specific dynamic action of the food without raising the basal rate. It is also possible, he says, that the spare type may be accounted for by any factor that produces a high “cost of digestion,” just as the obese may be supposed to suffer from an abnormally low “cost of digestion” (von Noorden).

Whatever the fundamental cause may be, the fact remains that in certain families there is a widespread inclination to the production of slender individuals, while in other fraternities certain proportions (though usually not all) of any fraternity are fleshy or even obese. Perhaps, as in the case of the Jersey as contrasted with the beef steer, the two kinds of individuals do not metabolize their food in the same way; some are spare and muscular, others lay on fat. In any case we can not disregard the constitutional factors in build.

Looking at the matter broadly, we can see that no other theory than that constitutional differences as well as nutritional differences determine build is sufficient to meet all the facts. In other species of animals we have precisely the same kind of differences between hereditary strains of slender and stout build that we have among humans. Thus, among dogs, the slender greyhound or Dachshund and the robust “Chow”; among horses the Thoroughbred and the stocky Percheron; among swine the “razor-back” and the Berkshire; among poultry the slender Leghorn and the stocky Cochin. Slender and stocky as racial traits appear quite as white and black do and they doubtless have similarly a genetic basis.

A careful study of the families described in this paper must convince anyone, it seems to me, of the importance of the genetic factors. The Fun. family is of a wholly different type from the Thr-1 family. Even if the latter eat more, it is because of a constitutional urge like the constitutional urge that leads the Aberdeen-Angus steer to eat more than the Jersey steer. Very probably the Fun. family metabolizes in a different way from the Thr-1 family, building more protein and less fat.

In other cases it is not the whole fraternity that is fleshy or slender. This is well illustrated by the Wen. family, where 2 of 8 of the main fraternity are very fleshy and all the others of medium build. We have here to do not merely with a family habit of eating, but a differential constitution that provides one-quarter of the children with a large appetite that leads them to eat heavily and manufacture fat and provides three-quarters of them with a small appetite that leads them to eat lightly and to manufacture protein instead of fat. Constitutional differences in the appetite and method of metabolism are the essential factors; and these are the things that are inherited. Only on such an hypothesis can we account for the clear evidence presented of constitutional factors in build—not always one only, but sometimes three or more acting together to produce the end result of obesity.

A scientific man, interested in nutrition, who has a build of 3.6 (51) himself and one of whose sisters has a build of 3.1 (44), whereas his 4 other sibs have builds of 2.5 to 2.1 (35 to 30), writes that his brother (of medium build, but about 75 inches tall) consumes daily about 2,700 calories; he himself and his fleshy sister about 2,500, and the others of his fraternity, who are of medium build, 2,000 to 1,800. He is a professional man, who does a good deal of office or laboratory work. He drinks about 3 to 4 quarts of water per day. His son, who is nearly 11 years of age, weighs just over 120 pounds, is 63 inches tall, and fairly fleshy. Though he is active, “never still a minute,” yet he has to be urged to eat, willingly misses a meal, and uniformly declines a second helping; “he eats much less than his 6-year-old cousins, who are actually under size for their age; he has never been a heavy eater from the time he was weaned.” This boy, the son of a very fleshy man, seems to afford an example of the easily fattening type in whom the slight excess of calories produces a striking result in build.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS AS LINKS BETWEEN CHROMOSOMES AND SOMATIC QUALITIES.

When it is concluded that there are constitutional, genetic factors for build, the validity of this conclusion is not weakened by the known rôle of endocrine glands on metabolism and build. Thus the experiments of recent years have emphasized the importance of the rôle that the thyroid gland plays in growth and development. As Uhlenhuth (1922, p. 182) says: “The ontogenetic development of the individual is controlled by the thyroid hormone.” Since in cretins the thyroid functions imperfectly or not at all, the differences between the development of a normal child and that of a cretin are supposed to indicate the scope of the control by the thyroid hormone. In the cretin, growth is slowed up almost to cessation. In the long bones the centers of ossification develop slowly. “The epiphyses may be absent many years after they are due to appear and their union with the shafts of the long bones indefinitely delayed. Periosteal as well as endochondral bone formation may be greatly reduced and delayed. The cranial bones are thin, poorly ossified, and osteoporotic: mottling is sometimes evident ontogenologically.”... Incomplete closure of the fontanelles is very common (Janney, 1922, pp. 391, 392). The genito-urinary system is undeveloped; the external genitalia remain infantile. The brain shows defective convolutions and all parts of the central nervous system show deficient development. Owing to the fact that the long bones of the leg develop imperfectly, while the chest may continue to enlarge, the build of the cretin is usually large for his age. Thus, in general, the specific metabolic changes are retarded. When the thyroid functions imperfectly after maturity the victim puts on fat. The fat is usually distributed nearly uniformly under all parts of the skin. One of Janney’s cases weighed 212 pounds at 12 years. Some degree of hypothyroidism is doubtless responsible for many of the “very fleshy” persons referred to in the preceding pages. The frequent recurrence of obesity in a family is in accordance with the tendency for hypothyroidism to recur in different members of a family; a tendency shown remarkably in Barrett’s (1919) family.

The hypophysis, especially its anterior lobe, is believed to exercise an important control over differential metabolism and the resulting form. The results of hyperfunctioning of the gland are very different from those of hyperfunctioning of the thyroid. An extraordinary enlargement of certain parts of the skeleton, especially of the base of the skull, the hands, the feet, and the ribs, occurs. There is, indeed, in growing persons a tendency to the production of giants. In the underfunctioning of the hypophysis before puberty an extraordinary obesity is apt to appear, known as dystrophic adiposo-genitalis; because, the more the fat increases in amount the more the external genitalia appear under-developed—infantile. The obesity frequently affects the region of the pelvis only or chiefly, though the thighs also may be involved. Disfunctioning of the pituitary in later years is believed, likewise, to induce obesity. Of this disfunctioning there are, doubtless, all degrees corresponding to the variety of grades of obesity. Thus a second factor of obesity must be recognized; and this also “runs in families”—is hereditary.

The other endocrine factors in obesity are less precisely known. It is believed that the interstitial cells of the gonads secrete hormones that regulate, especially inhibit, the production of fat. This is inferred by the frequent tendency of women after the menopause to grow fat and of eunuchs (of one type, at any rate) to become fleshy. Also, the secretions of the islands of Langerhans of the pancreas are known to influence carbohydrate metabolism, so that when they do not function properly sugar is eliminated unchanged in the urine, and “diabetes,” usually accompanied by fleshiness in its early stages, ensues. Of course, it can not be stated that pancreatic insufficiency is responsible for the prediabetic obesity; but the relation of the two phenomena is undeniably close.

Thus there come clearly to view two links in the chain of causes connecting chromosomal factors (such as are present in “Mendelian” heredity), on the one hand, and build, on the other. First, two or more of the endocrine glands play a great rôle in metabolism and when disturbed usually result in an abnormal build; and, secondly, just the condition of endocrine disfunctioning is an hereditary one and seems to depend on the condition of the enzymes or catalyzers that must be in the chromosomes.

That other constitutional conditions than those of the larger endocrine glands may play an important rôle in metabolism can not be denied; probably the quality of the protoplasm of every active cell influences the bodily metabolism; but the endocrine glands proper seem, as it were, to be told off for this specific purpose, and thus peculiarities in their functioning lead to striking results.

EVIDENCE OF SEGREGATION IN THE HEREDITY OF BUILD.

The best single criterion of Mendelism in any hereditary distribution is segregation. If there is sufficient evidence of segregation in our study of build, then we are justified in concluding that build is inherited in “Mendelian fashion.” There have been several occasions to refer to evidence of segregation in this work; some of this evidence may be brought together here and other added.

1. The difference in variability of the progeny of different matings. The offspring of slender parents are least variable, of fleshy parents most. This is evidence that the fleshy parents carry gametes for slenderness and thus that condition reappears in the offspring; but slender parents rarely carry gametes for fleshiness (p. 56).

2. As a corollary of the above, regression takes place in the progeny of fleshy parents to a markedly greater degree than in the progeny of slender parents (p. 39).

3. The progeny of heterozygous parents are significantly more variable than the progeny of parents belonging respectively to slender and to fleshy stock. This is evidence that the heterozygous parents carry a greater variety of gametes than those of “purer stock.”

4. In different matings of the same type the variability of the progeny differs; apparently, because some parents belong to a special biotype and others simulate the biotype merely through heterozygosity. Thus, if the M × M mating be considered (table X), one finds some families characterized by slight variability of the offspring. The indices of build (English) in such families are given in table 34.

TABLE 34.—Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings, in which the parents belong to the M biotype.

Reference.

Indices of build of children.

Mid range.

Total range.

Bat 2

32, 33, 33, 35

33.5

3

Bea 7

31, 32, 32, 34

32.5

3

Dic 4

29, 31, 32, 33

32

4

Kel 4a

31, 32, M, M, M, 34

32.5

3

Old 2

33, 33, 33, 35

34

2

Rig 1

30, 32, 32, 34

32

4

War 3

30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 36

33

6

The slight fluctuation in build of progeny of table 34 is obvious. The modal index of the progeny is close to 33. On the other hand, there are matings of this type which show a much greater variability. These are listed in table 35.

TABLE 35.—Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings in which the parents are probably heterozygous.

Reference.

Indices of build of children.

Mid range.

Total range.

Cas 4

32, 34, 34, 37, 41, 43

37.5

11

Coo 5

31, 33, 35, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 41

36

10

Eat A

33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 38, 38, 42

37.5

9

Fis 2

33, 35, 37, 37, 37, 39, 40

36.5

7

Ill 1

33, 34, 35, 35, 37, 37, 38, 39

36

6

Mar 22

31, 32, 33, 36, 36, 40

35.5

9

Mer 8

33, 36, 37, 40, 41

37

8

Nes 1

32, 33, 33, 37, 41, 51

41.5

19

Tet A

30, 30, 36, 41, 43, 49, 49

39.5

1

Rup 1

30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 36, 38, 40

35

10

Smi 33

31, 31, 32, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37

34

6

Sto 13

33, 34, 36, 38, 38, 38

35.5

5

A 01:29

29, 39, 41

35

12

These series of progeny fluctuate in build around 36. It seems probable that the variable progeny are the offspring of heterozygous parents, but this can rarely be proved, since the build of the grandparents is not often available in the present series.

That there are really at least two kinds of matings of the M × M type is shown more conclusively by figure 50, in which two modes, at 33 and 36, respectively, are clearly seen. The conclusion seems to be justified that the mode at 33 is that of progeny derived from the M biotype and the mode at 36 is that of the progeny of heterozygous M parents. The existence of these two modes in figure 50 is thus evidence of segregation.

FIG. 50.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × M matings (from Appendix table X) for males, females, and sexes combined. Abscissæ: index of build, English system. Ordinates: absolute frequencies for males and females and their half sum for the sexes combined.

Additional evidence is found in other matings, likewise. Thus the M × F mating shows two modes, at 33 and at 36 (fig. 51). There is also one other, possibly significant, mode, namely, at 38, in the fleshy group. Since F parents are sometimes homozygous, mating with M would tend to produce medium-fleshy progeny (i. e., 36). The F parents are, however, frequently heterozygous, containing both slender, medium, fleshy, and even very fleshy gametes; and, accordingly, we should expect somatic segregations at about the points 30, 33, 36, and 38 as centers, just where we find them.

Again, the S × M mating yields (fig. 52) modes at 32 and 35 respectively, a shade lower than those of the M × M or M × F matings; but the male offspring (taken alone) gives modes at 33 and 35. Where the mode is at 33 it is probable that an S and an M gamete have met; and this condition is relatively common just because M gametes are common. The mode at 35 may arise from an F gamete carried in a heterozygous M uniting with an S gamete. The S gamete carried in heterozygous M may be responsible for a probable mode which is hidden in the form of a hump at 28 in figure 52.

FIG. 51.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × F matings (from Appendix table XI), sexes separate and combined. See also legend of fig. 50.

Attention is called to the probable influence of these modes on the two modes shown in figure 7, at 33 and 35 respectively. These two modes are strong evidence for a segregation in the factors for build. Thus the very irregularity of the polygon of figure 7 is evidence of the presence of segregating factors for build. Moreover, these two modes appear at every age from birth to maturity, as is clearly shown in figure 53. This bimodality is easily accounted for on genetical grounds, but is inexplicable upon the bare nutritional hypothesis of build.

ON THE NUMBER OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN FLESHY BUILD.

It is by no means an easy matter to determine the number of independent factors which are active in the case of a trait that is due to multiple factors. This matter is still less easy if there is only very imperfect dominance approaching intermediacy of the trait in the progeny of the F₁ mating. Yet that is the situation that has to be met in the study of heredity of build.

An attempt has been made in this paper to test the relative probability that there are only two, on the one hand, or three or more independent factors, on the other, involved. We have seen, in each of the various matings, that the result is, on the whole, more closely in accord with the 3-factor hypothesis than that of 2 factors. But this is not to insist that never more than 3 independent factors are involved in build, or never less than 3.

An attempt was made to apply Dr. Sewall Wright’s formula (Castle, 1922, p. 22). Using the data of tables 12, 27, and 31, the value for n (the number of factors) was calculated by the formula

N = D² / 8(σ₂²-σ₁²)

where D is the difference between the means of parental pure races, σ₁ is the standard deviation of F₁ and σ₂ is standard deviation of F₂.

FIG. 52.—Polygon of distribution of frequencies of build of offspring of S × M matings (from Appendix table VII), sexes separate and combined. See also legend to fig. 50.

Substitution for the letters of their values given n = (39.20-28.50)² ÷8[(6.78)²-(5.02)²] = 0.69. We can only conclude that, owing to small numbers, this formula is not applicable here.

Returning, then, to our conclusion that the assumption of at least 3 gametic factors for some, probably most, cases of build accords best with the results of the various matings, we may inquire what is the nature of these factors. It seems probable that two of them may correspond to dystrophies of the pituitary and thyroid glands respectively and the other or others to other regulatory mechanisms of metabolism in the organism. It may well be that one of our factors is the same as that which causes hypothyroidism; another as that which causes hypopituitarism, and the third that which inhibits the normal development of the genitalia, such as we see functioning in dystrophia adiposo-genitalis. This is, indeed, speculation. However, the speculation is an attempt to give a concrete form to the ideas of multiple factors in build.

FIG. 53.—Solid figure (model) giving distribution of relative chest-girth for various ages from birth to 20 years, reading from left to right. The mean index of build at each age is centered on the curve of development of relative chest-girth. The relative chest girth is indicated in percentages passing from the bottom to the top of the figure. The solid figure is illuminated from the upper part of the page.

If we assume three independent factors for build, it does not follow that these are present in all families. Just as it has been demonstrated that in different strains of mice there are in some cases 3, in others only 2 factors for susceptibility to cancer, so, apparently, it is with build. In certain families the distribution of build in the progeny is best accounted for on the hypothesis that, in such families, there are only two gametic factors for build. In other families there appears to be only one gametic factor for build.

It has been repeatedly pointed out that in many cases where multiple factors are invoked to explain the genetical results, the results can be equally well explained on the theory of blended inheritance. The advantage of the factorial theory is that it brings under one type of heredity even these most difficult cases of apparently blending inheritance. More than that, however, the theory of multiple factors explains a number of phenomena that the theory of blending inheritance does not, such as the greater variability of the F₂ as contrasted with the F₁ generation, and the skewness in distribution of progeny in the back-cross. Thus an F × S mating should produce a “medium” progeny with symmetrical distribution of deviating types on the theory of blending inheritance; actually it produces not only mediums, but an excess of fleshy over slender, which is readily accounted for on the hypothesis that fleshiness is partially dominant over slenderness. In this and other ways, especially in focussing attention on gametes, the doctrine of multiple factors is essential to an adequate interpretation of the results of mating between persons of dissimilar build.

D. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.

1. Two types of variation in build are to be distinguished: (1) the change in average build that accompanies ontogeny and (2) variations in adult build.

2. The popular idea of build is best expressed as the ratio of transverse chest diameter to stature, or (since the chest diameter is rarely known) chest-girth to stature. When only weight and stature are known, the closest approximation to the chest÷stature ratio is given by the weight÷(stature)² ratio, and this is taken as the standard index of build.

3. The correlation between the standard index of build and the relative chest-girth is, for males, about 0.45.

4. The index of build of adult males is slightly greater than of females, because of the relatively greater chest-girth of males. The average index of build for males is 2.52 (35.8) and for females 2.43 (34.5).

5. There are marked racial differences in build; but they are not so great as the differences in ontogenetic stages.

6. There are geographical differences in build; the heavy build of northern peoples may be due to a physiological reaction or, in part, to a selective survival of the fleshier individuals or strains.

7. The ontogenetic curve of build, expressed by relative chest-girth, is expressed by figure 1 and (for infancy) figure 2. It shows that at birth chest-girth is about two-thirds of stature and diminishes in the male to the age of 12 years; thereafter, on the average, it rises to complete maturity.

8. Build declines temporarily during the first month of life, owing to the physiological difficulties attending adjustment to new conditions. It declines temporarily, again, at about 8 months, probably due to the cutting of the incisor teeth.

9. The heavy build of the infant corresponds to that of the short-legged anthropoids. The long-legged, slender-build stage of the boy of 12 years persists in the Nilotic negroes and many low-grade feeble-minded.

10. In adult life the changes in build vary with families. In those characterized by slender build there is typically little change. In those characterized by fleshy build there is typically progressive increase in weight to 50 years. In some families weight fluctuates greatly at different periods of adult life. In general, though with numerous exceptions, a fleshy adult build is foreshadowed in plump build in childhood.

11. Mass studies on adult build give a polygon of distribution which is skew, the mode being toward the slenderer end of the polygon. There is evidence of more than one mode, and hence that there are two or more types of build. For purposes of description five classes of build are recognized—very slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy.

12. The diseases associated with very slender and slender build are: tuberculosis, pneumonia, “nervousness,” melancholia. The diseases associated with very fleshy or fleshy build are: diabetes, nephritis and dropsy, apoplexy, and arterio-sclerosis and paralysis accompanying it; also numerous diseases of the alimentary tract.

13. Fleshy parents have, on the average, in our data, larger families than slender parents.

14. Regression toward mediocrity is less striking in the offspring of slender than of fleshy parents, suggesting that fleshy parents carry not only genes for fleshiness but also for slenderness, while slender parents more rarely carry genes for fleshiness.

15. The offspring of two fleshy parents are twice as variable as those of slender parents.

16. The hypothesis is indicated that genetically build is controlled by multiple factors, with fleshiness tending slightly to dominate over slenderness.

17. There is a marked tendency for persons of similar build (or with potentialities for such) to intermarry. Dissimilar builds are selected against.

18. Two slender parents of slender stock have rarely any progeny whose index of build exceeds 2.2, or just above the upper limit of the slender group. In general, the progeny of slender parents are relatively slightly variable.

19. The slender parents are apparently of two kinds: those carrying only one kind of factor for fleshy build and the other two such gametic factors. The progeny of the former are very slightly variable; those of the latter more variable.

20. By comparing coefficients of variability instead of indices, and by making allowance for the greater range of the fleshy class than the slender class, it still appears that the progeny of fleshy parents are relatively and per unit range more variable than the progeny of slender parents. Absolutely the offspring of the fleshy parents are, as stated, twice as variable as of slender parents.

21. The matings of slender parents and fleshy parents of fleshy stock yield a variable progeny, such as is typically found in the F₁ generation when multiple factors are concerned. The variability is between that of the progeny of slender matings and that of the progeny of fleshy matings.

22. The F₁ generation has not a mode of build that is intermediate between that of the parental stocks, but one that is about the same as of the fleshy matings. This is evidence of partial dominance of fleshiness.

23. The mating of two heterozygous (F₁) parents produces, in general, an exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of the presence of genetical factors in build.

24. Many, if not most, parents of medium build belong to biotypes with 1 or 2 independent factors for build. Consequently the progeny of medium × medium matings is often strikingly invariable.

25. The “back-cross” of a heterozygous parent with a slender parent, on the one hand, or with a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, on the other, gives a variable progeny, whose mode is shifted toward fleshiness; but which shows a tendency to fall again into the slender (or fleshy) and medium-fleshy grandparental types.

26. Variations in build are not to be accounted for merely by variations in intake and out-go of calories, but also by the endogenous factors that determine the “economy of nutrition” or the cost in energy of adding an additional kilogram of weight to the body. The factors involved in producing differences in these respects are hereditary factors.

27. The hereditary factors probably work through the intermediacy of special organs that influence metabolism, notably the endocrine glands. The latter thus intermediate between the chromosomal constitution, on the one hand, and control of metabolic processes, on the other.

28. The number of factors involved in very fleshy build is, in some cases at least, three independent ones. But the number is probably not the same in all biotypes. Probably in some there is only one, in others four or more.

29. The factors probably influence the functioning of the thyroid, pituitary, and perhaps other glands.

APPENDIX.

I-XV. Tables of matings and progeny based on the original family histories.

XVI. Indices of build, weight ÷ (stature)², for weights from 100 to 225 pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg.; statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140 to 198 cm.

XVII. Equivalent values of index of build by four different systems of ratios between weight and stature, English system.

XVIII. To transmute the English system of index of build to the metric system.

ABBREVIATIONS.

In top line of tables: F, father; M, mother; FF, father’s father; FM, father’s mother, etc.

In body of tables: ca, cancer; E, epilepsy; F, fleshy; hf, heart failure; I, insane; M-D, mania-depressive insanity; M, medium build; S, slender; su, suicide; t, tuberculosis; V, very (slender, etc.); yg, young; † or d, died; * refers to special families not included in the construction of figure 7, or tables 11 and 12.

TABLE I.—Very slender × very slender matings and their progeny.

This mating is not represented in our data. This table is nevertheless indicated and numbered in order to secure the proper ordinal position of the following tables.

TABLE II.—Slender × very slender matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Cod 1

26

26

29

35

33

25

30

30

*Fun

29

28

27

27

29

26 27 29

25

32

27

27 31 31

Jos 1

39

32

24

27

*Leo

VS S S

27 S

VS

S

2 S

Nob 1[12]

25

26 23

26

M

M

24

M

M

*Pal[13]

43 VS[13]

S

M

F

S F

VS

M

M

Sch 37

31 27

30 29

29

29

33±

25

27±

29t

Average build of parents (excluding families with *) 26.13

Number of matings: 4 + 3* = 7

Total number of progeny: 11 + 9* = 20

VS

S

M

F

Classification of progeny

4

12

2

2

Proportional frequency per mille

200

600

100

100

[12] Four adolescents are all below standard weight but 1, who is 5 pounds above.

[13] An invalid.

TABLE III.—Very slender × medium matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Ach 2

27 33 31

32

32

33

25

32

27

Bic 1[14]

29 33 32

34

29

35

25

M

VS

t, t, t, t

Gay 3

32

36

35

t

I

24

M

S

Gru 1[15]

30 33

31

M

M

t

24

M

S

Hil 8[16]

34

31

34

33

23

28

Ise 2

28 36 34 33 32

31 30

31

26

31

23

31

27

Mil A

43 37

33 22 31 42

36

39

28

S M F F F F

22

35

30

Wit 2[17]

33 29t

26

33

26

M

22

M

t

t, t

Average build of parents, 28.38

Total number of matings, 8

Total number of progeny, 28

VS

S

M

F

Classification of progeny

1

7

17

3

Proportional frequency per mille

36

250

607

107

[14] F died, 39 years, pulmonary tuberculosis. M liable to tuberculosis of throat and lungs.

[15] Female, 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister (33?).

[16] F died, 39 years, tuberculosis.

[17] FM died, tuberculosis. M insane and tuberculous in middle life: died, 51 years.

TABLE IV.—Very slender × fleshy matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Hol A

32 40 34 33 27

46 34 25 29

39

23

Kut 1[18]

35

43

M

S

24

S

M

Law A

41

30 28 35

43

34

24

35

F M S M F

Olm A

43 51 41 32 37

40

38

38

34

F

24

34

28

M F

Wat 5[19]

38

27 33 32 33

37

25

S

4 S

Average build of parents, 32.00

Number of matings, 5

Total number of progeny, 25

VS

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

1

5

10

7

2

Proportional frequency per mille

40

200

400

280

80

[18] Tendency to tuberculosis on maternal side.

[19] FF had one sister who had at least three F children. Apparently there is an F strain on Father’s side. MF had two sibs who were large and tall. MM had both S and F close relatives; one sister was S.

TABLE V.—Very slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny.

There is only one example of this mating described at page 97.

TABLE VI.—Slender × slender matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Ada 4

28 27

30

33

27

28

37

28

Bec 9

30

31

28

29

29

29

33†t

31

†su, 2† Brights, 1 M-D.

Fel 1[20]

27

29

28

30

29

42

32

Hay 4[21]

29

27

29

F

†t

29

S†t

38

Hay 12[22]

32 27

M S

27

29

M

S S S M M M

26

MT

22

S S S C C C

Hen 12

32 28±

22 26±

29

M

M

28

M

M

Ker 5

25 31

29

M

30

29

M

27

Law 4

28

25

27

M

F

26

36

30

Law 7

32

30

M

M

28

M

S

Lou 2

25 26

29

†t

27

McA 2

28 29

27

28

26

M

†t

28

33

M

McC 11

33

30

30

33

M

30

M

M

Ran 4

27

27 25

29

30

†t

†t

†t

Sch 8

30 32

30

35

29

29

39

M

Sco 5

32 30 30

29

37

24

29

36

24

Shi 5

32

29

29

36

27

M

27

*Smi

S

28

S

27

F

F

All F

Ste 9

29 30

29 S

28

M

S

28

S

31

Wil 23

27 33 28 27

29

30

M

M

†t

29

M

S

†t

You 9[23]

27

29

36

34

28

37

23

A: 01-44

29

30

27

A: 01-19

28

26

29

A: 01-60

26

29

27

A: 01-63

27

28

28

Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 27.87

Number of matings, 23 + 1* = 24

Total number of progeny, 47 + 2* + 2 non-quantitative = 51

VS

S

M

Classification of progeny

5

35

11

Proportional frequency per mille

98

686

215

[20] FFF, build 36; FFM, build 27; FMF, build 28.

[21] 3 adolescent children are S.

[22] M’s sib (F) has one F and one M child.

[23] F’s weight may have been reduced by bronchial trouble.

TABLE VII.—Slender × medium matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Alv A

36 32 30

40 28

29

34

38 29

31

31

50

39 39 41

Alt

43 38 33

42 32

36

M

M

30

F

F

Atw 2

33

28

26

27

33

35

30

M

1F 3S

Bal 3

32

32 33

29

32

33

36

38

24

Bak 8[24]

34 33

27[24]

32

Bes 1[25]

33 35 35

31

30

32

27

36

31

31

3 F

Bla 11

40 33 35 35

39

33

31

34

3†t 2F 1S

30

43

30

S S S M M F

Blo 3

35

30

32

S

M

28

M

M

Bou 3

37 34

35

35

32

M

29

M

32

Bou 4

32 32

34

30

32

S

31

32

31

Blu 2

31

30

S

F

34

38

F

34 27 33

Bra 4

33

35

41

M

28

M

M

Bri 2

35 33 33 31

28 30 30 30 33

32

32

31

26

32

30

Bro 36

41 32

30

35

39

38

27

36

50

Bru A

31

33 32 31 29 28

34

S

M

31

26

S

S

30

Bru 2

31

38 32 34 28

30

M

33

S

M

Cha 6

29 26 28

30

29

33

33

34

32

Cla 1

31 37 34

36 29

30

31

34

32

Cob 1

33

27 33 31 31

31

33

29

28

35

31

Col 19

40

33

35

M

S

29

M

M

Clo 2

31 32

30

32

M

S

29

Com 2

35 32

30

29

29

32

M

M

Cos 2[26]

31

34

M

S

26

S

F

Cra 6

31

33

29

28

28

29

49

Cru 2[27]

36

34

36

28

28

32

32

Dew 1

41 35 35

31

33

29

34

32

Dic A[28]

42* 32 31

29 29

35

28

33

45

28 28 31 29 31 30 28 29

Dic 3[29]

45 34

26 34 27 33

35

36

S

29

35

33

Dic 6

30 35

30

35

VF

27

31

38

VF

Dow 7

30 32

28

31

29

34

34

28

Dra 4[30]

28

33

34

32

28

S

S

Dun A

44 38

31

35

35

34

38

26

33

33

27 29

Eps 2

31

33

37

31

28

35

38

Fan 1

33

31

33

35

49

28

M

30

Fin 1

43 38 37

30

34

31

36

38

33

Fin 8

36 34 30

33 32

32

36

32

26

31

34

Fol 3

31

30

36

For 9

36 38

28

30

32

Fra 9

39

44 43 42

34

30

Goo 6

28 28

31

32

32

29

Gra 3

33

31

35

33

26

37

35

Hal B[31]

32

31

31

39

47

50 47 40 38 36

29

34 29 29* 27*

Har 35[32]

36

29

27

M

24

35

27

34

Haw 5[33]

40 31 32

33 31 38

30

31

27

34

40

30

Hei 4

38

34

39

M

28

39

Hod 3

37 30 35 37

36 34 34 28 35

34

35

23

30

36

30

Hor 7

32

30

M

33

1t

33

36

36

Hea 3

30 37

31 33

34

34

3†t. 1†ca

30

31

26

Hef 1

37

31

34

29

Hos 3

35

35

30

42

F

32

37

37

Hox 2

S M M M M

43

31

M

M

28

S

F

Hut 3

33 33 34

30

36

36

31

34

Jic 1

33 32

34

35

36

30

M

S

Joh 18

32

30

M

S

32

M

S

Jon 15

35 38

34

43

M

29

36

M

Kaa A

49 35

35

35

28

34

28

34

29

M M M S F VF

Kau 5

36 37

34

34

44

29

31

42

Kel A

50

41 32

30

40

33

Leo 1[34]

34 35

37 28

35[34]

T

35

28

M

S

Leo 9

32 39 32 35

34

32

M

S

30

M

S

Lip 3

35 35 34

36 35 39 36

35

30

Lit 4

37 33

31

27

31

26

35

37

33

Loo 1

35

32

34

M

M

30

M

M

Man 1[35]

29

29

28[35]

F

M F

31

M

S

Mar 8

34 39

27

41

S

34

34

33

May 3

30

31

32

28

29

30

49

McC A

51 35

26 32

28

M

M

32

F

F

M M M M M

McM 2[36]

36 35 M

M

31

27

28

29

Mil 29

41

32 35

31

F

S

29

M

S

Mit 2

34 40

32

34

M

28

35

M

Mon 3

34

34

M

M

27

S

M

Moo 4

30 33 32

31

30

35

26

30

37

Oha 1

37

37

33

33

31

28

33

Oli 2

33 31

32

M

40

29

M

S

One 1

31

30

T

31

S

39

Osb 6

34 41 35

30 45 36

34

31

29

28

34

34

Par 3

31

37

35

M

M

28

M

S

Per 6

38 39 36

35

29

34

Per 8

38 31 32 34 33 33 33

31 32 32

36

S

32

30

39

Rei 4

29 30 31

36

31

38

27

34

28

Rid A

36 47 33 48

31

29

32

41

46 45 30

Rim 1

36

32 34

35

35

32

28

S

M

Ran 1

29 32 31

31

34

35

36

26

S

29

Row 6

34

31 33 32

36

32

41

28

34

28

Rug 1

40

35

36

33

30

Rus 5

36

32

35

40

30

32

44

Ste 29

31 26

31

37

33

28

24

24

34

Thr 1[37]

32 38 35* 37 35 39‡ 35

45 46 40

27

30

31

S S S S F

34

33

S S M

Val 1

32 31

29

M

M

32

Van 16

39 33 34

30

M

S

33

35

38

Wal 5

34

35

33

35

28

S

S

Wel 3

32 33

29 35 35

29

M

S

34

M

S

Wes 5

29

33

35

29

26

30

31

Wey 2

34 31

32

31

S

M

26

M

S

Whi 15

36 37 34 36

33

34

30

35

32

Woo 14

36 32

34

27

M

37

32

40

Wil 34

32

36 29

34

44

32

29

31

28

Wri 1

36

32

30

S

M

34

M

F

A: 01-16

35

31

30

A: 01-50

33

31

29

31

A: 01-9

30

31

30

Average build of parents, 30.90

Number of matings, 101

Total progeny, 306 + 7 non-quantitative = 313

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

49

200

53

11

Proportional frequency per mille

157

639

169

35

[24] In middle life; build 35 to 27.

[25] 2 adolescent children; build 29 and 36.

[26] Medium father carries S gametes; 2 adolescent S children.

[27] 3 adolescent children who are slender.

[28] MF’s sibs: 4d. 96 years; 5 others at over 65 years; men weighed 160 to 175 pounds, women 125 to 145 pounds. Height respectively 69 to 71 inches; 65 to 66 inches. MM’s family all became VF after 36 years; * gained build 51 at 58 years.

[29] MM reduced in build by old age.

[30] Also 1 adolescent male child, slender.

[31] * and * are twins.

[32] MF had 3 sibs died of tuberculosis; FF had 3 sisters died of tuberculosis.

[33] 3 children died young.

[34] 2 sibs and a nephew died of tuberculosis.

[35] Sib died of tuberculosis.

[36] MF and MM were second cousins.

[37] Many F relatives who had muscular rheumatism: * has a daughter, build 45; ‡ has a daughter build 45.

TABLE VIII.—Slender × fleshy matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Ale 2

39 34

31

27

33

28

38

36

42

F 2†t

Bro 30

33 37 45

30

31

27

37

35

40

Bro 16

34

42 38

41

32

29

31

Bus 3

28 38

30

M

S

39

M

M

Cla 32

33

37

29

29

38

31

42

Coh 4

36

33

30

40

Coo 6

37 37

36

39

38

38

28

33

29

Cor 3

33 30

33

41

34

49

S F F 1†t

28

39

28

M S

Cul 1

31

39

39

37

28

38

42

Den 6

35

29 33

39

33t

35 ca

27

40

33

Dex 1

33 36 33

33 38

42ca

34

31

30

30

36

Dob 2

31 33 36 32

39

26

30

S

42

F

F

Doo 3

33

29 31

28

M

S

40

M

M

Dud 1

35

33

43

48

61

10 F-VF, 1S(t)

28

31

28t

3 of 12 F or VF

Eds 2

31 34

32 32 39

38

37

35

I F

27

35

25

6 above normal build

Elk 1

33 30 34 33

41

36

44

t

27

30

32

Emm A

42

40

36 34

28

39 31 27 32 31

Fin 1

43 39 38

30

34

31

37

38

33

Fit 2

37

43

46

30

M

M

Gri 1

34 36

30

37

31

52

28

30

Gui 3

37 33 33 34

30 40 39

27

39

34

30

Har 3B

38 34 32

30

43

Has 2

33 30 30

29

33

38

38

35

37

Hok 1

34 35

37

36

S

27

31

35

Hot 1

34

30

M

S

40

S

S

Hul 2

34

26 27 25 30 23 29

30

34

26

37

35

27

Kra 4[38]

29 32

27

37

39

43

40

41

Kra 5

31 31

27

37

39

38

40

41

Lon A

38

35 M S VS

38

32

39 34 30

30

30

39

Lyn 2

33

37

S

F

29

S

M

Mer B

38 33

34 31 29

40

47

27

25

37

36

Met A

40 41 37

41 35

39

M

M

37 35 35 46 35

30

33±

28

35 32 31 30 28

Mil 7

38 38

39

M

M

29

43

31

Mor 28

34

26

39

29

39

34

McC B

43 38 34 33 29 32

38 42 39

30

37

37

McC 16

38 37

43

30

34

S

39

39

S

1†hf, 1†t

McC 18

25

33 44

38

35

30

36

*Ofi

VF M

42 36 F VF F 43

S

F F F M

F

7 F

Pad 1

37

28

31

35

37

33

23

Ric 5

33

34 31

30

36

38

40

33

31t

Rom 1

35 33 34 35

39 31 33

38

S

F

3t

28

C

M

She 12

38 34 32 32

42 37

38

34

46

28

34

28

*Smi[39]

41 M 35 30

47 31 S 48

43

30

Spe A

37 35 35

40

40 40 31 31

27

35 22 43

Tat A

39 40

38 36

28

55 35 30 31 29

41

39

Van 3

28

26 37

29

29

29

37

33

39

*Van

37 41

S S 43

42

S 39

S

Wal 4

39 35

41

38

34

27

31

28

Wat[40]

30 37 31

27

S

F

40

26

45

Wil 35

34 32

31

38

28

32

M

Wil 42

31 29

37

36

35

30

30

32

Woo 7

42

34

38

30

S

M

Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 33.85.

Number of matings, 49 + 3* = 52.

Total No. of progeny, 155 + 21* + 3 non-quantitative = 179.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

4

26

85

57

7

Proportional freq. per mille

23

145

475

318

39

[38] Kra 4, by first wife; Kra 5, by second wife.

[39] All this family were slender till about 20 years, then became fleshy. The slender persons are still young.

[40] MMMM build 36; MMM 30; MFM 27; MFF 33.

TABLE IX.—Slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Arn 5[41]

32

38

44

31

48

26

33

25

Ban 2[42]

39 39

49

42

31

t t

26

M

F

5 F

Ben 8

40

32

28

38

26

45

39

32

Bon A

44

51

40

40

26

35

29 27 28 28

*Bun

44 33

25.5 32

57

26

Cle 5

30 39 35

33

30

34

34

F

54

27

32

3 F

*Coo

48 34

29

F F S S

49

49

48 40

Fen 1

38 33 30 32

29

44

27

Har 15[43]

39 33 34

40(t) 37

30

41

28

t

49

35

49

Hor 9

31(t) 36

44

44

24

29

S

M

How 8[44]

35 38 37 39‡ 41‡

30

37

27

t t t

51

40

46

Kro 3

42

29

34

42

46

38

28

*Leo

45

51 S S 46 F

S

51

S

51

45 46

Tea A

46 31 28

31 32

49

27

Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 37.91.

Number of matings, 11 + 3* = 14.

Total number of progeny 34 + 12 = 46.

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

7

17

15

7

Proportional freq. per mille

152

370

326

152

[41] M died, 46 years, tuberculosis; M’s sib died of hardening of lungs; MF tuberculosis; MM tuberculosis, but recovered.

[42] M underwent senile degeneration after menopause.

[43] MM had “delicate lungs.”

[44] ‡ Twins.

TABLE X.—Medium × medium matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Abe 1

34

33 29 34

32

M

M

34

M

S

All A

37 29

39

35

32

32

32

30

Aus 3

35

33

32

32

31

39

31

34

28

t

Bac 1

36

32

S

M

36

M

M

Bar 10

32 32 30

31

35

M

33

Bat 2

33 32 35

33

31

M

S

32

29

31t

Bea 7

34 32

32 31

32

31

28

34

36

31

Bec 6

32

31

39

39

34

35

36

Bet 3

36 36

34

31

24

35

38

43

Bis 5

35

32

39

28

31

38

36

Bow 3

33

32 32

32

M

M

33

M

M

Bra 10

40

38 39 36

35±

35±

35±

34

35

32

Bro 18

32 36 34

33

31t

36

33

M

(t)

Cas 4

43 41 34

37 32 34

34

39

29t

34

43

27

Chr 2

32 36

32

32

33

32

33±

37

34

Cla 29

36

33

33

Coo 5

38 35 36 31 36 37 33

37 41 36 38

32

(t)

37

36

34

37

Dex 2

33

33

34

35

30

36

33

31

t, t

Dic 4

32 31 33

29

31

M

F

32

32

29

Dra 1

36 31

32

35

29

34

34t

32

Eat A

34 36 35 36 38 38

42 33

35

33 35 42 30

32

36

33

36 39 41 33

Fie 2

33

35

36

35

36

32

37

32

Fis 2[45]

35

37 37 40 33 39 37

36

M

M

32

M

Fra 3A

35 35

33

S

S

35

M

39±

Fri 3

31

35

32

M

S

35

38

35

Gil 15

42 39

39

35

31±

33±

33t

39

39

God 2

30

27 31 31 31 30

34

34

28t

31

M

M

Gol 4

32 30

31

31

29

32

41

30

Gor 7

34

35

M

S

32

M

M

Hal 16[46]

39

37

33

F

S

34

M

S

Haw 6

35 32 35 29 30

29 29 27 33

33

S

S

31

31

29

Haw 7

36

30

33

31

34

31

42

39

Hen 6

35 36

42 35

32

M

M

31

M

S

Hod 1

38

39

33

31

24

31

30

29

Hop 5

35 35 27

31

35

41

31

35

31

32

Hut 4

33

39

32

30±

F

32

M

M

Ill 1

39 35 34 33

35 38 37 37

34

32

33

33

32

31

Joh 1[47]

36

39

35

M[47]

F

33

M

S

Jon 20

37

36

36

40

31

32

31

Jor 1

36 41

38 32

35

36

Kel 4a

34 32 S

M (t) M M 31

36

34

S

31

34

F

Kim 1

29 35 35

35

31

Lan 8

30

25

37

40

40

35

34

25

Lau 2

36

35

S

31

M

M

Lev 2

34 30

36 39

34

34

35

32

37±

51±

Lex A

47 36 36

37

33

37

32

30

33

34 35 36

Llo 4

34

32

M

S

33

Loe A

46 38 38 36

56

36

27

35

Mar 22

33 36 32 31

40 36

33

M

M

32

S

S

Mas 3

34 34

35

M

M

32

M

M

Mat 13

37

36 35 37

34

36

38

35

35

48

Mer 8

41 36 40 37 33

35

Mt

S

E

34

S

M

Mou 2

29

34

31

S

M

4†t

36

30t

50

4†t

Mur A

35 30

32

38

31

37 37

31

33

33

40 32 31 28

McC 12

33

33

M

S

32

S

F

McP A[48]

36 32 34 33 35 35 39 37

32 36

36

M

F

41 36 34 40 40 31 33[48]  37

31

38

47

36 33 29 40

Nes 1

32 41 33 33

51 37

32

34

Nor 6

33

41

33

M

M

36

M

S

Obr 1

38

35

35

36

Old 2

33

33 35 33

33

34

34

33

Osb 4

34 32

25 30 31

36

31

M

S

Pag 2

36

35

34

33

30

36

29

29

Pai 2

28(t) 41 33

31

34

F

M

41

32

M

F

Pat 5

33 38

31 31

32

M

S

33

M

S

Pan 3

35 32

34

34

S

S

36

Mt

M

Pot 5

36 40 35

36

34

34

28

Pro 1

37 39

33

34

40

32

40

33

F F(t) 39

Ras 1

36 33 33

36 39

34

31

Ric 9

32

30

32

30±

32

34

S

40

Ric 11

40

37

33

33

31

32

38

33

Rig 1

34 32

30 32

33

34±

M

36

M

M

Riz 11

30 29 34 28

31

32

36

33

S

M

Rue 1

35 34 33 27

31

36

Rup 1

31 40 38 36 31 30

30 33

32

32

32

Sam 3[49]

30 30

33

37

35

31

44

Sch 11

35 38 36

36

31

37

33

32

35

41

Sco 3

33

36

42

39

31

M

M

She 6

37 34 40

45

34

32

31

36

S

Sle 3

33 35 34

32

33

33

31

33

Smi 33

36 36 36 37

31 32 31 36

34

34

S

31

35

M

*Smi

39

35

S

F

33

39

S

S M

Sto 13

33±

38 38 36 38 34

33

35

S

F

Sut 3

31 30

31

36

M

M

Tag A

43

31 34

36

36

36

47 36 36

31

34

37

34 32 40 38 31 37

Tet A[50]

49* 43 36 30

41 49 30

34

65

34

38

31

Tor 1

35 39

36 34

33

32

34

7 avg. build or above.

34

32

27

Avg. or under

Van 13

40 35

32

35t

31

35t

37

28

Vib A

39 31

33

41

33

33 33 40

31

30

30

War 3

30 31 32 30 33 33

32 30 32 36

33

33

St

32

41

26

Whi 17

33 31

33

35

32

33

35

40

t

Whi 22

34

31

32

41

27

36

31

44

You 2

34

37

34

38

34

36

39

31

A: 01-26

29 41 39

33

35

Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 33.23.

Number of matings, 92 + 1* = 93.

Total No. of progeny, 327 + 1* + 4 non-quantitative = 332.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

2

40

201

82

7

Proportional frequency per mille

6

121

605

247

21

[45] MM and MF were first cousins.

[46] FF and FM were first cousins.

[47] Weak lungs.

[48] Spinal trouble.

[49] M and F were first cousins.

[50] * has undersized wife and 2 children; male, build 49; female, build 46.

TABLE XI.—Medium × fleshy matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Ade 1

39

31

32t

S

S

39

33

47

Ale 2

32 37 36 36 36

28 31 33

32

39

Bal 5

40

40

40

39

M

36

38

42

2 F

Bar 24

29

33

38

34

35

35

Beh 2

33

38

41±

St

†t

33

35±

35

Ben 11

36

36

35

34

43

31

41

Bit 3[51]

38 38

33

41

30

34

36

S

S

Blo 1

36 35 35 41

33

29

41

†t

Mt

2 †t

Bot 1

35

35 37

33

M

F

38

M

M

Bro 23

36 33 33 30

35

39

M

M

31

S

Bro 34

39

38

35

31

38

38

43

38

Cam B

47 45 45

38 38 30

40

36

Cam 5

38

34 36 40

43

32

F

M

Car 17

32 38 35

35 (t) 29

34

42

39

M

Cas 9

30

37

38

32

32

39

33

Cha 7

36 35

31

33

32

†t

38

24

42

Cha 12

33

30 33

31

40

33

37

37

26

Che 7

30 32

37

37

40

36

Cle 2

33

36 38 32 33

42

M

F

33

M

F

Col 14

36 35

31

37

34

34

Con 11[52]

34 49

36

F

M

42

M

M

Cra 11

36

39

42

23

24

t

34

38

31

1 t

Cra 14

44

32 36

38t

S

M

†t

36

38

36

Cri 1

34 33

34

37

26

39

45

34

Cur 5

30 30

35

41

28

33

34

40

Dan A

53

36 46 47

34

41

Dav 6

38 32 32 32

32

32

39

28

37

37

40

3††

Dea 1

36 34

42 35

31

M

S

43

40

30

Dem 1

30

36

41

F

34

Dra 9

36 34

33

34

26

34

37

29

42

Ebe 1

38

37

39

†t

31

†t

Edm 2

37 34

41

39

37

34

30

26

Eil A

33 33

41

38

33

37 41 38 34 34 35 33

35

31

31

34 34 32

Eng 3

38 36

33

31

M

F

42

F

M

Eva 7

34 33 32

32

32

37

38

38

32

Flo 2

33 35 33

33 36

31

38

Fou 1

33 36

40

35

30

35

33

32

Fri 5

40

34 37

39

34

Fri 9

35

38

36

39

34

M

M

Glu 1

36

47

34

M

S

F VF

43

M

M

F

Goo 4

33 33 32 33

38

ca 34

40

32

38t

29

Gra 4

33 34

43

29

47

32

35

42

Hal 12

35 29

42

31

22

Hal 17

31

34

42

32

37

31

32

S

Hal 22

33

32t

M

M

2†t

39

32

32

Hed 6

40 38 33

44 37 37

39±

M

F

33±

Hen 3

32 32 31 34

40

33

38

36

Hen 11

34 34

35

33

43

41

S

31

Hor 5

37 34 41 32 33

31 34 33

31

Mt

F

†tb

42

Mt

F

Jac 3

38 39 36

35

M

35

37

39

40

Jon 12

33 35 33

37 30 31

33

39

Jen 9

34

39

40

33

38

Kel 6

34 31

38

40

38

34

M

M

Ken 2

36

34

34

31

43

38

41

Kin 10

36 36 34

37

M

F

34

S

M

Kle A

58 41

40

33

Kuh 2

41

40

45

36

33

35

31

Lan 11

33 37

37

M

M

33

M

F

Lar A

43 37

34

39 32

37

29

30

39 48

Lov 2

31 29

32

34

36

38

43

42

Lut 1

33 32 34 36

33 31 31

34

31

M

40

Met 1

40

36

34

39

Mer 4

37

38

40

S

34

39

44

†t

Mey 5

36

34 36

38

M

S

4 weak

32

M

S

Mil 11

34 32 34

40 32

32

43

Mil 23

37

34

38

30

37

33

40

26

Mor A

42

42 41 43 29

34

43

34

50 44 39 39 39

38

32

31

32 30 32

Mor 16

37

36

M

M

37

31

50

†t

Moy 1

35

35

42

M

S

34

S

M

Mye A

42 36 54

33 33 35

43

37

37

46 42 37 36 31 27

34

35

30

34 34 37 40 32 30

Mye 1

32 34

32 35 32 33

43

42

35

32

36

33

McF 2

32 39 36

28

39

28

32

35

27

McM 7

26 32

39

F

36

M

S

New 10

32 41

34

S

M

37

S

S

Nix 2

35 38

32 33

40

S

F

3†t

32

M

M

4†t

Nol B

41 38

38 28

34

27

37

31 34

*Ofi

27 57

33

S

VF

6F VF

42

S

F

VF 36 M VF M M 43

Ole 1

34 31

35

S

M

37

M

M

Pap 1

32 34

38

36

31

32

37

Pec 6

44

31

37

27

42

39

25

Phi A

37 53 47 35

33

32

34

46 38 30 38

39

42

44

54 51

Pot 4

35 38

38

33

35

28

39

29

43

Pri 6[53]

36

32

37

35

28

33t

30

30

Pro 2

36

43

M

F

33

M

M

Pug 2

34 42

34

37

34

38

36

30

Rei 8

32

31

32

38

40

40

41

Rob 12

40 38

39

34

32

28

39

46

34

Roe 3

35

29 37

33

28

46

40

34

31

Rog A

42 39 34 33 32 32

30

33

36

28

30 29

38

34

34

36 37 38 39 36 30

Ryl 1

35 34

35 35 32

36

39

Sar 2[54]

32

34

M

S

†t

43

32

53

2†t

Sau A

43 30 41 31

41

36 43

34

41

54 30 39 31 32 32

Sch 12

37

34

31

40

30

35

Sey 1

33

30 30

37

S

F

33

41

M

Sid 1

32

31 31

36

36 36 36 32 34

38

33

M

Smi 20

33

40

37

33

Spi 5

41

39

37

29t

32

34

37

Spi 7

35 33

S S 28 50

34

31

39

37

M

M

2 F

Sta 7[55]

37§ 37§ 37

36 30 33

34

35

29

43

37

44

Str 7

36 35

36

40

34

28

32

38

34

Tho 22

36

37

34

23

32

35

32

Thr 3

30

32

38

36

28

31

M

31

Tra 4[56]

38 42 41

33 32

39

39

23

32

37

30

VF

Van 10

38

36

34

32

25

38

35

42

Van 12

39 36 32

42

33

38

36

Voo 1

}38 40 37 34

30 35 32

31

43

32

44

Voo A

}

Wak 1

37

29 32 33

33

S

M

40

S

M

Wan 2

34 M 35 M

37

F

35

F

All nervous

Wil 10

40

39

41

34

Wil 22[57]

36 36 41 35 32

34

32

M

M

39

M

M

Win 7

38 35

38 40 34

41

S

M

35

S

M

Woo 8

33

40

32

38

38

38

40

47

Wri 3

34 32

31

39

M

M

34

M

M

You A

35

43

34

36

37

40 36 33 37 40

Zec 1

32

41

M

S

34

36

33

Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 36.45.

Number of matings, 114 + 1* = 115.

Total number of progeny, 340 + 2* + 4 non-quantitative = 346.

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

31

210

88

17

Proportional frequency per mille

90

606

255

49

[51] MF and MM were first cousins.

[52] F and M were first cousins.

[53] FF and FM were first cousins.

[54] F and M were first cousins.

[55] § and § were twins.

[56] F and M were first cousins.

[57] MF and MM were first cousins.

TABLE XII.—Medium × very fleshy matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Ada 7

40

48

M

S

32

M

M

Arm 5

31 32

34

49

42

44

31

35

32

Arm 6

35 39 39 40 33

38

36

35

M

48

M

M

Bau 1

30

30

33

53

32

40

Bei 1

32 35

29 32

45

S

M

35

F

36

Ber A

79 105 45 50 39

41 39

52

34

46 46

Bow A

42 35 39

32 45 31

32

41

26

32 32 32 34 33 33 40 33 43

45

41

26

33 39 39 39 32 32 40 27

Cam 7

38 25 27

51

42

45

31t

36

47

Can 2

33t 33 39 43

35

S

S

50

M

S

Dre 3

35 40

36

44

Dun 1

37

37 43 34 38

57

41

38

32t

35

37

2†t

Fog A

39 40

49 35 34

47

42

46 38

31

39

46 37 53

Gif 2

37 35

34

35

S

M

49

M

M

Hay 9

39

32

36

45

35

28

Hoa A

33 44

25 29

36

25

45

Hor 6

34 38

34

44

S

25

34

29t

M

Ing 3

39

32 31

45

32

53

31

35t

37

Mer A

45 35 33 33 29

34 45 30

45

37 48 46

36

McG 5

35

51

M

F

31

M

M

Oat 1

35

31

35

31

30

44

35

29t

Ole 2

37

33

45

M

F

34

M

F

Ran 5

45 39

34 46 34

46

F

S

32

Ft

S

Ran 7

34 37

31 36 37 37

33

36

M

46

M

43

Ric 25

39

34

39

31

46

33

42

Sch A

46 40 46

52 50 48

33

33

54

55

Sch 26

33 36

53

M

S

36

M

M

Sev 1

31 36 32 34

46

37

39

34

33

33

War 16

35 38

32 32

32

M

S

44

F

S

Wey A

45 43 37

35 37 41

45

38

30

32 33 30 30 32 44 37

35

33

32 30 37

Win 6

34

35

47

M

42

35

35

S

Average build of parents, 40.68.

Number of matings, 30.

Total number of progeny, 112.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

2

7

50

36

17

Proportional frequency per mille

18

63

446

321

152

TABLE XIII.—Fleshy × fleshy matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Ben 9

37 35 36

31 35 34 34

37

33

32

39

39

29

Beh A

43 37 32 31 29 47

30

40

43

39

40 39 45

40

37

30

VF VF 40 27 35

Bur 14

34

34

39

37

M

39

38

Bur 21

31 36

37 32 34 41 29

37

30

40

37

35

M

But 2

40

36

42

36

39

41

33

39

Cat 1

33 38 34

42 40

38

32

38

38

40

40

1†t

Cla 12

38

43 35 35

37

36

31

37

38

31

Dar 7

38

47 26 44

37

42

42

37

42

2 t

Dol 3

33 36 36

32 34

40

36

38

40

37

41

Elm A

42 32

35 34 36 36 29

37

40

40

32

30

Fea 2

32 33 30

30

43

33

34

37

36

36

For A

39 39 32

52 49 28 29

36

33

29

29 29 27 28 27 28 27

39

30

35

32 31 32 30 54 25 30

Hor 1

35 35

37

M

S

43

47

S

Hod A

51 29 42 47 42 47 43

31 28 49

42

41 49 41 36

38

37

Jam A

45 34 34

43 41

39

38

Jen 7

39

42 38 36

43

M

S

38

M

M

Jon 11c[58]

37 39 37

37 40 37 40 44[58] 35[58]  42

39

29

49

36 31 43 44 34 33 33 38 39

39

37

42

36 34 37 35 34 37

Lan A

51

29

37

37

37

29 36 37

40

43

37

35

Lic 2

39

40

M

M

40

30

41

Lin 8

36 36

38 36

38

M

43

S

M

Mar 20

36

40

36

26

39

33

36

McW 2

39 41 38 38

44

40

36

24

37

33

37

Nel 5

37 38 35 35 35

36 35 36 42 34

39

34

31

42

34

34

*Pal[59]

M M

61+

43

F[59]

M[59]

41 40 28 43 52

40+

Pie 1

40 40

43 40

39

F

M

43

M

F

Pit 1

37 29 37 30 29

43

S

F

F S

39

150

S

†t

Rat 1

45 40

37 40

38

M

M

39

M

M

Sle 2

37

42

39

36

40

37

37

43

Smi 40

36 33 35 35

37

36

37

43

36

37

Syr 1

35

37

37

F

M

39

M

M

Tel 1

47 36 36

39

M

M

38

M

M

Thr 1a

43 38 38

42 42 40

38

39

M

5 brothers M

40

Thr 2

53 30 38

44 44 44

39

27

34

39 37 46 50 35 50 35 35

39

38

38

Wil 15[60]

39 53 42§ 35§

35 34

42

40

27

37

M

31

Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 39.21.

Number of matings, 33 + 1* = 34.

Total number of progeny, 156 + 3* = 159.

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

15

62

61

21

Proportional frequency per mille

94

390

384

132

[58] Feeble-minded.

[59] FF’s sibs fleshy; FM’s sibs are M.

[60] § and § are twins.

TABLE XIV.—Fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny.

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

*Ber[61]

100 38 50 84[61]  34

34 43

50

S S

39

48 30

Bol 1[62]

39

40

28

45

Bro 10

40

39 35 32

40

31

38

50

36

40

Cen 2

33 39

33

41

M

M

47

M

M

Cla 16

36 33

39

36

27

27 36

45

36

45

42

Cla 25

39

34

38

45

39

30

Dan B

32 32

51 31

40

M

M

S S S S

51

M

S

S S S S F

Ebe 2

37 36

41

M

M

48

S

M

t

Ekb 1

41 46 48 43

50

36

50

51 52 45

38

Elm B

46

38

44

39

29

*Faz[63]

VF[63]

51 47

39

F

F F F F

57

F‡

F

57

Flo 3

39 42 39 42 40

37 36

38

42

42

49

37

35

Gil A

53 39

47

38

34

28

46

Gou A

40 35

48 32

37

54

37

50

F F

Gre 7[64]

42 37 38

38

F

M

44

M

M

Gug 1

43 33 33 34

44

38

29

Hal 8

36 35 33

38

41

35

40

37

26

Lou 4

41 38 34 38 36

37

32

32

48

46

29

*Lyn

F M 31 35 39 46

34

38

F

50

F

McL A

43 35 46 32

45 30 42 38 45 30 31 31

38

39

36

36 37 39 37 38 40 45 44

44

34

45

35 34 35 37 38 37 40 43 45

*Mor

37

S 52 46 F VS

VF

S

F

39

F

F

All F

Moo 11

47 35

40

29

69

47

35

36

Nic 5

38

53

41

F

F

45

38

40

Oel A

42 35 33

38

38

44

3F S

Pan 2

39 35 44

27

46

46

35

39

33

31

Per A

44

51

34

43 42 41

43

35

30

37 37 32 34 34

Pon 1

38

42 33

45

37

M

S(t)

*Rec

53

F

57

40

100

53 34 40 38 VF

*Rec

53 34 VF 40

57 38

40

S

F F

100

F F S

Rei 7

31 34

30

44

72

M

37

72

M

*Rid[65]

S 47

40 49 VF F S

56

S[65]

F

F

F

M M F F 41

Saw A

48

43

40

39

51

39

Sch B

45

42

52

32

38

30 42 32 39 35

Ste 18

34 43

36 35

43

37

29

42

50

39

27

t

Voi 1[66]

31

54

M

F

38

S

F

†(t)

*Wen[67]

51 35 35

44 32 32 32 31

46[67]

6

M

37

M

M

F F

*Whe

F 36 46

48

40

44

49

52

54 42 F S

Yan 2,3

40 42 42 40 44

42 33 38

52

40

Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 42.49.

Total number of matings, 29 + 9* = 38.

Total number of progeny, 100 + 46* = 146.

VS

S

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

1

7

52

51

35

Proportional frequency per mille

7

48

356

349

240

[61] Slender as a child.

[62] All show history of change (increase) of weight.

[63] VF till 17 years; now thin; †MF sibs F F F.

[64] Five children died in infancy.

[65] Had a fleshy sister.

[66] Mother has 4 small nervous sisters.

[67] Had a brother 46, sister 43.

TABLE XV.—Very fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny (using adjusted indices).

File ref.

Male children.

Female children.

F.

FF.

FM.

Father’s sibs.

M.

MF.

MM.

Mother’s sibs.

Bow B

50 37 45

47 40 42

45

45

38

48

36

23

35 35 35 38 50

Bow 2

32 32 44

31 34

45

34

57

47 44 52 49 52

48

41

32

t 32 36 38

Bry A

47 32 33

39

45

43

46 38 49

46

31

Cat 3

36 39 47 34 35

36

44

39

35

51

42

49

Dal A

45 40 50 46

34 32

49

48

34 31 30 47 35 38 29

53

64

Dud A

51 31

49

33

51

Smi 36

35

46

36t

34t

44

46

40

Average build of parents, 47.45.

Number of matings, 7.

Total number of progeny, 30.

M

F

VF

Classification of progeny

14

6

10

Proportional frequency per mille

467

200

333

TABLE XVI.—Indices of build, weight ÷ stature², for weights from 100 to 225 pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg. and statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140 to 198 cm. Decimals omitted.

[Reduction from English to metric system effected by the factor 0.70308.]

Weight

Pounds

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

180

185

190

195

200

205

210

215

220

225

1 pound 45.4 centg.

5 lbs. 227 centg.

Decigr.

4536

4763

4990

5216

5443

5670

5897

6124

6350

6577

6804

7031

7258

7484

7711

7938

8165

8392

8618

8815

9072

9299

9526

9752

9979

10206

Stature

Stat.²

55 in.

3025

3306

3471

3636

3802

3967

4132

4298

4463

4628

4793

4959

5124

5289

5455

5620

5785

5950

6116

6281

6446

6612

6777

6942

7107

7273

7438

33.055

165.27

1397 mm.

1952

2324

2440

2557

2673

2789

2905

3021

3138

3254

3370

3486

3603

3719

3835

3951

4067

4184

4300

4416

4532

4648

4765

4881

4997

5113

5230

2324.0

1162.09

56 in.

3136

3189

3348

3507

3667

3827

3986

4145

4305

4464

4624

4783

4943

5102

5261

5421

5580

5740

5899

6059

6218

6378

6537

6696

6856

7015

7175

31.888

159.47

1422 mm.

2023

2242

2354

2466

2578

2690

2802

2915

3027

3139

3251

3363

3475

3587

3699

3811

3923

4036

4148

4260

4372

4481

4596

4708

4820

4932

5044

2242.0

1121.0

57 in.

3249

3078

3232

3386

3540

3693

3847

4001

4155

4309

4463

4617

4771

4925

5078

5232

5386

5540

5694

5848

6002

6155

6310

6464

6617

6771

6925

30.779

153.84

1448 mm.

2096

2164

2272

2380

2489

2597

2705

2813

2921

3030

3138

3246

3354

3462

3571

3679

3787

3895

4002

4112

4220

4328

4436

4544

4653

4761

4869

2164.0

1082.0

58 in.

3364

2973

3121

3270

3419

3567

3716

3864

4013

4162

4310

4459

4608

4756

4905

5054

5202

5351

5499

5648

5797

5945

6094

6240

6391

6543

6688

29.737

148.64

1473 mm.

2170

2090

2195

2299

2404

2508

2613

2717

2821

2926

3031

3135

3240

3344

3449

3553

3658

3762

3867

3971

4076

4180

4285

4389

4494

4598

4703

2090.0

1045.0

59 in.

3481

2873

3016

3160

3304

3447

3591

3735

3878

4022

4165

4309

4453

4596

4740

4884

5027

5171

5315

5458

5602

5745

5589

6033

6176

6320

6464

28.727

143.64

1499 mm.

2246

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

2525

2626

2727

2828

2929

3030

3131

3232

3333

3434

3535

3636

3737

3838

3939

4040

4141

4242

4343

4444

4545

2020.0

1010.0

60 in.

3600

2778

2917

3056

3194

3333

3472

3611

3750

3888

4028

4167

4306

4444

4583

4722

4861

5000

5139

5278

5417

5556

5694

5833

5972

6111

6250

27.778

138.89

1524 mm.

2323

1953

2051

2148

2246

2343

2441

2539

2637

2734

2832

2930

3027

3125

3222

3320

3418

3515

3613

3711

3808

3906

4004

4101

4199

4297

4394

1953.0

9765.0

61 in.

3721

2687

2822

2956

3091

3225

3359

3494

3628

3762

3897

4031

4166

4300

4434

4569

4703

4847

4972

5106

5241

5375

5509

5344

5778

5912

6947

26.874

134.37

1549 mm.

2401

1890

1984

2078

2173

2267

2362

2456

2551

2645

2740

2834

2929

3023

3118

3212

3307

3401

3496

3590

3684

3779

3874

3968

4062

4157

4251

1890.0

9448.0

62 in.

3844

2601

2732

2862

2992

3122

3252

3382

3512

3642

3772

3902

4032

4162

4292

4422

4553

4683

4813

4943

5073

5203

5333

5463

5593

5723

5853

26.015

130.08

1575 mm.

2480

1829

1920

2012

2103

2195

2286

2378

2469

2561

2652

2744

2835

2926

3018

3109

3201

3292

3384

3475

3567

3658

3750

3841

3932

4024

4115

1829.0

9145.0

63 in.

3969

2520

2646

2771

2897

3023

3149

3275

3401

3527

3653

3779

3905

4031

4157

4283

4409

4535

4661

4787

4913

5039

5165

5291

5417

5543

5669

25.195

125.98

1600 mm.

2561

1771

1860

1949

2037

2126

2214

2303

2391

2480

2569

2657

2746

2834

2923

3011

3100

3189

3277

3366

3454

3543

3631

3720

3809

3897

3986

1771.0

8857.0

64 in.

4096

2441

2563

2686

2808

2930

3052

3174

3296

3418

3540

3662

3784

3906

4028

4150

4272

4395

4517

4639

4716

4883

5005

5127

5249

5371

5493

23.414

122.07

1626 mm.

2643

1716

1802

1888

1974

2060

2146

2231

2317

2403

2489

2575

2661

2746

2832

2918

3004

3090

3175

3261

3347

3433

3519

3605

3690

3776

3862

1716.0

8582.0

65 in.

4225

2367

2485

2604

2722

2840

2959

3077

3195

3314

3432

3550

3669

3787

3905

4024

4142

4260

4379

4497

4615

4734

4852

4970

5089

5207

5325

23.669

118.35

1651 mm.

2726

1664

1747

1831

1914

1997

2080

2163

2247

2330

2413

2496

2579

2662

2745

2829

2912

2995

3079

3162

3245

3328

3411

3495

3578

3661

3744

1664.0

8320.0

66 in.

4356

2296

2410

2525

2640

2755

2870

2984

3099

3214

3329

3443

3558

3673

3788

3903

4018

4132

4247

4362

4477

4591

4706

4821

4936

5051

5165

22.957

114.79

1676 mm.

2810

1614

1695

1775

1856

1937

2018

2098

2179

2260

2340

2421

2502

2583

2663

2744

2825

2905

2986

3067

3147

3228

3309

3390

3470

3551

3632

1614.0

8070.0

67 in.

4489

2228

2339

2450

2562

2673

2785

2896

3007

3119

3230

3342

3453

3564

3676

3787

3898

4010

4121

4233

4344

4455

4567

4678

4789

4901

5012

22.277

111.39

1702 mm.

2896

1566

1645

1723

1801

1879

1958

2036

2114

2193

2271

2349

2428

2506

2584

2663

2741

2819

2898

2976

3054

3132

3211

3289

3367

3446

3524

1566.0

7831.0

68 in.

4624

2163

2271

2379

2487

2595

2703

2811

2920

3028

3136

3244

3352

3460

3568

3676

3785

3893

4000

4109

4217

4325

4433

4542

4650

4758

4866

21.626

108.13

1727 mm.

2983

1521

1597

1673

1749

1825

1901

1977

2053

2129

2205

2281

2357

2433

2509

2585

2661

2738

2814

2890

2966

3042

3118

3194

3270

3346

3422

1521.0

7603.0

69 in.

4761

2100

2205

2310

2415

2520

2625

2731

2836

2941

3046

3151

3256

3361

3466

3571

3676

3781

3886

3991

4096

4201

4306

4411

4516

4621

4726

21.004

105.02

1753 mm.

3072

1477

1551

1624

1698

1772

1845

1920

1994

2067

2141

2215

2289

2363

2436

2510

2584

2658

2732

2806

2880

2954

3027

3101

3175

3249

3323

1477.0

7384.0

70 in.

4900

2041

2143

2245

2347

2449

2551

2653

2755

2857

2959

3061

3163

3265

3367

3469

3571

3673

3776

3878

3980

4082

4184

4286

4388

4490

4592

20.408

102.04

1778 mm.

3161

1435

1507

1578

1650

1722

1793

1865

1937

2009

2081

2152

2224

2296

2368

2439

2511

2583

2654

2726

2798

2870

2941

3013

3085

3157

3228

1435.0

7174.0

71 in.

5041

1984

2083

2182

2281

2380

2480

2579

2678

2777

2876

2976

3075

3174

3273

3372

3472

3571

3670

3769

3868

3967

4067

4166

4265

4364

4463

19.837

99.19

1803 mm.

3252

1395

1464

1534

1604

1674

1743

1813

1883

1953

2022

2092

2162

2232

2301

2371

2441

2511

2580

2650

2720

2789

2859

2929

2999

3068

3138

1395.0

6974.0

72 in.

5184

1929

2025

2122

2218

2315

2411

2508

2604

2701

2797

2894

2990

3086

3183

3279

3376

3472

3569

3665

3762

3858

3954

4051

4147

4244

4340

19.290

96.46

1829 mm.

3345

1356

1424

1492

1560

1627

1695

1763

1831

1899

1967

2034

2102

2170

2238

2306

2373

2441

2509

2577

2645

2713

2780

2848

2916

2984

3052

1356.0

6781.0

73 in.

5329

1877

1970

2064

2158

2252

2346

2439

2533

2627

2721

2815

2909

3002

3096

3190

3284

3378

3472

3565

3659

3753

3847

3941

4035

4128

4222

18.765

93.83

1854 mm.

3438

1319

1385

1451

1517

1583

1649

1715

1781

1847

1913

1979

2045

2111

2177

2243

2309

2375

2441

2507

2573

2639

2704

2771

2837

2903

2969

1319.0

6597.0

74 in.

5476

1826

1917

2029

2100

2191

2283

2374

2465

2557

2648

2739

2831

2922

3013

3104

3196

3287

3378

3470

3561

3652

3744

3835

3926

4018

4109

18.262

91.31

1880 mm.

3533

1284

1348

1412

1477

1541

1605

1669

1733

1797

1862

1926

1990

2054

2118

2183

2247

2311

2375

2439

2504

2568

2632

2696

2760

2825

2889

1283.9

6424.0

75 in.

5625

1778

1867

1956

2044

2133

2222

2311

2400

2489

2578

2667

2756

2844

2933

3022

3111

3200

3289

3378

3467

3556

3644

3733

3822

3911

4000

17.778

88.89

1905 mm.

3629

1250

1312

1375

1437

1500

1562

1625

1687

1750

1812

1875

1937

2000

2062

2125

2187

2250

2312

2375

2437

2500

2562

2625

2687

2750

2812

1250.0

6250.0

76 in.

5776

1731

1818

1904

1991

2078

2164

2251

2337

2424

2510

2597

2684

2770

2857

2943

3030

3116

3203

3289

3376

3463

3549

3636

3722

3809

3895

17.313

86.57

1930 mm.

3726

1217

1278

1339

1400

1461

1522

1582

1643

1704

1765

1826

1887

1928

2008

2069

2130

2191

2252

2313

2373

2435

2495

2556

2617

2678

2739

1217.0

6086.0

77 in.

5929

1687

1771

1855

1940

2024

2108

2193

2277

2361

2446

2530

2614

2697

2783

2867

2952

3036

3120

3205

3289

3373

3458

3542

3626

3711

3795

16.866

84.33

1956 mm.

3825

1186

1245

1304

1364

1423

1482

1541

1601

1660

1719

1779

1838

1897

1957

2016

2075

2134

2194

2253

2312

2372

2431

2490

2550

2609

2668

1186.0

5929.0

78 in.

6084

1644

1726

1808

1890

1972

2055

2137

2219

2301

2383

2465

2548

2630

2712

2794

2876

2959

3041

3123

3205

3287

3369

3452

3534

3616

3698

16.437

82.19

1981 mm.

3925

1156

1213

1271

1329

1387

1445

1502

1560

1618

1676

1733

1791

1849

1907

1965

2022

2080

2138

2196

2253

2311

2369

2427

2485

2542

2600

1155.0

5778.0

TABLE XVII.—Equivalent values of index of build by four different systems of ratios between weight and stature, English system, viz, weight ÷ stature; weight ÷ stature²; weight ÷ stature²⸳⁵; weight ÷ stature³.

Decimals omitted.

Power of stature.

Stature.

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

180

185

190

195

200

205

210

215

220

225

1 lb.

5 lbs.

55

55

1819

1909

2000

2091

2182

2273

2364

2455

2545

2636

2727

2818

2909

3000

3091

3182

3273

3364

3455

3545

3636

3727

3818

3909

4000

4091

18.18

90.91

55²

3025

3306

3471

3636

3802

3967

4132

4298

4463

4628

4793

4959

5124

5289

5455

5620

5785

5950

6116

6281

6446

6612

6777

6942

7107

7273

7438

33.055

165.27

55²⸳⁵

22434

4458

4680

4903

5126

5349

5572

5795

6018

6240

6463

6686

6909

7132

7355

7578

7801

8024

8246

8469

8692

8915

9138

9361

9587

9807

10029

44.575

222.88

55³

166375

6011

6311

6612

6912

7213

7513

7814

8114

8415

8715

9016

9316

9617

9917

10218

10518

10819

11195

11420

11720

12021

12322

12622

12923

13223

13524

60.105

300.53

56

56

1786

1875

1964

2054

2143

2232

2321

2411

2500

2589

2679

2768

2857

2946

3036

3125

3214

3304

3393

3482

3571

3661

3750

3839

3929

4018

17.857

89.29

56²

3136

3189

3348

3507

3667

3827

3986

4145

4305

4464

4624

4783

4943

5102

5261

5421

5580

5740

5899

6059

6218

6378

6537

6696

6856

7015

7175

31.888

165.27

56²⸳⁵

23468

4261

4474

4687

4900

5113

5327

5540

5753

5966

6179

6392

6605

6818

7031

7244

7457

7670

7883

8096

8309

8522

8735

8947

9161

9375

9588

42.612

213.06

56³

175616

5694

5979

6264

6548

6833

7118

7403

7687

7972

8257

8541

8826

9111

9396

9680

9965

10250

10534

10819

11104

11389

11673

11958

12243

12527

12812

56.942

284.71

57

57

1754

1842

1930

2018

2105

2193

2281

2368

2456

2544

2632

2719

2807

2895

2982

3070

3158

3246

3333

3421

3509

3596

3684

3772

3860

3947

17.544

87.72

57²

3249

3078

3232

3386

3540

3693

3847

4001

4155

4309

4463

4617

4771

4925

5078

5232

5386

5540

5694

5848

6002

6155

6310

6464

6617

6771

6925

30.779

153.89

57²⸳⁵

24529

4077

4281

4485

4688

4892

5096

5300

5504

5708

5911

6115

6319

6523

6727

6931

7134

7338

7542

7746

7950

8154

8357

8561

8765

8969

9173

40.768

203.84

57³

185193

5400

5670

5940

6210

6480

6750

7020

7290

7560

7830

8100

8370

8640

8910

9180

9450

9720

9990

10260

10530

10800

11070

11340

11610

11880

12150

53.998

269.99

58

58

1724

1810

1897

1983

2069

2155

2241

2328

2414

2500

2586

2672

2759

2845

2931

3017

3103

3190

3276

3362

3448

3534

3621

3707

3793

3879

17.241

86.21

58²

3364

2973

3121

3270

3419

3567

3716

3864

4013

4162

4310

4459

4608

4756

4905

5054

5202

5351

5499

5648

5797

5945

6014

6243

6391

6543

6688

29.737

148.64

58²⸳⁵

25619

3903

4099

4293

4489

4684

4879

5074

5269

5465

5660

5855

6050

6245

6440

6636

6831

7026

7221

7416

7611

7807

8002

8197

8392

8587

8782

39.033

195.16

58³

195112

5125

5382

5638

5894

6150

6407

6663

6919

7175

7432

7688

7944

8200

8457

8713

8969

9226

9482

9738

9994

10251

10507

10763

11019

11276

11532

51.253

256.26

59

59

1695

1780

1864

1949

2034

2119

2203

2288

2373

2458

2542

2627

2712

2797

2881

2966

3051

3136

3220

3305

3390

3475

3559

3644

3729

3814

16.949

84.75

59²

3481

2873

3016

3160

3304

3447

3591

3735

3878

4022

4165

4309

4453

4596

4740

4884

5027

5171

5315

5458

5602

5745

5589

6033

6176

6320

6464

28.727

143.64

59²⸳⁵

26738

3740

3927

4114

4301

4488

4675

4862

5049

5236

5423

5610

5797

5984

6171

6358

6545

6732

6919

7106

7293

7480

7667

7854

8041

8228

8415

37.400

187.00

59³

205379

4869

5113

5356

5599

5843

6086

6330

6573

6817

7060

7304

7547

7791

8034

8277

8521

8764

9008

9251

9495

9738

9982

10225

10469

10712

10955

48.691

243.45

60

60

1667

1750

1833

1917

2000

2083

2167

2250

2333

2417

2500

2583

2667

2750

2833

2917

3000

3083

3167

3250

3333

3417

3500

3583

3667

3750

16.667

83.33

60²

3600

2778

2917

3056

3194

3333

3472

3611

3750

3888

4028

4167

4306

4444

4583

4722

4861

5000

5139

5278

5417

5556

5694

5833

5972

6111

6250

27.778

138.89

60²⸳⁵

27885

3586

3765

3945

4124

4303

4483

4662

4841

5021

5200

5379

5559

5738

5917

6096

6276

6455

6634

6814

6993

7172

7352

7531

7710

7890

8069

35.861

179.31

60³

216000

4630

4861

5093

5324

5556

5787

6019

6250

6482

6730

6944

7176

7407

7639

7871

8102

8333

8565

8796

9028

9259

9491

9722

9954

10185

10416

46.296

231.48

61

61

1639

1721

1803

1885

1967

2049

2131

2213

2295

2377

2459

2541

2623

2705

2787

2869

2951

3033

3115

3197

3279

3361

3443

3525

3607

3689

16.393

81.97

61²

3721

2687

2822

2956

3091

3225

3359

3494

3628

3762

3897

4031

4166

4300

4434

4569

4703

4837

4972

5106

5241

5375

5509

5644

5778

5912

6047

26.874

134.37

61²⸳⁵

29062

3441

3613

3785

3957

4129

4301

4473

4645

4817

4989

5161

5333

5506

5678

5850

6022

6194

6366

6538

6710

6882

7054

7226

7398

7570

7742

34.409

172.05

61³

226981

4406

4626

4846

5067

5287

5507

5727

5948

6168

6388

6609

6829

7049

7269

7490

7710

7930

8151

8371

8591

8811

9032

9252

9472

9692

9913

44.057

220.28

62

62

1613

1694

1774

1855

1935

2016

2097

2177

2258

2339

2419

2500

2581

2661

2742

2823

2903

2984

3065

3145

3226

3306

3387

3468

3548

3629

16.129

80.65

62²

3844

2601

2732

2862

2992

3122

3252

3382

3512

3642

3772

3902

4032

4162

4292

4422

4553

4683

4813

4943

5073

5203

5333

5463

5593

5723

5853

26.015

130.08

62²⸳⁵

30268

3304

3469

3634

3799

3965

4130

4295

4460

4625

4791

4956

5121

5286

5451

5617

5782

5947

6112

6277

6443

6608

6773

6938

7103

7269

7434

33.039

165.19

62³

238828

4196

4406

4616

4825

5035

5245

5455

5665

5874

6084

6294

6504

6713

6923

7133

7343

7553

7762

7972

8182

8392

8602

8811

9021

9231

9441

41.959

209.80

63

63

1587

1667

1746

1825

1905

1984

2063

2143

2222

2302

2381

2460

2540

2619

2698

2778

2857

2937

3016

3095

3175

3254

3333

3413

3492

3571

15.873

79.37

63²

3969

2520

2646

2771

2897

3023

3149

3275

3401

3527

3653

3779

3905

4031

4157

4283

4409

4535

4661

4787

4913

5039

5165

5291

5417

5543

5669

25.195

125.98

63²⸳⁵

31503

3174

3333

3492

3651

3809

3968

4123

4285

4444

4603

4762

4920

5079

5238

5396

5555

5714

5873

6031

6190

6349

6507

6666

6825

6984

7142

31.743

158.72

63³

250047

3999

4199

4399

4599

4799

4999

5199

5399

5599

5799

5999

6199

6399

6599

6799

6999

7199

7399

7599

7799

7999

8199

8399

8598

8798

8998

39.993

199.96

64

64

1563

1641

1719

1797

1875

1953

2031

2109

2188

2266

2344

2422

2500

2578

2656

2734

2813

2891

2969

3047

3125

3203

3281

3359

3438

3516

15.625

78.13

64²

4096

2441

2563

2686

2808

2930

3052

3174

3296

3418

3540

3662

3784

3906

4028

4150

4272

4395

4517

4639

4761

4883

5005

5127

5249

5371

5493

24.414

122.07

64²⸳⁵

32768

3052

3204

3357

3510

3662

3815

3967

4120

4273

4425

4578

4730

4883

5035

5188

5341

5493

5646

5798

5951

6104

6256

6409

6561

6714

6867

30.518

152.59

64³

262144

3815

4005

4196

4387

4578

4768

4959

5150

5341

5531

5722

5913

6104

6294

6485

6676

6867

7057

7248

7439

7629

7820

8011

8202

8392

8583

38.147

190.74

65

65

1538

1615

1692

1769

1846

1923

2000

2077

2154

2231

2308

2385

2462

2538

2615

2692

2769

2846

2923

3000

3077

3154

3231

3308

3385

3462

15.384

76.92

65²

4225

2367

2485

2604

2722

2840

2959

3077

3195

3314

3432

3550

3669

3787

3905

4024

4142

4260

4379

4497

4615

4734

4852

4970

5089

5207

5325

23.669

118.35

65²⸳⁵

34063

2936

3083

3229

3376

3523

3670

3817

3963

4110

4257

4404

4550

4697

4844

4991

5138

5284

5431

5578

5725

5872

6018

6165

6312

6459

6605

29.358

146.79

65³

274625

3641

3823

4006

4188

4370

4552

4734

4916

5098

5280

5462

5644

5826

6008

6190

6372

6554

6735

6919

7101

7283

7465

7647

7829

8011

8193

36.413

182.07

66

66

1515

1591

1667

1742

1818

1894

1970

2045

2121

2197

2273

2348

2424

2500

2576

2652

2727

2803

2879

2955

3030

3106

3182

3258

3333

3409

15.152

75.76

66²

4356

2296

2410

2525

2640

2755

2870

2984

3099

3214

3329

3443

3558

3673

3788

3903

4017

4132

4247

4362

4477

4591

4706

4821

4936

5051

5165

22.957

114.79

66²⸳⁵

35388

2826

2967

3108

3250

3391

3532

3674

3815

3956

4097

4239

4380

4521

4663

4804

4945

5086

5228

5369

5510

5652

5793

5934

6076

6217

6358

28.258

141.29

66³

287496

3478

3652

3826

4000

4174

4348

4522

4696

4870

5044

5218

5391

5565

5739

5913

6087

6261

6435

6609

6783

6957

7131

7305

7478

7652

7826

34.783

173.92

67

67

1493

1567

1642

1716

1791

1866

1940

2015

2090

2164

2239

2313

2388

2463

2537

2612

2687

2761

2836

2910

2985

3060

3134

3209

3284

3358

14.925

74.63

67²

4489

2228

2339

2450

2562

2673

2785

2896

3007

3119

3230

3342

3453

3564

3676

3787

3898

4010

4121

4233

4344

4455

4567

4678

4789

4901

5012

22.277

111.39

67²⸳⁵

36744

2722

2858

2994

3130

3266

3402

3538

3674

3810

3946

4082

4218

4355

4491

4623

4763

4899

5035

5171

5307

5443

5579

5715

5851

5987

6123

27.215

136.08

67³

300763

3325

3491

3657

3824

3990

4156

4322

4489

4655

4821

4987

5154

5320

5486

5652

5819

5985

6151

6317

6484

6650

6816

6982

7149

7315

7481

33.249

166.24

68

68

1471

1544

1618

1691

1765

1838

1912

1985

2059

2132

2206

2279

2353

2426

2500

2574

2647

2721

2794

2868

2941

3015

3088

3162

3235

3309

14.706

73.53

68²

4624

2163

2271

2379

2487

2595

2703

2811

2920

3028

3136

3244

3352

3460

3568

3676

3785

3893

4000

4109

4217

4325

4433

4542

4650

4758

4866

21.626

108.13

68²⸳⁵

38130

2623

2754

2885

3016

3147

3278

3409

3541

3672

3803

3934

4065

4196

4327

4458

4590

4721

4852

4983

5114

5245

5376

5507

5639

5770

5901

26.226

131.29

68³

314432

3180

3339

3498

3657

3816

3975

4134

4294

4453

4612

4771

4930

5089

5248

5407

5566

5725

5884

6043

6202

6361

6520

6679

6838

6997

7156

31.803

159.02

69

69

1449

1522

1594

1667

1739

1812

1884

1957

2029

2101

2174

2246

2319

2391

2464

2536

2609

2681

2754

2826

2899

2971

3043

3116

3188

3261

14.493

72.46

69²

4761

2100

2205

2310

2415

2520

2625

2731

2836

2941

3046

3151

3256

3361

3466

3571

3676

3781

3886

3991

4096

4201

4306

4411

4516

4621

4726

21.004

105.02

69²⸳⁵

39095

2558

2686

2814

2842

3069

3197

3325

3454

3581

3709

3837

3965

4093

4221

4345

4476

4604

4372

4860

4988

5116

5244

5372

5499

5627

4744

25.787

127.89

69³

328509

3044

3196

3349

3501

3653

3805

3957

4110

4262

4414

4566

4618

4871

5023

5175

5327

5479

5632

5784

5936

6088

6240

6393

6545

6697

6849

30.441

152.20

70

70

1429

1500

1571

1643

1714

1786

1857

1929

2000

2071

2143

2214

2286

2357

2429

2500

2571

2643

2714

2786

2857

2929

3000

3071

3143

3214

14.286

71.43

70²

4900

2041

2143

2245

2347

2449

2551

2653

2755

2857

2959

3061

3163

3265

3367

3469

3571

3673

3776

3878

3980

4082

4184

4286

4388

4490

4592

20.408

102.04

70²⸳⁵

40996

2439

2561

2683

2805

2927

3049

3171

3293

3415

3537

3659

3781

3903

4025

4145

4269

4391

4513

4635

4757

4879

5001

5112

5244

5366

5488

24.392

121.96

70³

343000

2916

3061

3207

3353

3499

3644

3790

3936

4082

4227

4373

4519

4665

4811

4956

5102

5248

5394

5539

5685

5831

5977

6122

6268

6414

6560

29.155

145.77

71

71

1408

1479

1549

1620

1690

1761

1831

1901

1972

2042

2113

2183

2254

2324

2394

2465

2535

2606

2676

2746

2817

2887

2958

3028

3099

3169

14.085

70.42

71²

5041

1984

2083

2182

2281

2380

2480

2579

2678

2777

2876

2976

3075

3174

3273

3372

3472

3571

3670

3769

3868

3967

4067

4166

4265

4364

4463

19.837

99.19

71²⸳⁵

42476

2354

2472

2590

2707

2825

2943

3061

3178

3296

3414

3531

3649

3767

3885

4002

4120

4238

4355

4473

4591

4709

4826

4944

5062

5179

5297

23.543

117.71

71³

357911

2794

2934

3074

3213

3353

3493

3632

3790

3936

4051

4191

4331

4470

4610

4750

4889

5029

5169

5309

5448

5588

5728

5867

6007

6147

6286

27.940

139.70

72

72

1389

1458

1528

1597

1667

1736

1806

1875

1944

2014

2083

2153

2222

2292

2361

2431

2500

2569

2639

2708

2778

2847

2917

2986

3056

3125

13.889

69.44

72²

5184

1929

2025

2122

2218

2315

2411

2508

2604

2701

2797

2894

2990

3086

3183

3279

3376

3472

3569

3665

3762

3858

3954

4051

4147

4244

4340

19.290

96.46

72²⸳⁵

43988

2273

2387

2501

2614

2728

2842

2955

3069

3183

3296

3410

3524

3637

3751

3865

3978

4092

4206

4319

4433

4547

4660

4774

4889

5001

5115

22.734

113.67

72³

373248

2679

2813

2947

3081

3215

3349

3483

3617

3751

3885

4019

4153

4287

4421

4555

4689

4823

4957

5091

5224

5358

5492

5626

5760

5894

6028

26.792

133.96

73

73

1370

1438

1507

1575

1644

1712

1781

1849

1918

1986

2055

2123

2192

2260

2329

2397

2466

2534

2603

2671

2740

2808

2877

2945

3014

3082

13.698

68.49

73²

5329

1877

1970

2064

2158

2252

2346

2439

2533

2629

2721

2815

2909

3002

3096

3190

3284

3378

3472

3565

3659

3753

3847

3941

4035

4128

4222

18.765

93.83

73²⸳⁵

45531

2196

2306

2416

2526

2636

2745

2855

2965

3075

3185

3295

3404

3514

3624

3734

3844

3953

4063

4174

4283

4393

4502

4612

4722

4832

4942

21.963

109.82

73³

389017

2571

2699

2829

2956

3085

3213

3342

3470

3599

3727

3856

3984

4113

4242

4370

4499

4627

4756

4884

5013

5141

5270

5398

5527

5655

5784

25.706

128.53

74

74

1351

1419

1486

1554

1622

1689

1757

1824

1892

1959

2027

2095

2162

2230

2297

2365

2432

2500

2568

2635

2703

2770

2838

2905

2973

3041

13.514

67.57

74²

5476

1826

1917

2029

2100

2191

2283

2374

2465

2557

2648

2739

2831

2922

3013

3104

3196

3287

3378

3470

3561

3652

3744

3835

3926

4018

4109

18.262

91.31

74²⸳⁵

47106

2123

2229

2335

2441

2547

2654

2760

2866

2972

3078

3184

3290

3397

3503

3609

3715

3821

3927

4033

4140

4246

4352

4458

4564

4670

4776

21.229

106.14

74³

405224

2468

2591

2715

2838

2961

3085

3208

3332

3455

3578

3702

3825

3948

4072

4195

4319

4442

4565

4689

4812

4936

5059

5182

5306

5429

5553

24.678

123.39

75

75

1333

1400

1467

1533

1600

1667

1733

1800

1867

1933

2000

2067

2133

2200

2267

2333

2400

2467

2533

2600

2667

2733

2800

2867

2933

3000

13.333

66.67

75²

5625

1778

1867

1956

2044

2133

2222

2311

2400

2489

2578

2667

2756

2844

2930

3022

3111

3200

3289

3378

3467

3556

3644

3733

3822

3911

4000

17.778

88.89

75²⸳⁵

48714

2053

2155

2258

2361

2463

2566

2669

2771

2874

2977

3079

3182

3285

3387

3490

3592

3695

3798

3900

4003

4106

4208

4311

4414

4516

4619

20.528

102.64

75³

421875

2373

2491

2610

2729

2847

2966

3085

3203

3322

3441

3559

3678

3796

3915

4034

4152

4271

4390

4508

4627

4746

4864

4983

5101

5220

5339

23.727

118.64

76

76

1316

1382

1447

1513

1579

1645

1712

1776

1842

1908

1974

2039

2105

2171

2237

2303

2368

2434

2500

2566

2632

2697

2763

2829

2895

2961

13.158

65.79

76²

5776

1731

1818

1904

1991

2078

2164

2251

2337

2424

2510

2597

2684

2770

2857

2943

3030

3116

3203

3289

3376

3463

3549

3636

3722

3809

3895

17.313

86.57

76²⸳⁵

50355

1986

2085

2185

2284

2383

2482

2582

2681

2780

2880

2979

3078

3177

3277

3376

3475

3575

3674

3773

3873

3972

4071

4170

4270

4369

4468

19.860

99.29

76³

438976

2278

2392

2506

2620

2734

2848

2961

3075

3189

3303

3417

3531

3645

3759

3873

3987

4101

4214

4328

4442

4556

4670

4784

4898

5012

5126

22.780

113.90

77

77

1299

1364

1429

1494

1558

1623

1688

1753

1818

1883

1948

2013

2078

2143

2208

2273

2338

2403

2468

2532

2597

2662

2727

2792

2857

2922

12.987

64.94

77²

5929

1687

1771

1855

1940

2024

2108

2193

2277

2361

2446

2536

2614

2697

2783

2867

2952

3036

3120

3205

3289

3373

3458

3542

3626

3711

3795

16.868

84.33

77²⸳⁵

52027

1922

2018

2114

2210

2307

2403

2499

2595

2691

2787

2883

2979

3075

3171

3268

3364

3460

3556

3652

3748

3844

3940

4036

4133

4229

4325

19.221

96.10

77³

456533

2190

2300

2410

2519

2629

2738

2848

2957

3067

3176

3286

3395

3505

3614

3724

3833

3943

4052

4162

4271

4381

4490

4600

4709

4819

4929

21.904

109.52

78

78

1282

1346

1410

1474

1538

1603

1667

1731

1795

1859

1923

1987

2051

2115

2179

2244

2308

2372

2436

2500

2564

2628

2692

2756

2821

2885

12.821

64.10

78²

6084

1644

1726

1808

1890

1972

2055

2137

2219

2301

2383

2465

2548

2630

2712

2794

2876

2959

3041

3123

3205

3287

3369

3452

3534

3716

3698

16.437

82.19

78²⸳⁵

53732

1861

1954

2047

2140

2233

2326

2419

2513

2606

2699

2792

2885

2978

3071

3164

3257

3350

3443

3536

3629

3722

3815

3908

4001

4094

4187

18.611

93.05

78³

474522

2107

2213

2318

2424

2529

2634

2740

2845

2950

3056

3161

3266

3372

3477

3583

3688

3793

3899

4004

4109

4215

4320

4426

4531

4636

4742

21.074

105.37

TABLE XVIII.—To transmute the English system of index of build to the metric system (10 units English = 0.7 unit metric).

English.

Metric.

English.

Metric.

English.

Metric.

English.

Metric.

16

1.1

30

2.1

44

3.1

58

4.1

17

1.2

31

2.2

45

3.2

59

4.1

18

1.3

32

2.3

46

3.2

60

4.2

19

1.3

33

2.3

47

3.3

61

4.3

20

1.4

34

2.4

48

3.4

62

4.4

21

1.5

35

2.5

49

3.4

63

4.4

22

1.5

36

2.5

50

3.5

64

4.5

23

1.6

37

2.6

51

3.6

65

4.6

24

1.7

38

2.7

52

3.7

66

4.6

25

1.8

39

2.7

53

3.7

67

4.7

26

1.8

40

2.8

54

3.8

68

4.8

27

1.9

41

2.9

55

3.9

69

4.9

28

2.0

42

3.0

56

3.9

70

4.9

29

2.0

43

3.0

57

4.0

LITERATURE CITED.

ARMSBY, H. P., and J. A. FRIES. 1911. The influence of type and of age upon the utilization of feed by cattle. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin 128, 245 pp., Oct.

BALDWIN, B. T. 1921. The physical growth of children from birth to maturity. Univ. Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 1), 411 pp., June.

BARDEEN, C. R. 1920. The height-weight index of build in relation to linear and volumetric proportions, etc. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 272.

BARKER, L. F. 1922. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 5 vols.

BECK, H. G. 1922. “Dystrophia adiposo-genitalis” in Barker’s Endrocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. I, pp. 860-924.

BARRETT, A. M. 1919. Hereditary occurrence of hypothyroidism with dystrophies of the nails and hair. Arch. Neurology and Psychiatry, II, pp. 628-637.

BENEDICT, F. G., and F. B. TALBOT. 1915. The physiology of the new-born infant. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 233, 126 pp.

——, and F. B. TALBOT. 1920. Metabolism and growth from birth to puberty. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 302, 213 pp.

CASTLE, W. E. 1922. Genetic studies of rabbits and rats. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 320, 55 pp., 2 pls.

CHAMBERS, THOMAS KING. 1850. Corpulence, or excess of fat in the human body. Also published in Lancet, I, 1850, pp. 523, 557, 581, 651, 687, 747 (page 652, table showing some inherited cases).

CRUM, F. S. 1915. Anthropometric table: Male and female children from 6 to 48 months old. Newark: Prudential Ins. Co., 2 pp.

CUSHING, HARVEY. 1912. The pituitary body and its disorders. Philadelphia, 348 pp.

DAFFNER, F. 1902. Das Wachstum des Menschen: Anthropologische Studien. Leipzig: Englemann, 475 pp.

DAVENPORT, C. B. 1915. The feebly inhibited: Inheritance of temperament. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 236.

——, 1917. Inheritance of stature. Genetics, II, pp. 313-389, July. (Eugenics Record Office Bull. No. 18.)

——, and A. G. LOVE. 1921. Army anthropology. Medical Dept. U. S. Army in World War, Vol. XV. Statistics, Part I, Gov’t Printing Office, 635 pp.

GODIN, P. 1903. Recherches anthropométric sur la croissance des diverses parties du corps. Paris: Maloine, 212 pp.

GROVER, J. I. 1915. Some measurements of normal children, especially of the arm and leg. Arch. Pediat., XXXII, pp. 473-486.

GULICK, A. 1922. A study of weight regulation in adult human body during over-nutrition. Amer. Journal of Physiology, LX, 371-395.

HECKEL, F. 1920. Grandes et petites obésités; cure radicale. Masson. 537 pp.

HITCHCOCK, E., H. H. SEELEY, and P. C. PHILLIPS. 1900. The anthropometric manual of Amherst College. Amherst, 40 pp.

HOFFMAN, F. L. 1918. Army anthropometry and medical rejection statistics. Newark (N. J.): Prudential Press, 114 pp.

HOWARD, ——. 1908. Abnormal development in a girl. Report for Soc. Diseases of Children, VIII, pp. 54-56.

JANNEY, N. W. 1922. Hypothyroidism, in Barker’s Endocrinology and Metabolism. I, pp. 379-440.

JOHNSON, HARRY. 1906. Liberia. 2 vols. London.

LYON, I. P. 1910. Adiposis and lipomatosis. Arch. of Inter. Med. 6, 28-120.

MARANON, G., and E. BONILLA. 1920. Histoire clinique et autopsie d’un cas d’obésité mortelle. Rev. neurolog. 27, pp. 909-914.

MARTIN, R. 1914. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. xvi + 1181 pp.

MEDICO-ACTUARIAL MORTALITY INVESTIGATIONS. Vol. I. Compiled and published by the Association of Life Insurance Medical Doctors and the Actuarial Society of America. New York. 1912, 131 pp. (Build of men, p. 38. Build of women, p. 67.)

MEEH, K. 1895. Volummessungen des menschlichen Körpers und siener einzelnen Theile in den verschiedenen Alterstufen. Ztsch. f. Biol. 31, pp. 125-147.

MIES, J. 1889. Über die Masse, den Rauminhalt und die Dichte des Menschen. Virchow’s Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., 157, 90 pp.

NICEFORO, A. 1910. Anthropologie der nichtbesitzenden Klassen. Leipzig: Maas u. Van Suchtelen, 512 pp.

NOORDEN, CARL VON. 1907. “Obesity” in Noorden’s Metabolism and Practical Medicine, edited by W. Hall. Vol. III, pp. 693-715. London: Heinemann.

PRICE, G. E. 1909. Adiposis dolorosa. Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 137, pp. 705-715.

QUETELET, A. 1870. Anthropométrie ou mesure des différentes facultés de l’homme. Bruxelles.

REITZ, E. 1904. Das Wachstum der Berliner Schulkinder während den Schuljahre. Arch. f. Anthropol., No. 5.I, pp. 30-42.

ROSE, F. 1907. Obésité familiale. L’Encephale, II, pp. 299-303, 1 pl.

SCHMID-MONNARD, R. 1892. Über den Einfluss des Millitärdienstes der Väter auf die körperliche Entwicklung ihrer Nachkommenschaft. Jahrb. Kinderheilkunde XXXIII, pp. 327-350.

SINCLAIR, JAMES. 1907. History of Shorthorn Cattle. London: Vinton, 895 pp.

STRATZ, C. H. 1922. Der Körper des Kindes und seine Pflege. Stuttgart: Enke., 366 pp.

TOWN, CLARA H. 1922. Analytic study of a group of five- and six-year-old children. Univ. Iowa Studies: Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 4), 87 pp.

UHLENHUTH, E. 1922. Hormone factors in growth and development, in Barker’s Endrocrinology and Metabolism I, pp. 181-203.

WEISSENBURG, S. 1911. Das Wachstum des Menschen. Stuttgart: Strecher u. Schröder, 220 pp.

WORTHINGTON, L. S. 1875. De l’obésité, étiologie, thérapeutique, et hygiène. Paris: Martinet, 188 pp.

PLATE 1

FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 2 mo., below average of very slender group, weight 53 kg., stature 1,835 mm., chest-girth in repose 762 mm., relative chest-girth 41.5; build 1.6 (22.5).

FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man 18 yr. 3 mo., of average very slender build, of Scotch stock, weight 60.2 kg., stature 1,907 mm., chest-girth in repose 789 mm., relative chest-girth 41.4; build 1.65 (23.5).

FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 23 yr. 10 mo., of slender build. Weight 62.7 kg., stature 1,787 mm., chest-girth in repose 847 mm., relative chest-girth 47.4; build 1.98 (28).

PLATE 2

FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of an American-born man of 19.6 yr., of medium build. Weight 67.8 kg., stature 1,715 mm., chest-girth in repose 880 mm., relative chest-girth 51.3; build 2.3 (33).

FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man of 17 yr. 9 mo., of fleshy build. Weight 74.3 kg., stature 1,640 mm., chest-girth in repose 920 mm., relative chest-girth 56.1; build 2.7. (39).

FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 5 mo. 15 dy., of very fleshy build. Weight 90.7 kg., stature 1,617 mm., chest-girth in repose 1,013 mm., relative chest-girth 62.6; build 3.5 (49.5).

PLATE 3

1. Boys of ages 6 to 7. 2. Boys of 9 to 10. 3. Boys of 15 to 16, of Baltimore schools.

Whereas the distance from umbilicus to vertex increases only slightly in passing from the youngest to the eldest group, the distance of the umbilicus above the floor increases greatly—the increase of stature is mainly increase in length of leg. Again, boys of 9 to 10 years have shoulders (and chests) very little broader than those of 6 to 7 years; but boys of 15 and 16 years (whose relative chest-girth is much above the minimum 12 years) have much broader shoulders and chests than those of 9 to 10 years.

PLATE 4

School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.

FIG. 1. 9 yr. 11 mo. 6 dy.

FIG. 2. 10 yr. 6 mo.

FIG. 3. 10 yr. 9 mo.

FIG. 4. 9 yr. 1 mo.

FIG. 5. 11 yr. 2 mo. 26 dy.

FIG. 6. 9 yr. 1 mo. 10 dy.

FIG. 7. 10 yr. 8 mo. 7 dy.

PLATE 5

School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.

FIG. 8. 13 yr. 6 mo. 13 dy.

FIG. 9. 13 yr. 8 mo. 6 dy.

FIG. 10. 13 yr. 9 mo. 6 dy.

FIG. 11. 13 yr. 7 mo. 15 dy.

FIG. 12. 11 yr. 9 mo. 23 dy.

PLATE 6

School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.

FIG. 13. 16 yr. 3 mo. 22 dy.

FIG. 14. 16 yr. 0 mo. 7 dy.

FIG. 15. 17 yr. 1 mo. 19 dy.

FIG. 16. 17 yr. 9 mo. 16 dy.

FIG. 17. 16 yr. 1 mo. 3 dy.

PLATE 7

FIG. 1. Girl 12 months of age, at Sunnyside Day Nursery.

FIG. 2. Boy 13 years old, at a Hebrew home. Compare relative length of leg with figure 1.

FIG. 3. Girl 12 years, the age of maximum relative leg-length—rather exceptional in disproportion between leg and trunk length. From C. H. Stratz, 1922.

FIG. 4. Torso of a mature young man from comparison with that of a young woman (Fig. 5). Note the difference in breadth of shoulders and transverse diameter of chest. Fig. 4 is a French photograph. Fig. 5 is copied from Kossman und Weiss, “Mann und Weib,” I, p. 51.

PLATE 8

FIGS. 1 AND 2. “Miss Allen” at the ages of 4 and 23 years respectively, as evidence of persistence of an early juvenile condition of build.

FIGS. 3, 4, 5. Views of a case of obesity of the kind called dystrophia adiposo-genitalis typus feminus, age 16 years. This case is characterized by obesity, knock-knee, large breasts and mons, and rudimentary genitalia (from Ebaugh and Hoskins in Barker: Endocrines and Metabolism I: 881).

PLATE 9

FIG. 1. Rose O, the individual indicated in fig. 35 at III 15; 15 years of age, stature of 145 cm., weight of 85 kg.; build 4.0 (54), relative chest-girth 0.78, very fleshy.

FIG. 2. III 2 in Rec. family (p. 139); build 4.2 (57); relative chest-girth 0.90.

FIG. 3. Daughter of foregoing; build 3.7 (52).

FIG. 4. G. sisters, of Luray, Va., showing contrast of build in two full sisters of a heterozygous mating.

FIG. 5. The girl at the left is the daughter in the Smi. family pedigree (p. 110). The other is an unrelated friend. This daughter has the formula at 14 years: 79 kg./170 cm.; build 2.7 (3); relative chest-girth, 60, fleshy.

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Table of Contents

BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE

PART I. BUILD, ITS DEFINITION AND ITS ONTOGENY.

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Types of Variation in Build.

The Measurement of Build.

Sexual Differences in Build.

Racial Differences in Build.

Geographical Differences in Build.

B. THE ONTOGENY OF BUILD.

Materials and Methods.

The Ontogenetic Curve of Build.

Later Ontogenetic Changes in Individual Build.

Relation of Juvenile to Adult Build.

PART II. MASS STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF ADULT BUILD.

METHODS AND MATERIALS.

THE ADULT INDEX OF BUILD.

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILD.

SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS IN BUILD.

DISEASES IN RELATION TO BUILD.

MASS STUDY OF VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN BUILD.

REGRESSION OF PROGENY TOWARD MEDIOCRITY.

HYPOTHESIS.

MATE SELECTION IN BUILD.

THE BASAL TABLES.

PART III. FAMILY STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF BUILD.

A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.

B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS.

Class I. Both Parents Slender.

Summary of S × S Matings.

Class II. Both Parents Fleshy.

Summary.

Class III. Mating of Slender with Fleshy Stock—The F₁ Generation.

Summary.

Class IV. Mating of Probably Heterozygous Parents (the F₂ Generation).

Summary and Discussion.

Class V. The “Back-Cross.”

Summary and Discussion.

C. GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Heredity and Environment in Build.

Endocrine Glands as Links between Chromosomes and Somatic Qualities.

Evidence of Segregation in the Heredity of Build.

On the Number of Factors Involved in Fleshy Build.

D. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.

APPENDIX.

ABBREVIATIONS.

LITERATURE CITED.

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